Virus - most of them are obligate parasites (should be inside a

- non-cellular cell)
- nucleic acid + protein (linear or circular, RNA or - tropical countries only (malaria)
DNA, single or double stranded)
- dependent replication Culture media
- variable shapes and sizes - agar from seaweed
- electron microscope - enrichment media (selective/diagnostic)
- non susceptible to antibiotics
- difficult to cure Methods of cultivation
- Binary Fission
Viroids - parents are same with daughter cells
- nucleic acid - Turbidity
- plant pathogen - indirect measure of culture growth
- Colony
Prions - contain large number of cells sufficiently to become
- protein visible to the naked eye
- can cause fatal diseases - cluster of bacteria
- resistant to sterilization - 1 bacteria can also form a colony

Bacteria Mutation
- prokaryote - genetic adaptation
- unicellular
- light microscope Counting methods
- Gram (=) or (-) - pour plate
- cell wall - surface spread (spread plate) – better in terms of
- Require different amount of oxygen counting colonies
- (single) ccc (covalently closed circular) ds DNA - surface drop
- plasmids -
- pathogens Genetic adaptation
- used to manufacture products - phenotypic – genes that are not expressed right away
- form spores (Bacillus, Clostridium) - during plasmid transfer
o withstand heating and drying - genetic – happens during mutation
- Clostridium tetani – cause tetanus - made through the chromosome or main dna
o obligate anaerobic, will die with
hydrogen peroxide

Fungi
- eukaryote
- yeast – unicellular
- moulds – more complex; microscopic version of
mushroom
- Yeast – budding/binary fission
- form spores
- linear chromosomes
- ds DNA with proteins
- asexual/sexual
- opportunist pathogens
o dandruff when taking antibiotics

Protozoa
- eukaryote
- unicellular
- most of them are motile