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Structures And Origins

By Ian Beardsley

Copyright © by Ian Beardsley 2020


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Table of Contents

Introduction………………………………………4

Silicon and Carbon………………………………4

The Planets and the AI Elements………………7

Germanium and Carbon………………………..21

The Fundamental AI BioEquations…………….24

The Generalized Equation………………………27

The Protoplanetary Disc…………………………29

Mercury And Bone……………………………….32

Masculine and Feminine in AI and Life………..41

The Means of Si and Ge………………………..42

The Pattern………………………………………58

Modelling The Solar System……………………63

Hydrogen………………………………………….69

The Scale of Things………………………………74

The Nature Of Our Equation……………………..80

The Orbits of the Planets…………………………86

The Origins of Life…………………………………90

The Differential Equation………………………….98

Conclusion…………………………………………101

Proposal For Mars Mission Logo………………..103


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Introduction
In studying the relationship between biological life and
artificial intelligence (AI) I have met with some very
interesting equations in terms of molar masses, densities,
and atomic radii of the characteristic elements and their
compounds that are characteristic of them. I was working
on this and doing a computation that errantly produced an
equation I found interesting nonetheless, and I recognized
it to be exactly the Mars average orbit in astronomical
units. I then pursued the other terrestrial planets Venus
and Earth itself. I wanted their to be equation for them in
terms of silicon and germanium as well (core AI elements)
and to be of the form of the Mars equation with
polynomials, as I was thinking perhaps the orbits of the
planets are related to polynomial expressions of the AI
elements. And indeed they were to two places after the
decimal in the case of Venus and nearly two places after
the decimal in the case of Earth.

I do not think it is silly, but perhaps these polynomials

predicting the orbits of the terrestrial (inner solid planets)
in terms of the elements silicon and germanium, can be
derived by considering the protoplanetary disc from which
the planets formed, to have had a molar mass as a
mixture around the mean between silicon and germanium.

Indeed this is how my project began in studying the

connection between biological life and AI which I found
was in the golden ratio conjugate. As follows:

Silicon and Carbon

The golden ratio and the golden ratio conjugate are
the solution of the quadratic

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(b)
2
a a
− − 1 = 0 that meets the conditions
b
a b
= and a=b+c

b c

a 5−1 1
Where Φ = and ϕ = , ϕ= .

b 2 Φ
We guess that artificial intelligence (AI) has the golden
ratio, or its conjugate in its means geometric, harmonic,
and arithmetic by molar mass by taking these means
between doping agents phosphorus (P) and boron (B)
divided by semiconductor material silicon (Si) :

PB (30.97)(10.81)
= = 0.65

Si 28.09
2PB 1 2(30.97)(10.81) 1
= = 0.57

P + B Si 30.97 + 10.81 28.09

0.65 + 0.57
= 0.61 ≈ ϕ

2
Which can be written

PB(P + B) + 2PB
≈ ϕ

2(P + B)Si
We see that the biological elements, H, N, C, O compared
to the AI elements P, B, Si is the golden ratio conjugate
(phi) as well:

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C+N+O+H
≈ ϕ

P + B + Si
So we can now establish the connection between artificial
intelligence and biological life:

PB(P + B) + 2PB
(P + B + Si ) ≈ (C + N + O + H )

2(P + B)Si
Which can be written:

[ Si Si ] P + B [ Si Si ]
P B 2PB P B
PB + +1 + + + 1 ≈ 2HCNO

Where HNCO is isocyanic acid, the most basic organic

compound. We write in the arithmetic mean:

[ 2 ][ Si Si ]
2PB P+B P B
PB + + + + 1 ≈ 3HNCO

P+B
Which is nice because we can write in the second first
generation semiconductor as well (germanium) and the
doping agents gallium (Ga) and arsenic (As):

[ 2 ][ Si Si ] [ Ge Ge ]
2PB P+B P B Ga As
PB + + + + 1 ≈ HNCO + +1

P+B

Where

[ Si + + 1]
P B
Zn Si
≈

[ Ge + + 1]
Se Ga As
Ge

Where ZnSe is zinc selenide, an intrinsic semiconductor

used in AI, meaning it doesn’t require doping agents. We
now have:

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( Se ) P + B ( Se ) 2 ( Se )
Zn 2PB Z n P + B Zn
PB + + ≈ HNCO

The Planets And AI Elements

It would seem if we construct an AI periodic table that
uses the primary semiconductor materials Ge, and Si, and
their doping agents boron, gallium, phosphorus and
arsenic, as such pulling them out of the periodic table…

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We see by dividing the molar mass of Si semiconductor,

and carbon primary to biological life we get
28.09/12.01=2.33 and for p-type semiconductors Ga/
B=6.449583 and if we divide the Ga by aluminum we get
69.72/26.98=2.584. Or, if we divide n-type by n-type (As/
P) we get 74.92/30.97=2.419. We have trouble getting 3/2
in all of these cases. Let us try the finest conductors for
making electrical wire gold and silver, we get 1.8, or silver
divided by most widely used electric wire copper which is
1.6974. Let us move out of our AI table again and try the
intrinsic semi-conductor zinc selenide. We get Se/
Zn=78.96/65.38=1.2. Let us go horizontal, P/Al=1.147, or,
As/Ga=74.92/69.72=1.07. Let us go horizontal as well
biology’s oxygen and carbon, we get 1.16. We keep
dancing around 3/2. However, if we leave the microscopic
world and go to the macroscopic, the planets, we have
the the 3/2 appears in the ratio of the terrestrial planets
Earth, and Mars, which is 1.52 which is:

2SiGe
1.52 =

Ge 2 − Si 2
This equation, which I discovered by making an error in a
computation, I saw as interesting because it is reminiscent
of the harmonic mean:

2a b
H=

a+b
However, a and b are squared in the denominator and
their difference is taken instead of their sum, reminiscent
of statistical analysis (the method of least squares) used to
find the deviation of b from a. Plotting this using
WolframAlpha reveals an interesting form indeed;
Something like a propeller:

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Compare this to the plot of the actual harmonic mean:

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We have Mars is:

2SiGe
1.52 =

Ge 2 − Si 2

We proceed to look at what the equation for the earth

might look like (1.00 astronomical units). It is is a related
polynomial that followed in my mind from the above. I
simply wrote the denominator with the square of the
differences instead of the the difference of the squares,
and did not multiply the product between Si and Ge by 2.
It works nearly exact as well:

SiGe
1.01 =

(Ge − Si )2
Which can be written

SiGe
and has plot

(Ge2 − 2SiGe + Si2)

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We look at this and guess Venus is:

2SiGe

Ge2 + Si2
Or,

2SiGe 2Si
=

Ge 2 Ge
It turns out it is the arithmetic mean between the two
which is:

Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
0.72 =

Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge 2

And has plot

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All of this using Si=28.09 g/mol, and Ge=72.61g/mol


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2SiGe
Mars 1.52 =

Ge 2 − Si 2

SiGe
Earth 1.01 =

(Ge − Si )2

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Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
Venus 0.72 = 

Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge 2
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Earth equation

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I said the Venus orbit was

Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
0.72 =

Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge 2

And, that I arrived at it by averaging my two estimates,

which were

2SiGe
and,…

Ge2 + Si2

2SiGe 2Si
=

Ge2 Ge
It is then simple to attain the equation for mercury
because its average distance from the sun is 0.4
astronomical units, but since it has a highly eccentric orbit
it can drop to below this or go above it. The orbit can be
described then by one half either one of these equations.
Their plots are:

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SiGe
= 0.3

Ge2 + Si2
SiGe Si
= = 0.387

Ge 2 Ge

Now we move to the outer planets, most of which are gas

giants. It becomes obvious what we do for Jupiter, which
is at 5.2 AU from the sun on the average. We take the
earth equation:

SiGe
= 1.01

(Ge2 − 2SiGe + Si2)

And, invert it, put the polynomial in the numerator, and the
product in the denominator, but to follow previous
patterns, reverse the negative sign and we have:

Si2 + 2SiGe + Ge2

= 4.97AU ≈ 5AU

SiGe
It is incredible how close it is to 5.2 AU, and it can be
made to work perfectly by adjusting the coefficients of the
polynomial, however we want as above because we want
the polynomial in the numerator to be a perfect square.
That is, it can be factored

(Si + Ge)2
= 4.97

SiGe
Its plot is

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We now move out to Saturn and the solution is simple.

