Pol Parties PDF

CHAPTER IV
REGIONAL POLITICAL PARTIES IN TAMIL NADU
Overview
Political parties play an important role in deciding the voting behavior of
the electorates. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the origin and development of
regional political parties such as Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, All India Anna Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam, Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Pattali Makkal Katchi,
Tamizhaga Munnetra Munnani, Puthiya Tamizhagam, Desiya Murpokku Dravida
Kazhagam, Justice Party, Commonweal Party, All India Scheduled Castes Federation,
Naam Tamilar Pary, Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani, Gandhi Kamaraj National
Congress, All India Forward Bloc, All India Muslim League, Tamil Nadu Congress (K),
Republic Party of India, F.B. (Marxist Group), All India Forward bloc (Ruikar Group),
Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad, Madras State Muslim League Party, Tamilnad
Tailers Party, Socialist Labour, Tamil National Party, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam (JL), Indian Congress (Jagjiwan Ram Bhalla Group), Tamil Nadu Congress
(K), Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam, Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam, Indian Farmers and
Toiler’s Party, Indian Peoples Front, M.G.R. Makkal, M.G.R. Kazhagam, United
Communist Party of India, Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam, Tamil
Maanila Congress (Moopanar), Tamilar Desiya Iyyakkam, Tamilar Kazhagam, Thayaga
Marumalarchi Kazhagam, Tamilar Makkal Mandram, Ulaga Makkal Nala Mahizi
Sinthannyalar Kazhagam, PJP, Tharasu Makkal Mandram, Tamil Nadu Hindu Vellalar
Youth Kazhagam, Kongunadu Makkal Katchi, Democratic Forward Bloc, Kanchee Aringer
Anna Dravida Makkal Kazhagam, M.G.R.Anna D.M.Kazhagam, Makkal Nalurimaik
Kazhagam (People's Liberal Party), Makkal Tamil Desam, Nesavaalar Munnetrak Kattchi,
Puratchi Bharatham, Puthiya Needhi Katchi, Puthiya Tamilagam, Sirpanch Samaj Party,
Thamilar Bhoomi, Tamil Desiyak Katchi, Tamilar Kazhagam, Thaayaga Makkal Katchi,
Uzhaippalar Katchi, Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam, Indians Victory Party, Sakhthi
Baratha Desam, Vivasayi Anbhu Katchi, Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi, Akhila India
Jananayaka Makkal Katchi (Dr. Issac), All India Minorities Front, All India Party for the
Protection of Civil Rights, Indian National League, Kongu Nadu Munnetra Kazhagam,
Lenin Communist Party, Manithaneya Makkal Katchi, Makkal Manadu Katchi, Makkal
Sakthi Katchi Social Democratic Party of India, Socialist Unity Centre of India
(Communist), Tamilaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam and Youth and Students Party. In
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this chapter an attempt has been made to trace the origin and development of regional
political parties in Tamil Nadu.
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam founded 1949, Madras Presidency, India is
a political party in the States of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India. It is a Dravidian
party founded by C.N. Annadurai as a breakaway faction from the Dravidar Kazhagam
headed by Periyar. Since 1969, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is headed by M.
Karunanidhi, the Former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
holds the distinction of being the first party other than the Indian National Congress to
win state-level elections with clear majority on its own in any state in India.303 Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam traces its roots to the South Indian Liberal Federation (Justice
Party) formed in 1916, by P. Thiyagarayar, P.T. Rajan, Dr. Natesanar and few others.
The Justice Party, whose objectives included social equality and justice, came to power
in the first General Elections to Madras Presidency in 1920. E.V. Ramasami, a popular
Tamil leader of the time, who had joined Indian National Congress in 1919, to oppose
what he considered as the Brahminic leadership of the party.304 E.V.Ramasami’s
experience at the Vaikom Satyagraha made him to start the Self-Respect Movement in
1926 which was rationalistic and "violently anti-Brahminic". He quit Congress and in
1935, he joined the Justice Party. In the 1937 elections, the Justice Party lost and the
Indian National Congress under C. Rajagopalachari ("Rajaji") came to power in Madras
Presidency. Rajaji's introduction of Hindi as a compulsory subject in schools led to the
anti-Hindi agitations, led by Periyar and his associates. In August 1944, Periyar created
the 'Dravida Kazhagham' out of the Justice Party and the Self-Respect Movement at the
Salem Provincial Conference. Dravidar Kazhagam insisted on an independent nation for
Dravidians called Dravida Nadu consisting of areas that were covered under Madras
Presidency. Over the years, many disputes arose between Periyar and his followers. In
1949, several of his followers led by C.N. Annadurai, decided to split from Dravidar
Kazhagham, after an aged Periyar married a young woman Maniammai and anointed
his young wife to act as his successor to lead the party, superseding senior party
leaders. Until then E.V.K. Sampath, the nephew of Periyar, was considered as his

303
Chakrabarty, Bidyut, Indian Politics and Society Since Independence, Routledge, 2008, pp.110–111.
304
Omvedt, Gail, Dalit Visions: The Anti-caste Movement and the Construction on an Indian Identity, Orient
Longman, 2006, pp. 54–55.
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political heir. Annadurai, on 17 September 1949 along with V.R. Nedunchezhiyan, K.A.
Mathiazhagan, K. Anbazhagan, N.V. Natarajan, E.V.K. Sampath and thousands of others
in Robinson park in Royapuram in Chennai announced the formation of the Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam. MGR was a member of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, and he
was seen as an icon of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and spread its message
through films like Anbe Vaa. In 1953, MGR joined the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam,
popularised the party flag and symbol which at that time stood for secession from India
by showing it in his movies. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam entered the electoral fray
rather unsuccessfully in 1957 with even senior leader V.R. Nedunchezhiyan losing from
Salem although M. Karunanidhi won after initially having opposed all Indian
Government and later supporting only those parties which promised to help its
secession from India cause. Annadurai wanted a separate Dravida Nadu but the Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam changed its stance with the Chinese invasion in 1962 and
suspended its demand for the length of the war and supported India raising funds for
the war. When the war ended, nationalistic feelings were so strong that Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam gave up the separate Dravida nation idea. The Anti-Hindi
agitations of 1965 forced the central Government to abandon its efforts to impose Hindi
as the only official language of the country; still Hindi imposition continued as Indian
Government employees are asked to write as much as 65% of the letters and
memoranda in Hindi. In 1967, Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam came to power in Madras
province 18 years after its formation and 10 years after it had first entered electoral
politics. This began the Dravidian era in Madras province which later became Tamil
Nadu. In 1969, party general secretary and founder, C.N. Annadurai died. After his
death, there was a power tussle between M. Karunanidhi and Nendunchezhiyan and the
post of party president was created as a compromise with Karunanidhi becoming the
president and Nendunchediyan becoming general secretary. M.G. Ramachandran (MGR)
who was a popular actor and the then party treasurer had played a vital part in
popularizing the party's ideologies. The political feud between MGR and the party
president Karunanidhi emerged as an aftermath of the latter calling himself "Mujib of
Tamil Nadu". In 1972, MGR called for a boycott of the party's General Council. With the
crisis falling into call for corruption probe by MGR, he was eventually suspended from
the General Council. Thus emerged a new party All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam. In April 1974, the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Government brought in a
resolution in the House urging the Centre to accept the Rajamannar Committee
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recommendations on state autonomy and amend the Constitution of India to pave the
way for a true federal system. After MGR's death in December 1987, All India Anna
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam split into two factions between Janaki (MGR's wife) and
Jayalalithaa. Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam returned to power in 1989 State assembly
elections. Karunanidhi took over as chief minister in January 1989. Subsequent to this,
the LTTE "sent personal emissaries to Karunanidhi for seeking his active support in their
battle against the IPKF". Then in 1991 elections are arranged to be held for both State
and Central Government. In 21 May 1991 Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated in
Sriperumbudur, near Chennai in a election campaign meeting. It was later found the he
has been killed by suicide bomber from LTTE, citing IPKF atrocities in Srilanka as a
reason. This lead to sympathy wave favor of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam – Congress alliance and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is deprived of any
seats in the Parliament. This brings the rise of political rival J.Jayalalithaa to the Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam. In 1996 election Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam came to power and
M.Karunanidhi form the Government in the State. In 2004 parliamentary elections,
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam formed an alliance with Congress – Pattali Makkal Katchi
and swept a grand Victory, the alliance won all 40 seats including Puducherry. These
enable 7 ministerial posts in the Central Government and influential power to Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam. Two years later 2006 same alliance won in the state assembly
election and Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam formed the Government in the state.
M.Karunanidhi became fifth time the Chief Minister of the State.
Number of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidates contested and won in

Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1962 and 2011 is provided in
table 4.1.
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Table 4.1
Number of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Candidates Contested and won in
Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1962 and 2011
Status
Year
Contested Won Votes Secured
1962 143 50 3435633 27.10%
1967 174 137 6230552 40.69%
1971 203 184 7654935 48.58%
1977 230 48 4258771 24.89%
1980 112 37 4164389 22.10%
1984 167 24 6362770 29.34%
1989 202 150 8001222 33.18%
1991 176 2 5535668 22.46%
1996 182 173 11423380 42.07%
2001 183 31 8669864 30.92%
2006 132 96 8728716 26.46%
2011 124 23 8249991 22.39%
Source: Statistical Report on General Election, from 1962 to 2011 to the
Legislative Assembly of Tamil Nadu, Election Commission of India New Delhi
During 1962 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 143

