Purposive Communication 2 PDF

\kpulfce ji tbk ]bcfcppchks
]JFS^KEBHCE [HCYK\UC^S JI ^BK ]BCFC]]CHKU
JIICEK JI ^BK YCEK ]\KUCNKH^ IJ\ L\@HEBKU @HN U`tkffctk E@D][UKU
L@^@@H L\@HEB
Ejursk ^ctfk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH
Ejursk Ejnk? AKKN 0==95
Hudlkr ji [hcts? 5 uhcts

Ejursk Nksercptcjh?
]urpjscvk Ejdduhce`tcjh cs `ljut wrctcha, spk`gcha, `hn prkskhtcha tj nciikrkht
ùnckheks `hn ijr v`rcjus purpjsks. Ct cs ` tbrkk-uhct ejursk tb`t nkvkfjps stunkhts–
ejdduhce`tcvk ejdpktkhek `hn khb`heks tbkcr euftur`f `hn chtkreuftur`f `w`rkhkss
tbrjuab duftcdjn`f t`sgs tb`t prjvcnk tbkd jppjrtuhctcks ijr ejdduhce`tcha kiiketcvkfy
`hn `pprjprc`tkfy tj ` duftceuftur`f
duftceuftur`f ùnckhek ch ` fje`f jr afjl`f ejhtkxt. Ct kqucps stunkhts
wctb tjjfs ijr erctce`f kv`fu`tcjh ji ` v`rckty ji tkxts `hn ijeusks jh tbk pjwkr ji f`hauàk
`hn tbk cdpèt ji cdàks tj kdpb`sczk tbk cdpjrt`hek ji ejhvkycha dkssàks
rkspjhsclfy.. ^bk ghjwfknak, sgcffs, `hn chscabts tb`t stunkht a`ch irjd tbcs ejursk d`y lk
rkspjhsclfy
uskn ch tbkcr è`nkdce khnk`vjrs, tbkcr ebjskh ncsecpfchks,
ncsecpfchk s, `hn tbkcr iuturk e`rkkrs `s tbky
ejdpjsk `hn prjnuek rkfkv`ht jr`f, wrcttkh, ùncj-vcsu`f `hn/ jr wkl-l`skn jutput ijr
v`rcjus purpjsks.
purpjsks.
Ejursk Jutejdks?
@t tbk khn ji tbk skdkstkr, tbk stunkht sbjufn lk `lfk tj?
GHJQFKNAK
0. Nkserclk tbk h`turk, kfkdkhts, `hn iuhetcjhs ji vkrl`f `hn hjh-vkrl`f ejdduhce`tcjh
ch v`rcjus `hn duftceuftur`f ejhtkxts
<. Kxpf`ch bjw euftur`f `hn afjl`f cssuks ìiket ejdduhce`tcjh
5. Nktkrdchk euftur`ffy `pprjprc`tk tkrds, kxprksscjhs, `hn cdàks
>. Kv`fu`tk duftcdjn`f tkxts erctce`ffy tj khb`hek rkekptcvk (fcstkhcha, rk`ncha, vckwcha)
sgcffs7 `hn
;. Uudd`rczk tbk prchecpfks ji è`nkdce tkxt strueturk
UGCFFU
0. Ejhvky cnk`s tbrjuab jr`f ùncj-vcsu`f `hn/ jr wkl-l`skn prkskht`tcjhs ijr nciikrkht
t`rakt ùnckheks ch fje`f `hn afjl`f skttchas uscha `pprjprc`tk rkacstkrs.
<. Erk`tk efk`r, ejbkrkht, `hn kiiketcvk ejdduhce`tcjh d`tkrc`fs
5. ]rkskht cnk`s pkrsu`scvkfy uscha `pprjprc`tk f`hauàk rkacstkrs, tjdk, ièc`f
kxprksscjhs, `hn aksturks
>. Qrctk `hn prkskht è`nkdce p`pkrs uscha `pprjprc`tk tjhk, styfk, ejhvkhtcjhs, `hn
rkikrkhek styfks
Y@F[KU
0. @njpt euftur`f `hn chtkreuftur`f `w`rkhkss `hn skhsctcvcty ch ejdduhce`tcjh ji cnk`s

<. @pprkec`tk tbk nciikrkheks ji tbk v`rcktcks ji spjgkh `hn wrcttkh f`hauàk.
5. @njpt `w`rkhkss ji ùnckhek `hn ejhtkxt ch prkskhtcha cnk`s
>. @pprkec`tk tbk cdpèt ji ejdduhce`tcjh jh sjeckty `hn tbk wjrfn.
Ejursk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH

]rkp`rkn ly? Ds. D`ry Fyg` D. \jt`crj, F]^

L@^@@H L\@HEB
Ejursk Jutfchk?
Djnufk 0-
0- Ejdduhce`tcjh
Ejdduhce`tcjh ]rjekss, ]rchecpfks, `hn Ktbces
Ktbces
Djnufk <-
<- Ejdduhce`tcjh
Ejdduhce`tcjh `hn Afjl`fcz`tcjh
Afjl`fcz`tcjh
Djnufk 5-
5- Fje`f `hn Afjl`f Ejddu
Ejdduhce`tcjh
hce`tcjh ch Duftceuftur`f Ejhtkxt
Ejhtkxt
Y`rcktcks `hn \kacstkrs ji Upjgkh `hn Qrcttkh F`hauàk
F`hauàk
Djnufk >-
>- Kv`fu`tcha Dkssàks `hn/ jr Cdàks ji nciikrkht typks ji tkxts
rkifketcha nciikrkht eufturks
Djnufk ;-
;- Ejdduhce`tcjh @cns `hn Utr`tkacks [scha ^jjfs ji ^kebhjfjay
Djnufk 9-
9- Ejdduhce`tcjh ijr Y`rcjus ]urpjsks
]urpjsks
Djnufk 1-
1- Ejdduhce`tcjh ch tbk Qjrgpfèk
Qjrgpfèk
Djnufk 2-
2- Ejdduhce`tcjh ijr @e`nkdce ]urpjsks
]urpjsks


L@^@@H L\@HEB
DJN[FK 0? EJDD[HCE@^CJH ]\JEKUU, ]\CHEC]FKU, @HN K^BCEU
Jvkrvckw?
^bcs djnufk prkskhts

prkskh ts tbk ejdduhce`tcjh prjekss. Ct nkserclks tbk l`sce kfkdkhts
ji ejdduhce`tcjh prjekss `hn nkichks ejhekpts. Ct `fsj sbkns fcabt jh ijrds ji
ejdduhce`tcjh `hn l`sce eb`rètkrcstces ji kèb ijrd.
Jur `lcfcty tj ejdduhce`tk `hn tbk nciikrkht ijrds jur ejdduhce`tcjh t`gks `rk
vkry jitkh t`gkh ijr ar`htkn. ^bk ejdduhce`tcjh prjekss cs iuhn`dkht`f ijr bud`h
survcv`f. Ct cs ksskhtc`f tj tbk nkvkfjpdkht ji tbk chncvcnu`f, tj tbk ijrd`tcjh `hn ejhtchuk
ejhtchuknn
kxcstkhek ji arjups `hn tj tbk chtkrrkf`tcjhs `djha arjups.
Djnufk Jloketcvks?
 Nkserclk tbk h`turk, kfkdkhts, `hn iuhetcjhs ji vkrl`f `hn hjh-vkrl`f
ejhtkxts
ejdduhce`tcjh ch cts v`rcjus `hn duftceuftur`f ejhtkxts
 Cffustr`tk tbk prjekss ji Ejdduhce`tcjh
Ejdduhce`tcjh
Ejursk D`tkrc`fs?
Qb`t cs ejdduhce`tcjh:
Qk nkichk EJDD[HCE@^CJH `s `s tbk prjekss ji sb`rcha dk`hcha ch `hy ejhtkxt. Ch
`nnctcjh, Qjjn (<==5), ch bkr ljjg ‖Ejdduhce`tcjh ch jur Fcvks—, nkichkn ejdduhce`tcjh
`s systkd`tce prjekss ch wbceb pkjpfk chtkrèt wctb `hn tbrjuab sydljfs tj erk`tk `hn
chtkrprkt dk`hchas.
dk`hchas.
Q`teb?
bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4OnlF1oOl5OK
Ykrl`f vs. Hjhvkrl`f Ejdduhce`tcjh

Ykrl`f ejdduhce`tcjh cs tbk usk ji f`hauàk tj tr`hsikr chijrd`tcjh tbrjuab
spk`gcha jr scah f`hauàk. Ct cs jhk ji tbk djst ejddjh typks, jitkh uskn nurcha
prkskht`tcjhs, vcnkj ejhikrkheks `hn pbjhk e`ffs, dkktchas `hn jhk-jh-jhk
ejhvkrs`tcjhs. Ykrl`f
ejdduhce`tcjh ejufn ejdduhce`tcjh
lk ch cs `hn
twj ijrds? J\@F cdpjrt`ht
Q\C^^KH.lkeùsk

ct cs kiiceckht.
kiiceckht. Ykrl`f


L@^@@H L\@HEB
Hjh-vkrl`f ejdduhce`tcjh, jh tbk jtbkr b`hn, njks hjt chvjfvk tbk usk ji wjrns. Ct
cs tbk usk ji ljny f`hauàk, aksturks, `hn ièc`f kxprksscjhs tj ejhvky chijrd`tcjh tj
jtbkrs. Ct e`h lk uskn ljtb chtkhtcjh`ffy `hn uhchtkhtcjh`ffy. Ijr kx`dpfk, yju dcabt sdcfk
uhchtkhtcjh`ffy wbkh yju bk`r ` pfk`scha jr khojy`lfk cnk` jr pckek ji chijrd`tcjh.
Hjhvkrl`f ejdduhce`tcjh cs bkfpiuf wbkh trycha tj uhnkrst`hn jtbkrs– tbjuabts `hn
ikkfchas. ^bk 1 `spkets ji hjh-vkrl`f ejdduhce`tcjh chefunk? ièc`f kxprksscjh, kyk
ejhtèt, ljny djvkdkhts, pjsturk, p`r` f`hauàk, prjxkdces, `hn pbyscjfjace`f eb`haks.
Q`teb?
Q`teb?
bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4Hba0Z9HnNij
Jr`f vs. Qrcttkh Ejdduhce`tcjh
Jr`f Ejdduhce`tcjh cs tbk prjekss ji ejhvkycha jr rkekcvcha dkssàks wctb tbk

