Chapter 2 Room Air Distribution ‘The moveen fs tough the condoned ores of bigs pea ental leis he perarnane ot bigs henge lung nd si-conitining (VAC) syste, det tect tera ‘nfo indoor at uli and ney use Mest ole pote per france ahanges of wderoor ar dbaion(UEAD) ens ‘jer omental a dbton yt design a othe fit hat endondatisdeteredatorear fer ievel rely ino thon Piston ofthe bik, ands reared at ormearelinglea Iie taper. re approaches to foun asian deign vero using, duplacoment venison LFAD) are deere andcompued Tolle the charatrios of rom a dicibuien ung UEAD. 2.1. CONVENTIONAL OVERHEAD MIXING SYSTEMS iszorcly.te approaehtoHVACdesin income buildings hasbeen Bath Spl and remove ar at sling vel (Figure 21). Cindtinsd ais psy supplied at velocities re ach Ngee ta hon scepabe for oscpiat crf. Sapp i tmpersre ty te lover her oreqa ote descel oom a tempers eat, depending onthe enalingheating load lacaing igh peed ‘bul sijescreaterapid mining ith hevoom osha espe ‘reeds int the room, entrain rons (secondary) ie the pe ‘ry i jet casing to gow and sed ins ond tec To ‘ede in ai spond A sym of ovehad ifr fe dosined sd ‘pried ta the cel bese spy a jets oa scope ‘spe (ne ier than 0 fn (0 38 bre cnn te oe [dao (oo 61S [ASHRAE 2003; Rect sn Zh 2001) 23‘Curren 2— Room Am Bisons gure 21 Convrtional overhead ar stibuton stam Ofenceferedasmixing psi dsb, cobvenona over- head ystems poms comple mang of spl i with 00 i ‘hereby mang then volume irate osupedspceathc esd spo emperatr and een distin ventions tissyate,omaircndtons appoath hve oie een the rom at eling lee, Mixing syste macainaceptae inary trough ition o te pollu the space wih slice oan of ude ai Ts un ig Ctl eatety roves ie port (ber than by increasing the aur Zoos) 19 senor heal preference ting he os Dis o 1 povie referent! vetlation i the csi) 20 In "pen plan ffs even by ae more zoe ovrend syste it ever alo vida como of eal wot ronments. Available cai rm ld neasrerens inne ath eatin eivenes wih ne eeapcd soes of ems ural eifamn ihn = 15% Fisk and Falkner 1992: Pry 1986; ey 2 als 1689), Poors wining ana sigiscasher-ekcusing stow pater an sometimes cu wen wana spp ting level ‘atng Fisk 197] Heat (1998) sts the proper ake tionofliocs fr overhead systems venir adie ming oe 22, DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION [AND CONDITIONING SYSTEMS Dislcemen venation (DV) isbaredon many of he same «ples ttre so nporaatin he colnepetommane oF UFAD 3 tems: Exes fezrea en DV systems has prdhced 4 ssa Bn‘UnoE100n Ai DisrMuTION Desi Ge ‘eine eur bse Withee intact eviews er ‘eo understand toh te sites ed dienes tween DV ‘ad UEAD systems Sista 199), Nise (196) nds rece IREWVA 2001 provide god sormpretenive overvews of dpe ‘tet vation based on bth hearted experimental Sone. tions. Resenly ASHRAE as lso sponsored tesch op foe “npcation of DV systemsin he US. [Yur ta 1998 199), ‘Imconing option, DV and UPAD ater dle ol sino tbe conditioned space at or nea acre! dete calor net Inglevel Thermal pues tat develop over Best sou in they lays maje role ring the overt floor seling as moiety ining rote sounding space ad rowing upward. Ts ‘noyney-riven Norsoveting aio pater sey adapt ty ‘os high heat loadsa the senger tel pane riing seve ‘es ler et sures ents anal el ous fm eations inthe pce surunding he ea sores “The nary ference between DY al UFAD systems isin he ‘names in whch eas deve inate pace The css DV 5 tem delvasairat vey low veces hile UFAD (and TAC) sens “poy higher vec cist with eonespondngy gtr mang Adon! dais and seus of D systems ae press bel Displacement