8/16/2020 Snell's Law - Materia Islamica

Snell's Law
From Materia Islamica

Working Title: Snell's Law | Original Publisher: Materia Islamica | Publication Date: October 21st, 2016 | Last Updated: May 25th, 2020 | Written by: Canadian786

"Snell's Law" (or "Sahl's Law" as it should be known) is arguably one of the most
important laws in physical optics today, and traces it's origins back to 984, when
it was first discovered by Abu Said al-Ala Ibn Sahl of Baghdad (940—
1000),[1][2][3][4][5] in his manuscript "On the Burning of Instruments".[6]
Naturally this important and crucial discovery has been challenged by
some European authors,[n. 1] who would like to claim that it was
The discovery of the sine law of discovered in Europe; however modern historians of science credit ibn
refraction is credited to Ibn Sahl who
first proved the law in 984.
Sahl with the discovery.[n. 2] However, it should be noted that this
revelation took centuries to come to fruition, as Ibn Sahl was only
credited with the discovery in 1990, when French scholar on the history
of science, Rashed Roshdi, located his manuscripts in Tehran, Iran;
which proved that it was actually the eponymous scientist who first came
up with the concept and subsequently discovered the law.[7]
Traditionally, the law was previously credited to the Dutchman,
Willebrord Snellius (1580—1626), though he never claimed to have
discovered it himself, as his manuscript was never formally published.[8]
This overall historical confusion on who found the law of refraction first
was down to the fact that knowledge of Sahl's work was simply lost as his
pupil, Ibn Al Haytham (965–1040), rejected his teachers original work
and so it was long assumed that Ibn Al Haytham did not know of the law,
when he actually did; thereafter taking the Europeans 637 years to
rediscover Sahl's correct law.[n. 3]

One of the most important applications of the law are in the design of eye-glasses, which bend light
in order to focus rays to the wearer's eyes.[9] Indeed, the law was being used by Ibn Sahl himself
when he was designing lenses in the 10th century;[10] and could have possibly used them to correct
eye sight; later the Europeans began designing eye lenses in the 1350s, using convex lenses, and in
the 1450s concave lenses.[10]
This law is also important when designing telescopes and microscopes.[9] Indeed, without
the law, the development of telescopes would not have moved forward.[11] It is also possible Ibn Sahl's law with Arabic annotation's
that the invention of the telescope may have been invented several times over, including translated.
during the Islamic Golden Age, well before the invention in 1608 became widely popular in
Europe.[10] The law is so important and so vast that it is even used in military applications
for the design of stealth fighter jets;[12] where the surfaces of such planes reflect incident radar pulses away from themselves
based on the physics behind the law, but not in the direction of the pulse radar equipment so as to give away their position.[12]
Using this law further, besides deflecting the classical sinusoidal waves, it also deflects the Dirac delta function.[12] Thermal
noise is also able to be deflected if the law is followed correctly.[12] However it should be noted that further designs, or later
developments in radar technology are now able to overcome the practical aspects of the law; thereby circumventing it.[12]
Another important result of Sahl's work is that of optical fibres. These
instruments are used to transmit converted electrical signals to light energy,[13]
across large or small distances with minimal loss. Compared to conventional
methods, in those of copper fibres used to transmit the same signals, efficiency is
low, and there can be a significant amount of loss.[14][15] The most important
industry where optical fibres are used currently is in internet technology, which
contribute to the increase of download speeds.[16] Light, as a physical quantity,
tends to travel in straight lines,[17] and it is extremely difficult to bend given the
speed at which it travels, which is 300 million meters per second[17] (though it
The principal of total internal
reflection. can be done, simply not without meta-materials,[18] unless black holes are
accounted for).[19]
In optical fibres, light is deliberately redirected in straight lines by
bouncing it off at a particular angle.[20] This particular angle is the angle
that is greater than the critical angle, which is otherwise known as "total
internal reflection".[21] Importantly this angle can be calculated by the
Sahl's law of refraction.[22]
The photonics industry, of which fibre optics transmission is a part of, is
as a result extremely lucrative, worth an estimated $721 billion
dollars.[23] However, historical chronic mismanagement of fiber optics
has remained problematic; despite firms having invested $90 billion
[24]
materiaislamica.com/index.php/Snell%27s_Law 1/5
8/16/2020 Snell's Law - Materia Islamica
dollars (1997—2001), only 2.6% of consumers used the technology.[24]
Sahl's work therefore remains to be fully exploited.

