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Chapter Summary

Chapter One Summary

Chapter one is about understanding literature. Literature is a comprehensive topic that requires

one to read broadly. The chapter introduces the aspect of imaginative literature and its use in the

poems examples. Through imaginative literature, the author conveys a vision to the audience.

The author highlights how literature organization and character development may vary in

different cultures. For, instance, the character name can change in a particular story without

necessarily giving warning in the modern short stories. Despite the differences in the

presentation, imaginative literature may have a different implication on the memorable character,

vivid description and imaginative use of the language among the readers. The author adds that

the convectional theme is the work of literature and gives details and summaries the real picture

of stories in the long run. The chapter adds examples of conventional themes examined in

literature works for different cultures. There is a difference in the literature's conventional themes

from the African and American classic to the modern works of literature.

The chapter introduces the term literary canon with some specific examples. Previously, canon

referred to the collection of accepted Christian books of the bible. The chapter referred to the

literary canon as generally accepted literature. Modification of the literary canon has made it
possible for the literature such as Shakespeare tales to be agreed upon with critics and writers.

However, the contemporary literary canons are characterized by the exclusion of some important

literature canon in the institutional curriculum. Therefore, the institutions find the traditional

literature canon immoral mundane and common. An example of a literacy narrative with the use

of literary expectations is presented. Eventually, the chapter offers the guidelines that authors

and readers must incorporate in the interpretation of literature. In this case, the interpretation of

possible works looks for the possible meaning. Most contemporary critics find literary works as

interactive through the imaginative of the physical world. The literature incorporates facts, to

sum up, the social, political, economic and class attributes. Therefore, interpretation of literature

is dependent on personal lenses.

Chapter Nine Summary

Undersigning fiction is a prevalent discussion in chapter nine. Fiction entails the imaginations of

an author in a particular story rather than a history of events that took place. Previously, people

depicted fiction through primitive drawings of primitive pictures. Songs and stories are

instruments for presenting real fictions. In the illiterate societies, long rhyming poems were part

of the oral tradition that made people pass stories of their past to their lineage. The chapter gives

examples of literary instruments of the poem such as rhyme, alliteration and anaphora. Currently,

the extended narratives have transformed into epics. The epics transformed into romance during

the middle ages. According to the chapter, the literary pieces could be gathered together to form

a novel, another evolving aspect of literature. The contemporary novel assimilates aspects such

as epics and romance in a unified plot. According to the insight, the invention of the printing

press by Johannes Guttenberg was the primary event that facilitated the history and development

of novel writing at a time when philosophy, since and literature flourished.

During the 17th century, a pastoral romance, a satirical sketch became popular in Renaissance

England. A picaresque novel, a satirical work about rogue and epistolary novel, letters for

propagate information were evident. In the nineteenth century, the development of the novel of

manners took effect. The United States was not left behind in the novel development. The

chapter states that America was desiring for growth in the early nineteenth century and used

novels to deliver the desire for growth. The realism concept that had begun in France spread into

the United States.20th century was an awakening period as writers penned down the need for

changing the world through modernism.

On the other hand, the post-modernism authors focused on the issues that were imparted to them

by the authorities. In particular, the advent of technology, communication and globalization

paved the way for contemporary fiction. Also, the chapter highlights the development of short

stories from anecdotes, fables, and folktales. The short stories focus on morality through their

insightful themes. The author offers the distinction between short stories and novels in terms of

plot complexity

Chapter Twelve

Chapter Twelve is about reading and writing fiction. Active reading assists the author in

understanding and evaluating a story according to their needs. Reading fiction stories requires

considerations such as plot, analysis of the characters and identity of the setting. Also, the

chapter emphasizes understanding the author's point of view. In particular, it is critical to

identify literary devices used and the theme of the story. The evaluation of the story requires one

to preview, highlight and annotate the deep meaning of literature.On the other hand, writing

about a fiction essay requires some critical planning and theme development. Secondly, the

chapter emphasizes the importance of brainstorm and make a list of extended evidence that
connects with the topic. Thirdly, preparation of the outline can assist one to map arrangement of

ideas. Through the guidelines from the essay outline, the writer can make the first draft of the

essay.

Writing a fiction essay does not end at the first draft. One needs to make a commentary

on the first draft by sharing with other writers to exchange ideas. Some of the factors to be

considered in the first draft is the essay’s working thesis and whether the author dully followed

the outline. After getting the feedback on the first draft commentary, revise the essay and embark

on the second draft commentary. Some of the issues that the chapter emphasizes the commentary

include the introductory paragraph, topic sentences, thesis statement and an insightful

conclusion. According to the chapter, it is important to note quotes that summarize the evidence.

According to the insight, the topic sentence is an introductory statement that summarizes the

topic. In particular, the essay must have an insightful conclusion that summarizes the essay and

reinstate the thesis statement. Through the use of sample essay, chapter 12 concludes with the

final commentary of the essay that requires proofreading, checking of accuracy and

appropriateness of the quotations.