Just as the Mercury equations were half the Venus
equations, Saturn (9 AU) is twice the Jupiter equation:

2(Si + Ge)2
= 9.94

SiGe
Which of course, like the Jupiter equation can have its
coefficients adjusted. It plot is:

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The next planet out, Uranus (19.2 AU), is clearly about

twice the Saturn Equation:

4(Si + Ge)2
= 19.88

SiGe
And, Neptune (30.33 AU) is clearly three times the Saturn
Equation:

6(Si + Ge)2
= 29.82

SiGe
Pluto has been declassified as a planet.

Can I write one equation that becomes all of these

equations in terms of planetary orbital number? I seem to
understand my reasoning in arriving at these, so I think I
 21 of 105

can write an algorithm for computer code that produces

them as such.

Germanium And Carbon

But just as in the outset of this paper when I presented the
connection of AI to biological life and showed my results
for silicon doped with phosphorus and boron, I have
similar results for germanium doped gallium and arsenic,
silicon doped with gallium and arsenic, and so on.
Therefore, since the planet equations are all in silicon and
germanium, I can bring in the doping agents phosphorus,
boron, gallium, arsenic,…and write out the planetary
equations in terms of them, and, in terms of the biological.
That would be an immense task and would better be done
on computers with sophisticated math software. I further
wrote…

We could begin with semiconductor germanium (Ge) and

doping agents gallium (Ga) and Phosphorus (P) and we
get a similar equation:

2Ga P
= 42.866, Ga P = 46.46749

Ga + P
In grams per mole. Then we compare these molar masses
to the molar masses of the semiconductor material Ge:

2Ga P 1 42.866
= = 0.59

Ga + P Ge 72.61
1 46.46749
Ga P = = 0.64

Ge 72.61
Then, take the arithmetic mean between these:

0.59 + 0.64
= 0.615

2
 22 of 105

We then notice this is about the golden ratio conjugate, ϕ,

1
which is the inverse of the golden ratio, Φ. ϕ ≈ . Thus,
Φ
we have

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
1. ≈ ϕ

2(Ga + P)Ge

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
2. ≈Φ

2(Ga + P)Si
This is considering the elements of artificial intelligence
(AI) Ga, P, Ge, Si. Since we want to find the connection of
artificial intelligence to biological life, we compare these to
the biological elements most abundant by mass carbon
(C), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), phosphorus
(P), sulfur (S). We write these CHNOPS (C+H+N+O+P+S)
and find:

CHNOPS 1
≈

Ga + As + Ge 2
A similar thing can be done with germanium, Ge, and
gallium, Ga, and arsenic, As, this time using CHNOPS the
most abundant biological elements by mass:

[ ] [ Ge Ge ] [ Si ]
2Ga As Ga + As Ga As Ga As
Ga As + + + + 1 ≈ CHNOPS + +1

Ga + As 2 Si

( S ) Ga + As ( S ) (S)
O 2Ga As O Ga + As O
Ga As + + ≈ CHNOPS

[ Ge + Ge + 1]
Ga As
O
≈

[ Si + Si + 1]
S Ga As
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Ga As(Ga + As) + 2Ga As

≈ 1

2(Ga + As)Ge
C+H+N+O+P+S 1
≈

Ga + As + Ge 2
We can also make a construct for silicon doped with
gallium and phosphorus:

2(Ga + P)Si
(C + N + O + H ) ≈ (P + B + Si )

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P

2(Ga + P)Si
HNCO ≈ (P + B + Si )

(Ga + P)[ Ga P + Ga + P ]
2GaP

2(P + B + Si )Si
HNCO ≈ 2GaP

Ga P + Ga + P

And for germanium doped with gallium and phosphorus:

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
≈ ϕ

2(Ga + P)Ge

[ 2 ][ Ge Ge Ge ] [ Ge Ge ]
2Ga P Ga + P P B Si Ga As
Ga P + + + + ≈ HNCO + +1

Ga + P

( S ) Ga + P ( S ) 2 (S)
B 2Ga P B Ga + P B
Ga P + + ≈ HNCO

 24 of 105

The Fundamental AI BioEquations

[ ][ ] [ ]
2PB P+B P B Ga As
PB + + + + 1 ≈ HNCO + +1

P+B 2 Si Si Ge Ge

[ ] [ Ge Ge ] [ Si ]
2Ga As Ga + As Ga As Ga As
Ga As + + + + 1 ≈ CHNOPS + +1

Ga + As 2 Si

[ ][ ] [ ]
2Ga P Ga + P P B Si Ga As
Ga P + + + + ≈ HNCO + +1

Ga + P 2 Ge Ge Ge Ge Ge

2(P + B + Si )Si
HNCO ≈ 2GaP

Ga P + Ga + P

PB(P + B) + 2PB
≈ ϕ

2(P + B)Si

Ga As(Ga + As) + 2Ga As

≈ 1

2(Ga + As)Ge

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
≈ϕ

2(Ga + P)Ge

Ga P(Ga + P) + 2Ga P
≈ Φ

2(Ga + P)Si
C+N+O+H
≈ ϕ

P + B + Si
C+H+N+O+P+S 1
≈

Ga + As + Ge 2
 25 of 105

[ Si + + 1]
P B
Zn Si
≈

[ Ge + + 1]
Se Ga As
Ge

[ Ge + Ge + 1]
Ga As
O
≈ 

[ Si + Si + 1]
S Ga As
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 27 of 105

The Generalized Equation

We want to write a generalized equation for the
expressions of the planets. We make our job simpler by
breaking it up into two equations; one for the inner
terrestrial planets, one for the outer planets. We see the
equation for the outer planets is of inverse form to that of
the inner planets, the quadratics in the inner planets are in
the denominator, and, in the numerator for the outer
planets. The inner and outer planets are separated by the
asteroid belt. For the inner planets, 3 Earth, 4 Mars, we
have

We see the equation is P_n (n=number of planet) is equal

to a ratio between the product of Si and Ge, divided by a
quadratic with the middle term multiplied by some integer
i,…

cSiGe
Pn =

(Ge2 − iSiGe + Si2)

Thus, when n=3 then c=1 and i=2 and we have the Earth
equation:

1SiGe
P3 =

(Ge2 − 2SiGe + Si2)

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And, when n=4 (Mars) we have c=2 and i=0, and we

reverse the sign in Si in the denominator.

2SiGe
P4 =

(Ge2 − 0SiGe + Si2)

For the outer planets, 5 Jupiter, 6 Saturn, 7 Uranus, 8
Neptune, we have one simple equation for all of them:

i(Si + Ge)2
Pn =

SiGe
Thus when n=5 for Jupiter we have i=1 yields its equation:

(Si + Ge)2
P5 =

SiGe
For n=6 for Saturn we have i=2:

2(Si + Ge)2
P6 =

SiGe
For n=7 for Uranus we have i=4 to get

4(Si + Ge)2
P7 =

SiGe
And finally for Neptune planet 8, i=6:

6(Si + Ge)2
P8 =

SiGe
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The Protoplanetary Disc

If our protoplanetary disc, as I suggested, can be taken as
having a molar mass that is the mean between germanium
and silicon, then it can be taken as having a density that is
the mean between the density of germanium and silicon.



 30 of 105

Si + Ge 2.33 + 5.323
= = 3.8265g/cm3

2 2
Taking the protoplanetary disc as a thin disc we integrate
from its center to the edge, with density decreasing
linearly to zero at the edge. Thus, if the density function is
given by

( R)
r
ρ(r) = ρ0 1 −

And, our integral is

∫0 ( R)
2π R
r
∫0
M= ρ0 1 − rdrdθ

πρ0 R 2
M=

3
π (3.8265)(7.4 × 1014)2
= 2.194 × 1030 gra m s

3
The mass of the solar system adding up all the planets
yields

M = 2.668 × 1030 gra m s

That accounts for

2.194
100 = 82% of the mass of the solar system not
2.668
including the sun, that is, of the protoplanetary disc
surrounding the sun.