Gallery

Ibn Sahl's perfect concave lense, Ibn Sahl Proof of the UNESCO description of Ibn Sahl's
with angles.[6] (modern).[25] law.[26] legacy.[27]

An artists illustration of Baghdad, where Ibn Sahl lived and The "round city" of Baghdad
worked, depicting the "round city".[28] (912 AD).[28]

Sources

Footnotes

alhazen%20discoveri Ibn Sahl correctly understood de Franche-Comté,

1. ^ Some European books prefer
to give Snell credit to this day,
even though there is proof that
the law was derived from the
Muslims. For example; the
following source claimed as
much in 2016, citing old
sources as evidence of a
supposed "dispute" despite
there being strong evidence
that the Muslims discovered it
from historians of science.
1. Kamill Klem-
Musatov; Henning C.
Hoeber; Tijmen Jan
Moser; Michael A.
Pelissier (30 June
2016). Classical and
Modern Diffraction
Theory
(https://books.google
.co.uk/books?
id=_L7LDAAAQBAJ
&pg=PA92&dq=alh
azen+discoveries+sn
ells+law&hl=en&sa
=X&ved=0ahUKEwi
6sp6TneXPAhWjCcA
KHRdPBFAQ6AEIHj
AA#v=onepage&q=
materiaislamica.com/index.php/Snell%27s_Law
es%20snells%20law
&f=false). SEG
Books. p. 92. ISBN
978-1-56080-322-5.
This source however debunks
any sort of supposed "dispute"
by showing that in 2002,
historians of science gave a
detailed account of who should
actually be credited with the
discovery.
1. Alistair Kwan, John
Dudley and Eric
Lantz (April 2002).
Who really
discovered Snell’s
law?
(http://web.physik.un
i-
rostock.de/optik/de/
WhoDiscoveredSnell
sLaw.pdf). Physics
World. p. 64.
Retrieved October
18th, 2016.
Quote: "Based on a recent
analysis of Ibn Sahl’s work by
the French scholar Roshdi
Rashed, there is no doubt that
the sine law of refraction and France, e-mail
that he should be john.dudley@univ-
acknowledged as its fcomte.fr
originator. From the viewpoint
of modern physics, it is 2. ^ For instance, Sabra (1994)
regrettable that his and Simon (1996) dispute the
contributions were lost for so claims that Ibn Sahl discovered
long, but this is certainly not it based on the fact that Alhazen
the only historical triumph of (Sahl's pupil), did not
falsity over perfectly correct reproduce the results in any of
theory. Perhaps the next his work. However, this is in
question to ask is why science and of itself disputed by Kwan,
sometimes makes such Dudley and Lantz (2002) who
regressive choices." confirm that Alhazen did not
reproduce it, but that he did see
A further note on the the correct work of Sahl, only
background of the rejecting it and using the wrong
authors of the above formula that the Greeks had
paper: Alistair Kwan used.
is in the Department 1. Kamill Klem-
of History and Musatov; Henning C.
Philosophy of Hoeber; Tijmen Jan
Science, University Moser; Michael A.
of Melbourne, Pelissier (30 June
Australia. John 2016). Classical and
Dudley and Eric Modern Diffraction
Lantz are in the Theory
Laboratoire (https://books.google
d’Optique P M .co.uk/books?
Duffieux, Université id=_L7LDAAAQBAJ
2/5
8/16/2020
&pg=PA92&dq=alh
azen+discoveries+sn
ells+law&hl=en&sa
=X&ved=0ahUKEwi
6sp6TneXPAhWjCcA
KHRdPBFAQ6AEIHj
AA#v=onepage&q=
alhazen%20discoveri
es%20snells%20law
&f=false). SEG
Books. p. 92. ISBN
978-1-56080-322-5.
2. Alistair Kwan, John
Dudley and Eric
Lantz (April 2002).
Who really
discovered Snell’s
law?
(http://web.physik.un 4. ^ Some European books prefer