Candidates from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 50 Candidates got
elected, secured 3435633 votes and percentage of votes polled was 27.10%; during
1967 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 174 Candidates from the Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 137 Candidates got elected, secured 6230552 votes
and percentage of votes polled was 40.69%; during 1971 election to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly, 203 Candidates from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested,
184 Candidates got elected, secured 7654935 votes and percentage of votes polled
was 45.58%; during 1977 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 230
Candidates from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 48 Candidates got
1980 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 112 Candidates from the
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 37 Candidates got elected, secured 4164389
votes and percentage of votes polled was 22.10%; during 1984 election to the Tamil
Nadu Legislative Assembly, 167 Candidates from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
contested, 24 Candidates got elected, secured 6362770 votes and percentage of
votes polled was 29.34%; during 1989 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly, 202 Candidates from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 150
Candidates got elected, secured 8001222 votes and percentage of votes polled was
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33.18%; during 1991 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 176 Candidates
from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 2 Candidates got elected, secured
5535668 votes and percentage of votes polled was 22.46%; during 1996 election to
the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 182 Candidates from the Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam contested, 173 Candidates got elected, secured 11423380 votes and
percentage of votes polled was 42.07%; during 2001 election to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly, 183 Candidates from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
votes polled was 30.92%; during 2006 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly, 132 Candidates from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 96
from the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 23 Candidates got elected, secured
8249991 votes and percentage of votes polled was 22.39%.
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is a state political party in
the states of Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, India. The party was founded by M.G.
Ramachandran and is now headed by J. Jayalalithaa. The party headquarters is in
Royapettah, Chennai, and was gifted to the party in 1986 by its former leader Janaki
Ramachandran, wife of M.G. Ramachandran. The party was founded in 1972 by M.G.
Ramachandran (popularly known as M.G. Ramachandran), a veter an star of the Tamil
film industry and a popular politician, as a breakaway from the Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam led by M. Karunanidhi, the then chief minister of Tamil Nadu, owing to
differences between the two. Relations between the two parties have been marked by
mutual contempt. Till the time M.G. Ramachandran, also known as Puratchi Thalaivar
(Revolutionary Leader), was alive, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
continued to be dominated by one man, despite the presence of formidable leaders like
V.R.Nedunchezhiyan, R.M.Veerappan, S.Thirunavukkarasu, and J.Jayalalitha. The
Government led by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, was dismissed by a Central
promulgation after MGR filed a petition seeking enquiry into corruption charges. The
Central Government was held by the Congress Party, an ally of the All India Anna
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. The party came to power in 1977 after trouncing Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam in the next elections to the legislative assembly in the state and
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M.G. Ramachandran was named the Chief Minister. He was sworn in as chief minister of
the State on June 30, 1977. In 1979, All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
became the first Dravidian and non-congress party to be part of the Union Cabinet,
when two All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Members of Parliament,
Satyavani Muthu and Aravinda Bala Pajanor, joined the short-lived Charan Singh
Ministry which followed the Morarji Desai-led Janata Party Government of 1977-79.
Relations between the Congress party and the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam slowly became strained and the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam got closer to
the Congress Party. In the mid-term parliamentary elections of January 1980, the
Congress Party aligned with the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam and the alliance won 37
out of 39 parliamentary seats in the State; the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam had just two seats. After returning to power, the Prime Minister of India,
Indira Gandhi's Government dismissed a number of State Governments belonging to the
opposition parties, including Dr. M. G. Ramachandran's Government. Elections to the
State legislature were held in late May 1980. Reversing the trend of Lok Sabha
elections, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam won a comfortable majority in
the State Assembly by winning 129 seats out of 234. MGR was sworn in as chief
minister for the second time on June 9, 1980. In 1984, even with MGR's failing health
and subsequent hospitalization abroad, the party managed to win the state elections in
alliance with the Congress party that had improved relations with the All India Anna
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Many political historians consider MGR's persona and
charisma at this point of time as "infallible", and a logical continuation of his on-screen
"good lad" image, strengthened by his mythical status in the minds of the masses. The
victory of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam-Congress combine in the
assembly elections seemed so certain that the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam supremo M.
Karunanidhi refrained from contesting the assembly elections of 1984. MGR continued
to enjoy popular support in his third tenure, which ended with his demise on December
24, 1987. MGR's wife Janaki Ramachandran subsequently rose to the party's leadership
and led the Government as the state's first woman chief minister until the state
assembly was suspended and President's rule imposed. The party, in the absence of a
personality of MGR's calibre, began to crumble, with infighting, and broke into two
factions, one under Janaki Ramachandran and the other under J. Jayalalithaa, a former
film star and associate of MGR. The state elections in 1989 saw Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam regaining power with Karunanidhi at the helm. The factions led by Jayalalitha
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and Janaki merged in 1988 under the former's leadership. The Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam Government was dismissed in 1990 by the central Government led by Prime
Minister Chandra Shekhar Singh, an ally of the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam at that time, with accusations that the constitutional machinery in the state
had broken down. The All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam swept to power in
the elections of 1991. Many political observers have ascribed the landslide victory to the
anti-incumbent wave arising out of the assassination of Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi by
suspected Tamil separatists fighting for a homeland in neighbouring Sri Lanka. The
ensuing Government was accused of large-scale corruption, but Jayalalithaa managed
to hold on to power for a full term of five years, after which she lost the next election to
the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, in 1996. The Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam held power
till 2001, when Jayalalithaa won the next election to become chief minister once again.
She has been very vocal in opposing the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE, or
Tamil Tigers) since then and has had a wishy-washy political association with
Subramaniam Swamy. Some All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam cadres were
accused of being behind the acid-attack on Subramaniam Swamy's acquaintance,
Chandralekha, an IAS officer. In her second term as chief minister, Ms. Jayalalitha
avoided the blunders she committed during the first term. However, she was plagued
by corruption cases related to her earlier rule and had to sit out of the Government for
some time. After having been cleared by the courts she became chief minister again.
She undertook economic reforms and took many popular decisions such as banning of
lottery tickets, restricting the liquor and sand quarrying business to Government
agencies and banning tobacco product sales near schools and colleges. She also took
action against gangsters, trouble makers, and striking Government employees, and
improved law and order in the state. She sent a special task force to the
Satyamangalam forests in October 2004 to hunt down notorious sandalwood smuggler
Veerappan. The operation was successful as Veerappan was finally killed by the task
force on 18 October 2004. However, in the Parliamentary elections of 2004, the party
lost all their seats to the opposition coalition comprising all major opposition parties in
the state. In the assembly elections of 2006, in spite of media speculations of a hung
assembly, the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam was pushed out of power
owing to big sweep by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam led by M Karunanidhi. It
managed to hold on to only 61 assembly seats. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam has spread out and has following in the states of Kerala, Karnataka and
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Andhra Pradesh with official units. The party under the leadership of Dr. Jayalalitha had
floated 54 candidates across the state of Kerala in the Assembly elections of 2006 and
had contested on its own. Initially All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam had
made an alliance with Democratic Indira Congress (Karunakaran) led by the former
Kerala Chief Minister K. Karunakaran, but decided to go on its own when the latter went
with the Congress led United Democratic Front at the last moment, as a result of the
mediation talks from the constituents of the United Democratic Front. In Karnataka the
party had members in the state Assembly. All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
has its following in various other places like Mumbai and Delhi. There are also units in
various countries where the Tamil population is spread out. Jayalalitha is intelligent and
efficient, but her authoritarian style left with no visible second level leadership or youth
faces in her party. In this era of development oriented politics, her party lacks well-
known figures. Recently she made an effort to attract youths, by forming "Ilaignar
Pasarai", which gained momentum, but her effort was demolished in one stroke, when
she asked youths to be patient in a marriage function. Various press articles reported
that youth in her party was disappointed by her remarks. She has attacked the Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam over its role in the Government's neglect of the economy, ignoring
the rising cost of living and further ignoring the increase in political extremism.
Number of All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidates contested and
won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1977 and 2011 is
provided in table 4.2.
Table 4.2
Number of All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Candidates Contested and won in
Status
Year
1977 200 130 5194876 30.36%
1980 177 129 7303010 38.75%
1984 155 132 8030809 37.03%
1987 1 1 47212 0.22%
1989 4 2 148630 0.62%
1991 168 164 10940966 44.39%
1996 168 4 5831383 21.47%
2001 141 132 8815387 31.44%
2006 188 61 10768559 32.64%
2011 165 150 14150289 38.40%
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Candidates from the All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 130 Candidates
got elected, secured 5194876 votes and percentage of votes polled was 30.36%;
during 1980 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 177 Candidates from the
All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 129 Candidates got elected, secured
7303010 votes and percentage of votes polled was 38.75%; during 1984 election to
the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 155 Candidates from the All India Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 132 Candidates got elected, secured 8030809 votes
Legislative Assembly, 4 Candidates from the All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
contested, 2 Candidates got elected, secured 148630 votes and percentage of votes
polled was 0.62%; during 1991 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 168
Candidates from the All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 164 Candidates
got elected, secured 10940966 votes and percentage of votes polled was 44.39%;
All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 4 Candidates got elected, secured
5831383 votes and percentage of votes polled was 21.47%; during 2001 election to the
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 141 Candidates from the All India Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam contested, 132 Candidates got elected, secured 8815387 votes and
Legislative Assembly, 188 Candidates from the All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
votes polled was 32.64%; during 2011 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly,
165 Candidates from the All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, 150
38.40%.
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is a political party in the
Indian state of Tamil Nadu formed in 1994 by V. Gopalswamy (also known as Vaiko), a
member of Rajyasabha and a party activitist of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Mr. V.
Gopalsamy grew in the party from his student days. He actively participated in the party
agitations and courted imprisonment several times. He was detained under MISA during
emergency with other party leaders and workers. His style of speaking is his own,
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quoting world events and history, he attracted a lot of support. Particularly the youths
of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam had a liking for him. This created antagonism towards
him by the leaders and was forced out of the Parent body on false charges. His
sympathy for the cause of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam is widely known. With
the looming possibility of a vote of confidence in Parliament against the UPA, Two party
MP's, L. Ganesan and Genjee N. Ramachandran, claimed that they enjoy the support of
the majority of party cadre, decided to pledge support to the UPA Government.They
later withdrew their claim and joined Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam when it was found
that they had forged letters of support of Party executives.
Number of Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidates
contested and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1996,
2001 and 2006 is provided in table 4.3.
Table 4.3
Number Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Candidates Contested
and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1996,
2001 and 2006
Status
Year
1996 177 0 1569168 5.78%
2001 211 0 1304469 4.65%
2006 35 6 1971565 5.98%
Source: Statistical Report on General Election, 1996, 2001 and 2006 to the

Candidates from the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, no one
candidate got elected, secured 1569168 votes and percentage of votes polled was
from the Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, no one candidate got
2006 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 35 Candidates from the
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam contested, six Candidates got elected,
secured 1971565 votes and percentage of votes polled was 5.98%.
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Pattali Makkal Katchi
Pattali Makkal Katchi was founded by Dr. Ramdoss and the state
president is G.K. Mani. Ramdoss had earlier worked with the Vanniyar Sangham
(Vanniyar Union) founded by him in 1980. Pattali Makkal Katchi is based amongst the
Other Backward Classes community. Pattali Makkal Katchi has advocated the bifurcation
of the state of Tamil Nadu, a proposal that was seen as a casteist line. Pattali Makkal
Katchi is stronger in the northern half of the Tamil Nadu State. Ahead of the 2004
election Pattali Makkal Katchi joined the broad Tamil political front Democratic
Progressive Alliance where also Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, Indian National Congress,
Communist Party of India, Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Indian Union Muslim
League are members. After the formation of Pattali Makkal Katchi, and under the
leadership of Ramadoss, Pattali Makkal Katchi was able to obtain a significant share of
power both in the regional Government in Tamilnadu and the central Government,
primarily due to coalition pressures. Dr. Anbumani Ramadoss, the son of S. Ramadoss,
is currently the member of Rajya Sabha in the Government of India. Following the 2004
general election Lok Sabha elections, Pattali Makkal Katchi joined United Progressive
Alliance party. The Pattali Makkal Katchi Ministers contributed to the improvement of
Railway network in Tamilnadu after Independence. The contribution of Dr. Anbumani as
the Health Minister, lead to eradication of Tobacco in India, availability of life saving
drugs at cheaper cost all over India, improvement of Primary Health services in India,
including 108 Ambulance Service. Pattali Makkal Katchi contributed for the reservation
for OBCs in Higher educational Institutions like IITs, IIMs, AIMS etc.. Pattali Makkal
Katchi is also fighting for preserving traditional Agriculture to protect the environment,
Food Health, Nutrition etc. Pattali Makkal Katchi is fighting for removal of Alcohol sale in
Tamil Nadu. In June 2008, the Pattali Makkal Katchi opted out of the Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam-led Tamil Nadu Government in support of innocent Srilankan Tamil's cause.
Number of Pattali Makkal Katchi candidates contested and won in Tamil
Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1991 and 2011 is provided in table
4.4.
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Table 4.4
Number of Pattali Makkal Katchi Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1991 and 2011
Status
Year
1991 194 1 1452982 5.89%
1996 116 4 1042333 3.84%
2001 27 20 1557500 5.56%
2006 31 18 1863749 5.65%
2011 30 3 1927783 5.23%
Source: Statistical Report on General Election, during 1991 and 2011 to the