Using germanium alone, we get,

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π (5.323)(7.4 × 1014)2
= 3.05 × 1030 gra m s

3
If we weight the mixture of silicon and germanium as 1/3
and 2/3, then we have

π (4.32467)(7.4 × 1014)2
= 2.48 × 1030 gra m s

3
Which is very close.

2.48
100 = 93%

2.668
This is all very good, because I only used the planets and
asteroids.

Weighting silicon and germanium as 1/4 and 3/4 we have

π (4.4.57475)(7.4 × 1014)2
= 2.623 × 1030 gra m s

3
Which accounts for

2.623
100 = 98%

2.668
Of the mass of the solar system (very accurate).

This mixture of 1/4 to 3/4 is a combination that exists in

the Earth atmosphere which is approximately the mixture
of oxygen to nitrogen. The earth atmosphere can be
considered a mixture of chiefly O2 and N2 in these
proportions:

Air is about 25% oxygen gas (O2) by volume and 75%

nitrogen gas (N2) by volume meaning the molar mass of
air as a mixture is:

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0.25O2 + 0.75N2 ≈ air

By molar mass the ratio of air to H20 (water) is about the

golden ratio:

air
≈ Φ

H2O
I am not saying the solar system is a thin disk with density
of the weighted mean somewhere between silicon and
germanium, but that it can be modeled as such, though if
the protoplanetary disk that eclipses epsilon aurigae every
27 years is any indication of what a protoplanetary cloud
is like, it is a thin disk in the sense that it is about 1 AU
thick and 10 AU in diameter. This around a star orbiting
another star.

Mercury and Bone

We said Mercury orbit was in the ratio of Si to Ge. This has

an interesting occurrence I found earlier in bone in its
connection to Si and Ge as well. I wrote

Density of silicon is Si=2.33 grams per cubic centimeter.

Density of germanium is Ge=5.323 grams per cubic

centimeter.

Density of hydroxyapatite is HA=3.00 grams per cubic

centimeter.

This is

3 1
Si + Ge ≈ H A where H A = Ca5(PO4)3OH

4 4
 33 of 105

Where HA is the mineral component of bone, Si is an AI

semiconductor material and Ge is an AI semiconductor
material. This means

[ HA ]
Si Si
Si + 1 − Ge = H A

HA
The harmonic mean between Si and Ge is HA,…

2SiGe
≈ H A

Si + Ge
This is the sextic,…

x 2(x + y)4 − x y(x + y)4 + 2x y 2(x + y)3 − 4x 2 y 2(x + y)2 = 0

Which has a solution

Si 1
=

Ge 2+1
Where x=Si, and y=Ge. It can be solved with the online
Wolfram Alpha computational engine.

This presents itself as a series of fundamental

mathematical operations, thus leading me to suggest that
life and AI can be taken as mathematical in structure:

Multiplying Binomials

Completing The Square

The Quadratic Formula

Ratios

Proportions

The Golden Ratio

The Square Root of Two

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The Harmonic Mean

We begin with

[ HA ]
Si Si
Si + 1 − Ge = H A

HA

Si2 Si
+ Ge − Ge ≈ H A

HA HA
1 Ge
Si2 − Si + Ge ≈ H A

HA HA
1 Ge Ge
Si2 − Si + ≈ 1

HA 2
HA 2 HA
1 Ge Ge
Si2 − Si + − 1 ≈ 0

HA 2
HA 2 HA

[ HA ]
1 Ge Ge
2
Si2 − 2
Si + − 1 = 0

HA HA

Multiplying Binomials and The Quadratic Formula

(x + a)(x + a) = x 2 + 2a x + a 2

(x + a)2 = x 2 + 2a x + a 2

We see that the square of the binomial is a quadratic

where the third term is the square of one half the middle
coefficient. This gives us a method to solve quadratics
called completing the square:

a x 2 + bx + c = 0

a x 2 + bx = − c

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b c
x2 + x =−

a a

(2 a)
2
1b 1 b2
=

4 a2

b 1 b2 c 1 b2
x2 + x+ = − +

a 4 a2 a 4 a2

( 2 a)
2
1b b 2 − 4ac
x+ =

4a 2

b b 2 − 4ac
x+ =±

2a 2a

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=

2a

[ HA ]
1 Ge Ge
2
Si2 − 2
Si + − 1 = 0

HA HA

−b ± b 2 − 4ac
x=

2a

[ HA ]
a Ge Ge
a= b=− c= −1

H A2 H A2

H A2 [ H A ]
2 Ge2 1 Ge
b − 4ac = −4 −1

H A4
 36 of 105

Ge2 4Ge 4
= 4
− 3
+

HA HA H A2

Ge2
2[ ]
1 4Ge
= − +4

HA HA 2 HA

( HA )
2
2 1 Ge
b − 4ac = −2

HA

HA [ HA
− 2]
Ge 1 Ge
±
HA2
x= 2

HA2

[ HA ]
1 1 Ge
= Ge ± H A −2

2 2
1 1
= Ge ± Ge − H A

2 2
1 1
Si = Ge + Ge − H A

2 2
Si = Ge − H A

Completing The Square

Si ≈ Ge − H A

2SiGe
HA ≈

Si + Ge
2SiGe
Si ≈ Ge −

Si + Ge
 37 of 105

(Si + Ge)Ge (Si + Ge)Si 2SiGe

− − = 0

Si + Ge Si + Ge Si + Ge
Ge2 − 2SiGe − Si2
= 0

Si + Ge
x 2 − 2x y − y 2 = 0

x 2 − 2x y = y 2

x 2 − 2x y + y 2 = 2y 2

(x − y)2 = 2y 2

x−y =± 2y

x =y+ 2y

x = y(1 + 2)

x
=1+ 2

y
y 1
=

x 2+1
Si 1
≈ 

Ge 2+1
 38 of 105

The Golden Ratio

a a b
A ratio is and a proportion is = which means a is
b b c
to b as b is to c.

The Golden Ratio (Φ)

a b
= and. a = b + c

b c

2 b2
ac = b or c =

a
b2
a=b+

a
b2
− a + b = 0

a
b2 b
− 1 + = 0

a2 a

(a)
2
b b
+ − 1 = 0

(a)
2
b b 1 1
+ + =1+

a 4 4

(a 2)
2
b 1 5
+ =

4
 39 of 105

b 1 5 b 5−1 a 5+1
=− ± = =

a 2 2 a 2 b 2
5−1 5+1 1
ϕ= Φ= ϕ=

2 2 Φ
The mineral component of bone hydroxyapatite (HA) is

g
Ca5(PO4)3OH = 502.32

m ol
The organic component of bone is collagen which is

g
C57 H91N19O16 = 1298.67

m ol
We have

Ca5(PO4)3OH
= 0.386795722

C57 H91N19O16

ϕ = 0.618033989

1 − ϕ = 0.381966011

Ca5(PO4)3OH
≈ (1 − ϕ)

C57 H91N19O16
0.381966011
100 = 98.75%

0.386795722
Si 28.09
= = 0.386861314 ≈ (1 − ϕ)

Ge 72.61
 40 of 105

Si Ca5(PO4)3OH
≈

Ge C57 H91N19O16
Thus,..

Si Ca5(PO4)3OH
≈ =

Ge C57 H91N19O16
(Mercury Orbit)/(Earth Orbit)

 41 of 105

The Masculine and Feminine in AI and Life

I have further found the relationship between the

masculine and feminine in terms of AI to be in inverse but
complimentary relationship to one another. This again is in
the ratio of Mercury orbit to Earth orbit. I wrote:

We consider the female sex hormone estradiol (estrogen ,

E):

C18 H24O2 = 272.38g/m ol

And the male sex hormone testosterone (T):

C19 H28O2 = 288.42g/m ol

And, cholesterol (Ch) from which both are made:

C27 H46O = 386.65g/m ol

And notice,…

Ch + T
= 2.5

E
And we consider the semiconductor materials used to
make AI:

Ge
= 2.6

Si
And write,…

Ch + T Ge
=

E Si
 42 of 105

Ge Si
T= E − Ch E= (T + Ch)

Si Ge

( Ge ) ( Si ) ( Ge )
Si Ge Si
T 1− +E 1− = Ch −1

We notice that the masculine (T) is in inverse relation to

the feminine (E), but that the two add up to on whole (Ch)
in that the masculine has coefficient 1-Si/Ge and the
feminine has coefficient 1-Ge/Si. This expresses the
inverse relationships between man and woman.

