METALANGUAGE(n.) a form of language or set of terms used for the description or analysis of another language.

Word Order Sentence Structure Simple Sentence: Compound Sentence:

The order or arrangement
The way words are
of words in a phrase,
arranged in a sentence
clause or sentence
(See also: Sentence
(See also: Syntax, Word
Structure, Syntax) order)
Syntax
The set of rules, principles, and processes
that govern the structure of sentences in a
given language usually including word order
Subordinating Conjunction:
A word that links a dependent clause to an
independent clause
Ex.) Although she was eating breakfast, she was
already thinking about lunch.
Coordinating conjunction:
A word that joins two elements of
equal grammatical rank and Independent Clause:
importance you can use the
acronym FANBOYS to remember the A clause can stand alone
seven coordinating conjunctions by itself. It expresses a full
FANBOYS: For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet,
So
thought and contains a
Ex.) He enjoys cooking and baking.
They don’t like classical or country
music.
Subject:
The person or thing
performing the action in a
sentence.
Verb:
A word used to describe an action,
state, or occurrence. Forms the main
part of the predicate of a sentence.
There are 8 different types of verbs. A
single verb in a sentence can function
as several of these 8 types at once.
Main Verbs (Principal verb, Lexical
verb):
The important verb in the sentence. Can
stand alone or be used with a helping verb.
Ex.) I am eating pasta. I eat pasta
Auxiliary Verbs (helping verb):
Positive Transfer: Contains two independent clauses.
Contains a subject and a verb Sentence Fragment:
Occurs when a language while expressing a single It is combination of two simple
complete thought that can
sentences and joined by a Incomplete sentences that
learner’s native language conjunction.
stand on its own. have been disconnected
helps with the acquisition/use Ex.) She was going to be late for her
of a target language
Ex.) She ran home. They ate curfew, so she ran home. They didn’t from the main clause.
pasta. want to eat pizza, so they ate pasta.
(also know as facilitation) Ex.) Her dog. He swam
Complex-Compound: across.
Contains an independent clause joined by one or more
dependent clauses a complex sentence and always contains
Clause:
a subordinator or relative pronoun
Negative Transfer: Ex.) He sat on the bench because his legs were tired. After A group of words containing a
Occurs when a language swimming in the lake, they ate lunch subject and predicate
Complex Sentence: (contains a verb and states
learner’s native language
Contains an independent clause joined by one or more something about the subject)
has a negative or inhibitory dependent clauses a complex sentence and always contains a
that forms parts of a sentence
effect on the acquisition of subordinator or relative pronoun
or constitutes a whole simple
Ex.) He sat on the bench because his legs were tired. After
a target language swimming in the lake, they ate lunch. sentence.
Finite Clause:
Non-finite Clause:
Explicitly defines the
Dependent Clause: Does not explicitly define
tense of the clause. Can
the when the action took
Group of words with a subject place. More context will be
easily determine when
the action took place.
and a verb that does not needed to determine
when the action Ex.) Are you walking to
express a complete thought the store right now? He
happened.
subject and a verb. visited his mom
and cannot stand alone. Ex.) She went to the store
and went to the movie after. yesterday.
Articles: Attributive Predicative
Object: Words used to modify nouns and showcase Adjective: Adjective
The thing or person on which an whether the noun is specific or unspecific.
Adjectives that (Subject
action is performed in a English has two articles 'the' and 'a/an' Complement):
Ex.) The cat walks by a tree. A cat walks by the come right before
sentence. There are two Adjectives that
different types of objects in 
tree. A cat walks by a tree. The cat walks by the the noun that they
come after a
tree qualify without a
sentence Tense: linking verb
Structure changes of a verb used to signal the changes in time. There linking verb. rather than
Direct Object: Follows a transitive are three tenses:
Ex.) The old car before a noun
verb and answers the 'who' or Present Tense: The verb will either have no ending change or end with
an ‘s’ could no longer Ex.) She thought
'what' in a clause Ex.) She walks, I walk
that her pasta was
Past Tense: The verb will include the ending ‘ed’ start up. The
Indirect Object: The recipient of Future Time: There is no change of the verb itself to signal a future delicious. They
young girl is a
the direct object time instead verbs are combined in various ways. One way is the use of
skated on concrete
a modal verb and the base form of a verb. figure skater.
Ex.) She will (modal) eat (base form), that was uneven.
Nouns:
Modal Verbs: Common nouns:
Abstract Nouns:
Used with other verbs to express Word used to More general than a proper
Name ideas or concepts.
ability, obligation, possibility, etc. identify people, noun. Can name any person,
place, or thing These are things that are not
Includes the words can, may, must, places, or Ex.) She ate a burger from tangible
should, would, things. that restaurant Ex.) Her fear of spiders is
Ex.) I can tie my shoe. I may go to the
overwhelming. He has an
store. I must rest after work.
Proper Nouns: immense love for his mother.

Help support the main verb. Don’t Stative Verbs: Names specific persons, places, or things
Collective Nouns:
necessarily show the action but the Describes a state of being that Ex.) Rebecca ate a McDouble from
Refers to a group,
can describe a mental or McDonald’s
tense. (Primary helping verbs are to do, collection or a number of
emotional state of being as well
to be, to have) as a physical state. Concrete Nouns: people/things
Ex.) I am eating pasta. I have eaten pasta Ex.) I was at the concert. I believe Name things that are tangible. Ex.) A pack of wolves ran
before. I am making pasta later today. in mermaids. I have orange hair. Ex.) She ate a burger. He lost his keys. I threw past me. She baked a batch
the football of muffins.
Transitive Verbs: Intransitive Verbs: Dynamic Verbs: Copula Verbs: Mass Nouns:
Count Nouns:
Verbs that need to be Verbs that do not Verbs that express A verb that links a Nouns that can’t
Nouns that can
followed by an object to need to be followed actions complementing adjective
Ex.) I am walking to be counted be counted
make a full clause by an object to make or noun to a subject
a full clause the bus stop. I Ex.) She hears music. The Ex.) I have three Ex.) He has a fear
Ex.) She cleans the house, of centipedes. She
Ex.) I sing. They play. skipped past the rose smells sweet. He is dollars. I have a
He sniffed the rose, They bodega. She claps her loves the ocean.
She is eating. kind. dog.
chase the soccer ball hands.
Sources: The Ultimate Metalanguage Bank | Basic English Grammar; 8 Types of Nouns |Grammarly; Main Verbs |Frankfurt International
School; Modal Verbs | English Grammar, Copular Verbs| Grammarly; Coordinating Conjunctions | BKA Content; Subordinating Conjunctions |
Grammarly; Articles | ENotes; Finite Clause | ChompChomp; Direct Object| Grammar Monster; Indirect Object | English Sentences; Sentence
Structure | Negative Versus Positive Transfer | LA Mission; Sentence Types | Purdue OWL; Sentence Fragments |Cambridge Dictionary;
Clauses: Finite and Non-Finite | ThoughtCo; Predicative Adjective