Candidates from the Pattali Makkal Katchi contested, 1 Candidates got elected,
secured 1452982 votes and percentage of votes polled was 5.89%; during 1996
election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 116 Candidates from the Pattali
Makkal Katchi contested, 4 Candidates got elected, secured 1042333 votes and
Legislative Assembly, 27 Candidates from the Pattali Makkal Katchi contested, 20
from the Pattali Makkal Katchi contested, 18 Candidates got elected, secured 1863749
Nadu Legislative Assembly, 30 Candidates from the Pattali Makkal Katchi contested, 3
5.23%.
Justice Party
A limited form of self governance was introduced in British
India after World War I. While the Justice Party saw this as an opportunity to displace
Brahmin dominance, the British government considered it favourable, since the Indian
National Congress spearheading the Indian independence movement was dominated by
Brahmins. The Justice party emerged as a winner in the 1920 general elections and
brought about the reforms it had campaigned for, including establishing communal
reservation through affirmative action for the first time in the country, and brought
temples under state control. Soon after their electoral success the animosity between
152 |
Tamil and Telugu members deepened, thus weakening the party.305 Nevertheless, the
Justice Party electorally dominated the presidency for 17 years until it was defeated by
the Indian National Congress party in 1937. Although out of power, the Justice Party
was involved in demonstrations across the Province against the introduction of Hindi as
a compulsory subject of study in schools by a Congress-led government, which led to
the detainment of scores of Tamil scholars, academics and Justice Party leaders. This
and other struggles for social justice helped create the social base of what emerged as
the Dravidian Movement.306
Number of Justice Party candidates contested and won in Tamil Nadu State
Legislative Assembly Elections during 1952and 2011 is provided in table 4.5.
Table 4.5
Number of Justice Party Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu State
Legislative Assembly Elections during 1952 and 2011
Status
Year
1952 9 1 82231 0.41%
1991 1 0 76 0.00%
2006 25 0 10979 0.03%
2011 19 0 12148 0.03%
During 1952 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 9 Candidates

from the Justice Party contested, one Candidate got elected, secured 82231 votes and
percentage of votes polled was 0.41%. During 1991 election to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly, one Candidate from the All India Justice Party contested, no one
candidate got elected, secured 76 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.00%;
All India Justice Party contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 10979 votes
Legislative Assembly, 19 Candidates from the All India Justice Party contested, no one
candidate got elected, secured 12148 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.03%.

305
Wilkinson, Steven I, Caste Mobilization in Pre-independence Madras, Votes and Violence: Electoral
Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. Cambridge University Press, 2006, pp. 189–192.
306
Harris, John (March 04 - 17, 2000) Successful populism, Oxford University Press.
153 |
Commonweal Party
Commonweal Party was an Indian political party that existed in Tamil Nadu
between1952-54. It was started by M. A. Manickavelu Naicker claiming to represent the
interests of Vanniar caste. It merged with Indian National Congress in 1954307 The
party won 3 seats during 1952 lok sabha election and 6 seats in the Madras State
legislative assembly elections308.
Number of Common Weal Party candidates contested and won in Tamil
Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1952 is provided in table 4.6.
Table 4.6
Number of Common Weal Party Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1952
Status
Year
1952 13 6 218288 1.09%
Source: Statistical Report on General Election, 1952 to the

Candidates from the Commonweal Party contested, 6 Candidate got elected. The party
All India Scheduled Castes Federation

All India Scheduled Castes Federation, was a first all India political party
exclesively for Scheduled Castes. Scheduled Castes Federation was founded by Dr.
Ambedkar in a national convention of the Scheduled castes held at Nagpur during 17-20
July 1942. It was presided by Rao Bahadur N.Shivraj, a renowed Dalit leader from
Madras. An executive body of All India Scheduled Castes Federation was elected in the
convention. Rao Bahadur N. Shivraj was elected as President and P.N.Rajbhoj (Bombay)
was elected as general secretary. The convention passed the following resolutions;
1. Cripps proposals were condemned as they failed to consider the interests
of the dalits.
2. The separate identity of the dalits be recognised.
3. Special provision should be made in the budgets of respective provinces
for the higher education of the untouchables.

307
^ John L. Varianno, Jean-Luc Racine and Viramma Josianne Racine (1997). Viramma: life of an
untouchable. Verso. p. 293. ISBN 978-1-85984-817-3..
308
^ G. G. Mirachandani (2003). 320 Million Judges. Abhinav Publications. p. 30. ISBN 978-81-7017-061-7
154 |
4. The untouchables should get adequate representation in the central and
provincial ministries.
5. Certain seats should be reserved in the government services
6. The untouchables should get representation in the legislatures and local
self-governments in proportion to their population
7. Their representatives should be elected by separate electorate.
8. There should be provision in the constitution for the separate settlements
of the Scheduled castes.
9. They should be given arable uncultivated land for their livelihood.
In March 1946, general elections were held for the provincial assemblies.
The Scheduled Castes Federation as other political parties actively participated in the
elections. It contested altogether for 51 seats (Madras-24, Bombay-5, Bengal-6, UP-5,
CP and Berar -11). Of all the contestants’ one from Bengal (Shri S.N.Mandal) and other
from the CP and Berar (Shri R.P.Jadhav) were elected to the respective assemblies. In
order to find a solution to the Indian problem, the Cabinet mission came to India on
24th March 1946. The representatives of various political organisations, including
Dr.B.R.Ambedkar on behalf of Scheduled Castes Federation met the Cabinet mission.
The Cabinet mission declared its plan on 16th May 1946, which contained no references
to the demands of the Scheduled castes. It was proposed that a constituent assembly
consisting of 210 members elected by the general electorate, 78 by the Muslim
electorate and 4 by the Sikh electorate would be formed to frame the new constituion.
It was proposed that there would be an interim government composed of the Congress
and the Muslim League. Both the major parties, however, accepted the Cabinet mission
plan.
In view of the apathetic attitude of the Cabinet mission, the SCF started
Satyagraha on 15th July 1946 at Poona under the leadership of P.N.Rajbhoj. The
satyagrahas were launched at other places as well like Bombay, Nagpur, Kanpur,
Lucknow etc.
Shri J.N.Mandal (Bengal Scheduled Castes Federation Chief) was included in
the Interim ministry under the leadership of Pandit Nehru. In 1946, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar
was elected to the constituent assembly, firstly from Bengal and after partition from
Bombay legislative assembly. He became chairman of the drafting committee of the
constituent assembly and law minister of India.
155 |
In the first general elections held in 1952, the Scheduled Castes Federation
contested for 34 Lok Sabha seats (4 from Bombay, 3 from CP and Berar, 9 from
Madras, 2 from Punjab, 8 from UP, 4 from Hyderabad, 1 from Rajasthan, 1 from Delhi,
1 from Himachal pradesh and 1 from Vindhya pradesh. Out of them only 2 candidates
were elected. They were Shri P.N.Rajbhoj from Solapur (Maharashtra) and other was
Shri M.R.Krishna from Karimnagar. However Dr.Ambedkar, who contested from Bombay
(North) could not get elected. Again he contested from Bhandara Lok sabha by-election.
The Scheduled Castes Federation contested for 215 seats in the legislative
assemblies of various states. Of all the 215 seats, the party won 12 seats (5 from
Hyderabad, 2 from Madras, 1 from Bombay, 2 from Mysore, 1 from Pepsu and one from
Himachal pradesh. Dr.Ambedkar got elected from Bombay legislative assembly to the
rajya sabha and shri J.H.Subbiah, the Scheduled Castes Federation leader from
Hyderabad got elected to the Rajya Sabha in 1952.
The role played by Scheduled Castes Federation in politico-legal activities is of
great importance. It could enlist the participation of the Scheduled castes in politics. Its
branches were spread in almost all the parts of the country. It tried to aggregate the
interests of the SC’s and to protect them. In Oct. 1943, the central assembly passed a
resolution moved by Pyrelal Kureel Talib, Scheduled Castes Federation member, for the
removal of restrictions on the untouchables in the military forces against holding post of
officers. However, Dr.Babasaheb Ambedkar himself desired to wind up the SCF and
establish a new party, the Republican party of India (RPI) which could be able to
associate with all the depressed class people and work as a strong opposition party to
the ruling Congress and strive for the success of democracy.
Number of All India Scheduled Caste Federation candidates contested and
won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1952 is provided in table
4.7.
156 |
Table 4.7
Number of All India Scheduled Caste Federation Candidates Contested and
won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1952
Status
Year
1952 37 2 339680 1.70%

Candidates from the Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad contested, 2 Candidate got
elected. The Party secured 339680 votes and percentage of votes polled was 1.70%.
All India Forward Bloc

The All India Forward bloc is a left-wing nationalist political party in India.
It emerged as a faction within the Indian National Congress in 1939, led by Subhas
Chandra Bose. The party re-established as an independent political party after the
independence of India. It has its main stronghold in West Bengal.
The All India Forward bloc of the Indian National Congress was formed on 3
May 1939 by Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose, who had resigned from the presidency of the
Indian National Congress on 29 April after being outmaneuvered by Mohandas K.
Gandhi. The formation of the All India Forward bloc was announced to the public at a
rally in Calcutta. Bose said that who all were joining, they had to never turn their back
to the British and must fill the pledge form by cutting their finger and signing it with
their blood. First of all, seventeen young girls came up and signed the pledge form.
Initially the aim of the Forward Bloc was to rally all the leftwing sections within the
Congress and develop an alternative leadership inside the Congress. Bose became the
president of the All India Forward bloc and S.S. Cavesheer its vice-president. A All India
Forward bloc Conference was held in Bombay in the end of June. At that conference the
constitution and programme of the All India Forward bloc were approved309. In July
1939 Subhas Chandra Bose announced the Committee of the Forward Bloc. It had
Subhas Chandra Bose as president, S.S. Cavesheer from Punjab as its vice-president,
Lal Shankarlal from Delhi, as its general secretary and Pandit B Tripathi and Khurshed
Nariman from Bombay as secretaries. Other prominent members were Annapurniah