The Means of Si and Ge

The primary elements of artificial intelligence (AI) used to
make diodes and transistors, silicon (Si) and germanium
(Ge) doped with boron (B) and phosphorus (P) or gallium
(Ga) and arsenic (As) have an asymmetry due to boron.
Silicon and germanium are in group 14 like carbon (C) and
as such have 4 valence electrons. Thus to have positive
type silicon and germanium, they need doping agents from
group 13 (three valence electrons) like boron and gallium,
and to have negative type silicon and germanium they need
doping agents from group 15 like phosphorus and arsenic.
But where gallium and arsenic are in the same period as
germanium, boron is in a different period than silicon
(period 2) while phosphorus is not (period 3). Thus
aluminum (Al) is in boron’s place. This results in an
interesting equation.

Si(As − G a) + Ge(P − Al ) 2B
=
SiGe Ge + Si

The differential across germanium crossed with silicon plus

the differential across silicon crossed with germanium
 43 of 105

normalized by the product between silicon and germanium

is equal to the boron divided by the average between the
germanium and the silicon. The equation has nearly 100%
accuracy:

28.09(74.92 − 69.72) + 72.61(30.97 − 26.98) 2(10.81)

=
(28.09)(72.61) (72.61 + 28.09)

0.213658912 = 0.21469712

0.213658912
= 0.995
0.21469712
By Molar Mass

We found (Beardsley, Mathematical Structure, 2020) that

the differential across silicon (P-Al) times germanium (Ge)
over boron (B) plus the differential across germanium (As-
Ga) times silicon (Si) over boron (B) was equal to the
harmonic mean between Si and Ge. This was interesting
because aluminum is used as what I called a dummy
doping agent element, which when inserted predicts the
actually doping agent boron, that seems out of place in
the periodic table where the core artificial intelligence
elements are concerned. This is written:

Si Ge 2SiGe
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) =
B B Si + Ge

Stokes Theorem states:

∫S ∮C
⇀ ⇀ ⇀ ⇀
(∇ × u ) ⋅ dS = u ⋅dr
 44 of 105

⇀ ⇀
i j⃗ k
⇀
∇×u = ∂ ∂ ∂
∂x ∂y ∂z
u1 u 2 u3

i⃗ j⃗ k⃗
∂ ∂ ∂ Si
∂x ∂y ∂z = (As − G a) i ⃗
B
Si Si
0 B
(G a)z B
(As)y

i⃗ j⃗ k⃗
∂ ∂ ∂ Ge
∂x ∂y ∂z = (P − Al ) j ⃗
B
Ge Ge
B
(Al )z 0 B
(P)x

u ⃗ = (u1, u 2, u3) v ⃗ = (v1, v2, v3)

(G a)z j ⃗ + (As)y k ⃗
Si Si
u ⃗ = 0i ⃗ +
B B

(G a)z j ⃗ + (As)y k ⃗
Si Si
u ⃗ = 0i ⃗ +
B B
We know the harmonic mean H of a function is

1
H= b
1
∫
b−a a
f (x)−1d x
And, that the arithmetic mean A of a function is
 45 of 105

b
1
b − a ∫a
A= f (x)d x
We have

Si Ge Ge − Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) = Ge
B B ∫Si dxx

But, we want to use Stokes theorem so we want the integral

in the numerator. So, we make the approximation

H≈A

And, we have

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge 1
Ge − Si ∫Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) d x d y ≈ xd x
B

But, this is only 80% accurate. We find it is very accurate if

we say

4
f (x) = x
5
Which yields

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1
Si Ge 1 4 Ge
Ge − Si 5 ∫Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) d x d y ≈ xd x
B

By Density

We ask if the asymmetry in the AI elements in the periodic

table due to boron results in a dynamic equation by molar
mass, then does it as well by density? While molar mass is
due to the composition of elements, density is due to the
 46 of 105

balance between the strong nuclear force holding protons

together balanced by their electric forces that are mutually
repulsive.

The density of boron is 2.340 grams per cubic centimeter,

that of phosphorus (white phosphorus) is 1.88 grams per
cubic centimeter and gallium is 5.904 grams per cubic
centimeter. Arsenic is 5.7 grams per cubic centimeter,
germanium is 5.323 grams per cubic centimeter and
aluminum is 2.7 grams per cubic centimeter. We have the
following scenario:

Again we see boron breaks the symmetry in that period

three densities are on the same order and period 4 densities

are on the same order, but that of boron is almost the same
as silicon in period three. We see that semiconductor
material Si is the the average between doping agent P and
would be doping agent aluminum that takes the place of
boron and, that, the average doping agent Ga and
semiconductor material Ge is approximately the average of
doping agent As. Thus we have:

Ga-As=0.204 (differential across Ge)

 47 of 105

Al-P=0.82 (dummy differential across Si)

Si~B

Ge/Si~B

Si
(0.82) = 0.816
B
Ge
(0.204) = 0.464
B
0.816
= 1.7586
0.464

GeSi = 3.52

3.52
= 1.76 ≈ 1.7586
2

(Al − P) GeSi
B≈ Ge
G a − As 2
Si + P
2≈
2
And, we have

2Ge(G a − As)
B≈ GeSi
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)

The first factor takes the form of the harmonic mean

between a and b, H:
 48 of 105

2a b
H=
a+b

And the second term takes the form of the geometric mean
between a and b, G:

G= ab

The equation is 94.68% accurate.

2(5.323)(5.904 − 5.7)
(5.323)(2.33) = 2.2155
2.33(2.7 − 1.88) + 1.88(2.7 − 1.88)

2.2155
= 94.68
2.340
Aluminum, while a dummy in the equation used to arrive at
the dynamics due to asymmetry by way of boron actually is
widely used in AI because it is a conductor, which makes it
an electric shield, so it can be used to enclose electrical
circuitry to protect it from electric fields. Thus we have the
two equations by molar mass and density respectively:

2Ge(G a − As)
B≈ GeSi
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1
Si Ge 1 4 Ge
Ge − Si 5 ∫Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) d x d y ≈ xd x
B

But

2Ge(G a − As)
B≈ GeSi
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)

Can be written
 49 of 105

B
[Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] ≈ GeSi
2Ge(G a − As)

But

GeSi

Is the geometric mean between Ge and Si. The geometric

mean between a and b is given by:

( b − a ∫a )
1
G f¯ = ex p log f (x)d x

Thus our equation in terms of density can be put in integral

form as well:

∫0 ∫0 [ 2Ge(G a − As) [ ]
1 1 Ge

( Ge − Si Si )
B 1
∫
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] d x d y = ex p log(x)d x

And we see that this integral is correct:

5.323(ln(5.323) − 5.323) − 2.33(ln(2.33) − 2.33) = 3.936

3.936
= 1.315
5.323 − 2.33
e 1.315 = 3.725

Which is close to

(5.323)(2.33) = 3.52

3.52
= 0.945
3.725
 50 of 105

94.5%

By Atomic Radius

I then considered atomic radii of these elements.

51 of 105
 52 of 105

The atomic radii data varies some from source to source.

Here I use data set 4 (previous page) that is the average of
respective values in data sets 1, 2, and 3. We have looked
at molar mass, and density and the dynamic relationships
that result in terms of them do to the asymmetry introduced
into the AI elements in the periodic table. It is natural to
look at radius next. It has a lot to do with the structure and
properties of the elements just like is true of the their molar
masses and densities.

Here we have the differential across Si, times Si/B plus the
differential across Ge times Ge/B is the golden ratio, phi,
times the arithmetic mean between Si and Ge in atomic
radius.

