GROUP 2 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING-II

SEWERAGE REPORT

 Introduction
This is a scheme of Bahria town Rawalpindi, Sector J, Phase 8 for which we are designing
Sewerage Collection System

In this scheme,

No. of Plots 438

No. of parks 2

No. of schools 0

No. of mosques 1

No. of flats 0

No. of commercial areas 1

Scale 1cm=10m

 Related Theory

 Sewerage System
Sewerage is a term applied for the collection, treatment and disposal of the sewage. A sewerage
system refers to the total system of the town consisting of sewers for carrying of liquid and solid
sewage.

 Essential Components of Sewerage System

 Collection works
 Treatment works
 Disposal works
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Collection works

It is a network of sewer pipes that conveys sewage from point of generation to the disposal
point.
A network of tunnels, pumping stations is also used.

Treatment works

Three processes involve in the treatment of sewage

Primary Treatment: In it screening chambers are provided to remove the solid particles and
floating matter.

Secondary treatment: Biological treatment is done in this phase and pathogens are removed from
the sewage.

Tertiary treatment: Waste water is further treated for the removal of nitrogen and other gases.

Disposal works

It is a group of engineering works by which the treated, partially treated or untreated

sewage is finally disposed of either on land or on water.

 Sources of Sewage

Sewage is the waste water which is produced by residences, hotels, institutions, public places,
storm, industrial areas etc.
Depending upon different type of sources, sewage can be classified as,

 Sanitary sewage
 Industrial sewage
 Storm sewage
Sanitary Sewage

Also known as domestic sewage, is that which is produced by houses, institutions, offices,
other buildings and hotels etc.
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Industrial Sewage

This type of sewage is produced by different industrial processes as dyeing, or

papermaking.

Storm Sewage

It includes surface runoff generated by rainfall and the street wash.

 Sewer System

Most of sewers are designed to flow as an open channel under gravity. A sewer system is
classified as:

 Combined sewer system

 Separate sewer system
 Partially combined sewer system

Combined Sewer System

In this system same sewer carries both commercial-industrial, domestic as well as storm
sewage.
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Separate Sewer System

In this sanitary sewage is carried in one set of sewer whereas surface and storm sewage is
carried in another set of sewer.

Partially Combined Sewer System

This system is modification of separate sewer system, in which separate sewer carries
domestic, industrial and a portion of surface water drained from backyard and roofs of houses.

 Types of Sewers

Depending upon different type of sewage carried, sewers have following types:

 Sanitary sewer
 Storm sewer
 Combined sewer
 House sewer
 Common sewer
 Lateral sewer
 Sub-main sewer
 Main or trunk sewer
 Outfall sewer  Relief sewer

Sanitary Sewer

It carries sanitary sewage like waste from municipalities including domestic and
industrial waste water.

Storm Sewer

It carries storm sewage including surface runoff and street wash.

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Combined Sewer

It is designed to carry domestic, industrial and storm sewage.

House Sewer

It is the sewer conveying sewage from plumbing system of a building to common

municipal system.

Common Sewer

It is one in which all the abutting properties have equal rights of use.

Lateral Sewer

It has no other common sewer discharging into it.

Sub-main Sewer

This sewer receives discharge from two or more lateral sewer.

Main or Trunk Sewer:

It receives discharge from one or more than one sub-main sewer.

Outfall Sewer

It receives discharge from the collecting system and conducts it to the treatment plant or
point of final disposal.
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Relief Sewer

It is one that has been built to relieve an existing sewer of inadequate capacity.

 Sewer Appurtenances

Devices which are used in addition to the pipes and conduits, that all essential for the
proper operation of sewer system. Most numerous are the manholes and, for combined and storm
sewers, the inlets. Special conditions may necessitate the use of pumping stations.

 Manholes

Manholes are used as a means of access for inspection, cleaning and for house
connections. Every time whenever there is a change in size, direction, slope of the sewer;
manholes are required there.

Spacing is controlled by the size of plot, generally not more than 100ft.

 Inlets

An inlet is an opening into a storm or combined sewer for entrance of surface runoff. It is
designed to permit the passage of water from street surface into sewer.
Inlets are placed at the gutters usually at street intersections but occasionally at mid-points of the
blocks.
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Two types of inlets are usually used:

1. Curb inlet
2. Gutter inlet

DESIGN OF SEWER SYSTEM

Most of sewers are designed to flow as an open channel under gravity. For the design of sewer
following requirements are necessary:

 Size
 Slope
 Velocity

Given steps should be followed by a designer for the design of sewer system:

 Preliminary investigation
 Design considerations
 Basic design data and criteria
 Design of sewers
 Preparation of contract drawings & specifications

Preliminary Investigation: A certain area is marked first and by MAPs and Drawings that
furnish the information about topography of the area, type of soil, water table depth.
Moreover, permanent bench marks are established and they should not be disturbed. Leveling
of the area is much important during survey. Important features and final disposal point is
marked.