309
Jump up ^ Ghosh, Asok (ed.), A Short History of the All India Forward Bloc. Kolkata: Bengal Lokmat
Printers Pvt Ltd., 2001. pp. 29–30
157 |
from Andhra Pradesh, Senapati Bapat, Hari Vishnu Kamnath from Bombay, Pasumpon
U. Muthuramalingam Thevar from Tamil Nadu and Sheel Bhadra Yajee from Bihar.
Satya Ranjan Bakshi, was appointed as the secretary of the Bengal Provincial Forward
Bloc310. In August the same year Bose began publishing a newspaper titled Forward
Bloc. He travelled around the country, rallying support for his new political project.
During 1996 election to the Kerala Legislative Assembly, 6 Members from
the All India Forward bloc contested, no one candidate got elected. The party secured
Number of All India Forward bloc candidates contested and won in Tamil
4.8.
Table 4.8
Number of All India Forward bloc Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
1962 6 3 173261 1.37%
1967 1 1 44714 0.29%
1971 9 7 268721 1.71%
1977 6 1 50831 0.30%
1984 2 1 65536 0.35%
1989 5 0 30657 0.13%
1991 1 0 38460 0.16%
1996 1 1 75324 0.28%
2001 1 1 39248 0.14%
2006 60 0 103369 0.31%
2011 1 1 88253 0.24%
During 1962 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, six

Candidates from the All India Forward bloc contested, three Candidates got elected,
secured 17326 votes and percentage of votes polled was 1.37%. During 1967 election
to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 1 Candidates from the All India Forward bloc
Candidates from the All India Forward bloc contested, 7 Candidates got elected,
secured 268721 votes and percentage of votes polled was 1.71%; during 1977 election

310
Jump up to: a b Banglapedia
158 |
contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 30657 votes and percentage of votes
Candidates from the All India Forward bloc contested, no one candidate got elected,
to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 60 Candidates from the All India All India
Forward bloc contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 103369 votes and
Legislative Assembly, one Candidate from the United Communist Party of India
contested, one Candidate got elected, secured 88253 votes and percentage of votes
polled was 0.24%.
All India Muslim League
Number of All India Muslim League candidates contested and won in Tamil
4.9.
Table 4.9
Number of All India Muslim League Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
1962 6 0 89968 0.71%
1971 2 2 69634 0.44%
1989 5 0 86912 0.36%
1991 14 0 64307 0.26%
2001 1 0 30497 0.11%
Source: Statistical Report on General Election, 1971 and 2001 to the
159 |
During 1962 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, six Candidates
from the Muslim League contested, no one candidate got elected. The party secured
89968 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.71%. During 1971 election to the
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 2 Candidates from the Muslim League contested, 2
from the Muslim League contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 86912
Nadu Legislative Assembly, 14 Candidates from the Muslim League contested, no one
candidate got elected, secured 64307 votes and percentage of votes polled was
from the Muslim League contested, 0 Candidates got elected, secured 30497 votes
and percentage of votes polled was 0.11%.
Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress
Number of Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress candidates contested and

won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1980, 1984 and 2001 is
Table 4.10
Number of Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress Candidates Contested and won
in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1980, 1984 and
2001
Status
Year
1980 10 6 322440 1.71%
1984 4 2 120704 0.56%
2001 1 0 508 0.00%
Source: Statistical Report on General Election, 1980, 1984 and 2001 to the

Candidates from the Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress contested, 6 Candidates got
elected. The Party secured 322440 votes and percentage of votes polled was 1.71%;
Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress contested, 2 Candidates got elected, secured
120704 votes and percentage of votes polled was 1.71%; during 2001 election to the
160 |
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 1 Candidates from the Gandhi Kamaraj National
Congress contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 508 votes and percentage
of votes polled was 0.00%.
All India Forward Bloc (Marxist Group)

Number of All India Forward Bloc (Marxist Group) candidates contested
and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1952 is provided in
table 4.11.
Table 4.11
Number of All India Forward Bloc (Marxist Group) Candidates Contested and
Status
Year
1952 6 3 138203 0.69%

from the All India Forward bloc (Marxist Group) contested, 3 Candidates got elected.
The secured 3 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.69%.
Madras State Muslim League Party

Number of Madras State Muslim League Party candidates contested and
4.12.
Table 4.12
Number of Madras State Muslim League Party Candidates Contested and won
in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1952
Status
Year
1952 13 5 186546 0.93%

Candidates from the Socialist Party contested, 5 candidates got elected, secured 186546
votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.93%.
161 |
Tamil Nadu Toilers Party
Number of Tamilnad Toilers Party candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.13
Number of Tamilnad Toilers Party Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1952
Status
Year
1952 34 19 852330 4.25%

from the Tamilnad Toilers Party contested, 19 Candidate got elected, secured 852330
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (JL)
Number of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (JL) candidates
contested and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1989
is provided in table 4.14.
Table 4.14
Number of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (JL) Candidates
Contested and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held
during 1989
Status
Year
1989 198 27 5098687 21.15%

Candidates from the All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (JL) contested, 27 got
elected, secured 5098687 votes and percentage of votes polled was 21.15%.
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (JR)
Number of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (JR) candidates
162 |
Table 4.15
Number of All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (JR) Candidates
during 1989
Status
Year
1989 175 2 2214965 9.19%

Candidates from the All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (JR) contested, two
candidates got elected, secured 2214965 votes and percentage of votes polled was
9.19%.
Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam

Number of Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam candidates contested and won in Tamil
Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1984 and 1991 is provided in table
4.16.
Table 4.16
Number Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1984 and 1991
Status
Year
1984 1 1 47212 0.22%
1991 26 0 15407 0.06%

Candidates from the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra kazhagam contested, 1 Candidate
got elected, secured 47212 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.22%. During
1991 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 26 Candidates from the Amedkar
Makkal Iyakkam contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 15407 votes and
percentage of votes polled was 0.06%.
163 |
Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar)
Number of Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) candidates contested and
won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1996 and 2001 is
Table 4.17
Number Tamil Manila Congress (Moopanar) Candidates Contested and won in
Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1996 and 2001
Status
Year
1996 40 39 2526474 9.30%
2001 32 23 1885726 6.73%

Candidates from the Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) contested, 39 Candidate got
2001 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 1 Candidates from the of Tamil
Maanila Congress (Moopanar) contested, 23 Candidate got elected, secured 1885726
Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam

Number of Thayaka Marumalarchi Kazhagam candidates contested and
4.18.
Table 4.18
Number of Thayaka Marumalarchi Kazhagam Candidates Contested and won
Status
Year
1991 11 2 371645 1.51%

from the Thayaka Marumalarchi Kazhagam contested, one candidate got elected,
164 |
M.G.R.Anna D.M.Kazhagam
The MGR-ADMK was formed by Shri.Thirunavukarasu who is a former
Minister was in MGR’s Cabinet. Number of M.G.R.Anna D.M.Kazhagam candidates
contested and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 2001 is
Table 4.19
Number of M.G.R. Anna D.M.Kazhagam Candidates Contested and won in
Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 2001
Status
Year
2001 3 2 129474 0.46%

from the M.G.R.Anna D.M.Kazhagam contested, two candidates got elected, secured
Puthiya Tamilagam
Number of Puthiya Tamilagam candidates contested and won in Tamil Nadu
State Legislative Assembly Elections during 2001 and 2011 is provided in table 4.20.
Table 4.20
Number of Puthiya Tamilagam Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
State Legislative Assembly Elections during 2001 and 2011
Status
Year
2001 10 0 355171 1.27%
2011 2 2 146454 0.40%

from the Puthiya Tamilagam contested no one candidate got elected, secured 355171
votes and percentage of votes polled was 1.27%. During 2011 election to the Tamil
Nadu Legislative Assembly, 2 Candidates from the Puthiya Tamilagam contested, two
0.40%.
165 |
Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam
Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam (DMDK) is a regional political party
formed by Tamil film actor Vijayakanth in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu along the lines
of the regional Dravidian political parties. He formally announced party formation on
September 14, 2005 at Madurai. The party head office is in Koyambedu, Chennai. This
party contested in all 234 seats in the state elections in May 2006 with Vijayakanth
contesting in Vridhachalam. The party polled almost 3 million votes (about 10% share).
All the candidates of the Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam with the exception of
M.Vijaykanth lost the elections in 2006. In by-elections to Madurai Central assembly
constituency Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam secured around 17000 votes which
are 2000 votes less than All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Desiya Murpokku
Dravida Kazhagam was also able to secure a large number of seats in Local Body
elections. DMDK contested all 39 seats independently in Tamil Nadu in the 15th Lok
Sabha election and lost all of them. The party, however, made strong inroads in the
heartland of Pattali Makkal Katchi. The party polled 30.73 lakh votes of the total of 3.02
crore valid votes polled in the state representing roughly a vote share of 10.09%. This
is higher than the 8.38% vote share polled by him during the 2006 assembly election. It
polled more than one lakh votes in nine constituencies, more than 75,000 in 19
constituencies and more than 50,000 in 35 constituencines including Puduchery.
Though his party did not win any seat, it appears to have made the difference between
winning and losing for several candidates by having a vote share larger than the margin
of victory. Except S.Austin in Kanyakumari and K.Pandiarajan in Virudhunagar
constituency, none of the other candidates had a standing of their own and observers
believe the votes polled by him indicate the public support for his candidacy.
Number of Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam candidates contested and
won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 2006 and 2011 is
Table 4.21
Number of Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam Candidates Contested and
won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during during 2006
and 2011
Status
Year
2006 232 1 2764223 8.38%
2011 41 29 2903828 7.88%
166 |
Candidates from the Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam contested, one Candidate got
elected, secured 2764223 votes and percentage of votes polled was 8.38%. During
2011 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 29 Candidates from the Desiya
Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam contested, 29 Candidate got elected, secured 2903828
Vivasayi Anbhu Katchi

Number of Vivasayi Anbhu Katchi candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.22
Number of Vivasayi Anbhu Katchi Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2006 2 0 316 0.00%

from the Vivasayi Anbhu Katchi contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 316
Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi

Number of Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi candidates contested and won in
table 4.23.
Table 4.23
Number of Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi Candidates Contested and won in
Status
Year
2006 9 2 426321 1.29%
2011 10 0 555965 1.51%
167 |
from the Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi contested, two Candidate got elected, secured
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 10 Candidates from the Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
polled was 1.51%.
Manithaneya Makkal Katchi

Number of Manithaeya Makkal Katchi candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.24
Number of Manithaeya Makkal Katchi Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2011 3 2 181180 0.49%

from the Manithaeya Makkal Katchi contested, two Candidate got elected, secured
Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani

Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani was a short-lived political party formed in
1988 in Tamil Nadu, India. The party was found by veteran Tamil film actor Sivaji
Ganesan. Ganesan had a long running relation with many political parties, with his first
movie itself being a propaganda movie of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam The party for
born after a split in Tamil Nadu Congress party. The split itself was after another party
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam broke into two fragments one lead by
Janaki Ramachandran and other by J. Jayalalitha. Ganesan and his supporters left the
Congress party on differences in opinion on which fragment of All India Anna Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam to ally with in 1989 state elections. Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani
backed Janaki Ramachandran's fragment of the party and lost in all seats its competed
for. Ganesan eventually regretted his decision to float his own party and merged the
party with Janata Dal. Sivaji Ganesan was one of the foremost stars of Tamil film
168 |
industry. Born as V.C.Ganesan, he was christened Sivaji by Periyar E. V. Ramasami, who
was then leading the Dravidar Kazhagam and the Self-respect movement, in the 1940s.
He debuted in the Tamil movie Parasakthi in 1952, a movie which heavily contained
elements of Dravidian politics. Although Ganesan was a founder member of the Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam he found that atheistic outlook of the party to cost him his movie
fame. He was also frustrated with importance given to M.G.Ramachandran, another
movie star, in the party. But yet he stayed on in the party until his visit to Tirumala
Venkateswara Temple became a center of controversy within the Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam. Responding to the controversy Ganesan called the Dravida Munnetra
Kazhagam "a glamour party" and moved to Tamil National Party. The Tamil National
Party was itself formed by former members of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam such as
E.V.K. Sampath and Kannadasan. Later Ganesan joined the Indian National Congress
when Tamil National Party was merged with it. M.G. Ramachandran had been heading
the All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam as its founding leader after his feud
with M. Karunanidhi in 1972. He had been the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu since 1977
until his death in 1987. Soon after his death the party broke into two, one headed by
his wife Janaki Ramachandran and other by another Tamil movie star J. Jayalalitha.
Election Commission of India refused to accept either of them as the original All India
Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. Tamil Nadu Congress decided to ally with
Jayalalitha's fragment of all india anna dravida munnetra kazhagam. This move was
opposed by Sivaji Ganesan and hence he left the party along with his supporters to
form the new party Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani on 10 February 1988. To popularise
the party Ganesan produce a movie titled ‘En Thamizh En Makkal’. At the time the party
was created it was considered to be pro-Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam. The party
opposed the presence of Indian Peace Keeping Force in Sri Lanka stating that the force
was trying to wipe out the LTTE and its leader V. Prabhakaran. The party also urged the
Government of India to hold talks with the LTTE without any pre- condition.
Number of Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani candidates contested and won

in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 2011 is provided in table
4.25.
169 |
Table 4.25
Number of Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani Candidates Contested and won in
Status
Year
2011 1 0 259 0.18%

Candidates from the Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani contested, no one Candidate got
Naam Tamilar Katchi

In 1958, Adithan founded the Naam Tamilar Katchi (Trans. "We are Tamils
Party") with the platform of forming a sovereign Tamil state. The party's stand was
more radical than the Dravida Nadu demand of Periyar E.V.Ramasamy's Dravidar
Kazhagam. It wanted the creation of a homogeneous Tamil state incorporating Tamil
speaking areas of India and Sri Lanka. The party’s headquarters was named as Tamilan
Illam (The Home of the Tamils). In 1960, the party organized statewide protests for the
secession of Madras and the establishment of a sovereign Tamil Nadu. The protests
were marked by the burning of maps of India (with Tamil Nadu left out). Adithanar was
arrested for organizing them. The party along with M. P. Sivagnanam's Tamil Arasu
Kazhagam was also involved in the movement to change the name of the state from
Madras State to Tamil Nadu311. Adithan lost the 1962 election from Tiruchendur312 and
got himself elected to the Legislative Council in 1964. The Naam Tamilar Katchi
contested the 1967 election as an ally of the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam under the
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam's "Rising Sun" symbol. It elected four members to the
Assembly, including Adithan, who won from Srivaikuntam. The party merged with the
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam in 1967313,314.

311
Ramaswamy, Sumathy (1997). Passions of the tongue: language devotion in Tamil India, 1891-1970.
University of Chicago Press. pp. Chapter.6. ISBN 978-0-520-20805-6. OCLC 36084635.
312
1962 Madras State Election Results, Election Commission of India
313
Ross Barnett, Marguerite (1975). Electoral politics in the Indian states: party systems and cleavages.
Manohar Book Service. p. 86.
314
1967 Tamil Nadu Election Results, Election Commission of India
170 |
Number of Naam Tamilar Katchi candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.26
Number of Naam Tamilar Katchi Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
1962 16 0 117640 0.93%
During 1962 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, nine

Candidates from the Naam Tamilar Katchi contested, no one candidate got elected. The
party secured 117640 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.93%.
Tamil Nadu Congress (K)
Number of Tamil Nadu Congress (K) candidates contested and won in

table 4.27.
Table 4.27
Number of Tamil Nadu Congress (K) Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
1984 5 0 152315 0.70%
1989 8 0 23152 0.10%

Candidates from the Tamil Nadu Congress (K) contested, no one candidate got elected,
secured 152315 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.70%. During 1989 election
to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, eight Candidates from the Tamil Nadu Congress
(K) contested, no one candidate got elected. The party secured 23152 votes and
171 |
All India Republican Party
Number of All India Republican Party candidates contested and won in

table 4.28.
Table 4.28
Number of All India Republican Party Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
1952 6 0 48233 0.24%
1962 4 0 57457 0.45%
1967 13 0 31286 0.20%
1977 4 0 3704 0.02%
1980 4 0 6637 0.04%
1991 3 0 802 0.00%

from the All India Republican Party contested, no one candidate got elected. The party
to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 1 Candidates from the All India Republican
Party contested, no one candidate got elected, who secured 67 votes and percentage
of votes polled was 0.00%. During 1967 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly, 13 Candidates from the Republic Party of India contested, no one candidate
got elected, secured 31286 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.20%; during
1977 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 4 Candidates from the Republic
Party of India contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 3704 votes and
Legislative Assembly, 4 Candidates from the Republic Party of India contested, no one
candidate got elected, secured 6637 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.04%;
Republic Party of India contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 802 votes and
172 |
All India Forward Bloc (Ruikar Group)
Number of All India Forward bloc (Ruikar Group) candidates contested and
4.29.
Table 4.29
Number of All India Forward bloc (Ruikar Group) Candidates Contested and
Status
Year
1952 5 0 15433 0.08%

Candidates from the F.B.(Marxist Group) contested, no one candidate got elected,
Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad
Number of Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad candidates contested and

4.30.
Table 4.30
Number of Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad Candidates Contested and
Status
Year
1952 2 0 1773 0.01%

from the Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad contested, 2 Candidate got elected,
Socialist Labour
Number of Socialist Labour candidates contested and won in Tamil Nadu
State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1962 is provided in table 4.31.
173 |
Table 4.31
Number of Socialist Labour Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
Status
Year
1962 7 0 43186 0.34%
During 1962 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, sevan

Candidates from the Socialist Labour contested, no one candidate got elected. The
Tamil National Party

Number of Tamil National Party candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.32
Number of Tamil National Party Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
Status
Year
1962 9 0 44048 0.35%

from the Tamil National Party contested, no one candidate got elected. Those who
Indian Congress (Jagjiwan Ram Bhalla Group)
Number of Indian Congress (Jagjiwan Ram Bhalla Group) candidates
Table 4.33
Number of Indian Congress (Jagjiwan Ram Bhalla Group) Candidates
during 1989
Status
Year
1989 5 0 1522 0.01%
174 |
During 1989 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, five
Candidates from the Indian Congress (Jagjiwan Ram Bhalla Group) contested, no one
candidate got elected. The party secured 1522 votes and percentage of votes polled
was 0.01%.
Asom Jatiya Parishad

Number of Asom Jatiya Parishad candidates contested and won in Tamil
Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1991 is provided in table 4.34.
Table 4.34
Number Asom Jatiya Parishad Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1991
Status
Year
1991 1 0 329 0.00%
During 1991 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, one

Candidate from the Asom Jatiya Parishad contested, no one candidate got elected. The
Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam

Number of Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam candidates contested and won in
Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1991 is provided in table
4.35.
Table 4.35
Number Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam Candidates Contested and won in
Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1991
Status
Year
1991 1 0 53 0.00%
During 1991 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, one Candidate
from the Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam contested, no one candidate got elected. The
175 |
Indian Farmers and Toiler’s Party
Number of Indian Farmers and Toiler’s Party candidates contested and
won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1989 and 1991 is
Table 4.36
Number Indian Farmers and Toiler’s Party Candidates Contested and won in
Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1989 and 1991
Status
Year
1989 26 0 43505 0.18%
1991 1 0 6325 0.03%

Candidates from the India Farmers and Tailers Party contested, no one candidate got
elected. The party secured 43505 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.18%;
during 1991 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, one Candidate from the
Indian Farmers and Toiler’s Party contested, no one candidate got elected, secured
Indian Peoples Front

Number of Indian Peoples Front candidates contested and won in Tamil
Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1991 is provided in table 4.37.
Table 4.37
Number Indian Peoples Front Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1991
Status
Year
1991 1 0 1005 0.00%

Candidate from the Indian People’s Front contested, no one candidate got elected, who
176 |
M.G.R.Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam
Number of M.G.R.Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam candidates contested and
won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1996 is provided in
table 4.38.
Table 4.38
Number M.G.R.Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam Candidates Contested and won in
Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 1996
Status
Year
1996 1 0 7099 0.03%

Candidate from the M.G.R.Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam contested, no one candidate got
elected. The party secured 7099 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.03%.
M.G.R. Kazhagam
Number of M.G.R. Kazhagam candidates contested and won in Tamil Nadu
State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1991, 1996 and 2001 is provided in table
4.39.
Table 4.39
Number M.G.R. Kazhagam Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1991, 1996 and 2001
Status
Year
1991 1 0 91 0.00%
1996 2 0 207 0.00%
2001 2 0 136916 0.49%
Source: Statistical Report on General Election, during 1991, 1996 and 2001 to the

Candidate from the M.G.R. Kazhagam contested, no one candidate got elected,
secured 91 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.00%; during 1996 election to
the Tamil Legislative Assembly two Candidates from the M.G.R. Kazhagam contested,
no one candidate got elected, secured 207 votes and percentage of votes polled was
0.00%; during 2001 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, two Candidates
from the M.G.R. Kazhagam Contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 136916
177 |
United Communist Party of India
Number of United Communist Party of India candidates contested and
won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections held between 1996 and 2011 is
Table 4.40
Number United Communist Party of India Candidates Contested and won in
Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections held between 1996 and
2011
Status
Year
1996 1 0 11717 0.04%
2001 6 0 7080 0.03%
2006 3 0 921 0.00%
2011 1 0 2325 0.01%