(Al-P)=143-116=36

(Ga-As)=19

(36)(115/88)=36(1.3)=46.8

19(123/88)=19(1.4)=26.6

46.8+26.6=73.4

(115+123)/2=119

119
= 1.62 ≈ Φ = 1.618
73.4
 53 of 105

Si Ge Si + Ge
(Al − P) + (G a − As) =Φ
B B 2
The golden ratio and the golden ratio conjugate are the
solution of the quadratic

(b)
2
a a
− − 1 = 0 that meets the conditions
b
a b
= and a=b+c

b c

a 5−1 1
Where Φ = and ϕ = , ϕ= .
b 2 Φ
We have already said
b
1
b − a ∫a
f¯ = f (x)d x

Thus by radius the integral form of the equation is:

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge Φ
Ge − Si ∫Si
(Al − P) + (G a − As) d xdy = xd x
B
 54 of 105

The Generalized Equation

We can write a generalized equation for physical

parameters whether the parameters are molar mass, density,
or atomic radius. If the differentials

(As − G a) and (P − Al ) by molar mass or

(Al − P) and (Al − P) by density or

(Al − P) and (G a − As) by atomic radius

Are respectively ΔE1 and ΔE2

And, the ratios

Si Ge
and by molar mass or
B B
B B
Si and P by density or
2Ge(G a − As) 2Ge(G a − As)
Si Ge
and by atomic radius
B B
Are, quotients Q1, and Q2, respectively, then if

∇ = (ΔE1, ΔE2 )

Q = (Q1, Q2 )

And, since the geometric mean, arithmetic mean, quadratic

mean (root mean square), harmonic mean are special cases
of the generalized mean:
 55 of 105

1 n p p1
(n ∑ )
xi p= 0,1, 2, -1,…
i=1

Then the generalized form of our equations is:

1 n p p1
(n ∑ )
∇⋅Q =C xi
i=1

Where C is some constant. This is all the following

equations:

Si Ge Ge − Si
(As − G a) + (P − Al ) = Ge
B B ∫Si dxx

By molar mass.

∫0 ∫0 [ 2Ge(G a − As) [ ]
1 1 Ge

( Ge − Si ∫Si )
B 1
Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] d x d y = ex p log(x)d x

By density.

∫0 ∫0 [ B ]
1 1 Ge
Si Ge Φ
Ge − Si ∫Si
(Al − P) + (G a − As) d xdy = xd x
B

By atomic radius.

While this is the arithmetic mean when p=1, and the

harmonic mean for p=-1, I have used it as the geometric
mean for p=0, which we can see explodes to infinity at
zero. But, since I am a physicist and not a mathematician, I
assume taking the limit as p—->0 is the same as evaluating
it at zero. But, as physicists undergo courses of
mathematics, I do understand how to present equations in
 56 of 105

terms of the formalities of mathematics. The proper way to

treat this as a mathematician is, the limit as p goes to zero is
the geometric mean because

∏
M 0(x1, …, xn ) = n xi
i=1

However we can generalize the equation to include the

geometric mean without having to take the limit as p goes
to zero using the f-mean. We have:

1 n
(n ∑ )
−1
M f (x1, …x n ) = f ⋅ f (x i )
i=1

The power mean is obtained by letting

f (x) = x p

Thus, our equation becomes:

1 n
(n ∑ )
−1
∇ ⋅ Q = Cf ⋅ f (x i )
i=1

It is the geometric mean if

f (x) = log(x)

The Moon, Silicon, and Germanium

We cannot consider the equations of our three equations for

molar mass and atomic radius. The harmonic and
 57 of 105

arithmetic means respectively, and compare them to the

planets, but we can consider the equation for density. It is

∫0 ∫0 [ 2Ge(G a − As) ]
1 1 Ge

( Ge − Si ∫Si )
B 1
[ Si(Al − P) + P(Al − P)] d x d y = ex p log(x)d x

Which uses the geometric mean. Thus the geometric mean

between germanium and silicon is:

(5.323)(2.33) = 3.52g /cm3

This is on the order of the density of the Moon which is

3.34 gram per cubic centimeter. Mars is a little higher than
our value and is 3.93 grams per cubic centimeter. The Earth
is at 5.51 grams per cubic centimeter making it much
higher and, of course, planets like Jupiter and Saturn being
gas giant have very low densities (1.33 and 0.687). We
have that

B
H 2O =
2Ge(G a − As)

Where H2O is the specific gravity of water (the inverse of

its density).
 58 of 105

The Pattern

Patterns often form with an irregularity at the first step.

Like, a bulge at the center of a galaxy oar at the center of a
protoplanetary disc. Sometimes with a black hole at the
center of the galaxy, and in the case of protoplanetary discs
it is where the star forms for its planetary system. Then,
have density decrease, perhaps by the exponential law:

ρ(r) = ρ0 e −r/h

For a disc. Or just as

x n+1
∫
xn = +C
n+1

It falls apart at n=-1. That is becomes

x0
∫
n
x = +C
0

And we have to introduce the natural logarithm (log to base

e) such that

1
∫ x
d x = ln(x) + C

We see this happens for our equations for the planetary

orbits in terms of Si and Ge. They take form at the most
massive planet Jupiter, and this probably because it is the
first planet after the asteroid belt (a planet that could not
form because of tidal forces on it by the other planets). That
is we have:
 59 of 105

i(Si + Ge)2
Pn =
SiGe
n=5, 6.7, 8

For the first one, i=1, then after that the pattern becomes
regular and we have i=2, 4, 6,…

Thus, if we say

(Si + Ge)2
x= = 4.97
SiGe
We have

P5 = i x, i = 1
.
.
.
P6 = 2i x, i = 1
P7 = 2i x, i = 2
P8 = 2i x, i = 3
 60 of 105

If you want to see the idea behind creating

the orbits of the outer planets you can do
with a computer program what you can’t do
with math alone (This idea that creating
output for physical reality with a few
lines of code instead of using math comes
from Wolfram).

Here is my program to produce them, and you

can see the logic in the solar system as
outlined in my book Planets, AI Elements,
and Life, if you know how to program in C:

// main.c
// Planets
//
// Created by Ian Beardsley on
7/30/20.
// Copyright © 2020 Ian Beardsley. All
rights reserved.
//
#include <stdio.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[])
{
for (int i=1; i<2; i++)
{
printf("%ix\n", i);

printf("\n");
printf("\n");

for (int i=1; i<4; i++)

{
printf("%ix\n", 2*i);

}
 61 of 105

printf("\n");
}
return 0;
}

The program outputs the following:

1x

2x
4x
6x

The following program produces the same:

// main.c
// The Planets
//
// Created by Ian Beardsley on
7/31/20.
// Copyright © 2020 Ian Beardsley. All
rights reserved.
//

#include <stdio.h>

int main(int argc, const char * argv[])

{
//
// main.c
// Planets
//
// Created by Ian Beardsley on
7/30/20.
 62 of 105

// Copyright © 2020 Ian Beardsley.

All rights reserved.
//

int n=2;
{

for (int i=1; i<n; i++)

printf("%ix\n", i);

printf("\n");
printf("\n");
n=2*n;
for (int i=1; i<n; i++)
{
printf("%ix\n",
2*i);

printf("\n");
}

return 0;
}
 63 of 105

Modelling The Solar System


 64 of 105

We assume the reason for the separation of the planets is

due to the solution of the many body problem, which as of
yet has been solved. But the solution instinctively makes
sense, a doubling algorithm, because it kept the planets
forming from the protoplanetary disc from tearing one
another apart. What I can’t explain is why it is in terms of
AI elements (molar masses).