euler boo wey oe in ean Ing the pnt tun Sade, acai nea te wn ‘tings nd high ha fad [Svenson 1989), The sin ol Imettodofreom i isto so provide improved nor i ‘ty Gralationpeformance) in the ocapied one compare ‘iatonventanan povicedby overhead miningsysene BV 5tens ‘ae esarly ffetve when pollinate soil wih st Soares in he space (ope and piers ofc). Ax eis ‘ete nd ies ino the elon above the cried Zone, se fi isthe space with ony paral msn withthe rom aie This gi Deenblestetcom diated withslowervolamect sy $i than would Be nade te room ws completely well mixed ‘ther cndions being eau The part movement fant cm tas advange ofthe natal buyency fea gin oth pase po ucinga vertical ienpetare grader This themal tata ‘nly ees two chris brzot ones, es i Fae 22. foranofies configs Toeloner2on predominant ones ‘ook rechairandtheuper zon cots warm, more plied Te hrizanl ince seperaing th wo Zones fsa hangs ‘et fr both epee a plant concent, act on Imely eccureag disurtapo (Re, people moving, st) thos s‘arren 3—Roow Aim Dsrmeunion Figure 22 _Displscomen ventinton syste, changes generally cuore gadualy vers regonor ayers Ing the uppersndlower2onesraterthan te dnt gh Tine Face as een ested by various eee using ite aes, coding statifxion height seacaon oud. eicsheigh nd hi pin. We wl eer Is satieoon hight (SF) ns pace Inte casi definition ofa DV ste, wich s appeal for oling pares, irs sopbed at ery Low velocity rou sippy ‘eves coed ear oe level he ot commen ae ow eal Alife) and weeurnedseeccling level. Aldous pose ist ecesay- nr icormon pate esta rae Noro ope DV psc, Bowe supply ars dered Seay no etapa ne, isneodued a epee oly sgh (SIO [°C ‘alow comfort conden. Inconzsts both oveeadmixingsyteme snd UADsystens te ineoming sepia ver ite monet. ‘das th cole, eave supply ners the space peat arss theo in much he same way vaer wou, The ie eds hows acres he for and the seen upward, prima tosh ‘atainent by heme planes (Figure 22}. The abn af DY ryan 1b dsr feh condoned a areal the oops wiboat meeesunly condoning oer space hes sous. tn Erogean pleas, dplaceret venation systems ely sop 109% tie ar (no resbelted inde a) ad can thee Shine ngroved vention einen compared miaing syns, Due ‘a botand humid climate condtios a many arts of he US, mest splot vention sstlaons nth coin we reli i Improved indoors ust compared ong ster cn tl begure 23. Tho! pum rm point source Achieved because of suaicatn of contaminants td ext ous ofetonomin operin[Livchak and Nall 2001} ‘As shown in Figure 22, a sunset eight SH) iets tt dvs oom in te ze oper andes ving et Siow conto Pane hry eps tcl sto 708 ow {ae Asawa plane ris stot coveton stress Source, tenis Surounting aed thle ese in ad ‘ela, loa dually desig in velocity fr san is above te he cours Fue 23) The anima iho which ‘plane will ses dependentinany on thea source arent ‘scony onthe sietin inte rbm(atich crssesheby ney ofthe rsing pune}. The lower ron Blow ie a eatin ‘sgh noreceualon laren, esribed above he es, ol supply gradi owas te oo ici we layer hats typcally 446 in. (10-150 um) hk. Iie drown Boom. tly toward the eat owes whee ij the ng ane er Plumes nd iserined very ward. Depedig onthe moun ‘of spp ai above Some hpi th pce the a lanes wi ‘equi sition! (ecteulta) a Fm the upper fa oF ean 0 a‘upren 2—foon Am Deneuren Figure 24 Schomatls gtem of mejor flw elements in a room wih sleet! vation feed the cranent Tes plumes wil exnd andrew hey econerequaly war arinieupperegionsf he pcs. The pet one above the sraieaton heigh ishceried by lowvalany recat, which poducer» fly wel aed lyr ef ware