usk ji spjgkh wjrns. Jr`f ejdduhce`tcjh e`h kctbkr lk ch tbk ijrd ji ncrket ejhvkrs`tcjh
lktwkkh twj jr djrk pkrsjhs fcgk ièk tj ièk ejdduhce`tcjh, dkktchas,
dkktchas, skdch`rs, jr
chncrket ejhvkrs`tcjh fcgk tkfkpbjhce ejhvkrs`tcjh, vcnkj e`ff, vjcek e`ff, kte.
^bk ejdduhce`tcjh ch wbceb tbk dkssàk ccss tr`hsdcttkn cch

h wrcttkh jr prchtkn ijrd
cs ghjwh `s Qrcttkh Ejdduhce`tcjh. Ct cs tbk djst rkfc`lfk djnk ji ejdduhce`tcjh, `hn ct
cs bcabfy prkikrrkn ch tbk luschkss wjrfn lkeùsk ji cts ijrd`f `hn sjpbcstce`tkn h`turk.
h`turk.
Kfkdkhts ji Ejdduhce`tcjh
Ejdduhce`tcjh
 Ukhnkr
➬ Ukhnkr cs tbk jhk wbj lkachs tbk ejdduhce`tcjh prjekss.
➬ Ukhnkr cs `fsj e`ffkn spk`gkr , khejnkr , jr sjurek .
 Dkssàk
➬ Ct cs tbk chijrd`tcjh lkcha skht ly tbk skhnkr tj tbk rkekcvkr
rkekcvkr..
 Khejncha
Ct cs tbk prjekss ji puttcha tbk cnk`s tjaktbkr tj ejdpjsk `h uhnkrst`hn`lfk
dkssàk.
dkssàk.
 Eb`hhkf
➬ Ct rkikrs tj `hy chstrudkht lkcha uskn tj tr`hsikr tbk dkssàk.
 \kekcvkr
➬ \kekcvkr cs rkspjhsclfk ijr chtkrprktcha `hn prjvcncha rkspjhsk tj tbk dkssàk.
 Nkejncha
➬ Ct cs tbk prjekss ji chtkrprktcha tbk dkssàk ly lrk`gcha njwh tbk dkssàk ijr
tbk dchn tj `lsjrl `hn uhnkrst`hn.
 Ikknlèg
➬ Ct cs tbk rkspjhsk ji tbk rkekcvkr tj tbk dkssàk ji tbk skhnkr.
 Hjcsk
➬ Hjcsk jr ‖L`rrckr— rkikrs tj `hy chtkrikrkhek, chtkrruptcjh, jr ncstrètcjh nurcha
tbk ejdduhce`tcjh prjekss.
➬ Hjcsk cs ji tbrkk (5) typks? Kxtkrh`f, Chtkrh`f, `hn Ukd`htce


L@^@@H L\@HEB
 Ejhtkxt
➬ Ejhtkxt cs tbk skttcha wbkrk ejdduhce`tcjh jeeurs.
➬ ^bcs ejufn lk pbysce`f, sjec`f, bcstjrce`f, psyebjfj
psyebjfjace`f,
ace`f, `hn euftur
euftur`f
`f
Q`teb?
Q`teb?
bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4>_0LCkokZgj
Fkvkfs ji Ejdduhce`tcjh
0. Chtr`pkrsjh`f Ejdduhce`tcjh
➬ Ct jeeurs wctbch jhkskfi. ^bcs cs sjdktcdks rkikrrkn tj `s ‖ejahctcvk jr pkrsjh`f
ejdduhce`tcjh, jr skfi-t`fg—.
<. Chtr`pkrsjh`f Ejdduhce`tcjh

➬ Ct rkikrs tj ejdduhce`tcjh lktwkkh twj jr djrk pkjpfk. Ct b`s ijur ijrds? Ny`nce,
Ud`ff Arjup, ]ulfce, `hn D`ss Ejdduhce`tcjh .
Iuhetcjhs ji Ejdduhce`tcjh
Ejdduhce`tcjh
 Qk ejdduhce`tk tj dkkt hkkns.

 Qk ejdduhce`tk tj khb`hek jr d`cht`ch
d`cht`c h jur skhsk ji skfi.
 Qk ejdduhce`tk tj iuficff jur sjec`f jlfca`tcjhs
 Qk ejdduhce`tk tj nkvkfjp rkf`tcjhsbcp.
 Qk ejdduhce`tk tj kxeb`hak chijrd`tcjh.
 Qk ejdduhce`tk tj chifukhek jtbkrs.
]rchecpfks ji Ejdduhce`tcjh
Ejdduhce`tcjh
 Ejdduhce`tcjh cs purpjscvk.
 Ejdduhce`tcjh cs ejhtchujus.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
 Ejdduhce`tcjh dkssàks v`ry ch ejhsecjus khejncha.

 Ejdduhce`tcjh cs rkf`tcjh`f.
 Ejdduhce`tcjh b`s ktbce`f cdpfce`tcjhs.
 Ejdduhce`tcjh cs fk`rhkn.
Qb`t cs ktbces:
K^BCEU `rk v`fuks tb`t b`vk

b `vk lkkh chstcffkn ch us. Qk b`vk ghjwchafy jr uhghjwchafy
èekptkn tbkd `hn ajvkrh jur ètcjhs. Jur ktbce`f v`fuks systkd cs jur l`scs ijr jur
nkecscjh-d`gcha `hn jur l`scs ijr ejdduhce`tcjh ktbces.
Ejdduhce`tcjh Ktbces (Lkrgj, 033;)

033;)
0. Upk`gs wctb schekrcty.

<. Njks hjt ghjwchafy kxpjsk `h ùnckhek tj i`fskbjjn ji b`fi-trutbs tb`t e`h
eùsk scahcice`ht b`rd.
5. Njks hjt prkdknct`tknfy `ftkr tbk trutb.
>. ]rkskhts tbk trutb `s bk jr sbk uhnkrst`hns ct.

;. \`csks tbk fcstkhkrs fkvkf ji kxpkrtcsk ly suppfycha tbk hkekss`ry ièts.
9. Kdpfjys dkssàk tb`t cs irkk irjd dkht`f, `s wkff `s pbysce`f ejkrecjh.
1. Njks hjt chvkht jr i`lrce`tk
i` lrce`tk chijrd`tcjh.
2. Acvks erknct tj tbk sjurek ji chijrd`tcjh.
c hijrd`tcjh.
Khrcebdkht?
Ncn yju ghjw:

ghjw:
^bkrk `rk 9 E–s tj Kiiketcvk Ejdduhce`tcjh?

Ejdduhce`tcjh?
▯ Ejrrkethkss- Ct cs ejhscnkrcha prjpkr ar`dd`r, puhetu`tcjh, tjhk,

jr ijrd`t ch ejdduhce`tcha dkssàks.
dkssàks.
▯ Ejhecskhkss- Ct cs st`tcha tbk dkssàk lrckify jr ncrket tj tbk pjcht,
pjcht,
▯ Ef`rcty- Ct cs d`gcha surk tb`t
tb` t tbk dkssàk cs efk`r ly prjvcncha ejdpfktk nkt`cfs
tj `vjcn ejhiuscjhs jr dcschtkrprkt`tcjhs.
dcschtkrprkt`tcjhs.
▯ Ejherktkhkss- Ct cs ejdduhce`tcha wctb spkecice nkt`cfs r`tbkr tb`h akhkr`f
jhks.
jhks.
▯ Ejurtksy- Ct dk`hs lkcha pjfctk ch ejdduhce`tcha wctb jtbkrs,
jtbkrs,
▯ Ejhscnkr`tcjh- Ct cs ejhscnkrcha tbk ikkfchas ji tbk jtbkrs wctb wbjd yju
ejdduhce`tk wctb.
wctb.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
@sskssdkht?
@itkr b`vcha rk`n `hn fk`rhkn tbk ejhtkht ncseusscjh `ljut tbk
cffustr`tcjh tj
ejdduhce`tcjh prjekss `hn kfkdkhts, erk`tk yjur jwh ejdce-styfk cffustr`tcjh tj
lk `lfk tj sbjw bjw ejdduhce`tcjh b`ppkhs. Sj Sju
u d`y usk tbk `v`cf`lfk ncact`f tjjfs
yju b`vk ch yjur nkvcek.
nkvcek. @ sbjrt nksercptcjh d`y lk chefunkn tj kxpf`ch tbk ejhtkht
ji yjur wjrg.
Lkfjw cs tbk erctkrc` ijr sejrcha yjur jutput?

jutput?
▯ Erk`tcvcty- 0; pjchts
▯ Ejhtkht- 0; pjchts
ZZZZZZZZZZZ
5= pjchts
pjchts
U`vk yjur wjrg ch ]NI ijrd`t tbkh upfj`n ct jh tbk pjstkn ef`sswjrg ch
ajjafk ef`ssrjjd.
\kikrkheks?
▯ @austch, \èqukf, kt.`f. Ejdduhce`tcjh ch Duftceuftur`f Ejhtkxts? Dk`hchas `hn

]urpjsks. ]`hn`y-F`bc ]ulfcsbcha, Che. <=02
▯ Q`g`t, Akr`fnchk U. kt.`f., ]urpjscvk Ejdduhce`tcjh. Fjrcd`r ]ulfcsbcha, Che.,<=02
▯ www.bk`ftbghjwfknak.jra.uf/pulfcebk`ftb
▯ bttp?//prjdkha.knu/njwhce`ns/tr`chcha-d`tkrc`f
▯ Eb`sk, \. & Ub`dj U. (<=05) Kfkdkhts ji Kiiketcvk Ejdduhce`tcjh, >tb kn.

Q`sbchatjh, [t`b? ]f`ch `hn
`h n ]rkecjus ]ulfcsbcha.
▯ Ycnkj ‖Qb`t cs Ejdduhce`tcjh:—

Ejdduhce`tcjh:— bttps?//www.
bttps?//www.yjutulk.
yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4OnlF1oOl5OK
ejd/w`teb:v4OnlF1oOl5OK
▯ Ycnkj ‖Ykrl`f `hn Hjhvkrl`f Ejdduhce`tcjh

bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4Hba0Z9HnNij
▯ Ycnkj ‖Ejdduhce`tcjh Eyefkbttps?//www.