i-
rostock.de/optik/de/
WhoDiscoveredSnell
sLaw.pdf). Physics
World. p. 64.
Retrieved October
18th, 2016.
3. ^ Polish author Witelo (1250–
1275) translated Ibn Al
Haytham's treaty "Opticae
Thesaurus", which came into
the hands of Johannes Kepler
(1571–1630), where Keplar
came close to discovering the
law of refraction but only
managed to produce an
approximation. English
mathematician, Thomas
Harriot allegedly knew of the
law as early as 1602, but he
refused to share it with Keplar.
Snell later wrote about the law
of refraction in 1621 in his
unpublished manuscript and
thereafter René Descartes
(1596–1650) popularised it in
France. However, it Sahl beat
all these scholars, by
discovering it first in 984, 637
years before the Europeans
would know of it.
1. Alistair Kwan, John
Dudley and Eric
Lantz (April 2002).
Who really
discovered Snell’s
law?
(http://web.physik.un
i-
rostock.de/optik/de/
WhoDiscoveredSnell
sLaw.pdf). Physics
World. p. 64.
Retrieved October
18th, 2016.
Descartes never credited Snell
with discovering the law
either; therefore Descartes was
the first European to publish
the law of refraction.
1. J.J Stamnes (1
January 1986). Waves
in Focal Regions:
Propagation,
Diffraction and
Focusing of Light,
materiaislamica.com/index.php/Snell%27s_Law
Snell's Law - Materia Islamica
Sound and Water
Waves
(https://books.google
.co.uk/books?
id=zUCZxiJZJH4C&
pg=PA4&dq=import
ance+of+snell%27s
+law&hl=en&sa=X
&ved=0ahUKEwiPr
ZGuw-
nPAhWnDcAKHVeV
B4IQ6AEIMjAD#v=
onepage&q=importa
nce%20of%20snell's
%20law&f=false).
CRC Press. p. 4.
ISBN 978-0-85274-
468-0.
to give Snell credit to this day,
even though there is proof that
the law was derived from the
Muslims. For example; the
following source claimed as
much in 2016, citing old
sources as evidence of a
supposed "dispute" despite
there being strong evidence
that the Muslims discovered it
from historians of science.
1. Kamill Klem-
Musatov; Henning C.
Hoeber; Tijmen Jan
Moser; Michael A.
Pelissier (30 June
2016). Classical and
Modern Diffraction
Theory
(https://books.google
.co.uk/books?
id=_L7LDAAAQBAJ
&pg=PA92&dq=alh
azen+discoveries+sn
ells+law&hl=en&sa
=X&ved=0ahUKEwi
6sp6TneXPAhWjCcA
KHRdPBFAQ6AEIHj
AA#v=onepage&q=
alhazen%20discoveri
es%20snells%20law
&f=false). SEG
Books. p. 92. ISBN
978-1-56080-322-5.
This source however debunks
any sort of supposed "dispute"
by showing that in 2002,
historians of science gave a
detailed account of who should
actually be credited with the
discovery.
1. Alistair Kwan, John
Dudley and Eric
Lantz (April 2002).
Who really
discovered Snell’s
law?
(http://web.physik.un
i-
rostock.de/optik/de/
WhoDiscoveredSnell
sLaw.pdf). Physics
World. p. 64.
Retrieved October
18th, 2016.
Quote: "Based on a recent
analysis of Ibn Sahl’s work by
the French scholar Roshdi
Rashed, there is no doubt that
Ibn Sahl correctly understood
the sine law of refraction and
that he should be
acknowledged as its
originator. From the viewpoint
of modern physics, it is
regrettable that his
contributions were lost for so
long, but this is certainly not
the only historical triumph of
falsity over perfectly correct
theory. Perhaps the next
question to ask is why science 6. ^ Polish author Witelo (1250–
sometimes makes such
regressive choices."
A further note on the
background of the
authors of the above
paper: Alistair Kwan