it ‘hae cantamiaaicancenaton enced hatin lowerlever oe space Ake featur of ie sratfcaton eighcina te DV sytem that ‘veil on aes he eve de onl to th ete any ‘ey. nn aie canigurtion in ch omy bet sree a resent aly heal pans of stent sagt wil ie ote “ppt zoe Tenet eu wl be ha oes he ware and me ol Iecsicenters ine oper zoe til poverecte te lover2ane Thi Principe ithe bass frie mproved eatin fletvenear and bent Femotaleiney asncted with DV sys In some pect likaoneg oming arp, wine) he wills be sorcet ‘ofecoling res ine space suchas col peer wind. nt Situation therein cll dowadraty nepot soni se the ‘rpersonsback dou nth ower cone Figure? shows these tee ‘Serena impid hentia DV sytem. nthe ise eh ‘eeeus th supply iri noth ron En Tow sew die, {qlstheupwarémovingatfow conned eral planes tt fern howe heat souees, andy the downed moving silo eating 8‘Uncen 100m Ask DISTRIBUTION DESIGN GUIDE Figure 28 Vert! profes of polar conceneaton in 200m ‘wih ceplocament veut. om oo sues ntems of hispid config, th sat ‘tenon neh wlloecurtabghy) wher hemetupwardnoing flow asp. Cleat an tngaran objective in desgning and opening BV syscw so asta the seacton bok har Shotopoftheoeapieg sone (8m (eA). te ding caper Isa work postin stone sraiestonbelah (eg 20[4 A) may be seep Figure? ilstcshow he aaiextion Dlg inences nar sic unity inthe scape none fr the enlized eae ofa DV sen ‘vino estore (pra) nthe pce a cote (person's renhig) asses with the eat src Skin 1998) ‘he igre shovsivorypcal vel poles of pola res per son'sbathing Nomatzedplltant onceneatons (ya ted ‘morale ro oi). whee he concen a he ‘eur glonesraingveland Hi thebeighofhe rom Bo prox ‘ls emonsrtebow surge ineatein pon conesnron cee athe suatfeaton bah vith cen es plied in hele Zone an higher plan concentration inthe upper cone. Pre A isproduceé by ahve aon ena rrr ina Seton ight {Gira somewhat below ead hig of Handing occupant. By Sowescng the sw te onde ain ces) he ston »‘Curren 2—Roow Am ismABUTION height (SH-B) i ried above ne ight in pole B,poding improved inde quality athe being eight I has lo been redhat thesaieationheighteanbe cll laced about (02 apward ron pron [Nitin 1996} This repens th ata! of eaerar fo lowes in thou by the eral lunes wound person pote ethno ‘The characte ez tnpemute poles for DV sy en wil hibit behavior thos shown Fue 2. fr olla com. ‘rncaons Ingenta, pent arelower blow th see height ines oa higher ate crn aie ip, de ‘ght inthe upper 2ne of he rom. surement ave eon stated at this poi very Sale oan ory, ann ‘tt sina empertacr wl be bain a these hig ough fowthespce The vera! erperatire rant eo indpendet of the oeton of heat sources inthe oom Ting the eight the ‘rcs reais constant. The rant however rong epee ‘nvr in height of the best source. The morte est Femoral acu for est sue ated hihe in the spe seh eS ‘ete iphing tres Unfosuntely, when pled ofceconfatnsin the Sand er leetons with high eat oad dense (0912.7 Bh (10- '0,Win?) an educedceing hgh compere ond bl. ings DV sytonsenast saint hecoling Sand witht ingoxing ress theal staieaton nthe pce nd ove talento earth lor This suite evewedby Yuna (199) who so ‘tha cootng dss high 40 Bash (120 Win?) con be hah it However to accor hs, vey high alow mes old be ‘uta with obvious energy consimation cane Acti ok Sidecation i the design of DV etn eta higher aio res ‘ee lagerdasrnlt reno mansan be low et vel) nay inte application ahah alow rates One congraton fa lorsappy DV system has Bean deere by Akioto ea Libis) Inseramay, he scatieton et depends pinay on heron sito atereinive the manic ft