 Design Considerations

Major design considerations are

 Design Flow
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Find out the avg. sewage flow on the basis of water consumption and the population at the
end of design period

(a) Sanitary Sewer

Q design = Peak sewage flow + Infiltration
(b) Partially Combined Sewer
Q design = 2x Peak sewage flow + Infiltration

 Design Equation

Manning’s formula is used for sewer flowing under gravity

V = velocity of flow m/sec

R = Hydraulics mean depth =
Area/Perimeter S= Slope of sewer n=0.013
or 0.015

 Minimum Self Cleansing Velocity

Sewage should flow at all times with sufficient velocity to prevent settlement of solid
matter in the sewer

Self-cleansing velocity is minimum velocity that ensures non-settlement of suspended

matter in the sewer

 Sanitary sewer = 0.6m/s

 Storm sewer= 1m/s

 Partially combined = 0.7m/s

 Maximum Velocity

Not greater than 2.4m/s

 To avoid excessive sewer abrasion
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 To avoid steep slopes (slopes should not be too steep that can damage a pipe)

 Minimum Sewer Size

 225mm for lateral WASA

 To avoid chocking of sewer with bigger size objects throw through manholes (bricks,
shrubs etc.)

 Minimum Cover

 1m earth cover on sewer crown to avoid damage from live loads.

 Manholes

 Purpose: Cleaning, Inspection, House connection

 Provision at: change in sewer- direction, diameter and slope (one manhole for2-4plots) 
Spacing not more than100m

 Direction of Sewer lines

Sewers should follow as far as possible the natural slope

 Qd/Qf Ratio

 Qd = Design Flow
 Qf = Flow when sewer is flowing full
 In order to provide air space in the upper portion of sewers for ventilation purposes
WASA recommends to maintain the following ratios:

Sewer size (mm) Ratio

225-375 0.7

450-1200 0.75
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1350 or larger 0.8

 Actual Design

 For the size of Sewer we use equation Q=AV to determine diameter of sewer.
 For slope of sewer we use Manning’s equation.

 Preparation of Drawings & BOQ Typical

drawing includes:
1. Sewer joints
2. Manholes
3. Disposal stations
4. Sewer profile

BOQ include all costs regarding all components of sewer system.

 Design Criteria & Values Used

 Design Period
It is the number of years in future for which the excess capacity is provided. Period of
design is indefinite as the system is designed to care for the maximum development of area.

 Use of Qmax(maximum flow) for sewer design

 Use of Qmin(minimum flow) to check velocities during low flow

 Design of sewage pumping station

Design period is usually 10 years

We consider average daily flow, peak and minimum flow including infiltration
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 In our scheme we take design period is of 30 years.

 Per Capita Water Consumption

Estimation of the water requirement is very essential. Water that is supplied to
community, a portion of it becomes waste water, that portion of consumed water must be
carefully handled that reaches sewerage system.

70% - 130% waste water goes into sewerage system after consumption.

 Design Sewage Flow

Our designed system is partially combined sewer system.

For this, the design flow is equal to the summation of peak sewage, storm sewage and
infiltration.

Design sewage flow = 2(peak sewage flow) + infiltration

 Peak Factor Criteria

Like water Supply the sewage flow varies from time to time since the sewers must be
able to accommodate the maximum rate of flow the variation in sewage flow need to
study.

Herman Formula: is used to estimate the ratio of maximum to average flow

P = Population in 1000
M = Peak Factor
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WASA, Lahore consider the following relationship for sewer design:

Average Flow (m3/d) Peak Factor

< 2500 4

2500-5000 3.4

5000-10000 3.1

10000-25000 2.7

25000-50000 2.5

50000-100000 2.3

100000-250000 2.15

>500000 2

 Design Equation

Manning’s equation is used as a design equation for the calculation of slope.

And Equation of Continuity for the calculation of flow

𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽
It is used to calculate the diameter of pipe

 Minimum and Maximum Velocities

The minimum velocity in Sewer System is “Self Cleansing Velocity” which is defined as
the minimum velocity that ensures non-settlement of suspended matter in the sewer.
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 Sewage should flow at all times with sufficient velocity to prevent settlement of solid
matter in the sewer.

