International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN2018)
Energy Optimization for Cooperative Multipath
Routing in MANETs using Network Coding
Saurabh Kumar
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIIT Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar, India
b415053@iiit-bh.ac.in
Alisha Panda
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIIT Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar, India
b415007@iiit-bh.ac.inb115035@iiit-bh.ac.in
Sandeep Nigam
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIIT Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar, India
a116018@iiit-bh.ac.inc117011@iiit-bh.ac.in
Prakhar Golcha
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIIT Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar, India
a116016@iiit-bh.ac.insrichanchan@iiit-bh.ac.in
Abstract—In case of routing protocols in MANETs (Mobile
Ad hoc NETworks), the most critical aspect is to take care of the
energy consumption and efficiency during data transmission
from source to destination[1]. During data transmission the relay
nodes within the range of source node can access the data packets
from the source node and transmit the packets to the destination
node as per the destination address, then the original data is
retrieved by the receiver(destination node) after decoding the
received packet. But an optimal path that guarantees minimum
consumption of energy during data transmission has maximum
energy efficiency[2]. In this paper, we propose a method which
ensures maximum energy efficiency. It is based on Network-
Coding and Energy-Balancing for Cooperative-Multipath-
Routing. In this paper, we have implemented the above technique
by using NS2 and have evaluated energy efficiency and the
consumption of energy when a packet of data is transmitted
following a particular path through the relay nodes.
ISBN:978-1-5386-4119-4/18/$31.00 ©2018IEEE 357
Debasrit Mohanty
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIIT Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar, India
b215021@iiit-bh.ac.in
Lipsa Das
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIIT Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar, India
Soumyashree S. Panda
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIIT Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar, India
Srichandan Shobhanayak
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
IIIT Bhubaneswar
Bhubaneswar, India
I. INTRODUCTION
MANETs (Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks) are dynamic
networks of mobile-based nodes or devices whose locations
can be changed and have no hierarchical order, i.e. it does not
have to follow top-down order strictly. Wireless connections
are deployed between the network and the MANET[2]. If both
the networks are in their transmission range, only then is the
wireless connection activated. Otherwise, it is deactivated.
The advantage of using MANETs is the connection to the
internet without any wireless router. One major disadvantage,
among others like security and privacy of data, reliability, is
the problem of minimization of energy consumption.
Various protocols have been suggested for the same such
as:
NCCARQ MAC[3] - This paper by Angelos Antonopoulos
and Christos Verikoukis implements a network coding based
solution for ARQ based networks i.e networks which focus on
 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN2018)
controlling errors based on the automatic request repeat
which asks for repeated transmission if the receiver does not
receive it completely.
LEACH[4] - This paper by Z Chen et al, implements a
digital network coding based solution for three nodes, with
two way data transmission while a queue is maintained of a
cluster of similar nodes.These clusters act as routers and the
transmission is through these clusters. Since the transmission
is only through the cluster, energy is saved as it does not have
to travel through each and every node.
ADANC[5] - Similar to the LEACH algorithm, this paper
by Rashmi Ranjan Rout et al implements energy efficiency
through the clustering of nodes. It uses data aggregation and a
subsequent clustering mechanism. It focuses on bottleneck
zones such as nodes which have proximity to the sink.
R-Code[6] - Yang et al, presented this paper which
employs a network based coding technique for mesh networks
which are wireless in nature. It aims to improve the reliability
of transmission and achieve packet delivery. The underlying
technology is a MST (Minimum Spanning Tree) based on the
quality of the link.
NCMR[7] - This paper by Wang et al, Random linear
network coding is combined with braided multiple paths.
Braided multiple paths means that one node can be used
multiple times but in different paths i.e they are not mutually
disjoint. This approach has shown to reduce the number of
routes, and therefore a subsequent decrease in energy
consumption takes place.
The paper proposes a technique which uses a combination
of network coding and multi-path routing which has shown a
significant improvement in energy efficiency and consumption
time frames. There exists a source code, some intermediate
nodes and a destination node. The transmission of data packets
takes place from the source node, passing through a
combination of relay nodes and reaches the required
destination node depending on the destination address. The
use of network coding technique helps in data packet encoding
at the intermediate nodes thus achieving minimum energy
consumption and maximum energy efficiency. In this paper,
we have provided a model and information about how the
network coding scheme used in MANETs, mathematical
equations supporting our model, implementation and
simulation results and our conclusion.
Fig. 1: MANET Model Diagram
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II. MANET’S MULTIPATH NETWORK-CODING
SCHEME AND MODELS
A. Multipath model
Multiple link-disjoint routing model is shown in fig1. Inthis
network model, we have a source node (the sender),
adestination node (the receiver) and some relay nodes
throughwhich the packets will be delivered. Here we are
neglecting theamount of energy consumed by the mobile
nodes, and node’sidle energy consumption as these are too
small. Considering asingle-way MANET with node S, j
number of paths P1, P2,P3 ... Pj , intermediate nodes I1, I2, I3
... Ij and one receivernode D. We represent the whole setup by
using (A, Ij , B).
The source node S will send the data packets dP1, dP2,dP3 ...
dPito all the intermediate nodes I1, I2, I3 ... Ij .
Theintermediate nodes will first detect the received data
packetsand then forward them, so that they will reach the
destinationnode D. During the intermediate forwarding the
nodes willuse the network coding scheme to forward.
In this paper, we are assuming that error-free data packetsare
being sent from source to intermediate nodes as our focusis
the optimal transmission of data packets from
intermediatenodes to the destination node[8]. As a result, our
method hashigher throughput rate than that of traditional
relaying.
B. Energy Consumption
In MANET the transmitting node has its transmission
range.Once a data packet is transmitted by the transmitting
node,then all other nodes present in the transmission range of
thatnode will receive the packet even if it is not useful to
them.[9]
Let the energy that is sent by the transmitting node be ET
(i, r)and the energy received by the receiving node be ER(i).
Thetotal energy consumed in transmitting and receiving a
packetis power required multiplied by the total transmission
times.
Total Energy consumed in transmission is given by:
𝐸𝑇 = [𝐸𝑇 (𝑖, 𝑟) + (𝑁 ∗ 𝐸𝐾 (𝑖))] ∗ 𝑇
where
N : Number of nodes inside the transmission radius
T : Transmission time in MANET
r : Transmission Radius
i : Packet size
The dependency among transmission radius r, energy con-
sumption and packet size i for a given node is given by:
𝐸𝑇 (𝑖, 𝑟) = 𝑖 ∗ 𝐸𝐸𝐸𝐿 + 𝑖 ∗ 𝐸𝑎𝑚𝑝 ∗ 𝑟 𝛾 + 𝐸𝑠𝑡
where
EEEL : Energy of sending one bit data
 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN2018)