beat snes nresing tbe Seow rte er decreasing the cooling lod wil ie he sean Ig thy spring indoors guy nd elect thea oneston a he ocuped ve. On be her ha, esgic Siow rato inecsing the colin lad wil ower safton igh otc ecg ntl performance and edcing the »‘Unour.008 Are DisraBUTON Desion Guoe nai imei ate nae ceed zoe we ‘ecg fn ene a or ve a), 23. UrAD SvSTEMS UZAD and TAC stn lf frm cue DV satin pinay in ‘he wy that aii dlvwed tthe ape (1) split higher ‘slog tog solrsized ppl oats nd (2) oa a soppy ondion are general nde the tonal fhe exupat lowing ‘conf cnttons to be optimized. By inating sony ai with (pete meni, UFAD nd TAC este alr tebe inthe Iewecrgion of he pe compare DV syn by ince the ‘snout of ming nereasng to epee pesto aed ‘ng e tonpeaure gradient, all oer condone being Sl Althorgh i be sutjest f ongoing eter this herd behave a the lover raion help fo explain why UEAD system may ane he cal o handle hereon Ions th pl BV syste io ‘pace wih 9-10 1-8(2.7.t03 mein eis eg eller) At phetcewions inte tov te infueneafthe spol, ‘he oval aiflow petfomance ery smith of DV san Based reentnperinentel esa [Webtr 202, 2002, Cin snd Linden 200% Yamanaka eal. 2002} apd an extension of dpc ent ery eflowing ode, cows of po tee dint ones nite canbe propose io describe emir csbton FrUIAD systems 23.1. UFAD Room Air Distribution Model Figure 2.6shonsa sctemati diagram of pis tow ptemsin 9 UPAD system in an office ewoamene. The ean cee te {wochiacenstiheighin he roam tat define the hee nese "anthem ight (TH) oe Ooo dons nd) eaten eight. cinartta andn D syse As shown ‘he fgus, UFAD dite ypc eeste le roves in here Sate vein epesening pons within which ongtem xpacy ‘is nt recommended dt to exceeds oa tempers owes when unde dict nial ctl bythe accept ae tue of FAD and especially TAC systema tev lel al coe ihonsmay be aecepbleandeven deseo hoe oe, ‘Ther ape fr rpovingcomfo conans a ih on) othe inceasd singin the secpied zope mish the vectlton pe. formate computed a DV satan In tytn the cnt ad a‘chapren 2—Hoot Am DIsTIBU TION. Figure 26 Undertoor ar lcrbuton system wits citer tow Setwrthe sraitemton nah ] = | jo meee Bee J Fempertve (7) EE Fou 27 Conran oti vr tarp fis or a cisrnuton cspleementventtion, ond erase‘Unoemi008 An Dismasurion Deson Gui0e miznonof satiation ciao yee aig ery cent peation and enon prfomane of UEAD ste Pig 7 press computes pel ere pers pro {ies othe UFAD roma dirbton mae ila er ‘ion, nd coment reed ming yes. The profes shown ‘ae repeseative af ema operating Cocina tnd ‘gone hey ifeences sd smlarebetween he hes ‘riauton methods, doused below: The UFAD poi ibs on \emportreinetpcs ate ofthe det fas of ply ules (aside cle sone) nd ca vary sii cepenting on sever ‘conolfartes (se Seton? (Weber 2003) Inge? ‘he nondimersonal tempers, o temper rai i pled oor height. whee ite ros ir tengersne ot # fon of "gt Ts isthe spl tempeure atthe er, ond Tete eau ‘erperatire a the eng Te ict poie fe DY syste bred fon fe 50% “ile of hab ht apes w tors of somenonsl Isight ad arma stn lade (Sttd 190) Te ampere neat ‘he ori asomedtobefaly between the spp andere. ‘poate. The DV profes ame oon the UEAD profiles te ‘ratieaton height As ngasth row beige UFAD iter ‘abelow he stneaon ih. the oper ne essed pete. ‘na smile mane for both these pte othe ae fon ad ‘0 spy volume ro) The ming ster profile represen fol weit room wih he epee vey equ othe ets tempera 23.1.1 Lower (Mixed) Zone. The lover mined zones diss ‘cen: the oe end ais in depth scning tthe vere po Jevonohe oo based) suppl owes employed The rit is