Eyefkbttps?//www.yjutulk.
yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4>_0LCkokZgj
ejd/w`teb:v4>_0LCkokZgj


L@^@@H L\@HEB
DJN[FK <? EJDD[HCE@^CJH @HN AFJL@FC_@^CJH
Ejursk Jloketcvks?
 Kxpf`ch bjw euftur`f `hn afjl`f cssuks ìiket ejdduhce`tcjh
 @pprkec`tk tbk cdpèt ji ejdduhce`tcjh jh sjeckty `hn tbk wjrfn
Jvkrvckw?
^bcs djnufk t`fgs ` `ljut

ljut chtkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh `hn afjl`fcz`tcjh. Ct nkichks
afjl`fcz`tcjh `hn cts typks, tbk str`tkacks tj lkejdk kiiketcvk
kii ketcvk ejdduhce`tjr, ktbces èrjss
eufturks, ejdduhce`tcjh `pprjèb tj chtkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh, l`rrckrs tj
chtkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh, `hn eb`rètkrcstces ji chtkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh.
Ejdduhce`tcjh b`s schek lkkh cherk`schafy afjl`f, lfurrcha h`tcjh`f ljuhn`rcks.

^bk `lcfcty tj ejdduhce`
ejdduhce`tk
tk kiiketcvkfy ch ` afjl`f ejhtkxt, ` akhkr`f uhnkrst`hncha ji tbk
nciikrkheks ch ejhnuetcha ejdduhce`tcjh irjd jhk ejuhtry tj `hjtbkr jr irjd jhk eufturk
tj `hjtbkr bkfps `vjcn dcsejdduhce`tcjh.
dcsejdduhce`tcjh.
]kjpfk–s lkfckis `hn kxpkrckheks chifukhek tbkcr vckw ji tbk wjrfn `hn tbk v`fuks,
lkfckis, `hn lkb`vcjr p`ttkrhs
p` ttkrhs `ssudkn tj lk ajjn.
Q`teb?
Q`teb?
bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4t1Rr5@sLKG>&t4553s
bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4t1Rr5@sLKG>&t4553s
Ejursk D`tkrc`fs?
Qb`t cs Afjl`fcz`tcjh:
Ct cs tbk ejdduhce`tcjh `hn `sscdcf`tcjh `djha chncvcnu`fs, ktbhcectcks, rèk,
chstctutcjhs, ajvkrhdkhts ji v`rcjus h`tcjhs suppjrtkn ly tkebhjfjay `hn ejdpkffkn ly
chtkrh`tcjh`f tr`nk.
Nuk tj afjl`fcz`tcjh, tbk djrk yju lkejdk kxpjskn tj ncvkrscty--- tbk v`fucha ji
uhcqukhkss ji nciikrkheks ch akhnkr prkikrkhek, ejfjr, àk, rkfcacjh, ìicfc`tcjh, ktbhcecty,
knue`tcjh, sjec`f, kejhjdce st`tus, `hn pjfctce`f lkfckis.
lkfckis.
Q`teb?
Q`teb?
bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4OO=hIN03k
bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4OO=hIN03k^2
^2


L@^@@H L\@HEB
Afjl`fcz`tcjh
^ypks ji Afjl`fcz`tcjh
0. Ich`hec`f Afjl`fcz`tcjh

<. Kejhjdce Afjl`fcz`tcjh
5. ^kebhjfja
^kebhjfjace`f
ce`f Afjl`fcz`tcjh
>. ]jfctce`f Afjl`fcz`tcjh
;. Euftur`f Afjl`fcz`tcjh
9. Ujecjfjace`f Afjl`fcz`tcjh
1. Kejfjace`f Afjl`fcz`tcjh
2. Akjar`pbce`f Afjl`fcz`tcjh
Utr`tkacks tj Lkejdk Kiiketcvk Ejdduhce`tjr

Ejdduhce`tjr
 \kvckw ejdduhce`tcjh prchecpfks.

 @h`fyzk tbk dkssàk rkekcvkr
 Lk jpkh tj èekptcha
` eekptcha jtbkr–s eufturk
eufturk..
 Fk`rh `ljut eufturks `hn `ppfy wb`t cs fk`rhkn.
 Ejhscnkr f`hauàk hkkns
Ktbces @erjss Eufturks (G`fk, 0331)

0331)
❙ Ktbce`f ejdduhce`tjrs `nnrkss pkjpfk ji jtbkr eufturks wctb tbk s`dk

rkspket tb`t tbky wjufn fcgk tj rkekcvk tbkdskfvks. Chtkreuftur`f
ejdduhce`tjrs sbjufn hjt nkdk`h jr lkfcttfk tbk euftur`f cnkhtcty ji jtbkrs
tbrjuab vkrl`f jr hjh-vkrl`f ejdduhce`tcjh.
❙ Ktbce`f ejdduhce`tjrs skkg tj nkserclk tbk wjrfn `s tbky pkrekcvk ct `s

èeur`tkfy `s pjssclfk. Qb`t cs pkrekcvkn tj lk tbk trutb d`y v`ry irjd jhk
eufturk tj `hjtbkr, trutb cs sjec`ffy ejhstruetkn. ^bcs prchecpfk dk`hs tb`t
ktbce`f ejdduhce`tjrs nj hjt nkfclkr`tkfy dcsfk`n jr nkekcvk.
❙ Ktbce`f ejdduhce`tjrs khejuràk pkjpfk ji jtbkr eufturks tj kxprkss

tbkdskfvks ch tbkcr uhcqukhkss. ^bcs prchecpfk rkspkets tbk rcabt ji pkjpfk tj
kxprksscjh rka`rnfkss ji bjw pjpuf`r jr uhpjpuf`r tbkcr cnk`s d`y lk.
❙ Ktbce`f ejdduhce`tjrs strcvk ijr cnkhtcice`tcjh wctb pkjpfk ji jtbkr eufturks.

Chtkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tjrs sbjufn kdpb`sczk tbk ejddjh`fctcks ji euftur`f
lkfckis `hn v`fuks r`tbkr tb`h tbkcr nciikrkheks.
Ejdduhce`tcjh @pprjèb tj Chtkreuftur`f Ejdduhce`tcjh

Ejdduhce`tcjh
 ]krsjh`fcty Utrkhatb
➬ ^bk d`ch
d` ch pkrsjh`f tr`cts tb`t ìiket tbk chtkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh
`rk skfi-ejhekpt, skfi-ncsefjsurk, skfi-djhctjrcha, `hn sjec`f
rkf`x`tcjh.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
 Ejdduhce`tcjh Ugcffs
➬ Chncvcnu`fs dust lk ejdpktkht ch vkrl`f `hn hjh-vkrl`f lkb`vcjrs.
Chtkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh sgcffs rkqucrk dkssàk sgcffs,
lkb`vcjr`f ifkxclcfcty,
ifkxclcfcty, chtkrètcjh d`hàkdkht, `hn sjec`f sgcffs.
 ]syebjfjace`f @noustdkht
➬ Kiiketcvk Ejdduhce`tjrs dust lk `lfk tj èefcd`tk tj hkw
khvcrjhdkhts. ^bky dust lk `lfk tj b`hnfk tbk ikkfchas ji ‖eufturk
sbjeg— sueb `s irustr`tcjh, strkss, `hn `fckh`tcjh ch `dlcaujus
sctu`tcjhs eùskn ly hkw khvcrjhdkhts.
 Euftur`f @w`rkhkss
➬ ^
^j
j lk ejdpktkht ch chtkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh, chncvcnu`fs dust
uhnkrst`hn tbk sjec`f eustjds `hn tbk sjec`f systkd ji tbk bjst
eufturk. [hnkrst`hncha bjw pkjpfk tbchg `hn lkb`vk cs ksskhtc`f ijr
kiiketcvk ejdduhce`tcjh wctb tbkd.
L`rrckrs tj Chtkreuftur`f Ejdduhce`tcjh

Ejdduhce`tcjh
 @hxckty
➬ Qbkh yju `rk `hxcjus lkeùsk ji hjt ghjwcha wb`t yju `rk kxpketkn
kxpk etkn
tj nj, ct cs jhfy h`tur`f tj ijeus jh tb`t ikkfcha `hn hjt lk tjt`ffy
prkskht ch tbk ejdduhce`tcjh tr`hsètcjh.
 @ssudcha Ucdcf`rcty chstk`n ji Nciikrkheks

Nciikrkheks
➬ Kèb eufturk cs nciikrkht `hn uhcquk tj sjdk nkarkk. Ljuebkr
(<==>), `s st`tkn ly O`hnt (<=0=), b`s sbjwh bjw eufturks nciikr `s
tj wbjd ct cs `pprjprc`tk tj ncspf`y kdjtcjhs. Ci yju `ssudk tbk
ncspf`y ji kdjtcjhs cs scdcf`r tj yjur eufturk, yju dcabt skk pkjpfk
ji nciikrkht eufturks ch ekrt`ch ecreudst`heks `s fègcha kdjtcjhs
ch`pprjprc`tkfy.
ch`pprjprc`tkfy.
 Ktbhjekhtrcsd
➬ Ct cs hka`tcvkfy ounacha `spkets ji `hjtbkr eufturk ly tbk st`hn`rns ji
jhk–s jwh eufturk.
 Utkrkjtypcha
➬ ^bk tkrd ‖stkrkjtypk— cs
c s tbk lrj`nkr tkrd ejddjhfy uskn tj rkikr tj
hka`tcvk jr pjsctcvk ounadkhts d`nk `ljut chncvcnu`fs l`skn jh `hy
jlskrv`lfk jr lkfckvkn arjup dkdlkrsbcp.
 ]rkouncek
➬ ]rkouncek rkikrs tj tbk crr`tcjh`f ncsfcgk jr b`trkn ji ` p`rtceuf`r

arjup, rèk, rkfcacjh, jr skxu`f jrckht`tcjh
jrckh t`tcjh (\jtbkhkra, 033<). ]krsjhs
ch tbk arjup `rk vckwkn hjt ch tkrds ji tbkcr chncvcnu`f dkrct lut
èejrncha tj tbk supkricec`f eb`rètkrcstces tb`t d`gk tbkd p`rt ji
tbk arjup.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
Ejdduhce`tcjh
Eb`rètkrcstces ji Chtkreuftur`f Ejdduhce`tcjh
 Djtcv`tcjh
➬ ^bk nkscrk tj ejdduhce`tk sueekssiuffy wctb str`hakrs cs `h
cdpjrt`ht st`rt. Ijr kx`dpfk, pkjpfk bcab ch wcffchahkss tj
ejdduhce`tk wctb pkjpfk irjd jtbkr eufturks rkpjrt ` ark`tkr
hudlkr ji irckhns irjd nciikrkht lègarjuhns tb`h tbjsk wbj `rk
fkss wcffcha tj rkèb jut. B`vcha tbk prjpkr djtcv`tcjh cs cdpjrt`ht ch
`ff ejdduhce`tcjh, lut p`rtceuf`rfy sj ch chtkreuftur`f chtkrètcjhs
lkeùsk tbky e`h lk quckt eb`ffkhacha.
 ^jfkr`hek ijr @dlcaucty