Self-Cleansing Velocity

 Sanitary sewer = 0.6m/s

 Storm sewer= 1m/s
 Partially combined = 0.7m/s

 Maximum Velocity
It should not be greater than 2.4m/s

 To avoid excessive sewer abrasion

 To avoid steep slopes (slopes should not be too  steep that can
damage a pipe)

 Direction of Sewer Line

Sewer should flow, as far as possible the Natural Slope.

 Invert Level

 The lowest inside level at any cross-section of a sewer pipe is known as Invert Level at
that Cross-section.
 Invert Level = NGSL/Road Level – Depth of Sewer – Thickness of Sewer – Dia. of Sewer
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 Sewer Material
Sewers used are mostly of low quality. In its construction different type of material is used
which are as follows:

 Reinforced concrete cement

 Asbestos cement
 Cast iron
 Steel
 PVC

Cast iron and steel pipes are only used under unusual loading conditions or where sewage
has to flow under pressure.

 Sewer Size
Sewers are available in different sizes:
 225-375 mm
 450-1200mm
 1350mm or larger

Sewers of 310-1830mm are manufactured according to ASTM specifications and less than
310mm are manufactured according to BS specifications.

 Infiltration
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It is the wastewater that enters sewers through joints, cracked pipes, walls and covers of
the manholes. Infiltration is almost non-existent in dry weather but increases during rainy season.

Water and Sanitation Agency (WASA) Lahore uses the following infiltration rates for the design
of sewer system.

Pipe dia. Up to 600mm 5% avg. sewage flow

For greater than 600mm 10% avg. sewage flow

In this design

Infiltration = 10% avg sewage flow

 Design Calculation of One Sewer Line

Sewer Line: M1 to M2

Length = 56m =5.6 cm

No of plot =6

Population at one plot =10

Total population =60

Average water Consumption =350 +Roll no

= 350+007

AWC = 357 Lpcd

Average daily Consumption = 357*60*0.80

= 17136 l/d

Avg daily consumption = 17136/1000 =17.14 m3/d

Peak factor from graph = 4.0

Peak sewage = 17.136*4
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= 68.544 m3/d

Storm Sewage = 68.544 m3/d

Infiltration = 17.14*0.10
=1.714 m3/d

 Design Flow

Design Flow = Peak sewage +Storm Sewage + Infiltration

= 68.544 +68.544 +1.17

= 138.79 m3/d

Design Flow = 0.00161

3
m /sec
 Diameter

Using equation of continuity

Q = AV

= 54.056 mm

So we choose commercial diameter that is = 225mm

 Slope

Using Manning’s equation

Velocity

0.7

S = 3.84x 10-3

 Discharge
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Qfull

Qfull = 0.0278 m3/sec

= 0.0577

 Depth

= From Graph =0.1520

Depth Of Flow ) *Dia

= 0.1520 *0.225
Depth = 0.0342
m

 Velocity

= From graph =0.5210

Vact
= 0.5210
*0.7
= 0.3647
Vact m/sec
Fall = Length *Slope

= 56 *3.84 x10-3

Fall = 0.2152 m

 Invert levels
U/I = GL - Earth Cover - Thickness of Pipe -
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Fall
= 100 – 1 -0.06 – 0.2152

U/I = 98.7248 m

L/I = U/I – Fall

= 98.7248 – 0.2152
L/I = 98.5097 m

 Comments & Recommendations

We had designed sewerage collection system of Bahria town, sector J of Phase 8. At the
time of designing we had taken infiltration rate equal to 10%. We had designed partially
combined sewer which is commonly used in Pakistan. In partially combined sewer we
check the velocity that should be in between 0.7-2.4 m/s. Sewerage system in Pakistan is
gravity system. So we had also designed our system as a gravity system. The designed
sewer line should be such that it should not contaminate the water table. Try not to dispose
your waste from home into the sewage, otherwise it will cause blockage and choking will
occur. All the necessary data for this design is taken by WASA tables. Self-cleansing
velocity should not be taken less than 0.7 m/s otherwise it will cause choking and if it is
greater than 2.4 m/s it will cause erosion. Where the velocity is less than 0.6m/s Flush
manholes are provided. We had provided 225mm as minimum dia of pipe and 375mm as
the maximum dia of pipe. In order to avoid impact of live load, a c/c of 1 m is also
provided. Most of our diameters are 225mm which shows that the design is economic.

 References

http://www.edmonton.ca/city_government/utilities/sewer-design-standards-guidelines.aspx

http://www.slideshare.net/s181185/sewer-appurtenances

“Waste Water Engg” ; First Edition 1969; by Dr B.C Punmia