Candidate from the United Communist Party of India contested, no one candidate got
elected, secured 11717 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.04%; during 2001
election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, six Candidates from the United
Communist Party of India contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 7080 votes
Legislative Assembly, three Candidates from the United Communist Party of India
polled was 0.01%; during 2011 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, one
Candidate from the United Communist Party of India contested, no one candidate got
Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam

Number of Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam candidates
contested and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1996 and
2001 is provided in table 4.41.
178 |
Table 4.41
Number Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam Candidates
Contested and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during
1996 and 2001
Status
Year
1996 19 0 5557 0.02%
2001 1 0 737 0.00%

Candidates from the Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam contested, no one
was 0.02%; during 2001 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, one
Candidate from the Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam contested, no one
Maharashtrawadi Gomantak
Number of Maharashtrawadi Gomantak candidates contested and won in
Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 2006 is provided in table
4.42.
Table 4.42
Number Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Nadu State Legislative Assembly Election held during 2006
Status
Year
2006 1 0 3874 0.01%

Candidate from the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak contested, no one candidate got
Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha

Number of Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha candidates contested and won
in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections held during 2001, 2006 and 2011 is
179 |
Table 4.43
Number Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha Candidates Contested and won in
Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections held during 2001, 2006 and
2011
Status
Year
2001 2 0 580 0.00%
2006 11 0 3855 0.01%
2011 11 0 8862 0.02%
Source: Statistical Report on General Election, during 2001, 2006 and 2011 to the

Candidates from the Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha contested, no one candidate got
elected, secured 3855 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.01%; during 2006
election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 11 Candidates from the Akhil Bharat
Hindu Mahasabha contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 3855 votes and
Legislative Assembly 11 Candidates from the Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha contested,
no one candidate got elected, secured 8862 votes and percentage of votes polled was
0.02%.
Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation

Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation is a Regional
political party in Kerala. Communist Party of India (Marxist-Leninist) was formed in 1969
by the All India Coordination Committee of Communist Revolutionaries, who had split
from Communist Party of India (Marxist) in 1967. Communist Party of India (Marxist–
Leninist) Liberation advocated armed struggle and condemned participation in
parliamentary elections and work in mass movements. Initially the party leaders were
Charu Majumdar and Kanu Sanyal. In 1971 the party was split in two, when
Satyanarayan Singh revolted against Majumdars's sectarianism. Communist Party of
India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation has its roots in the faction that remained loyal to
Majumdar. Later Majumdar's Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) was split in
pro- and anti-Lin Biao-factions. Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation is
the party that evolved out if the anti-Lin Biao faction.
In 1975 Vinod Mishra was elected general secretary. From 1977 a reform
process took place in Mishra's Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist). The party
conference in 1979 declared that mass organizations ought to be created in every front
180 |
(which the original Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) had condemned as
"economism"). Mishra's Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) also maintained
good relations with the Communist Party of China, whilst most other Indian Marxist
Leninist factions condemned the reorientation that was pushed through by Deng
Xiaoping after the death of Mao Zedong.
In 1982 the Indian Peoples Front was formed, and the party started
contesting elections under the name of Indian Peoples Front. In 1989 Indian Peoples
Front was able to win a Lok Sabha seat from Ara, Bihar. IPF contested a Municipal
election from South Dum Dum constituency in Kolkata in 1982 under the leadership of
Bikash Dasgupta, but lost to the much stronger Communist Party of India (Marxist).
Subsequently the movement died in Kolkata while it was still intact in other places like
Ara. In 1991 the Ara seat was lost, but the party won a seat in Assam through the mass
movement Autonomous State Demand Committee. In 1994 IPF was dissolved and the
party started contesting elections under its proper name. However it continued to
contest elections under the banner of Mishra died in 1998. The current general
secretary is Dipankar Bhattacharya, who hails from West Bengal. In the Lok Sabha
elections in 1999 the party won 0.3% of the votes and one seat (the former
Autonomous State Demand Committee-seat from Assam). In the 2004 elections the
seat was lost, mainly due to a split within Autonomous State Demand Committee.
The English-language publication of the party is Liberation, and thus the
party is called Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation. In India there are
several other Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) s, such as Communist Party
of India (Marxist–Leninist) New Democracy, Communist Party of India (Marxist–
Leninist) Janashakti and Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Red Flag. The
party is represented in the State Assemblies of Bihar and Jharkhand. The
main mass organizations of the party are Revolutionary Youth Association (RYA), All
India Students Association (AISA), All India Agricultural Labour Association (AIALA), All
India Peasants' Coordination Committee, All India Central Council of Trade Unions
(AICCTU), All India Progressive Women's Association (AIPWA) and Autonomous State
Demand Committee (ASDC).
"Liberation" is the monthly central English organ of Communist Party of
India (Marxist–Leninist). Apart from Liberation, the Party brings out a central Hindi
weekly organ too, named "Samkaleen Lokyuddh". Some state party Committees bring
out their own organs, like weekly "Ajker Deshabrati" in West Bengal, "Nabasphulinga" in
181 |
Tripura, "Teeppori" in Tamil Nadu, "Telugu Liberation" in Andhra Pradesh, "Kannada
Liberation" in Karnataka, "Samkali Lok Morcha" in Punjab, etc.
Number of Communist Party of India (Marxist – Lenninist) (Liberation)
candidates contested and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections held
during 2001 and 2006 is provided in table 4.44.
Table 4.44
Number Communist Party of India (Marxist – Lenninist) (Liberation)
Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly
Elections held during 2001 and 2006
Status
Year
2001 12 0 14040 0.05%
2006 10 0 8095 0.02%

Candidates from the Communist Party of India (Marxist-Lenninist) (Liberation)
contested, no one candidate got elected, who secured 14040 votes and percentage of
votes polled was 0.01%; during 2006 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly,
10 Candidates from the Communist Party of India (Marxist – Lenninist) (Liberation)
polled was 0.02%.
Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party

Number of Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party candidates
contested and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections held during 2011
Table 4.45
Number Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party Candidates Contested
and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections held during 2011
Status
Year
2011 1 0 444 0.00%
182 |
Candidates from the Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party contested, no one
candidate got elected secured 444 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.00%.
Jharkhand Mukti Morcha

Number of Jharkhand Mukti Morcha candidates contested and won in Tamil
Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections held during 2011 is provided in table 4.46.
Table 4.46
Number Jharkhand Mukti Morcha Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections held during 2011
Status
Year
2011 33 0 88502 0.24%
Source: Statistical Report on General Election, held 2011 to the

Candidates from the Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party contested, no one
candidate got elected secured 88502 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.24%.
Republican Party of India (Sivaraj)

Number of Republican Party of India (Sivaraj) candidates contested and won
4.47.
Table 4.47
Number of Republican Party of India (Sivaraj) Candidates Contested and won
Status
Year
1996 2 0 283 0.00%

from the Republican Party of India (Sivaraj) contested, no one candidate got elected,
183 |
Social Action Party
Number of Social Action Party candidates contested and won in Tamil Nadu
Table 4.48
Number of Social Action Party Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
Status
Year
1996 13 0 1990 0.01%

from the Social Action Party contested, no one candidate got elected. The party secured
Tamilar Desiya Iyyakkam

Number of Tamilar Desiya Iyyakkam candidates contested and won in
Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1991 is provided in table 4.49.
Table 4.49
Number of Tamilar Desiya Iyyakkam Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
1991 5 0 642 0.00%

from the Tamilar Desiya Iyyakkam contested, no one candidate got elected. The party
Tamilar Kazhagam
Number of Tamilar Kazhagam candidates contested and won in Tamil
4.50.
184 |
Table 4.50
Number of Tamilar Kazhagam Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
Status
Year
1991 2 0 149 0.005
2001 2 0 1560 0.01%
During 1991 and 2001 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 2
Candidates from the Tamilar Kazhagam contested, no one candidate got elected. The
party secured 149 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.00%, during 2001
election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 2 Candidates from the Tamilar
Kazhagam contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 1560 votes and
Ulaga Makkal Nala Mahizi Sinthannyalar Kazhagam

Number of Ulaga Makkal Nala Mahizi Sinthannyalar Kazhagam candidates
Table 4.51
Number of Ulaga Makkal Nala Mahizi Sinthannyalar Kazhagam Candidates
1991
Status
Year
1991 1 0 99 0.00%

from the Ulaga Makkal Nala Mahizi Sinthannyalar Kazhagam contested no one candidate
got elected, secured 99 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.00%.
Melphc Marxist Engelist Leninist Proletariat Health Commune

Number of Melphc Marxist Engelist Leninist Proletariat Health Commune
candidates contested and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections
during 1991 is provided in table 4.52.
185 |
Table 4.52
Number of Melphc Marxist Engelist Leninist Proletariat Health Commune
Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly
Elections during 1991
Status
Year
1991 1 0 75 0.00%

from the Melphc Marxist Engelist Leninist Proletariat Health Commune contested, no
one candidate got elected, secured 75 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.00%.
Mahabharath Mahajan Sabha

Number of Mahabharath Mahajan Sabha candidates contested and won in
Table 4.53
Number of Mahabharath Mahajan Sabha Candidates Contested and won in
Status
Year
1991 1 0 64 0.00%

from the Mahabharath Mahajan Sabha contested, no one candidate got elected, secured
PJP
Number of PJP candidates contested and won in Tamil Nadu State
Legislative Assembly Elections during 1996 is provided in table 4.54.
Table 4.54
Number of PJP Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu State
Legislative Assembly Elections during 1996
Status
Year
1996 1 0 984 0.00%
186 |
from the PJP contested, no one candidate got elected who secured 984 votes and
Tharasu Makkal Mandram

Number of Tharasu Makkal Mandram candidates contested and won in
table 4.55.
Table 4.55
Number of Tharasu Makkal Mandram Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
1991 137 0 40275 0.16%
1996 1 0 87 0.00%

Candidates from the Tamilar Makkal Mandram contested, no one candidate got elected,
to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 1 Candidates from the Tharasu Makkal
Mandram contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 87 votes and percentage of
votes polled was 0.00%.
Tamil Nadu Hindu Vellalar Youth Kazhagam

Number of Tamil Nadu Hindu Vellalar Youth Kazhagam candidates contested
and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1991 is provided in
table 4.56.
Table 4.56
Number of Tamil Nadu Hindu Vellalar Youth Kazhagam Candidates Contested
and won in Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly Elections during 1991
Status
Year
1991 3 0 33 0.00%
187 |
from the Tamil Nadu Hindu Vellalar Youth Kazhagam contested, no one candidate got
elected secured 33 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.00%.
Kongunadu Makkal Katchi