 65 of 105

Let us hypothesize that the solar system was modeled in

terms of the core AI elements, which are silicon (Si) and
germanium (Ge). Perhaps the creator was Natural and had
reason for it, or was AI. Then we start with the first planet
Mercury:

It is either the most simple combination for Si and Ge:

Si+Ge, Si x Ge, Si-Ge, or Si/Ge for its average orbital
distance, or between closest and furthest approaches. It
happens to be (AU=earth-sun separation):

Si
(Further Approach)

Ge
SiGe
(Closer Approach)

Ge2 + Si2
Now pseudocode:

Double Both:

2Si 2SiGe
,

Ge Ge2 + Si2
Take their average:

Si3
1 2SiGe + Ge
2 venus =

Ge2 1+
Si2
Ge

SiGe
3 Ear th =

Ge2 − 2SiGe + Si2

Invert Earth:

Ge2 − 2SiGe + Si2

SiGe
 66 of 105

Take -2SiGe

Change Sign:

Ge2 + 2SiGe + Si2

Jupiter =

SiGe
C Code:

Int n=2;

for (int i=1; i<n; i++)

printf (“%ix\n”, i);

printf(“\n”);

n=2*n;

for (int i=1; i<n; i++)

printf (“%ix\n”,2* i);

run:

1x Jupiter

2x Saturn

4x Uranus

6x Neptune

(Si + Ge)2
x=

SiGe
Pseudocode:

 67 of 105

SiGe
3 ear th =

(Ge − Si )2
Move Square

(This is the same as eliminating the central term and

changing the sign of the third term)

SiGe

Ge2 − Si2
Double Quantity:

2SiGe
4 m ars =

Ge2 − Si2
We see the solution of the solar system is in the simplest
perfect squares and quadratics:

(Ge − Si )2, (Ge + Si )2, (Ge − Si )(Ge + Si )

These are in the solutions to a differential equation of the

form:

d2 y dy
− 2 + y = 0

dx 2 dx
By way of the method:

y = e m x

y′ = m e m x

y′′ = m 2e m x

(m − 1)(m − 1) = 0

 68 of 105

y = c1e x

y = c2 xe x

This is essentially the Titius-Bode Rule for the distribution

of the planets which is:

r = 0.6 + 0.45(2n)

Where Mercury is n = − ∞, Venus is n=0, Earth is n=1,

and so on where we include the asteroid belt and r is in 1
E11 m. It starts to fall apart for Uranus and Neptune, but
this I believe is because we need to break our equation
into two equations on either side of the asteroid belt
where the planet didn’t form (broke up into asteroids).

In this sense we see this may be the solution to the many

body problem for our solar system by looking at it as a
thin protoplanetary disc composed of silicon and
germanium. This is for our quadratic

(Ge − Si )2 = (Ge − Si )(Ge − Si )

For our quadratic

(Ge + Si )2 = (Ge + Si )(Ge + Si )

We have

y = c1e −x

y = c2 xe −x

Which is the exponential law for density distribution in a

disk:

ρ(r) = ρ0 e −r/h
 69 of 105

Hydrogen
 70 of 105

I suggested that in Nature, the first step is often outside

the characteristics of the ensuing pattern. For example,
the bulge at the center of the galaxy in density and size,
from which after follows a smoother decrease in density,
or the bulge at the center of a protoplanetary cloud, like
that which would seem to exist in the protoplanetary disc
around a companion star in epsilon aurigae.

Or, as in mathematics where

x n+1
∫
xn = +C
n+1

It falls apart at n=-1. That is becomes

x0
∫
xn = +C
0

And we have to introduce the natural logarithm (log to base

e) such that

1
∫ x
d x = ln(x) + C

We can look at this in the biological as well. Consider how

a plant often has a flower at the top of the stem, but the
pattern begins with the leaves spiraling down the stem
with periodicity of the golden ratio (phi) at right angles to
it,

This can be understood through the science of

computers. In order to make a loop, we need to iterate a
series of steps until a condition is met. For example in C:

While (i<5)

i=i+1

Printf(“ * ”);

 71 of 105

It outputs

* * * * *

Notice the condition that must be met before the loop

terminates is While i less than 5 (i<5). Yet it counts to five
inclusive. This is because the C computer language is zero
indexed, which means it starts counting from zero as the
first step unless told otherwise, so less than five it counts
to five. If C was indexed to start counting at one I would
write the program:

While (i!=5)

i=i+1

Printf(“ * ”);

Thus I would like to suggest the terrestrial planets interior

to the asteroid belt are like the flower, and the outer
planets, beginning with Jupiter are the leaves where the
pattern begins.

As such, since our polynomials in terms of the AI elements

are the simplest of perfect squares and quadratics:

(Si+Ge)(Si+Ge), (Si-Ge)(Si-Ge), (Si-Ge)(Si+Ge)

In that Si and Ge have coefficients of one, then let us

consider the solar system in terms of the simplest atom,
hydrogen H, which is one proton and one electron, and in
that it is the most abundant element in the Universe and
certainly was central to the protoplanetary disc. We look at
the atomic spectra of hydrogen:

And pull out the Balmer Series, because it is in visible

range to the human eye:

 72 of 105

The wavelengths of its emmision spectra are given by:

( n12 n1 )
1 1 1
= RH − 2

RH = Rydberg constant

c
λ=

ν
There are four visible lines in the Balmer series (n>2; n=2)
and they are

410nm

434nm

486nm

656nm

These correspond to

E = hν

E=(6.625E-34)(410E-9m)=

2.7-67E-40 Joules…

 73 of 105

2.8757E-40 Joules

3.22E-40 Joules

4.3467E-40 Joules

But if E is potential in an inverse square field




q1q2
F = ke

r2
1
ke = = 9E 9

4πe0
q1 = q2 = 1.6E − 19 = charge of proton

Then we have

q1q2
r =k

E
Produces,…

(8.99E 9)(1.6E − 19)2

r = = 8.47E11m

2.87575E − 40J
…

r=8.00E11m

r=7.147E11m

r=5.2947E11m

Take the geometric mean between the two central terms

(7.1)(8.00) = 7.5E11m ≈ Jupiter Orbit

The average orbital distance of Jupiter from the sun is

7.78E11m.

I find this very interesting as Jupiter carries most of the

mass of the solar system not counting the sun, and thus
most of its evolutionary dynamics.

 74 of 105

The Scale of Things


 75 of 105

A slowly rotating cloud of gas and dust around a protostar

collapses into a disc flattening out and the protostar
warms up and eventually ignites going into its phase of
burning hydrogen to make helium. It blows out the lighter
elements close in and planets begin to form. The heavier
terrestrial planets are on the inside, the gas giants on the
outside.

The star has a halo formed around it of gas and dust that
can be likened to a fairly thin, flat, right circular cylinder
with a large hole in the center. The gases are mostly
hydrogen and helium and can be thought to begin where
Jupiter is and goes out to the edge where Pluto is. The
majority of the mass of the hydrogen and helium is at what
is to become Jupiter and Saturn orbits because they carry
the majority of the mass of the solar system significantly.

Thus, from this, we can get an idea of the order of density

we are speaking of, of just the hydrogen aspect of the
halo, by balancing the pressure due to temperature at
Jupiter orbit, and the pressure due to the Sun’s gravity at
Jupiter as well, and considering the volume of a disk one
astronomical unit thick form Jupiter orbit to Saturn orbit.

 76 of 105

The luminosity of the sun is now, but was warmer in its

infancy:

L 0 = 3.9 × 10 26 J/s

The solar constant at Jupiter orbit is:

3.9 × 10 26 wat ts
S0 = = 51.27

4π (7.78 × 1011)2 m2
The temperature is derived from the steffan-boltzman law
for blackbody radiators:

σ T 4 = S0

Where sigma is the Stefan Boltzmann constant:

σ = 5.67 × 10−8

Thus,…

( 5.67 × 10−8 )
51.27 1
T= 4 = 173.41∘K

This is,…

T = 173.41 − 273 = − 100∘C

Jupiter is 89% hydrogen (H2) gas and 10% Helium (He)

gas. The mass of Jupiter is 1.8982E27 kg. This is in terms
of hydrogen:

0.89(1.8982E 27kg) = 1.689E 27kg

Saturn is 96.3% Hydrogen (H2) gas. The mass of Saturn is

5.683E26 kg. This is in terms of hydrogen:

0.963(5.6834E26kg)=5.473E26kg

 77 of 105

The mass of H2 in these taken together is:

1.689E27kg+5.473E26kg=2.2363E27kg.

