1

Q1)

Use Frobenius method to find a series solution of the equation:

2x2 y 00 − xy 0 + (1 − x2 )y = 0

Solution:

Let
∞
X
y= ar xc+r
r=0
∞
X
y0 = (c + r)ar xc+r−1
r=0
∞
X
y 00 = (c + r)(c + r − 1)ar xc+r−2
r=0

Substitute In Differential Equation:

∞
X ∞
X ∞
X ∞
X
c+r c+r c+r
2 (c + r)(c + r − 1)arx − ar (c + r)x + ar x − ar xc+r+2 = 0
r=0 r=0 r=0 r=0
∞
X ∞
X
2(c + r)(c + r − 1) − (c + r) + 1 xc+r ar − ar xc+r+2 = 0
 
r=0 r=0

2c(c − 1) − c + 1 a0 xc + 2(c + 1)c − (c + 1) + 1 xc+1 a1

   

∞
X X∞
2(c + r)(c + r − 1) − (c + r) + 1 xc+r ar − ar−2 xc+r = 0
 
+
r=2 r=2

2c(c − 1) − (c − 1) = (c − 1)(2c − 1)
2c(c + 1) − (c + 1) + 1
(c + 1)(2c − 1) + 1 = 2c2 − c + 2c − 1 + 1
= 2c2 + c = c(2c + 1)
2(c + r)(c + r − 1) − (c + r) + 1
2

= 2(c + r)2 − 2(c + r) − (c + r) + 1

= 2(c + r)2 − 3(c + r) + 1
  
= 2(c + r) − 1 (c + r) − 1
∞
X
∴ (c − 1)(2c − 1)a0 xc + c(2c + 1)a1 xc+1 + (2(c + r − 1))((c + r) − 1)ar − ar−2 xc+r = 0
 
r=2
⇒

(c − 1)(2c − 1) = 0 (1)
c(2c + 1)a1 = 0 (2)
ar−2
ar = r>2 (3)
(2c + 2r − 1)(c + r − 1)
Indicial eqn (1)⇒ c = 1, c = 1/2 roots do not differ by an integer
Then in both cases(2)⇒ a1 = 0
c=1:

(3)⇒

ar−2
ar = , r = 2, 4, 6, 8, ....
(2r + 1)r
a0 a2 a0 a4 a0
a2 = , a4 = = , a6 = =
2.5 4.9 2.4.5.9 6.13 2.4.5.6.9.13
Hence

x2 x4 x6
y1 = a0 x1 + + + + ...
2.5 2.4.5.9 2.4.6.5.9.13
c = 1/2
(3)⇒
ar−2
ar =
2r(r − 1/2)
ar−2
ar =
r(2r − 1)
r>2

a0
a2 =
2.3
a2 a0
a4 = =
4.7 2.4.3.7
a4 a0
a6 = =
6.11 2.4.6.3.7.11
 3

√ x2 x4 x6
y2 = a0 x1 + + +
2.3 2.4.3.7 2.4.6.3.7.11
complete solution is:

y = Ay1 + By2
 x2 x4 x6 
= Ax 1 + + + + ...
2.5 2.4.5.9 2.4.6.5.9.13
√  x2 x4 x6 
+B x 1 + + + + ...
2.3 2.4.3.7 2.4.6.3.7.11