γ : Path loss factor thenode which encodes the data, the energy consumed is
lowerwhen network coding is used in place of conventional
Eamp : Signal Amplifier Value dataaggregation methods.
Est : Energy consumed in starting transmission When we consider the traditional multipath network, the
The energy consumed by receiver node focus of relay nodes is to forward the received packets to
nextnode. But in our approach, the relay node has to code the
𝐸𝑅 (𝑖) = 𝑖 ∗ 𝐸𝑅𝐸𝐿 + 𝐸𝑆𝑇 datapackets and then transmit them to subsequent nodes. Here
where weare using the cooperative network with parallel relays with
ourapproach to reduce the delay related to transmission of
EREL : Energy consumed in receiving one bit data sourcenode[11]. All the packets are indirect.
Following metrics are considered in the paper to compute III. SIMULATION RESULTS
the resource utilization. In this paper, we have simulated the models based on
• Time required for encoding data packets at transmitting Network Coding, AODV and DSDV routing techniques. Fig.
2 shows the energy utilization per node of three algorithms.
node. The Network Coding based Routing NCR has the least energy
• Time required for decoding the data packers at receiver consumption followed by DSDV and AODV, AODV has
utilised almost five times the energy consumed during the
mode. NCR technique proposed in this paper.
• Energy consumed for coding at an intermediate node.
Energy consumed for coding at an intermediate node is given
by
𝑄 ∗ 𝑇𝐶 ∗ 𝐸𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒
𝐸𝐶 =
𝑆𝑀
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑄 =
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
where
TC : Mean time required to produce encoded data
Eencode: Energy consumed during the encoding phase by a
node
SM : Message payload size
Thus the total energy is given by:
𝐸𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = [𝐸𝑇 (𝑖, 𝑟) + 𝐸𝑅 (𝑖) ∗ 𝑁] ∗ 𝑇 + 𝐸𝑠𝑡 Fig. 3 shows the delay incurred in the three algorithms. The
Energy efficiency is given by: figure indicates that the NCR has the shortest delay followed
by DSDV and AODV.
𝑁𝑡𝑕𝑟
𝐸𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝐸𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠
where
Nthr : Network Throughput
Etrans : Transmission Power
From the above equation, it can be observed that higher
thenetwork-throughput; lower the energy being consumed;
andhigher is the energy efficiency of a given network.
C. Aggregation of data in Relay node
The main focus of using data aggregation is to reduce the
transmission counts and decrease the energy
beingconsumed[10]. MANET performs better when data
aggre-gation, as well as network coding, are implemented.
When there is a low level of data-correlation, network-coding
is implemented by the node which encodes the data. For

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 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and Networking (ICACCCN2018)

multipath routing for energy efficiency in wireless sensor

Fig. 4 shows the Packet Delivery Ratio of the three protocols.
The NCR technique has the least PDR, and DSDV has the
highest.
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(ICSAI), pp. 880–884, Nov 2017.

IV. CONCLUSION
By using network coding technique over Mobile Ad Hoc
Networks and implementing it in ns-2 showed us that this
method is efficient to achieve excellent energy efficiency and
minimum energy consumption during transmission of data
packets from source to destination node. The encoding of data
packets do not take place at the source nodes, and it takes
place only on the intermediate nodes. The source node only
transmit the data packets in a particular transmission path
which guarantees least energy consumption. The delay
produced in the Network Coding based technique is less than
AODV and DSDV.
V. REFERENCES
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