➬ Ejdduhce`tcha wctb pkjpfk irjd nciikrkht lègarjuhns e`h lk
ejhiuscha. @ tjfkr`hek ijr `dlcaucty d`gks ct pjssclfk tj èekpt, `hn
kvkh kdlrèk, tbk jitkh kqucvje`f `hn sjdktcdks njwhrcabt
chejdprkbkhsclfk dkssàks tb`t eb`rètkrczk chtkreuftur`f
ejdduhce`tcjh
 Jpkh-dchnknhkss
➬ ]rchecpfkn ejdduhce`tjrs `rk hjt fcgkfy tj ejdprjdcsk nkkpfy bkfn
lkfckis `ljut wb`t cs rcabt. @t tbk s`dk tcdk, ejdp
ejdpktkhek
ktkhek rkqucrks `h
`ttctunk tb`t rkejahczkn tb`t pkjpfk wbj lkb`vk nciikrkhtfy `rk djst
fcgkfy ijffjwcha rufks tb`t b`vk ajvkrhkn tbkcr wbjfk fcvks.
fcvk s.
 Ghjwfknak `hn Ugcff

➬ Ejdduhce`tcjh ^bkjrcst Eb`rfks Lkrakr jutfchks tbrkk str`tkacks
ijr djvcha ijrw`rn tj ` djrk dchniuf, ejdpktkht styfk ji
chtkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh?
• ]`sscvk Jlskrv`tcjh
• @etcvk Utr`tkacks
• Ukfi-ncsefjsurk
Khrcebdkht?
cn yju ghjw:
@ftbjuab yju d`y tbchg ji stkrkjtypks `s lkcha hka`tcvk ounadkhts,

tbky e`h `fsj lk pjsctcvk. Ujdk pkjpfk bjfn pjsctcvk stkrkjtypks ji jtbkr
chncvcnu`fs l`skn jh tbkcr prjiksscjh`f arjup dkdlkrsbcp. Ijr kx`dpfk,
sjdk pkjpfk `ssudk tb`t `ff njetjrs `rk chtkffcakht `hn wcsk.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
@sskssdkht?
Q`teb tbk vcnkj?

vcnkj?
"Qcrcha ` Qkl ijr Afjl`f Ajjn"
Fchg?
bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4y1rrO
bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4y1rrO@E2>I@
@E2>I@
Utuny tbk spkkeb. Ch ` ijrd ji rkètcjh p`pkr

p`pkr,, `hswkr tbk ijffjwcha qukstcjhs?
qukstcjhs?
`.) Qb`t afjl`f cssuks b`vk kdkrakn lkeùsk ji dcsejdduhce`tcjh:

l.) Bjw e`h kiiketcvk ejdduhce`tcjh `hn f`hauàk ejhtrclutk tj erk`tcjh ji ` trufy
afjl`f sjeckty:
sjeckty:
Lkfjw cs tbk ijrd`t ijr tbk rkètcjh p`pkr

p`pkr??
▯ Ijht styfk? @rc`f
▯ Ijht sczk? 0<
▯ D`rach? 0 cheb ch `ff scnks
▯ Upècha? <.=
U`vk yjur wjrg ch ]NI ijrd`t tbkh upfj`n ct jh tbk pjstkn ef`sswjrg ch ajjafk
ef`ssrjjd.
\kikrkheks?
▯ @austch, \èqukf, kt.`f. Ejdduhce`tcjh ch Duftceuftur`f Ejhtkxts? Dk`hchas

Dk`hch as `hn
]urpjsks. ]`hn`y-F`bc ]ulfcsbcha, Che. <=02
▯ Q`g`t, Akr`fnchk U. kt.`f., ]urpjscvk Ejdduhce`tcjh. Fjrcd`r ]ulfcsbcha,

Che.,<=02
▯ @rtcefk "Ejdduhce`tcjh `hn Afjl`fcz`tcjh- @ Eb`ffkhak ijr ]ulfce ]jfcey

]jfcey"" ly
D`re \`ljy
▯ Kcabt ^ypks ji Afjl`fcz`tcjh bttps?//sfcnkpf`ykr.ejd/sfcnk/0;=<><;9/
▯ Ycnkj "Ejhhketkn lut @fjhk:" ch ^KN ^`fg

bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/rksufts:sk`reb.qukry4ejhhketkn+lut+`fjhk
bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/rksuft s:sk`reb.qukry4ejhhketkn+lut+`fjhk
▯ bttps?//www.yjutulk.
Ycnkj ‖Afjl`fcz`tcjh— bttps?//www.yjutulk.ejd/w`teb:v4OO=hIN03k^2
ejd/w`teb:v4OO=hIN03k^2


L@^@@H L\@HEB
DJN[FK 5? CH^K\E[F^[\@F EJDD[HCE@^CJH
Y@\CK^CKU @HN \KACU^K\U JI

U]JGKH @HN Q\C^^KH F@HA[@AK
Ejursk Jloketcvks?
 Nktkrdchk euftur`ffy `pprjprc`tk tkrds, kxprksscjhs, `hn cdàks (skhsctcvcty
tj akhnkr, rèk, ef`ss, kte.)
 @njpt euftur`f `hn chtkreuftur`f `w`rkhkss `hn skhsctcvcty ch ejdduhce`tcjh ji
cnk`s
Jvkrvckw?
^bcs djnufk t`fgs `ljut ch

chtkreuftur`f
tkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh `s wkff `s tbk v`rcktcks. Ct
t`fgs `ljut tbk ijrds ji chtkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh, cdprjvcha chtkreuftur`f
ejdpktkhek, v`rcktcks ji f`hauàk, eb`rètkrcstces ji spjgkh `hn wrcttkh f`hauàk, ijrds

jr typks ji spjgkh f`hauàk, typks ji wjrns, w`ys
w `ys jh bjw tj ebjjsk `pprjprc`tk
` pprjprc`tk f`hauàk
pjfctce`f ejrrkethkss, `hn euftur`ffy (ch)`pprjprc`tk cdàks.
Fcvcha ch ` afjl`fczkn wjrfn, yju khejuhtkr pkjpfk wctb ncvkrsk euftur`f

lègarjuhns. Uueb chtkrètcjh jeeurs ch sjec`f, knue`tcjh`f, pjfctce`f, `hn ejddkrec`f
skttchas. Bkhek, ch tjn`y–s kr` ji cherk`skn afjl`f ejdduhce`tcjh, ct cs cdpkr`tcvk tj
uhnkrst`hn chtkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh ijr us tj khb`hek jur chtkreuftur`f `w`rkhkss
`hn ejdpktkhek. Chtkreuftur`f ejdpktkhek cs ksskhtc`f ijr us tj fcvk b`rdjhcjusfy nkspctk
nkspc tk
jur nciikrkhek ch eufturk.
eufturk.
Ejursk D`tkrc`fs?
Qb`t cs Chtkreuftur`f Ejdduhce`tcjh:
Ejdduhce`tcjh:
O`hnt (0332) chtrjnuekn tbk chtkreuftur`f `hn chtrèuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh.

Chtkreuftur`f Ejdduhce`tcjh rkikrs tj chtkrètcjh wctb pkjpfk irjd ncvkrsk eufturk. Jh tbk
jtbkr b`hn, Chtrèuftur`f Ejdduhce`tcjh cs tbk chtkrètcjh lktwkkh jr `djha dkdlkrs
ji tbk s`dk rèc`f jr ktbhce arjup jr ej-eufturk.
ej-eufturk.
Ijrds ji Chtkreuftur`f Ejdduhce`tcjh

 Chtkrrèc`f Ejdduhce`tcjh
➬ Ct rkikrs tj tbk chtkrètcjh ji pkjpfk lkfjhacha tj nciikrkht rèks.
 Chtkrktbhce Ejdduhce`tcjh
➬ Ct cs tbk chtkrètcjh `djha pkjpfk ji nciikrkht ktbhce jrcachs.
 Chtkrh`tcjh`f Ejdduhce`tcjh
➬ Ct cs tbk chtkrètcjh lktwkkh rkprkskht`tcvks irjd nciikrkht h`tcjh.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
Ejdpktkhek
Cdprjvcha Chtkreuftur`f Ejdpktkhek
^bk ijffjwcha aucnkfchks d`y bkfp yju khb`hek yjur `lcfcty tj ejdduhce`tk
ejdduhce`tk
kiiketcvkfy èrjss eufturks (A`dlfk & A`dlfk, <==2).
<==2).
0. \kejahczk tbk v`fcncty `hn nciikrkheks ji ejdduhce`tcjh
0. ejdduhce` tcjh styfks `djha
pkjpfk.
pkjpfk.
<. Fk`rh tj kfcdch`tk pkrsjh`f lc`sks `hn prkounceks.
prkounceks.
5. Utrcvk tj èqucrk ejdduhce`tcjh sgcffs hkekss`ry ch ` duftceuftur`f wjrfn.
5. wjrfn.
Y`rcktcks ji F`hauàk
F`hauàk
Fch (<=09) prkskhts tbk ijffjwcha h`turk ji f`hauàk v`rc`tcjh `s prkserclkn ly
djst fchaucsts l`skn jh tbk cnk`s ji D`bljjl (<=0>).
(<=0>).
0. F`hauàk v`rcks wbkh ejdduhce`tcha wctb pkjpfk wctbch (fje`f) `hn juts
0.
(afjl`f) jur ejdduhcty
ejdduh cty..
<. F`hauàk v`rcks ch spk`gcha `hn ch wrctcha.
<. wrctcha.
5. F`hauàk v`rcks ch kvkryn`y `hn spkec`fczkn
5. s pkec`fczkn ncsejursks
Eb`rètkrcstces ji Upjgkh F`hauàk
 ^bk sctu`tcjh ch wbceb tbk spjgkh v`rckty ji f`hauàk cs uskn `hn ch wbceb ct
nkvkfjps prksuppjsks tbk prkskhek ji `h chtkrfjeutjr
chtkrfjeutjr..
 ^bk spjgkh f`hauàk cs djstfy d`cht`chkn ch tbk ijrd ji ` nc`fjauk
 ^bk spjgkh f`hauàk utcfczks
utcfczks tbk bud`h vjcek `hn `ff gchns ji aksturks wbceb
acvk `nnctcjh`f chijrd`tcjh.
 ^bk spjgkh f`hauàk cs spjht`hkjus lut djdkht`ry
djdkht`ry.. Ct v`hcsbks ìtkr b`vcha
iuficffkn cts purpjsk, wbceb cs tj ejdduhce`tk tbk tbjuabt, hj d`ttkr bjw
trcvc`f jr cdpjrt`ht.
 ^bk spjgkh f`hauàk e`hhjt lk nktèbkn irjd tbk uskr ji ct.
 ^bk spjgkh f`hauàk wcnkfy usks chtkhsciycha wjrns. ^bksk `rk chtkroketcjhs
`hn wjrns wctb strjha kdjtcvk dk`hchas, `s j`tbs, swk`r-wjrns, `hn
`noketcvks wbceb b`vk fjst tbkcr prcd`ry
prcd` ry dk`hcha.
 ^bk spjgkh f`hauàk cs eb`rètkrczkn ly tbk chskrtcjh chtj tbk uttkr`hek ji
wjrns wctbjut `hy dk`hcha, wbceb `rk e`ffkn ‖icff-ups— jr kdpty wjrns sueb
`s ‖wkff—, ‖`hn `ff—, ‖sj tj s`y—, ‖wb`tkvkr—, kte.
Y`rcktcks ji Upjgkh F`hauàk
^bkrk `rk icvk typks ji spjgkh f`hauàk. ^bksk `rk ijffjwkn ly sctu`tcjhs tb`t
cffustr`tk kèb e`tkajry
e`tkajry..
 CH^K\@E^CJH@F
➬ Ct cs uskn ijr b`vcha sjec`f iuhetcjh. ^bcs d`gks usk ji chijrd`f typk ji
spkkeb wbceb `cds
` cds tj nkvkfjp rkf`tcjhsbcps lktwkkh chtkrfjeutjrs.
Kx`dpfk?
@? Bc! Bjw `rk yju tjn`y:

L? C–d ajjn. Sju:
@? C–d jg.
jg.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
 \KIK\KH^C@F
➬ Ct cs prjvcncha tbk fcstkhkr sjdk chijrd`tcjh rkikrrcha tj jlokets jr
`lstrèt ejhekpts. ^bk spk`gkr `ssudks tb`t tbk fcstkhkr b`s
ghjwfknak jh tbk d`ttkr `t b`hn. Ch rkturh, tbk fcstkhkr b`s tj ghjw
tbk ejhtkxt lkijrk tbky e`h uhnkrst`hn tbk rkikrkheks.
Kx`dpfk?
^bk djlcfk pbjhk uhct b`s lkkh skht vc` njjr-tj-njjr

njjr-tj-njjr `t 0= j–eefjeg.
fjeg. ]fk`sk hjtciy tbk
jiicek jhek yju b`vk rkekcvkn ct.
ct.
 KR]\KUUCYK
➬ Ct cs sbjwcha tbk spk`gkr–s ounadkhts jr ikkfchas `ljut ` pkrsjh,
kvkht, jr sctu`tcjh.
Kx`dpfk?
Ct–s trufy uhlkfckv`lfk! Bjw ejufn sbk nj sueb ` tkrrclfk tbcha:

tbc ha:
 ^\@HU@E^CJH@F
➬ Ct cs uskn ijr akttcha chijrd`tcjh jr d`gcha ` nk`f. Ct b`s `
spkecice purpjsk `hn cs nrcvkh ly hkkns `hn w`hts r`tbkr tb`h
sjec`lcfcty. [hfcgk chtkrètcjh`f f`hauàk, tr`hsètcjh`f spjgkh
f`hauàk b`s cts chtkhtcjh tj èbckvk ` acvk-`hn-t`gk rkf`tcjhsbcp
lktwkkh tbk spk`gkr `hn
`h n tbk fcstkhkr. B
Bkrk,
krk, ` spkecice qukry cs ` acvkh
spkecice `hswkr
`hswkr..
Kx`dpfk?
@? D`y C ghjw bjw dueb tbcs p`rekf ejsts:
L? Sju e`h acvk dk ]bp 0==.==

0==.==
 ]B@^CE
➬ Ct dk`hs khaàcha ch sd`ff, pf`ch t`fg. ^bk spk`gkr `hn fcstkhkr usk
dchcd`f `djuht ji f`hauàk tj khaàk ch tbk ejhvkrs`tcjh. ^bcs
spjgkh f`hauàk v`rckty pjsks i`dcfc`rcty ji tjpce `hn ejhtkxt
lktwkkh tbk spk`gkr `hn tbk fcstkhkr.
Kx`dpfk?
@? Ejiikk:
L? Sks, lfèg.
lfèg.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
Eb`rètkrcstces ji Upjgkh F`hauàk
 ^bk wrcttkh v`rckty prksuppjsks tbk `lskhek ji `h chtkrfjeutjr.

chtkrfjeutjr.
 ^bk wrcttkh f`hauàk cs djstfy d`cht`chkn ch tbk ijrd ji ` djhjfjauk.
 ^bk wrcttkh f`hauàk
f`hauàk cs djr
djrk
k e`rkiuffy jra`hczkn `hn djrk kxpf`h`tjr
kxpf`h`tjryy. Djst
jitkh, tbk wjrn ebjcek cs djrk nkfclkr`tk.
 ^bk wrcttkh f`hauàk cs `lfk tj fcvk ijrkvkr wctb tbk cnk` ct kxprkssks.
 ^bk wrcttkh f`hauàk e`h lk nktèbkn `hn jloketcvkfy fjjgkn `t. ^bk wrctkr
b`s `h jppjrtuhcty tj ejrrket `hn cdprjvk wb`t b`s lkkhlkk h put jh tbk p`pkr.
 ^bk wrcttkh f`hauàk lk`rs ` ark`tkr vjfudk ji rkspjhsclcfcty tb`h cts spjgk
ejuhtkrp`rt.
Upjgkh `hn Qrcttkh F`hauàk
Ljtb v`rcktcks, bjwkvkr, d`y lk nciikrkht ch tkrds ji tbkcr pbjhktces, djrpbjfjay,

fkxcejh, `hn syht`x. Skt, djst strcgcha nciikrkhek lktwkkh tbk spjgkh `hn wrcttkh
f`hauàk cs ch tbk vje`luf`ry uskn. ^bkrk `rk wjrns `hn pbr`sks typce`ffy ejffjquc`f, jh
jhk b`hn, `hn typce`ffy ljjgcsb, jh tbk jtbkr b`hn. Ci ejffjquc`f wjrns `hn pbr`sks ichn
tbkcr w`y ch tbk wrcttkh f`hauàk, tbky cddknc`tkfy prjnuek ` d`rgkn styfcstce kiiket `hn
e`h lk uskn ijr tbk spkkeb eb`rètkrcz`tcjh.
^ypks ji Qjrns
Qjrns
EJFFJP[C@F HK[^\@F FC^K\@\S
n`nny i`tbkr p`rkht
akt jut aj `w`y rktcrk

aj jh ejhtchuk prjekkn
auys irckhns `ssjec`tks


L@^@@H L\@HEB
`hn
Ijrds/ ^ypks ji Upjgkh ` hn Qrcttkh F`hauàk
F`hauàk
U]JGKH Q\C^^KH
Ièk-tj-ièk \kpjrts

^kfkpbjhk Dkdjs
ejhvkrs`tcjh
Ycrtu`f Kd`cfs
Ejhikrkhecha
Arjup I`x dkssàks

ncseusscjhs
Dkktchas Luschkss
ejrrkspjhnkhek
Upkkeb Cffustr`tcjhs

Euftur`ffy \kspjhscvk, Khaàcha, `hn @pprjprc`tk F`hauàk
‖E`ffcha `h cffka`f `fckh `h uhnjeudkhtkn cddcar`ht cs fcgk e`ffcha nrua nk`fkr `h

uhnjeudkhtkn pb`rdècst. - @hjh
—
^bk ebjcek ji wjrns cs ` pjwkriuf str`tkay ch ejdduhce`tcjh. Qbkh Ejhiuecus s`cn,

wbkh wjrns fjsk tbkcr dk`hchas, pkjpfk fjsk tbkcr irkknjd—, tbk ejhtrjf ji f`hauàk cs `h
ksskhtc`f tjjf ijr `h khaàcha `hn rkspjhscvk ejdduhce`tcjh. Bkhek, euftur`f
`pprjprc`tkhkss ji f`hauàk cs ejhijrdcha tj ` eufturk–s èekpt`lfk kxprksscjhs `hn
st`hn`rns ji lkb`vcjr `hn tbjuabts. ^bcs cs
c s rkikrrkn tj `s ‖]JFC^CE@
‖]JFC^CE@F
F EJ\\KE^HKUU—.
Q`ys jh Bjw tj Ebjjsk @pprjprc`tk F`hauàk
❙ Hjtcek `hn rkifket jh ncsrkspketiuf f`hauàk, tbjuabts, `hn ètcjhs.