The volume of the halo staring from Jupiter (R1) and

ending at Saturn (R2) for a thickness of 1AU, the earth-sun
separation (1.5E11m)…

V = πh(R22 − R12) = 3(1.5E11)[2E 24 − 6E 23] = 6.3E 35m 3

The pressure of a gas on earth given altitude is related by




dP
= ρg

dh
If g is the gravity at Jupiter due to the Sun and rho the
density of the hydrogen halo which is given by:

2.2363E 26kg
ρ= = 3.55E − 9kg/m 3

6.3E 35m 3

Then from

M
g= G

r2
We have

2E 30kg m
g= 6.674E − 11 = 0.00022

(7.78E11) 2 s2
Thus,…

P = ρgr = (3.55E − 9)(0.00022)(7.78E11) = 0.5467Pa

~0.55Pa

The Pressure at Jupiter due to temperature determines the

density of the protoplanetary disc by the ideal gas law

 78 of 105

PV = n RT

Where

R = 8.314m 3 ⋅ Pa ⋅ K −1 ⋅ m ol−1

V (8.314)(173∘K )
= = 2615.13L /m ol

n (0.55Pa)
Or,…

n
= 0.00038m oles /L

V
H2=2(1.01g/mol)

( L )( m ol )
m ol g g
0.00038 2.02 = 0.0007676 H2

L
To get an idea of what kind of density this is compare it to
the density of H2 at 0 degrees centigrade and 1
atmosphere of pressure (standard temperature and
pressure, STP):

0.08988g/L

We can convert our 0.55 Pascals to bar

1Pa = 1e − 5bar

0.55Pa=5.5e-6bar=0.0000055bar

Thus,…

P = 5.5μbar

Where a bar is about the pressure at see level and is

1,000,000 dynes per square centimeter. Thus,…

 79 of 105

(0.0000055bar)(1,000,000d yn) d yn
= 5.5

cm2 cm2
Realistically, the pressure is different at right angles to the
disc than out along its plane radially in all directions, but
this gives one an idea of scale of thing (or order of
magnitude).

 80 of 105

The Nature of Our Equation


 81 of 105

When we say that

(Ge + Si )2 = Ge2 + 2SiGe + Si2

(Ge − Si )2 = Si2 − 2SiGe + Ge2

Can be equated to solving

(m + 1)2 and (m − 1)2

With m=-1 and m=1 and that this is the solution to the
differential equation of the form:

d2 y dy
− 2 + y = 0

dx 2 dx
Which is

y = c1e x; y = c2 xe x; y = c1e −x; y = c2 xe −x

Which is the solution to the Titius-Bode rule

r = 0.6 + 0.45(2n)

And, the exponential law for density distribution in the

protoplanetary disc

ρ(r) = ρ0 e −r/h

How do we see this?

We are used to solving

x 2 + 6x + 9 = 0

By completing the square or factoring to write it as

 82 of 105

(x + 3) = 0 and we have x = − 3

However, if we want to solve

x 2 + 3x y + 9y 2 = 0

By solving

x 2 + 6x + 9 = 0

Since in the latter x=-3, in the former it factors into

(x + 3y)(x + 3y)

We can solve it by by merely solving

(x + 3)(x + 3) = 0

And the 3 is the coefficient of y in (x + 3y)(x + 3y).

We want to solve

x 2 + 2x y + y 2 = 0

Which is:

−y 2 + x 2
=±1
(x + y)

If Si is y and Ge is x, then

Ge2 − Si2
=±1
(Ge + Si )

Thus we have produced our

 83 of 105

Ge2 − Si2

In our Mars equation

2SiGe
1.52 =
Ge 2 − Si 2
And we already had our (Ge + Si )2.

And in the Jupiter through Neptune equations

i(Si + Ge)2
Pn =
SiGe
We find that if in our quadratic

Ge2 + 2SiGe + Ge2 = 0

Has solution

Si 1
≈

Ge 2+1
Which actually works for Si/Ge in both molar mass and
density (The density of Si is 2.33 grams per cubic
centimeter and Ge is 5.323 grams per cubic centimeter).

The interesting thing is that as we showed earlier, if HA

(hydroxyapeatite) is the mineral component of bone, Then

[ HA ]
Si Si
Si + 1 − Ge = H A

HA
2SiGe
≈ H A

Si + Ge
 84 of 105

Which is the sextic

x 2(x + y)4 − x y(x + y)4 + 2x y 2(x + y)3 − 4x 2 y 2(x + y)2 = 0

Which has the solution

Si 1
≈

Ge 2+1
As well as x=y=-1, x=y=-1

The values of the m in

(m − 1)(m − 1) = 0

(m + 1)(m + 1) = 0

For the solutions of the differential equations of the form

d2 y dy
− 2 +y =0
dx 2 dx
That produce our protoplanetary solution.

But, it goes further. Hydroxyapatite is

g
Ca5(PO4)3OH = 502.32

m ol
However, the organic component of bone is

g
C57 H91N19O16 = 1298.67

m ol
We have

 85 of 105

Ca5(PO4)3OH
= 0.386795722

C57 H91N19O16
The golden ratio conjugate is

ϕ = 0.618033989

But,…

1 − ϕ = 0.381966011

However,…

Si 28.09
= = 0.386861314 ≈ (1 − ϕ)

Ge 72.61
So,…

Si Ca5(PO4)3OH
≈

Ge C57 H91N19O16
So the basic framework for the solar system is described
by the basic framework for vertebrates, the skeleton made
from bone.

This is all intrinsically in the binomial theorem which is:

r (r − 1) r (r − 1)(r − 2) r−3 3
(x + y)2 = x r + r x r−1y + + x y + …

2! 3!
Where we have considered n=2. However for the
purposes n other than 2 it is useful because we can refine
the accuracy of our polynomials using values other than 2.

 86 of 105

The Orbits of the Planets


 87 of 105

We have said the equations for the evolution of the Solar

System are of the form

y = Ce x; y = Cx −x

And

Si 1
≈

Ge 2+1
We here note that

1
= 0.414

2+1
The decimal part of the square root of 2. We have also
said

(1 − ϕ) = 0.38

Si 28.09
= = 0.387

Ge 72.61
Ca5(PO4)3OH
= 0.387

C57 H91N19O16

Si Ca5(PO4)3OH
≈

Ge C57 H91N19O16
This means:

Ca 5(PO4 )3OH
Si
e Ge =e C57 H91 N19O16
= e (1−ϕ)

This results in the following simple equations for the

planets:

 88 of 105

(1 − ϕ)e ϕ = 0.7AU = Venus

ϕe (1−ϕ) = 0.9AU = Ear th

ϕ 2e (2−ϕ) = 1.52 = Mars

2ϕe (2−ϕ) = 4.9 = Jupiter

4ϕe (2−ϕ) = 10 = Sat ur n

8ϕe (2−ϕ) = 19.69 = Uranus

16ϕe (2−ϕ) = 39.38 = Nept une

Let’s say since Jupiter is the first planet after the asteroid
belt and carries significantly the mass of the solar system
that it is planet (Pn) one (P1). We have then for our
equations in general

Pn = 2n ϕe (2−ϕ)

And, if c = ϕe (2−ϕ) = 2.461, then our equation becomes:

Pn = c2n

For the inner planets, and here it is convenient to not

include Mercury, and we do this one the basis that it does
not have much mass and therefore contributes little to the
theory of the dynamics of the evolution of the Solar
System. Thus, n=1 is Venus, n=2, is Earth, and n=3 is Mars.
We see the equation is rather than exponential, logarithmic:
 89 of 105

(0.7)ln(e * 1) = 0.7 = Venu s

(0.7)ln(e * 2) = 1.185 = Ear th

(0.7)ln(e * 3) = 1.469 = Mars

Pn = (0.7)ln(n * e)
 90 of 105

The Origins of Life

 91 of 105

Here I combine my Idea of an activation function that put

together prebiotic substances to make biological life, and
the idea of J.T Trevors and D.L. Able (Chance and
necessity do not explain the origin of life, Elsevier, Cell
Biology International, 2004). First I wrote several years
back:

I would like to suggest that the prebiotic chemistry might

have been passed through an activation function that
disappeared after life was on its way to evolving.

The problem, then, of answering the question of how life

began is one of finding the activation function and its
mechanism by which it takes prebiotic chemistry and
activates it (makes it alive) so it can now self-replicate, and
evolve. We assume that as this mechanism activates the
molecules, its mechanism depletes as it activates from
what is available. In this sense the mechanism is a limiting
reactant, so it determines how much material is activated
before it depletes completely.

Logically, the way to determine what this mechanism is,

and how it serves as an activation function is to look for the
by products of the reaction that are left over, and from that,
deduce its nature.

To do this, we have to look for that thing in our knowledge

of the Earth’s history that does not make sense. This would
be in the faint young star paradox. We know that five billion
years ago, when the Earth and Sun first formed, that the
sun was 0.7 times its present output and so, the Earth
should have been frozen over, yet, we know it was not.
That it had water in its liquid phase. Thus something was
there that is not present today. That something must have
 92 of 105

been the mechanism for the activation function that “turned

on” prebiotic chemistry.