Number of Kongunadu Makkal Katchi candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.57
Number of Kongunadu Makkal Katchi Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2001 1 0 40421 0.14%

from the Kongunadu Makkal Katchi contested, no one candidate got elected who
Democratic Forward Bloc

Number of Democratic Forward Block candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.58
Number of Democratic Forward Block Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2001 5 0 3720 0.01%

from the Democratic Forward Block contested, no one candidate got elected, secured
Kanchee Aringer Anna Dravida Makkal Kazhagam
Number of Kanchee Aringer Anna Dravida Makkal Kazhagam candidates
188 |
Table 4.59
Number of Kanchee Aringer Anna Dravida Makkal Kazhagam Candidates
2001
Status
Year
2001 1 0 572 0.00%

from the Kanchee Aringer Anna Dravida Makkal Kazhagam contested, no one candidate
Lok Jan Shakti Party

Number of Lok Jan Shakti Party candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.60
Number of Lok Jan Shakti Party Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
Status
Year
2001 10 0 9340 0.03%

from the Lok Jan Shakti Party contested, no one candidate got elected, they secured
Lok tantrik Jan Samta Party
Number of Lok tantrik Jan Samta Party candidates contested and won in
Table 4.61
Number of Lok tantrik Jan Samta Party Candidates Contested and won in
Status
Year
2001 1 0 598 0.00%
189 |
from the Lok tantrik Jan Samta Party contested, no one candidate got elected who
Makkal Nalurimaik Kazhagam (People's Liberal Party)

Number of Makkal Nalurimaik Kazhagam (People’s Liberal Party) candidates
Table 4.62
Number of Makkal Nalurimaik Kazhagam (People’s Liberal Party) Candidates
2001
Status
Year
2001 8 0 35271 0.13

from the Makkal Nalurimaik Kazhagam (People’s Liberal Party) contested, no one
Makkal Tamil Desam

Number of Makkal Tamil Desam candidates contested and won in Tamil Nadu
Table 4.63
Number of Makkal Tamil Desam Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2001 6 0 257126 0.92

from the Makkal Tamil Desam contested, no one candidate got elected. The party
190 |
Nesavaalar Munnetra Katchi
Number of Nesavaalar Munnetrak Kattchi candidates contested and won in
Table 4.64
Number of Nesavaalar Munnetra Kattchi Candidates Contested and won in
Status
Year
2001 1 0 277 0.00%

from the Nesavaalar Munnetrak Kattchi contested, no one candidate got elected,
Puratchi Bharatham
Number of Puratchi Bharatham candidates contested and won in Tamil Nadu
State Legislative Assembly Elections during 2001 and 2011 is provided in table 4.65.
Table 4.65
Number of Puratchi Bharatham Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
Status
Year
2001 24 0 71161 0.25%
2011 39 0 63764 0.17%

from the Puratchi Bharatham contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 71161
votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.25%. During 2011 election to the Tamil
Nadu Legislative Assembly, 39 Candidates from the Puratchi Bharatham contested, no
one candidate got elected, secured 63764 votes and percentage of votes polled was
0.17%.
Puthiya Needhi Katchi

Number of Puthiya Needhi Katchi candidates contested and won in Tamil
4.66.
191 |
Table 4.66
Number of Puthiya Needhi Katchi Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2001 5 0 196740 0.70%
2006 4 0 5618 0.02%

from the Puthiya Needhi Katchi contested, no one candidate got elected, they secured
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 4 Candidates from the Puthiya Needhi Katchi
contested, no one candidate got elected, they secured 5618 votes and percentage of
votes polled was 0.02%.
Sirpanch Samaj Party

Number of Sirpanch Samaj Party candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.67
Number of Sirpanch Samaj Party Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2001 2 0 1556 0.01%

from the Sirpanch Samaj Party contested, no one candidate got elected. The party
Thamilar Bhoomi
Number of Thamilar Bhoomi candidates contested and won in Tamil Nadu
192 |
Table 4.68
Number of Thamilar Bhoomi Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
Status
Year
2001 1 0 45002 016

from the Thamilar Bhoomi contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 45002
Tamil Desiyak Katchi

Number of Tamil Desiyak Katchi candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.69
Number of Tamil Desiyak Katchi Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2001 5 0 9412 0.03%

from the Tamil Desiyak Katchi contested, no one candidate got elected. The party
Thaayaga Makkal Katchi

Number of Thaayaga Makkal Katchi candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.70
Number of Thaayaga Makkal Katchi Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2001 6 0 14007 0.05%
193 |
from the Thaayaga Makkal Katchi contested, no one candidate got elected, secured
Uzhaippalar Katchi
Number of Uzhaippalar Katchi candidates contested and won in Tamil Nadu
State Legislative Assembly Elections during 2001 and 2011 is provided in table 4. 71.
Table 4.71
Number of Uzhaippalar Katchi Candidates Contested and won in Tamil Nadu
Status
Year
2001 1 0 698 0.00%
2011 1 0 2325 0.01%

from the Uzhaippalar Katchi contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 698 votes
and percentage of votes polled was 0.00%. During 2011 election to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly, 1 candidate from the Uzhaippalar Katchi contested, no one
was 0.01%.
Indians Victory Party

Number of Indians Victory Party candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.72
Number of Indians Victory Party Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2006 1 0 31609 0.10%

from the Indians Victory Party contested, one Candidate got elected, secured 31609
194 |
Sakhthi Baratha Desam
Number of Sakhthi Baratha Desam candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.73
Number of Sakhthi Baratha Desam Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2006 2 0 203 0.00%

from the Sakhthi Baratha Desam contested, no one candidate got elected. The party
Akhila India Jananayaka Makkal Katchi (Dr. Issac)

Number of Akhila India Jananayaka Makkal Katchi (Dr. Issac) candidates
Table 4.74
Number of Akhila India Jananayaka Makkal Katchi (Dr. Issac) Candidates
2011
Status
Year
2011 11 0 8862 0.02%

from the Akhila India Jananayaka Makkal Katchi (Dr. Issac) contested, two Candidate
All India Minorities Front

Number of All India Minorities Front candidates contested and won in Tamil
195 |
Table 4.75
Number of All India Minorities Front Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2011 2 0 1748 0.00

from the All India Minorities Front contested, no one candidate got elected, they
All India Party for the Protection of Civil Rights

Number of All India Party for the Protection of Civil Rights candidates
Table 4.76
Number of All India Party for the Protection of Civil Rights Candidates Contested and
Status
Year
2011 4 0 4033 0.01

from the All India Party for the Protection of Civil Rights contested, two Candidate got
elected. The party secured 4033 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.01%.
Indian National League
Number of Indian National League candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.77
Number of Indian National League Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2011 3 0 5851 0.02%
196 |
from the Indian National League contested, no one candidate got elected. The party
Kongu Nadu Munnetra Kazhagam
Number of Kongu Nadu Munnetra Kazhagam candidates contested and won
4.78.
Table 4.78
Number of Kongu Nadu Munnetra Kazhagam Candidates Contested and won
Status
Year
2011 7 0 370044 1.00%

from the Kongu Nadu Munnetra Kazhagam contested, no one candidate got elected.
The party secured 370044 votes and percentage of votes polled was 1.00%.
Lenin Communist Party
Number of Lenin Communist Party candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.79
Number of Lenin Communist Party Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2011 1 0 563 0.00%

from the Lenin Communist Party contested, no one candidate got elected. The party
Makkal Manadu Katchi

Number of Makkal Manadu Katchi candidates contested and won in Tamil
197 |
Table 4.80
Number of Makkal Manadu Katchi Katchi Candidates Contested and won in
Status
Year
2011 12 0 10175 0.03%

from the Makkal Manadu Katchi contested, no one candidate got elected, the party
Makkal Sakthi Iyakkam

Number of Makkal Sakthi Iyakkam candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.81
Number of Makkal Sakthi Katchi Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2011 2 0 567 0.00%

from the Makkal Sakthi Katchi contested, no one candidate got elected, secured 567
Social Democratic Party of India

Number of Social Democratic Party of India candidates contested and won in
Table 4.82
Number of Social Democratic Party of India Candidates Contested and won in
Status
Year
2011 5 0 19034 0.05%
198 |
from the Social Democratic Party of India contested, no one candidate got elected. The
Socialist Unity Centre of India (Communist)

Number of Socialist Unity of India (Communist) candidates contested and
4.83.
Table 4.83
Number of Socialist Unity of India (Communist) Candidates Contested and
Status
Year
2011 2 0 744 0.00%

from the Socialist Unity of India (Communist) contested, no one candidate got elected,
the party secured 744 votes and percentage of votes polled was 0.00%.
Tamilaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam

Number of Tamilaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam candidates contested and
4.84.
Table 4.84
Number of Tamilaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam Candidates Contested and
Status
Year
2011 8 0 32949 0.09%

from the Tamilaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam contested, two Candidate got elected,
199 |
Youth and Students Party
Number of Youth and Students Party candidates contested and won in Tamil
Table 4.85
Number of Youth and Students Party Candidates Contested and won in Tamil
Status
Year
2011 1 0 763 0.00%