Chapter 13 Summary

Chapter thirteen is the epic of writing essays and stories. The chapter considers the

ingredients of a story plot. According to the insight, a plot is a chain of events facilitated by the

characters within the narration. The determination of the plot requires one to survey the story

conflict and stages of the plot keenly. According to the chapter, the plot presents the progression

of the storyline with a crisis at the peak and climax at the greatest attention. Through the

progression of the storyline, there are different angle one could consider in writing the plot.
Through the plot, the chapter indicates that it is necessary to include every detail of the

characters.

A plot can be a summary of the storyline by taking consideration of the setting and major

characters of the narration. The conflict of the plot can be either between characters, within

characters or nature. Also, the plot can consider the general world around the author. According

to the author, a plot assists the essay writer in staying focus on the angle that the essay needs to

address. Also, the writer must read through the essay to identify the areas of the plot that needs

improvement. As evident from the samples of the story presented in the chapter, a plot forms a

sequence of events that makes the narrative credible. A climax presents a plot of an event turning

point. In this case, the author presents a story with words arranged in the order of importance.

The presented stories show some sequent of events from the beginning of the introduction to the

concluding part. Therefore, the order of events in the plot is expositing, rising action, climax,

falling action and eventually, resolution.

Chapter 14 Summary

A character is a fictional representation of a person through a story or a novel. Chapter 14

states that a character representation can be impacted to a reader through either first-person or

third-person narration. The chapter categories characters into a round and flat characters,

dynamic and static characters. Since round characters are involved, it is necessary to identify

their motivations towards the depiction of a particular behaviour. The author states that fictions

can also be utilized in making a film storyline. The chapter introduces some actors such as John

Updike, a prolific writer of essays, poems and films, who incorporated behavioural

characterization in the narrative fiction. Fiction in films is one of the most crucial aspects of a

film genre that appears on DVD in the contemporary scenes. Also, the author introduces
Katheline Mansfield, the pioneer of the modern fiction films between 1888 and 1923 and

characters in Gryphon(1985). Creating memorable characters in the film comes with a vivid

illustration of real life.

Some characters may be regular recurring and guest. As the author puts it, some

characters may appear in all episodes of the fiction stories. The chapter depicts them as the

conveyors of the fiction message to the audience. Some of the recurring characters may be the

primary focus in particular scenes. The author presents some fictional stories with core character

that may create a piece of the story and then disappear. As per the critical perception, the use of

guest character is a waste of resources. A fiction writer must incorporate various minor

characters to keep the storyline alive among the audience. I summary, when one meets a film

character, the behaviours contrast in real life. Chapter 15 offers various examples that illustrate

characters as an essential element in writing fictions.

Chapter 15 Summary

Setting entails the historical, geographical, and physical context of a fiction story.

Chapter 15 highlights the importance of setting in fiction. However, the author notes that the

setting may not necessarily be present in some literary works. The author divides setting into

historic, geographic, and physical depending on time, place, and event, respectively. The setting

details are established in the literature piece, the storm (c1898). The specific setting of the storm

by Kate Chopin was in 1898 in southern Louisiana town. The chapter presents the anther story

referred to as “This Is What It Means to Say Phoenix, Arizona." According to the chapter's

readings, the setting of the story is in the late 1900s in Spokane Reservation, a place found in

Western Washington. Victor receives a message of the demise of his absentee father in Arizona.
At the same time, Thomas recalls the kindness of Victor's father. Victor divides his father's ashes

with Thomas.

The setting of Ralph Ellison's novel's first chapter, referred to as battle Royal starts with

insight from the entertaining part in the Deep South. The story takes place between 1940 and

1952, with a black man entertaining rich white men. Those who invited the black man attached

his reward on an electrified rug, which turn out to be a worthless coin. After the battle, Royal, the

narrator achieves a reward of scholarship in one of the African American college. The chapter

delivers most of the stories clearly and entertainingly. The setting of the story is decorated in the

readers' minds to achieve the art of desire. Along with plot, character, themes, and symbol, the

setting is one of the most fundamental fiction stories.

Chapter 18 Summary

Chapter 18 is about symbol allegory and myth. A symbol is a person or an object, event,

or a place with literal and complex meaning. A symbol can be both universal and conventional,

which can function literally, the symbols with additional meaning. The image can either be

functional or fictional, considering how it was used in a text. According to chapter 18 reading, an

allegory communicates doctrine, message, or moral principle by making the author propagate

ideas with two parallel meanings. As compared to the symbol, a symbolic framework portrays a

single meaning. An example of allegory is a beast fable, with a single short tale with morals. In

this case, humans assume animal characters. It is a contemporary form of societal and political

education. The author gives an example of allegory in the story "gentlemen of the jungle."

However, the characters do not have any functions outside their allegorical functions "(p410).

The chapter introduces myths as compositions from human beings. Myths explain things

in the natural phenomenon. For instance, myths can give stories concerning the creation of the
world to other insight, such as human beings' existence. Myths have a more significant impact on

literature. Throughout the chapter, the author offers examples of myths that formed the basis of

the current literature. The author notes down Shirley Jackson (1916-1965) as one of the factious

myths' vital narrator and composer. Through his work, Shirley promoted the art of food societal

and religious ethics through mythology. Myths have a definite outline with some elements such

as setting, character, conflicts, and resolutions. Additionally, myths are fiction just like allegories

and symbols in the descriptive literature. In particular, the chapter offers other examples of

storylines with a representation of symbolism, allegory, and myths.