is in the Department
of History and
Philosophy of
Science, University
of Melbourne,
Australia. John
Dudley and Eric
Lantz are in the
Laboratoire
d’Optique P M
Duffieux, Université
de Franche-Comté,
France, e-mail
john.dudley@univ-
fcomte.fr
5. ^ For instance, Sabra (1994)
and Simon (1996) dispute the
claims that Ibn Sahl discovered
it based on the fact that Alhazen
(Sahl's pupil), did not
reproduce the results in any of
his work. However, this is in
and of itself disputed by Kwan,
Dudley and Lantz (2002) who
confirm that Alhazen did not
reproduce it, but that he did see
the correct work of Sahl, only
rejecting it and using the wrong
formula that the Greeks had
used.
1. Kamill Klem-
Musatov; Henning C.
Hoeber; Tijmen Jan
Moser; Michael A.
Pelissier (30 June
2016). Classical and
Modern Diffraction
Theory
(https://books.google
.co.uk/books?
id=_L7LDAAAQBAJ
&pg=PA92&dq=alh
azen+discoveries+sn
ells+law&hl=en&sa
=X&ved=0ahUKEwi
6sp6TneXPAhWjCcA
KHRdPBFAQ6AEIHj
AA#v=onepage&q=
alhazen%20discoveri
es%20snells%20law
&f=false). SEG
Books. p. 92. ISBN
978-1-56080-322-5.
2. Alistair Kwan, John
Dudley and Eric
Lantz (April 2002).
Who really
discovered Snell’s
law?
(http://web.physik.un
i-
rostock.de/optik/de/
WhoDiscoveredSnell
sLaw.pdf). Physics
World. p. 64.
Retrieved October
18th, 2016.
1275) translated Ibn Al
Haytham's treaty "Opticae
Thesaurus", which came into
the hands of Johannes Kepler
(1571–1630), where Keplar
came close to discovering the
law of refraction but only
managed to produce an
approximation. English
mathematician, Thomas
Harriot allegedly knew of the
law as early as 1602, but he
refused to share it with Keplar.
Snell later wrote about the law
of refraction in 1621 in his
unpublished manuscript and
thereafter René Descartes
(1596–1650) popularised it in
France. However, it Sahl beat
all these scholars, by
discovering it first in 984, 637
years before the Europeans
would know of it.
1. Alistair Kwan, John
Dudley and Eric
Lantz (April 2002).
Who really
discovered Snell’s
law?
(http://web.physik.un
i-
rostock.de/optik/de/
WhoDiscoveredSnell
sLaw.pdf). Physics
World. p. 64.
Retrieved October
18th, 2016.
Descartes never credited Snell
with discovering the law
either; therefore Descartes was
the first European to publish
the law of refraction.
1. J.J Stamnes (1
January 1986). Waves
in Focal Regions:
Propagation,
Diffraction and
Focusing of Light,
Sound and Water
Waves
(https://books.google
.co.uk/books?
id=zUCZxiJZJH4C&
pg=PA4&dq=import
ance+of+snell%27s
+law&hl=en&sa=X
&ved=0ahUKEwiPr
ZGuw-
3/5
8/16/2020
nPAhWnDcAKHVeV
B4IQ6AEIMjAD#v=
onepage&q=importa
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External Links

Science in The Islamic World: The Islamic Golden Age (c. 750—c. 1258) & Beyond

Lists of Medieval Islamic Inventions

& Discoveries:
Specific Islamic Golden Age Topics:
Non-Golden Age Articles Inventions
& Discoveries:
Modern Contributions & Scientific
Achievements:
Pharmacy & Medicine (2019) · Mechanics & Engineering (2019) · Mathematics & Computation (2020)
Snell's Law · Arabic Numerals
Inventions of Ancient & Modern Pakistan (and Islamic India) (2019)
Muslim Soldiers During World War II (Allied Side) (2018) · Pakistan's Atomic Bombs: Project 706/726 (2018) ·
Muslim Musicians in Western Music (2020)
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