If σ (x) is the activation function, where x is the prebiotic

material, and we say r is residue of the reaction, and l is
the activated substance (life) then,

l + r = σ (x)

We know l. If we can find r in nature, we can deduce σ (x).

I have presented it like this because 1) Life has not been

created in the laboratory from scratch 2) New life does not
seem to be originating on earth in present times.
Therefore, the activation function is probably not present
on Earth today and more than likely disappeared, or
depleted after activating prebiotic chemistry. Life exists, yet
we do not know how prebiotic substances organize into
self-replicating systems that evolve. Therefore, we must
look for something concerning the Earth that does not
make sense. I suggest that would be the young star
paradox. If the Earth had water in its liquid phase when it
should have been frozen over, then something could have
existed then that was a limiting reactant, or something like
it, that activated prebiotic substances, in that it was
responsible for warming the earth (perhaps a heat
retaining substance).

 93 of 105

Trevors and Able wrote:

Peer-reviewed life-origin literature presupposes that, given

enough time, genetic instructions arose via natural events.
Thus far, no paper has provided a plausible mechanism for
natural process algorithm-writing.

Following cooling [of the Earth], it is difficult to understand

how natural processes could have generated the following
aspects of life in such a short time:

(1) a genetic operating system with which to record

programming instructions,
(2) the programs themselves for production or assembly of
every individual building block, biochemical pathway,
and metabolic cycle needed for even the simplest
protometabolism to develop, and
(3) a coding system with which to translate triplet codon
“language into polyomino acid language.

Where the building block are concerned (amino acids) I

wrote several years back:

I processed the 20 genetically encoded amino acids

according to the following scheme:

a minogroup
(RGroup)

acidgroup
In hopes of finding a connection between artificial
intelligence and the biological. The result was that two of
the amino acids were equal to elements in the periodic
table of the elements and they were perfectly carbon (C)
the core element of biological life, and silicon (Si) the core
element of of artificial intelligence. The amino acids are the
 94 of 105

building blocks of life, synthesized into proteins by DNA.

The two amino acids were serine and glutamine as
follows,…

H3 N
(CH2 + OH ) = C

COO
H3 N
(2CH2 + CO + NH2) = Si

COO

H3 N 5−1
= (1 − ϕ) ϕ=

COO 2
Si
(1 − ϕ) =

Ge
Si
(CH2 + OH ) = C

Ge
C
(CH2 + OH ) = Ge

Si
Si
(2CH2 + CO + NH2) = Si

Ge
(2CH2 + CO + NH2) = Ge

Ge is the other core semiconductor element.

(CH2 + OH ) C
=

(2CH2 + CO + NH2) Si
(CH2 + OH )
C= Si

(2CH2 + CO + NH2)
These equation are nearly 100% accurate.
 95 of 105

CH2+OH=12.01+2(1.01)+16,00+1.01=14.03+17.01=31.04
g/mol

Si/Ge=28.09/72.61=0.38686

(0.38686)(31.04)=12.008

C=12.01

12.008
100 = 99.98%

12.01
2CH2=2(12.01+2.02)=28.06

CO=12.01+16.00=28.01

NH2=14.01+2.02=16.03

28.06+28.01+16.03=72.1

Ge=72.61

72.1
100 = 99.2976%

72.61
The idea is to try to understand biological life, in particular
its origins, by looking at something we understand,
artificial intelligence.

The equations imply:

H3 N
Ge ≈ Si

COO
The primordial compounds from which amino acids are
made — water (H2O) methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3)
—seem to be related to primitive AI which would be a
tungsten filament (W) encased in a glass tube (SiO2) to
make vacuum tubes for switches as follows:

 96 of 105

W H O NH3
≈ 2 + + 1

SiO2 CH4 CH4

The Suggestion

Let us suggest that the parts, prebiotic substances, were

here, perhaps by a Creator, or another intelligence (Like
ET), or an artificial Intelligence (AI). Let us take as an
example the components of the building blocks of life, as
considered in my scheme that produce carbon, silicon,
and germanium:

a minogroup
(RGroup)

acidgroup
H3 N
(CH2 + OH ) = C

COO
H3 N
(2CH2 + CO + NH2) = Si

COO
H3 N
Ge ≈ Si

COO
Let us suggest that

Let us suggest that the nature of the activation function

can be determined by what is required to act on H3 N,
COO, and CH2 + OH to make serine, and H3 N, COO,
and 2CH2 + CO + NH2 to make glutamine. This will be
the nature of σ (x). Since

l + r = σ (x)
 97 of 105

Then knowing the nature of σ (x), we will know what kind

of residue to look for. To look for the activation function, we
need to keep our mind open to all possibilities, not just
chemical catalysts, or lighting and fire, but any kind of
energy and forces that can be imagined. This intelligence
(Creator, ET, or AI) could have been behind the activation
function, and could have been ultimately responsible for a
myriad of compounded functions that ultimately resulted in
the biological “Operating System” of Trevors and Able.

 98 of 105

The Differential Equation

 99 of 105

We have for the inner planets

0.7ln(e ⋅ n) = Pn

P1 = Venu s

P2 = Ear th

P3 = Mars

For the outer planets we have

C 2n = Pn

P1 = Jupiter

P2 = Sat ur n

P3 = Ura nu s

P4 = Nept u n e

Where C = ϕe (2−ϕ) = 2.461.

If we let n=0,

C 20 = C = 2.461

Which is the asteroid belt (2.2-3.2AU) a planet that could

not form due to tidal forces from the other planets acting of
the protoplanetary disc at that orbit. We write
 100 of 105

y = C ⋅ 2n

y′ = C ⋅ 2nlog(2)

y′′ = C ⋅ 2nlog2(2)

And we see that the equation for the planets is the solution
to the differential equation

d2 y dy
− 2log(2) + log2(2) = 0
dn 2 dn
Which is the equation of a damped harmonic oscillator:

d2x dx
m + c + kx = 0
dt 2 dt
We might be able to think of the differential equation as
governing the resulting distribution of the planets as a
function density of the protoplanetary disk with distance
from its center (r). But, since the middle term is negative,
this may be some kind of reverse damping (the faster
something is going, the more it accelerates it. It could be
due to pressure from the solar wind, sending out waves
through the protoplanetary disc.
 101 of 105

Conclusion
 102 of 105

There are certain things we can’t know in formulating

theories for the origins of life and the planetary system. For
instance we know the distribution of the planets but we can
not know the nature of the protoplanetary disc from which
it formed (how big it was, how massive, etc…) Nor can we
look at what existed in the distant past that brought together
the prebiotic substances into a system that can evolve,
because all of this was in a distant past that goes back
billions of years. However, we see that the universe is
accessible, with telescopes because we have clear skies
rather than always too thickly cloudy. Or, enough night to
observe them rather than two or three stars about which we
orbit making it day all the time. As such I suggest it
reasonable to assume whatever created us made the truth
accessible in every field, if not gave us the means to exist
and a planet stable enough, with the right materials, to have
time and where-with-all to solve building spaceships so we
may succeed into eternity, by colonizing other planets with
more resources. Therefore I find it reasonable to assume
that the truth to the question of our biological and planetary
origins are discernible with what we have by finding
patterns in what data is accessible, so that picture can still
form regardless of the forever closed holes in our
knowledge such as those mentioned above.
 103 of 105

Proposal For Mars Mission Logo

Here I propose a logo for a Mars mission. The forms as
symbols for the planets Earth and Mars in the logo
originate from a theory of my own where I put forward
mathematical expressions for the planets that are
related to one another in two equations, one for the
inner planets, the other for the outer planets. The
expressions for the planets are all described in terms
of the two primary semiconductor elements - silicon
and germanium - which are primary to make artificial
intelligence (AI). These AI elements are described in the
theory in their relationship to biological life. The
equations generate three dimensional forms for each
planet, that embody their place in the cosmic scheme
and express the connection, and indeed the idea, that
we have a place and purpose in this solar system. I
therefore feel they are perfect for use in the design of a
logo for a Mars Mission. Here, I present the concept
for a logo, using the forms in my theory for Earth and
Mars, and a symbolic image of a rocket. This is the
basic concept for the logo, the theory from which it is
derived is was presented in this paper:

 104 of 105

 105 of 105

The Author