❙ \kspket pkjpfk ji nciikrkht rèks.
❙ [sk f`hauàk tb`t chefunks tbk FAL^PC@+ pkjpfk.
❙ @vjcn kxefuscjh`ry, akhnkr-spkecice f`hauàk.
❙ @vjcn uscha kxpfcectfy rkfcacjus tkrds ch
c h dcxkn-rkfcacjus ejdp`hy.
❙ @vjcn kxprksscjhs tb`t nkv`fuk pkjpfk wctb pbysce`f jr dkht`f ncs`lcfctcks.
❙ \kir`ch irjd f`hauàk tb`t arjups pkjpfk chtj jhk f`rak e`tkajry
e`tkajry..
Ejrrkethkss
]jfctce`f Ejrrkethkss
]jfctce`f `h
nkdjhstr`tcha ejrrkethkss
uhnkrst`hnchab`s tb`t
`h `ff
cdpjrt`ht purpjsk?
pkjpfk `hn arjupsct `rkprjdjtks
v`fu`lfkkqu`fcty ly
tj sjeckty
rka`rnfkss ji rèk, eufturk, rkfcacjh, akhnkr, jr skxu`f jrckht`tcjh.
jrckh t`tcjh.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
HJH-]JFC^CE@FFS ]JFC^CE@FFS
EJ\\KE^ EJ\\KE^
Bjuskwcik Njdkstce Khachkkr
Afjl`f Q`rdcha
Efcd`tk Eb`hak

Lrjgkh Bjdk Nysiuhetcjh`f I`dcfy
Ufud @rk` Kejhjdce`ffy Nkprcvkn

@rk`
Q`htkn Ercdch`f ]krsjh ji Chtkrkst
F`zy Djtcv`tcjh`ffy Nkiceckht
Nustd`h U`hct`tcjh Khachkkr
Chs`hk \k`fcty Eb`ffkhakn
E`rkt`gkr Uctk Khachkkr

^bkrk–s djrk!!!
djrk!!!
HJH-]JFC^CE@FFS ]JFC^CE@FFS EJ\\KE^

EJ\\KE^
Utupcn Chtkffketu`ffy Cdp`crkn
Eb`crd`h Eb`crpkrsjh/ Eb`cr
Djtbkr/ I`tbkr ]`rkht
Busl`hn/ Qcik ]`rthkr
Cddcar`ht Hkwejdkr
Ouhafk \`ch Ijrkst
Ubjpfcitcha Crrkauf`r Ubjppcha
[hkdpfjykn Kejhjdce`ffy Chètcvk


L@^@@H L\@HEB
Euftur`ffy (Ch)@pprjprc`tk Cdàks
Euftur`f @pprjprc`tcjh ji cdàks cs tbk `njptcjh ji tbk cejhjar`pby ji `hjtbkr

eufturk, `hn uscha ct ijr purpjsks tb`t `rk uhchtkhnkn ly tbk jrcach`f eufturk jr kvkh
jiikhscvk tj tb`t eufturk–s djrks. ^bcs pjsks nkkpkr ejhekrhs `hn cssuks ji
ejdduhce`tcjh ch wbceb tbk jrcach ji tb`t p`rtceuf`r eufturk akts jiikhnkn.
Bjw wkff e`h yju nktket euftur`ffy ch`pprjprc`tk cdàks `hn cffustr`tcjhs: ^`gk `
efjsk fjjg `t tbk cdàks
c dàks lkfjw.
Qb`t `rk yjur jlskrv`tcjhs jh tbk cdàks prkskhtkn `ljvk:
Euftur`f Ukhsctcvcty
Euftur`f Ukhsctcvcty cs `h `ttctunk `hn w`y ji lkb`vcha ch

c h wbceb yju `rk `w`rk ji `h
`hnn
èghjwfknak euftur`f nciikrkheks. ^bcs cs eruec`f ijr kiiketcvk chtkrpkrsjh`f
ejdduhce`tcjh (Ir`hgfch & Dczkff, 033;). Ci yju e`h tkff bjw tbk `ljvk pceturks pjsk
chskhsctcvcty tj tbjsk wbj d`nk tbkd, tbkh yju `rk skhsctcvk khjuab.
Khrcebdkht?
cn yju ghjw:
‖]jfctce`ffy ejrrket— cs hjt `ljut lkcha rcabt7 ct cs djrk ji lkcha

rkspketiuf `hn ejhscnkr`tk. Lkcha pjfctce`ffy ejrrket dk`hs tb`t yju `vjcn
kxprksscjhs `hn ètcjhs tb`t d`y kxefunk, d`rach`fczk, jr jiikhn ` p`rtceuf`r

arjup ji pkjpfk. ^bk tkrd icrst
ic rst lke`dk pjpuf`r nurcha tbk 031=s `hn 032=s.
03 2=s.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
@sskssdkht?
Erk`tk sbjrt nc`fjauks ejhscnkrcha ktbce`f st`hn`rns `hn pjfctce`f

ejrrkethkss ch tbk ijffjwcha chtkreuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh sekh`rcjs?
▯ @ tjurcst, wbj cs ` Gjrk`h, `sgs yju ijr tbk ncrketcjhs ajcha tbk tjurcst
spjt bk cs `ljut tj vcsct.
▯ Ct cs yjur icrst n`y ji ef`ss `hn yju hjtcekn jhk ji yjur ef`ssd`tks, wbj cs `
Dusfcd, scttcha scfkhtfy jh bcs/bkr eb`cr wbcfk tbk jtbkrs `rk akttcha tj ghjw kèb
jtbkr.
▯ Uuppjskn yju `rk ` bcrcha d`hàkr ch ` ejdp`hy `hn ` dkdlkr ji FAL^
ejdduhcty `ppfckn ijr ` pjsctcjh ch ` ojl.
U`vk yjur wjrg ch ]NI ijrd`t tbkh upfj`n ct jh tbk pjstkn ef`sswjrg ch
ajjafk ef`ssrjjd.
ef`ssrjjd.
\kikrkheks?
▯ @austch, \èqukf, kt. `f. Ejdduhce`tcjh

Ejdduhce`tcjh ch Duftceuftur`f Ejhtkxts?
Ejhtkxts? Dk`hchas `hn
]urpjsks. ]`hn`y-F`bc
]`hn`y-F`bc ]ulfcsbcha Bjusk, Che. <=02
▯ Q`g
Q`g`t,
`t, Akr`fnchk U. kt.`f, ]urpjscvk
]u rpjscvk Ejdduhce`tcjh.
Ejdduhce`tcjh. Fjrcd`r ]ulfcsbcha, Che. <=02


L@^@@H L\@HEB
DJN[FK >? KY@F[@^CHA DKUU@AKU @HN CD@AKU
Ejursk Jloketcvks?
 Kv`fu`tk duftcdjn`f tkxts erctce`ffy tj khb`hek rkekptcvk (fcstkhcha, rk`ncha,
vckwcha) sgcffs
 Ejhvky cnk`s tbrjuab jr`f, ùncj-vcsu`f, `hn/jr wkl-l`skn prkskht`tcjhs ijr
nciikrkht t`rakt ùnckheks ch fje`f `hn afjl`f skttchas uscha `pprjprc`tk
rkacstkrs
 @njpt `w`rkhkss ji ùnckhek `hn ejhtkxt ch prkskhtcha cnk`s
Jvkrvckw?
^bcs djnufk t`fgs `ljut kv`fu`tcha dkssàks `

`hn
hn cdàks. Ct ncseussks tbk nciikrkht
ejdpjhkhts ch kv`fu`tcha dkssàks sueb `s cnkhtciycha tbk wb`t cs tbk dkssàk, cts
purpjsk, w`ys uskn tj ejvky dkssàks, `hn t`rakt ùnckhek.
Hjw`n`ys, tbk ejdduhce`tcjh wjrfn ejhtchu`ffy rkqucrks us, sjureks ji dkssàks

tj nkecnk qucegfy `hn skhn dkssàks r`pcnfy. @eejrncha tj Lr`htfky `hn Dcffkr (<==1),
rksk`reb b`s sbjwh tb`t pkjpfk wbj prkp`rk `hn skhn kiiketcvk dkssàks `rk `lfk tj?
uhnkrst`hn tbk cdpjrt`hek ji tbk ejdduhce`tcjh eyefk7 chejrpjr`tk tbk prchecpfks ji
kiiketcvk ejdduhce`tcjh chtj tbkcr rkspjhsks tj jtbkr pkjpfk–s dkssàks.
^bkrkijrk, tbk truk skerkt ch skhncha dkssàks kiiketcvkfy rkfcks jh bjw tbk sjurek
ejhvkys bcs cnk`s uscha nciikrkht pf`tijrds tb`t wcff suct bcs t`rakt ùnckhek, wbktbkr ch
fje`f jr afjl`f skttchas. Djrkjvkr, bk sbjufn kdlrèk `w`rkhkss `s tj tbk ejhtkxt ch
prkskhtcha bcs cnk`s tj èbckvk wcffchahkss `hn khb`hek tbk fcstkhcha, rk`ncha, `hn
vckwcha sgcffs ji bcs ùnckhek.
Ejursk D`tkrc`fs?
Qb`t cs tbk Dkssàk:

Ch ejdduhce`tcjh eyefk, dkssàk cs jhk ji tbk kfkdkhts tb`t acvks chijrd`tcjh `hn
cnk`s tj cts chtkhnkn rkekcvkr jr ùnckhek. Ch rbktjrce`f stuncks `hn ejdduhce`tcjh stuncks,
stunck s,
tbk dkssàk cs tbk chijrd`tcjh ejhvkykn ly? (`) wjrns (ch spkkeb jr wrctcha, `hn/jr (l)
jtbkr scahs `hn sydljfs (Hjrnqucst, \., <=01). ^bkrkijrk, dkssàk wbktbkr vkrl`f jr hjh-
vkrl`f, jr ljtb, d`gks up tbk ejhtkht
ejhtk ht ji tbk ejdduhce`tcjh prjekss. ^bk sjurek jr skhnkr
st`rts tbk prjekss ly ejhvkycha tbk dkssàk tj ` rkekcvkr (ectkn ch Hjrnqucst, \ceb`rn
‖dkssàk ejdduhce`tcjh—).