Inyerisrelnvelywellinad et te infeage of high coy as inthe sini of be suppl otlts Tae pes bossy howe ne ences wih raion wich te ply i each ‘navel of around 50 fn (0.25 ms). Far TAC ser ap "ons havngduse wih aan pojeinne someesss oy ‘oftiszne wills eines heheh above whieh sup Dy cues have neti influence on wom tweet Te freer mixing i i ane sree he np tin the ‘oso about 0.7 ad educa the gratin empain to DV sy ‘es. The lower mined ane wlan sexi stg i eighty ‘ary areal dependngon he wericl rojecton of he tippy alts) ad tao te space ea aed othe spy sro eee, 23.1.2 Middle (Strattied) Zone. Theil sri snes anton region betwen the ower anspor aos err The 3‘cuarren 2—Room A DistHBU TON Figure 2 Undarinoy sie stnton ets with ie row Shove ne sratteaton naght icmsementnthie one ently boy, riven by the sng hr ‘oa pcs noun! votive pce Hat sure Fan OF ‘hes thermal pases wind ints reo, amr mover i society spy aij The verte enperaue gradient needa berets approaching tat for DY ystems, Theme "life zoe ony exits Woen be bow hes the soppy ult 5 teow tho taeaton bight upper boon of the scr, whichever ower 23.1. Upper (Mixed Zone. The upper mised zoe om pos warm (otaminatd) sie deposited the ig bet anes ‘hike space. Although averages veloc ae gee ue low, air win his zoe is eatly well mio rsa of the ‘memes of heal plumes pening i lower boy. Thi zones anlogosio he upper zoe Found spaces seve by OV 9 tems (compete Figures? nd 26). oom bound, rea ‘Son heighten anton oe fthe cet od {0 be soppy srtow tA dca below ie fn he apy ‘spn ino tis zone. ts dept (even execs) ms be ‘Mente atoughfpoperyeonelehsnay Ucar. ye (gue 28), Incoses where supply iow at ino oor rerthan the wlancof het pm genet witha bespace, wpe ‘zoe wilt forma pace my bo medeld aa ane od onsting oly fe love ed and mile sed ons ™‘Unoenrvoon Am BotmouTion Besion Gime Fgure 29 Nondimensonaltomparatue ner the foor vs. room Ste et (20024, OV resuts from Mun tempers neater: Ts 23.2. Temperature Near the Foot ‘As shown in Figuce 27, he gree ing provide by eben supply ous sed in UFAD systems increases the eerste est ther compared DV syste Tortie sappy siempre ‘nd volume) This eet sown move clearly ure 29, woh Pb the nondnense epertr nate Noo a fenton oF ‘erl oomaislow as where T?sthotempartre ert oe Te [Stbesppy temperate oor and Te text peat tie cling. The measaremen height for Tare inte ange of 4 in.) Expert dtatorbth ian arable eo di Fasersare tak rm Wester [2003} The cave for DV apts ‘shane on alae numberof mezurementsinifrentroors(Mand 90 “Te eas for UFAD syste show tat he onimensn erature neat he Norris os ea ens level @f 07 ove by thespply fuses, however. onlimenona tempera a the Noor geteaiely ole (oer tothe spp) ar tmp) 9 room slow rae incase. Ths els epi ete ao ®‘Chaprun 2—Roow Aim DstmeUTION ‘ape UFADsysrashave oer DV ayes when iyi omni confor at higher het lads, Fr the ame orniflowre, BVy- ‘es willed ote aigher supply a erp thn UPAD Sy tens o aod every cool amperes rte lor. Assming al onda these (het ln, soppy ao, ad temperate), DV sysems will rode higher tatinton tthe ocuped 20m ‘omared o UFAD systems. The only way fee DV sytem aid tcesive afin athighhestonsitoinese ecoom iow ‘ea ube dlscused by Yann et (199), While sggentng th olga ashi gh Buh (120 Wi) an be andy DV ‘yates, Yann tl also sate lat hires sien pce ge Supply iiss (fe inprocteal in ce enfansen) an ht theenery consume tl ern aint. 233. Statiertion Height In tbe same manera for DV systems the satfeton hgh piaysan import rolein dering hea wenition sl eneey Patfomanee Convective hes sources occuring wo sbve