from the Youth and Students Party contested, no one candidate got elected, secured
To Sum Up
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam has been a popular political party from 1957
onwards in Tamil Nadu. It has contested all elections to the Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly from 1957 to 2011. It has secured reasonable votes in all the elections it
contested though it could secure reasonable seats or not. All India Anna Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam is the offshoot of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. It has been a
popular political party from 1977 onwards in Tamil Nadu. It has contested all elections
to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly from 1977 to 2011. It has secured reasonable
votes in all the elections it contested though it could secure reasonable seats or not.
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam is a popular regional political party in Tamil
Nadu. It has reasonable vote bank in Tamil Nadu. It contested elections during 1996,
2001 and 2006 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Though it could win six seats
out of 35 seats it contested during 2006 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
and has not won not even single seat during 1996 and 2001 elections, it has secured
reasonable votes in all the three elections it contested. Pattali Makkal Katchi
is a popular regional political party in Northern Tamil Nadu. It has reasonable vote bank
in Tamil Nadu. It has contested all elections after 1996 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly. Though it has secured one to 20 seats in the elections it contested, it has
secured reasonable votes in all the elections it contested. Justice Party is not a popular
regional political party in Tamil Nadu after 1952 elections. It has contested elections
during 1952, 1991, 2006 and 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. It could
200 |
secure one seat only during 1952 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. In
other elections it could win not even a single seat. Common Weal Party is a popular
regional political party in Tamil Nadu during 1952 election to the Madras Legislative
Assembly. Thirteen candidates contested election to the Madras Legislative Assembly
and six candidates got elected. After that it has not been popular and it has not
contested election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. All India Scheduled Caste
Federation is a not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election
only during 1952 and won two seats out of 37 seats it contested. After that it has been
a not been a popular political party and has not contested elections to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly. All India Forward bloc is not a popular regional political party
through out Tamil Nadu. It has contested all elections after 1962 to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly. It has managed to win few seats and secure reasonable votes in
Southern part of Tamil Nadu. All India Muslim League is not a popular regional political
party in Tamil Nadu. It contested elections during 1962, 1971, 1989, 1991 and 2001 to
the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly elections. It was able to win two seats during 1971
election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly because of its alliance with Dravida
Munnetra Kazhagam. Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress contested elections during
1980, 1984 and 2001 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. It is not a popular
political party in Tamil Nadu. It was able to win two seats during 1984 elections
because of its alliance with All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam. All India
Forward bloc (Marxist Group) is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It
contested election during 1952 to the Madras Legislative Assembly. It could win three
seats out of six seats it contested. It disappeared as a political party after that in Tamil
Nadu. Madras State Muslim League Party contested election to the Madras Legislative
Assembly during 1952. Five candidates got elected out of 13 candidates contested in
the election. It is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu because it
disappeared after 1952 election. Tamilnad Toilers Party contested election to the
Madras Legislative Assembly during 1952. Nineteen candidates got elected out of 34
candidates contested in the election. It is not a popular regional political party in Tamil
Nadu because it disappeared after 1952 election. All India Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
(JL) was a popular regional political party during 1989 election to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly. It won 27 seats out of 198 candidates contested in the election
but secured a large of number of votes when comparared to the number seats won. All
India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (JR) is a popular political party during 1989
201 |
election. Though it won only two seats out of 175 candidates contested in the election,
it secured reasonable votes to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Amedkar Makkal
Iyakkam is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu. One candidate during
1984 and 26 candiates during 1991 contested election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly. One candidate got elected during 1984 election but no one candidate got
elected during 1991 to the Tamil Nadu Legislaitve Assembly election. Tamil Maanila
Congress (Moopanar) is a popular political party during 1996 and 2001 elections to the
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. It not only won reasonable seats but also secured
reasonable votes. Thaya Marumalarchi Kazhagam is not a popular regional political
party. It contested election only during 1991 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. It
won two seats out of 11 seats it contested. M.G.R.Anna D.M.Kazhagam is not a popular
regional political party. It contested election only during 2001 to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly. It won two seats out of 3 seats it contested. Puthiya Tamilagam is
not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested elections during 2001
and 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat.
Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam is a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu.
It contested election during 2006 and 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. It
won one seat during 2006 election but secured reasonable votes and won 29 seats
during 2011 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly and secured reasonable
votes. Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi is not a popular regional political party in Tamil
Nadu. It contested elections during 2006 and 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly. It won two seats during 2006 election and won no seat during 2011 election
to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly. Manithaeya Makkal Katchi is not a popular
regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2011 to the Tamil
Nadu Legislative Assembly. It won two seats out of 3 seats it contested. Thamizhaga
Munnetra Munnani is not a popular political party in Tamil Nadu. One candidate
contested election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly only during 2011 but not only
the candidate lost the election but also forfeited his deposite. We Tamils Party is not a
popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It concested election to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly during 1962 and no one candidate got elected. Tamil Nadu
Congress (K) is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested
elections during 1984 and 1989 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but no one
candidate got elected. All India Forward Bloc (Ruikar Group) is not a popular regional
political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 1952 to the Madras Legislative
202 |
Assembly. It could win not even a single seat out of five seats it contested. It
disappeared as a political party after that in Tamil Nadu. Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya
Parishad is not a regional poltical party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election to the
Madras Legislative Assembly only during 1952 but no one candidate got elected.
Socialist Labour is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu. Seven candidates
contested election during 1962 but no one candidate got elected to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly election. Tamil National Party is not a popular regional political
party in Tamil Nadu. Nine candidates contested election during 1962 but no one
candidate got elected to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election. Indian Congress
(Jagjiwan Ram Bhalla Group) is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu. Five
candidates contested election during 1989 but no one candidate got elected. Asom
Jatiya Parishad is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu. One candidate
contested election during 1991 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but no one
candidate got elected. Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam is not a regional political party in
Tamil Nadu. One candidate contested election during 1991 to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly but the candidate not only lost the electiong but also forfeited his
deposit. India Farmers and Tailers Party is not a popular regional political party in Tamil
Nadu. It contested elections during 1989 and 1991 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly but could win not even a single seat. Indian Peoples Front is not a popular
regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested elections during 1991 to the Tamil
Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat. M.G.R.Makkal
Munnetra Kazhagam is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested
elections during 1996 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a
single seat. M.G.R. Kazhagam is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It
contested elections during 1991, 1996 and 2001 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
but could win not even a single seat. United Communist Party of India is not a popular
regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested elections during 1996, 2001, 2006
and 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat.
Anaithinthiya Thamizhaga Munnetra Kazhagam is not a popular regional political party
in Tamil Nadu. It contested elections during 1996 and 2001to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat. Maharashtrawadi Gomantak
is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2006
to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat. Akhil Bharat
Hindu Mahasabha is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested
203 |
elections during 2001, 2006 and 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could
win not even single seat. Communist Party of India (Marxist – Lenninist) (Liberation) is
not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested elections during 2001
and 2006 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat.
Jammu and Kashmir National Panthers Party is not a popular regional political party in
Tamil Nadu It contested election during 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
but could win not even single seat. Jharkhand Mukti Morcha is not a popular regional
political party in Tamil Nadu It contested election during 2011 to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat. Republican Party of India
(Sivaraj) is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested election
during 1996 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat.
Social Action Party is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested
election during 1996 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even
single seat. Tamilar Desiya Iyyakkam is not a popular regional political party in Tamil
Nadu It contested election during 1991 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but
could win not even single seat. Tamilar Kazhagam is not a popular regional political
party in Tamil Nadu It contested elections during 1991 and 2001 to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat. Ulaga Makkal Nala Mahizi
Sinthannyalar Kazhagam is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It
contested election during 1991 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win
not even single seat. Melphc Marxist Engelist Leninist Proletariat Health Commune is not
a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested election during 1991 to the
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat. Mahabharath
Mahajan Sabha is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested
single seat. PJP is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested
single seat. Tharasu Makkal Mandram is not a popular regional political party in Tamil
Nadu It contested elections during 1991 and 1996 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly but could win not even single seat. Tamil Nadu Hindu Vellalar Youth
Kazhagam is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested election
during 1991 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat.
Kongunadu Makkal Katchi is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It
204 |
not even single seat. Democratic Forward Bloc is not a popular regional political party in
Tamil Nadu It contested election during 2001 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
but could win not even single seat. Kanchee Aringer Anna Dravida Makkal Kazhagam is
not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested election during 2001 to
the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat. Lok Jan Shakti
Party is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested election during
2001 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat.
Loktantrik Jan Samta Party is not a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested
election during 2001 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a
single seat. Makkal Nalurimaik Kazhagam (People’s Liberal Party) is not a popular
regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested election during 2001 to the Tamil
Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat. Makkal Tamil Desam is
not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested election during 2001 to
the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat. Nesavaalar
Munnetrak Kattchi is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It contested
single seat. Puratchi Bharatham is not a popular regional political party in Tamil Nadu It
contested elections during 2001 and 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but
could win not even single seat. Puthiya Needhi Katchi is not a popular regional political
party in Tamil Nadu It contested elections during 2001 and 2006 to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly but could win not even single seat. Sirpanch Samaj Party is not a
regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2001 to the Tamil
Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat. Thamilar Bhoomi is not
a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2001 to the Tamil
Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat. Tamil Desiyak Katchi is
not a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2001 to the
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat. Thaayaga Makkal
Katchi is not a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2001
to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat.
Uzhaippalar Katchi is not a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested elections
during 2001 and 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a
single seat. Indians Victory Party is not a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It
not even a single seat. Sakhthi Baratha Desam is not a regional political party in Tamil
205 |
Nadu. It contested election during 2006 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but
could win not even a single seat. Vivasayi Anbhu Katchi is not a regional political party
in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2006 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
but could win not even a single seat. Akhila India Jananayaka Makkal Katchi (Dr. Issac)
is not a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2011 to the
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat. All India
Minorities Front is not a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election
during 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single
seat. All India Party for the Protection of Civil Rights is not a regional political party in
Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly
but could win not even a single seat. Indian National League is not a regional political
party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative
Assembly but could win not even a single seat. Kongu Nadu Munnetra Kazhagam is not
a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2011 to the Tamil
Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat. Lenin Communist Party
is not a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2011 to the
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat. Makkal Manadu
Katchi is not a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2011
to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat. Makkal
Sakthi Katchi is not a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during
2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat.
Democratic Party of India is not a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested
election during 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a
single seat. Socialist Unity of India (Communist) is not a regional political party in Tamil
Nadu. It contested election during 2011 to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but
could win not even a single seat. Tamilaga Makkal Munnetra Kazhagam is not a regional
political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2011 to the Tamil Nadu
Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat. Youth and Students Party is
not a regional political party in Tamil Nadu. It contested election during 2011 to the
Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly but could win not even a single seat.
206 |

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CHAPTER IV

REGIONAL POLITICAL PARTIES IN TAMIL NADU

Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Number of Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam candidates contested and won in

During 1962 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 143

All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam

During 1996 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 177

During 1991 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 194

During 1952 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 9 Candidates

During 1952 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 13

All India Scheduled Castes Federation

During 1952 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 37

All India Forward Bloc

During 1962 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, six

Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress

Number of Gandhi Kamaraj National Congress candidates contested and

During 1980 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 10

All India Forward Bloc (Marxist Group)

During 1952 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 6 Candidates

Madras State Muslim League Party

During 1952 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 13

During 1952 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 34 Candidates

During 1989 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 198

During 1989 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 175

Ambedkar Makkal Iyakkam

During 1984 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 1

During 1996 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 40

Thayaga Marumalarchi Kazhagam

During 1996 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 11 Candidates

During 2001 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 3 Candidates

During 2001 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 10 Candidates

Vivasayi Anbhu Katchi

During 2006 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 2 Candidates

Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi

Manithaneya Makkal Katchi

During 2011 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 3 Candidates

Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani

Number of Thamizhaga Munnetra Munnani candidates contested and won

During 2011 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 1

Naam Tamilar Katchi

During 1962 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, nine

Tamil Nadu Congress (K)

Number of Tamil Nadu Congress (K) candidates contested and won in

During 1984 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 5

Number of All India Republican Party candidates contested and won in

During 1952 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 6 Candidates

During 1952 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 5

Number of Akhil Bharatiya Ram Rajya Parishad candidates contested and

During 1952 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 2 Candidates

During 1962 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, sevan

Tamil National Party

During 1962 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 9 Candidates

Asom Jatiya Parishad

During 1991 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, one

Gramma Munnetra Kazhagam

During 1989 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, 26

Indian Peoples Front

During 1991 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, one

During 1996 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, one

During 1991 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, one

During 1996 election to the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly, one