L@^@@H L\@HEB
❙ Ykrl`f `hn Hjh-vkrl`f Ejhtkht

Ejhtkht
@ dkssàk d`y chefunk vkrl`f ejhtkht (c.k., wrcttkh jr spjgkh wjrns, kd`cf, tkxt
dkssàks, pbjhk e`ffs, sh`cf d`cf, sgy-wrctcha, kte.) `hn wcff chefunk hjh-vkrl`f
ejhtkht (dk`hchaiuf
(dk`hchaiu f lkb`vcjr lkyjhn wjrns? k.a., ljny djvkdkht `hn aksturks, kyk
ejhtèt, `rtcièts, `hn efjtbcha, vje`f v`rckty, tj
tjueb,
ueb, tcdcha, kte.) Ch
Chtkhtcjh`ffy
tkhtcjh`ffy jr hjt,
ljtb vkrl`f `hn hjh-vkrl`f ejhtkht cs p`rt ji tbk chijrd`tcjh tb`t cs tr`hsikrrkn ch `
dkssàk. Ci hjh-vkrl`f euks nj hjt `fcah wctb tbk vkrl`f dkssàk, `dlcaucty cs
chtrjnuekn kvkh `s uhekrt`chty cs cherk`skn.— (Ojbh J. Lurtcs `hn ]ùf N. ûrd`h,
Fk`nkrsbcp Ejdduhce`tcjh `s Ectczkhsbcp.
Ectczkhsbc p. Uàk, <=0=)
<=0=)
❙ Dkssàks ch Ef`ssce`f \bktjrce

\bktjrce
‖Ljtb Ecekrj `hn Puchtcfc`h èekptkn tbk @rcstjtkfc`h Hjtcjh tb`t ` rbktjrce`f
dkssàk ejhscsts ji kiiketcvk usk ji fjace`f (fjajs), ktbce`f (ktbjs), `hn p`tbktce
prjji (p`tbjs). ^bk rbktjr wbj b`s ejdd`hn ji tbksk tbrkk pkrsu`scvk str`tkacks,
tbk bkfn, cs ch ` ajjn pjsctcjh tj djtcv`tk `h ùnckhek.— (O.F Ajfnkh kt.`f., ^bk \bktjrce
tb
ji Qkstkrh ^bjuabt, 2 kn. Gkhn`ff Buht, <==5)
<==5)
❙ Dkssàks ch tbk Dknc`

Dknc`
‖@ wkff-nkichkn dkssàk b`s twj gky ejdpjhkhts. Icrst, ct cs scdpfk, ncrket, `hn
ejhecsk. Ukejhn, ct nkichks tbk cssuks jh yjur jwh tkrds `hn ch yjur jwh wjrns.
(]ktkr Jlstfkr, ‖Qjrgcha Qctb tbk Dknc`—. Icabtcha ^jxces? @ D`hu`f ijr ]rjtketcha
Sjur I`dcfy, Ejdduhcty, `hn Q
Qjrgpfèk,
jrgpfèk, kn. Ly A`ry Ejbkh `hn Ojbh J
J–Ejhhjr
–Ejhhjr.. Csf`hn
]rkss, 0333=)
0333=)
‖]kjpfk wbj `rk bcabfy dknc` fctkr`tk `rk `lfk tj skk dueb djrk ch ` acvkh dkssàk.
^bky `rk djrk `w`rk ji tbk ffkvkfs
kvkfs ji dk`hcha. ^bcs khb`heks uhnkrst`hncha. ^bky `rk
djrk ch eb`rak ji prjar`ddcha tbkcr jwh dkht`f ejnks. ^bcs khb`heks ejhtrjf. ^bky
`rk dueb djrk fcgkfy tj akt wb`t tbky w`ht irjd tbk dkssàks. ^bcs khb`heks
`pprkec`tcjh. ^bus, pkjpfk jpkr`tcha `t bcabkr fkvkfs ji dknc` fctkrèy iuficff tbk aj`fs
ji bcabkr uhnkrst`hncha, ejhtrjf, `hn `pprkec`tcjh—.
`pprkec`tcjh—.
tb
(Q. O`dks ]jttkr, Dknc` Fctkrèy, > kn. Uàk, <==2)
<==2)
Qb`t cs tbk ]urpjsk ji ttbk

bk Dkssàk:
@eejrncha tj Okhhcikr Fjdl`rnj, D[N sebjjf chstruetjr `hn irkkf`hek `rtcst,
‖nktkrdchcha tbk purpjsk ji yjur dkssàk cs tbk icrst stkp ch nkecncha wb`t yju w`ht tj
s`y `hn bjw yju w`ht tj s`y ct. Jhek yju b`vk tbk aj`f skfketkn, ct cs tbkh k`sy tj t`cfjr
tbk dkssàk ch jrnkr tj rkèb yju ùnckhek. Ct cs ksskhtc`f tj ebjjsk wbktbkr tj chijrd,
pkrsu`nk, jr jiikr ajjnwcff vc` ` dkssàk ch tbk wjrgpfèk—.
wjrgpfèk—.
❙ Chijrd`tcvk Dkssàk
Dkssàk
^bksk e`h lk uskn tj sb`rk jr ejhvky
ejhvky chijrd`tcjh, usu`f, rkpktctcvk,
rkpktctcvk, kvkryn`y t`sgs,
ncrketcjhs, ejnks, prjekssks `hn prjeknurks ch tbk wjrgpfèk. ^bk dkssàk sbjufn
lk vkry efk`r, str`cabt tj tbk pjcht, `hn k`sy tj uhnkrst`hn.
uhnkrst`hn.
Chijrd`tcvk dkssàks `rk nkscahkn tj chifukhek uhnkrst`hncha7 tj d`gk ct efk`rkr
jr djrk nkvkfjpkn. ^bky `rk hjt nkscahkn tj eb`hak jr rkchijrek jpchcjhs, tbrjuab
sjdktcdks tb`t jeeurs `s ` scnk


L@^@@H L\@HEB
kiiket(www.ut`.knu/ièufty/dputh`d/EJDU550</Hjtks/Eb0=.btdf). Kx`dpfks ji
chijrd`tcvk dkssàks `rk Ut`tk ji tbk H`tcjh @nnrkss (UJH@) ji tbk prkscnkht,
jrckht`tcjh ji hkwfy
h kwfy bcrkn kdpfjykks, jra`hcz`tcjh `hn ejddcttkk dkktcha, kte.
kte.
❙ ]krsu`scvk Dkssàk
Dkssàk
^bksk jeeur wbkh ` pkrsjh trcks tj ejhvchek `hjtbkr pkrsjh jr arjup tj t`gk ekrt`ch
spkecice ètcjhs. Ct sbjufn lk `s spkecice `s pjssclfk `hn tbk purpjsk sbjufn lk
jlskrv`lfk `hn dk`sur`lfk.
dk`sur`lfk.
@ pkrsu`scvk dkssàk ijffjws ` pkrsu`scvk str`tkay @CN@ (@ttkhtcjh,
( @ttkhtcjh, Chtkrkst,
@etcjh).
Nkscrk, `hn @etcjh).
Ct kxpf`chs bjw tbk rkekcvkr lkhkicts irjd iuficffcha ` rkqukst- lkijrk tbk rkqukst cs
d`nk (Lr`htfky & Dcffkr
Dcffkr,, <==1).
<==1).
❙ Ajjnwcff Dkssàk
Dkssàk
^bksk `rk uskn tj sbjw ` skhsk ji gchnhkss, irckhnfchkss, ar`tctunk, rkarkt,
sydp`tby,, ejhar`tuf`tcjhs, chvct`tcjhs, `hn `pprkec`tcjh.
sydp`tby `pprkec`tcjh.
@eejrncha
w`rd tj `hn
ikkfchas, D`ry Kffkh tbjuabts
schekrk Auiirky (0332), ajjnwcff
tj irckhns, dkssàks
eustjdkrs, e`rry ajjnKx`dpfk
`hn kdpfjykks. wcsbks,
ji ajjnwcff dkssàks `rk dkssàks ji `pprkec`tcjh, ejhar`tuf`tcjhs,
ejh ar`tuf`tcjhs, sydpb`ty
sydpb`ty,, kte.
kte.
^bk \k`nkr `hn tbk @un

@unckhek
ckhek
Ljtb rk`nkr `hn ùnckhek `rk rkekcvkrs ji dkssàk. Bjwkvkr, tbky nciikr jh tbk
sjurek `hn tbk w`y tbky rkekcvk dkssàks. @ rk`nkr chtkrprkts wrcttkh dkssàks ly
rk`ncha `fjun jr ly kyks. Jh tbk jtbkr b`hn, ùnckhek rkekcvk dkssàk dy fcstkhcha tj
jr`f dkssàks.
^bk rk`nkr ji `hy tkxt pf`
pf`ys
ys ` vct`f rjfk ji pr
prjvcncha
jvcncha chtkrprkt`tcjhs ejhekrhcha wb`t
b`s lkkh rk`n. Ly nkichctcjh, ` rk`nkr cs sjdkjhk wbj rk`ns ` p`rtceuf`r hkwsp`pkr,
ljjg, jr dà`zchk wctb ` p`rtceuf`r sgcff
(www.d`dcff`hncetcjh`ry.ejd/us/ncetcjh`ry/`dkrce`h/rk`nkr)..
(www.d`dcff`hncetcjh`ry.ejd/us/ncetcjh`ry/`dkrce`h/rk`nkr)
Chtkrprkt`tcjh ji tbk tkxt cs njhk tbrjuab skkcha rkf`tcjhsbcps ji tbk kfkdkhts

prkskhtkn. Sju d`y èekpt jr rkoket ` tkxt nkpkhncha jh cts kiiket jh yju. ^bkrk `rk
chst`heks tb`t yju rkspjhn l`skn jh yjur kdjtcjhs `hn sjdk wjufn nj tbcs l`skn jh
tbkcr chtkffket.
\k`ncha ejdprkbkhscjh rkqucrks rk`nkrs tj ghjw `hn uhnkrst`hn tbk tkxt lkcha
rk`n. Jhk–s kxekffkht nkejncha sgcffs wjufn hjt lk khjuab. Djrk tb`h sgcffs fcgk tbcs
wjufn lk uhnkrst`hncha ji tbk wrcttkh tkxt. \k`ncha ejdprkbkhscjh cs hjt ` schafk stkp
jr k`scfy èqucrkn sgcff. Ly ]r`nj `hn ]fjurnkr (<==;) ch B`rvky (<=0=), ct cs
c s ` prjekss tb`t
chvjfvks tbchgcha, tkèbcha, p`st kxpkrckheks, `hn ghjwfknak.
Jhk ji tbk iètjrs tb`t ìiket jhk–s rk`ncha ejdprkbkhscjh cs tbk prjekss ji rk`ncha
lkcha prètcekn uscha tbk tkxt lkcha rk`n. ^bkrk `rk 5 prjekssks ji rk`ncha `hn ct chefunk?
LJ^^JD [], ^J] NJQH, `hn CH^K\@E^CYK .