thigh Sil i up and ei the spce witout ming mo helmets, teling loner sow rates Yo be uo for den led sluts oped overhead xing systems Despeti execs fp) iss blowing hah veloy ar ote sped snp ‘veil fe oa diMuses end horzotly kad pain i fis) the section Heighi predoeieny dete te ‘vr om ir sppy volume eatveto the meng of hea suet Inte space nasi init by he vera now he es [Mise 196. fhe vera rw i eqal to artes than he ra Fewion bight (Flue 28h oly iow coming wl da 10 ‘bapaney ees, similar 1 DV sytem nthe it a ow ed the snout of mixing ate edaced, UFAD syste f prone ‘operation of DV ayes Ihe difzeritrow ics 0th sal ‘ston ei orabeay exced the csle sy awl pone noe warmer upper ayer before roping ack dow ite ower ‘een ad bringing warm air oan wth (Fgue 28) Atough ll ‘subject ofongoing search reco retina lange ier tow does wot penetattoa farina the perme op 78 {2:1 in 10.8 (-mhgh com, celts comforted ‘ins il be produce inthe ocupid zone corparson aise ‘winter umows [vebsar eta 22) “Theamount ofa ought dom inlsenes he epestsin the emer repon ad ean lo ieee the srtfeatn heh, bt i secondary. Higher tows th pentane esftion 35‘Unoew 1008 Ale OismeLTION Desion Gun sight wiles in sy warner empertures nds gradi in the ower ion ll ote conden beingconstot ‘Ongoing esearch ilies he et fr sow 0 tema pefomancem gree etal [Lin ad Linden 2090), Inthe Tin when» very song spy et pexeutes Br fb the goer Fetal 1991} detonated hat wen n-n fi lye was persed thighs up ais, th cool supply Jeltmarcablewienhteeriny ete fateing reno Producing else tuner vention condos Tes opening sa ‘Say of pong well nied apace well bare connate he Dota improvements enemy i vention pears ‘etibed above To avd emiaing» bly sae space with UUPAD sens, mainum vera rows of der shuld elie ‘td to closer ten 23 (05-0. fon the cling. To achive pina perormancistecoowmendd th ier tow highs loser tthe hand bei of cepa inthe epee 234 Controling Statiiestion Reset abrtry experiments ve iii the healt \fstin perfomance of UAD syste ang for dics [Web ‘aL 200% 2009) Fig? 1Osbowstne np of iin intel ‘oor airflow on suatctin for swt difsers opeating ite "ned interior soc woul beng 1 ea A (36 Wi} and {supply sir enpeate of 4 (B°C). The Figure its Hom Suit nreans when om slow eed for onan eat input Ta Ngee als demon ow» cml say ght be _sypresched i opisze sracation perforant gbes ow ‘he of tov (5 Ls’), he tempers profile exis ely Sal noun of sosieaton witha ease empertedifeene orl F070). Thiswoul reptsent cx wiee the specs isting ovate." On te ehh athe wes Now ate o03 fo (1S Lid, he Nadie temperature dieence hs eres 0 {58°F (38°C). exceed the lt of SF (52) apc io AHIRAE Stands 88[ASHRAE 1992), Th enperune pile ements the rn to stangesinatow read shih eliely tha pte wi cooling ous ti magtade would be opted sachs low slow ae. Toimproe ens performance (ede at ow) white manag ermal cto aon exces et ‘ato)the ma re ts Mow ae of05 cit (3 Lin my bea resonable tre at ithe shen enpernice difeence oF 2‘uarten 2—Room fin Dist BUNUnoerioor Aim Oisrasunow Desi GuBe 32°F(1.8°C), Tdifeene between be mle nda pol ements that dep» 4% eb nw emo. ‘ure inthe space ny incase by abou I"F(OS"C)apioa help of ey (02 igre 2.11 shows et rsa ome Web (2028) whee supply sempernire(SAT) was ari vere rangeo{S067" (6 19°C) for ona het pat (19 Bs (39 Wi) an oe i ow rae (5 cv 2.7 Lin) fra malate terior space A shown th tempers of he profile cree or decease wih he hangein supply temper but ein epost ‘Shape Reseag SAT my be advil a cobnation with sus. Inet n oar sieow i ebeve opin aml semons Throughout oud one.