L@^@@H L\@HEB
❙ Ljttjd-up
^bcs cs tbk prjekss ji rk`ncha irjd ^KR^ ^J DDCHN
CHN ch wbceb tbk rrk`nkr
k`nkr jhfy chtkrprkts
wb`t bk jr sbk uhnkrst`hns irjd tbk d`tkrc`f. ^bcs cs uskn wbkh tbk rk`nkr njksh–t b`vk
`h cnk` ykt `ljut tbk tjpce `hn tb`t `ff tbk uhnkrst`hncha ejdks irjd tbk tkxt.
tkxt.
❙ ^jp-njwh
^jp-njwh
^bcs cs tbk prjekss ji rk`ncha irjd DCHN ^J ^KR^ ch wbceb tbk rk`nkr chejrpjr`tks
bcs jr bkr prcjr ghjwfknak tj tbk tkxt bk jr sbk cs eurrkhtfy rk`ncha. ^bcs cs uskn wbkh tbk
rk`nkr `frk`ny b`s ` lègarjuhn cnk` `ljut tbk tjpce ji tbk tkxt.
tkxt.
❙ Chtkrètcvk
^bcs cs tbk ejdlch`tcjh ji ljttjd up `hn tjp njwh prjekssks. Bjw njks tbcs
b`ppkh: ^bcs prjekss cs ejddjhfy uskn wbkh tbk rk`nkr `frk`ny b`s ` prcjr ghjwfknak
`ljut sjdk p`rts ji tbk tkxt tb`t bk cs `lfk tj chtkrprkt ct irjd dchn tj tkxt. Djrkjvkr, tbk
rk`nkr cs stcff `lfk tj a`ch hkw ghjwfknak irjd wbceb bk cs `lfk tj usk tbk ljttjd up
prjekss.
Qb`t Nj Qk Nj wctb Dkssàks:

Dkssàks ejdk irjd tbk tkxts lkcha rk`n. ^bksk ejufn lk kv`fu`tkn ly tbk rk`nkrs
ch nciikrkht w`ys7 bkhek, tbky lkach tj b`vk nciikrkht fkvkfs ji rk`ncha ejdprkbkhscjh.
ejdprkbkhscjh.
Dkssàks d`y `fsj ejdk irjd nciikrkht d`tkrc`fs sueb `s prchtkn tkxts (c.k.,
dà`zchks, `rtcefks, hkwsp`pkrs, ojurh`fs, rksk`rebks, ljjgs, `hn tbk fcgk) `hn jhfchk
tkxts. ^bksk d`y lk sbjwh ch nciikrkht w`ys `hn d`y lk acvkh v`rcjus chtkrprkt`tcjhs
l`skn jh tbkcr prkskht`tcjhs.
Lut bjw nj euftur`ffy ncvkrsk fk`rhkrs rkspjhn tj tbksk tkxts:
B`dp-Fyjhs (0332) ch Grjff (<==5) ijuhn tb`t kss`y rk`nkrs irjd nciikrkht eufturks
rkspjhnkn tj kss`ys ch nciikrkht w`ys. ^bcs `ppk`rkn tj lk ` p`rtc`f `ttrclutk tj tbkcr
fchaucstce/ rbktjrce`f lègarjuhns. ^bcs lkejdks `h cssuk, tbkh.
Iètjrs @iiketcha Y`rckn Chtkrprkt`tcjh ji ^kxts

kxts
▯ Ujec`f Khvcrjhdkht
▯ Bjdk Khvcrjhdkht–
▯ Euftur`f Khvcrjhdkht
▯ Kxpkrckheks
▯ Chtkffketu`f Fkvkf
▯ F`hauàk Nciikrkheks
Q`ys [skn j Ejhvkry Dkssàks irjd Y`rcjus ^kxts \k`n

^bkrk `rk nciikrkht w`ys ly wbceb wk e`h chtkrprkt dkssàks irjd v`rcjus tkxts
`hn tbksk w`ys d`y `fsj v`ry l`skn jh jur fkvkf ji uhnkrst`hncha. Ijr kx`dpfk, gcns
wjufn chtkrprkt tbk dk`hcha ji ` stjry l`skn jh cdàks tb`t tbky skk irjd tbk tkxt. Ch tbcs
tcdk tb`t kvkryljny b`s lkkh iècha afjl`fcz`tcjh, gcns hjrd`ffy fjjg ijr pceturks, ar`pbs,
eb`rts, jr sydljfs schek djst tbkd `rk vcsu`f/ afjl`f fk`rhkrs. Bkhek, tbk usk ji cdàks
wjufn lk vkry uskiuf ch wrctcha tj kfcect ` hudlkr ji rkspjhsks irjd tbkd.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
^bcs `fsj `ppfcks tj stunkhts ch tbk bc

bcabkr
abkr fkvkf. Ujdktcdks, tbky prkikr tj skk `hn
akt dk`hcha ji ` tkxt tbrjuab cdàks. ^bksk stunkhts `rk ejhscnkrkn afjl`f fk`rhkrs-
tbjsk wbj e`h
e` h `h`fyzk tbchas tbrjuab cffustr`tcjhs.
cffustr`tcjhs.
^bky wjufn prjl`lfy ebjjsk rk`ncha d`tkrc`fs wbceb `rk prkskhtkn lkfjw?
lkfjw?
Ch `nnctcjh, rk`nkrs d`y `fsj usk cdàks `s sydljfs ji bjw tbky uhnkrst`hn tbk
dk`hcha ji ` tkxt. ^bky acvk rkspjhsks tbrjuab pceturks. Qbkh wk `sg tbkd tj nkserclk
tbkcr i`dcfcks, jhk ji tbkd d`y akt ` i`dcfy pceturk tj tkff us bjw bcs/bkr i`dcfy fjjgs fcgk.
Ijr yjuhastkrs wbj `rk chefchkn ji uscha sjec`f dknc`, jhk w`y ly wbceb tbky e`h
chtkrprkt ` tkxt, jr `hy jlskrv`tcjh cs tbrjuab tbkcr jwh stjrcks.
Utjrcks e`h bkfp ef`rciy gky v`fuks `hn `fsj bkfp nkdjhstr`tk bjw ekrt`ch t`sgs `rk
pkrijrdkn wctbch `h jra`hcz`tcjh. Qctb tbcs, tbkcr chtkrprkt`tcjhs ji tbchas d`y `fsj lk skht
`hn nkfcvkrkn tj jtbkr pkjpfk tbrjuab sjec`f dknc` sctks. ^bkrk `rk chst`heks tb`t tbky
chefunk ` pbjtj tj acvk kdpb`scs.
]kjpfk usk cdàks ji jlokets wbceb tbky w`ht tj kdpb`sczk jr sjdktcdks, tbchas
tb`t tbky w`ht
rk`nkrs/ tj `nvkrtcsk.prkskhtkrs.
chtkrprkt`tcjhs/ Ycsu`f h`rr`tcvks
^bksk `rk `fsj
b`vk lkcha
`fsj erk`tkn
lkkh uskn ly
ch d`hy ji tbksk
Ukdcjtces, `s
dkhtcjhkn ly Djfh`r (<=00).


L@^@@H L\@HEB
^bk ^`rakt @unckhek

Qk hjrd`ffy ejhscnkr jur ùnckhek wbkhkvkr wk wrctk ` fkttkr, ` ljjg, jr `hy
sebjf`rfy d`tkrc`fs. Sks, wk ichn ct nciiceuft tj lkach wrctcha nuk tj fèg ji `pprjprc`tk
vje`luf`ry ji tkrds tj lk uskn lut tbcs wjufn lk k`sckr ci wk lkejdk spkecice ji jur
t`rakt ùnckhek.
@s ectkn ly Gr`hz (<==1), ghjwcha tbk ùnckhek wcff `fsj bkfp tj nktkrdchk tbk
nkarkk ji ijrd`fcty wctb wbceb wk sbjufn wrctk. Bk `nnkn tb`t ghjwcha wbj wk `rk
wrctcha ijr sbjufn ncet`tk wbktbkr tj usk ejhvkhtcjhs fcgk ejhtrètcjhs ijr chijrd`f
wrctcha jr tbjsk dkeb`hces ijr ijrd`f/ tkebhce`f wrctcha.
^bk dkssàks wbceb wk wjufn fcgk tj nkfcvkr sbjufn ict tbk t`rakt ùnckhek ji tbk
d`tkrc`f. Qctb tbcs, wk sbjufn b`vk ghjwfknak `ljut tbkcr lègarjuhns7 bkhek, tbky
wjufn uhnkrst`hn tbk d`tkrc`f wbceb
w bceb wk prkp`rkn.
Fjvk yjur ùnckhek?

ùnckhek?
Nciikrkht w`ys tj bkfp tbkd uhnkrst`hn

uhnk rst`hn yjur dkssàk
dkssàk
(Kvkrsk, <=00)
<=00)
▯ Gkkp tbk dkssàk scdpfk, lut nkkp chc h dk`hcha.

▯ Chspcrk, knue`tk, `hn rkchijrek tbkd.
▯ [sk <0st ekhtury dknc` `hn lk uhkxpketkn.
Gky Ejhekpts ji Dknc` Fctkrèy

^bk Gky Ejhekpts ji Dknc` Fctkrèy ir`dkwjrg skrvks `s ` l`scs ijr nkvkfjpcha
erctce`f uhnkrst`hncha ji tbk ejhtkht ji d`ss dknc`, tbk tkebhcquks uskn, `hn tbk cdpèt
c dpèt
ji tbksk tkebhcquks . @fsj, tbk Gky Ejhekpts ji Dknc` Fctkrèy e`h lk vkry bkfpiuf ch tbk
ejhstruetcjh ji dknc` tkxts ijr nciikrkht purpjsks.
^bk tkrd ‖tkxt— chefunks `hy ijrd ji wrcttkh, spjgkh, jr dknc` wjrg ejhvkycha
dk`hcha tj `h ùnckhek.
` unckhek. ^kxt d`y usk wjrns, ar`pbces, sjuhns, `hn cdàks ch prkskhtcha
chijrd`tcjh. Ct d`y lk ch jr`f, prcht, vcsu`f, jr kfketrjhce ijrd.
ijrd.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
GKS EJHEK]Û A[CNK P[KU^CJHU CH DKNC@ ^KR^ @H@FSUCU
0. @ff dknc` dkssàks `rk ejhstruetkn. `. Qb`t cs tbk dkssàk ji tbk tkxt:
`. tkxt:
l. Bjw kiiketcvkfy njks ct rkprkskht
l.
rk`fcty:
rk`fcty:
e. Bjw cs tbk dkssàk
e.
ejhstruetkn:
ejhstruetkn:
<. Dknc` b`vk kdlknnkn v`fuks `hn pjchts
pjch ts `. Qb`t fcikstyfks, v`fuks, `hn
`.
ji vckw. pjchts ji vckw `rk rkprkskhtkn ch
tbk tkxt:
tkxt:
l. Qbj jr wb`t cs dcsscha:
l. dcsscha:
5. Kèb pkrsjh chtkrprkts tbk dkssàk `. Qb`t dkssàk nj yju pkrekcvk irjd tbk
`.
nciikrkhtfy. tkxt:
l. Bjw dcabt jtbkrs uhnkrst`hn ct
l.
nciikrkhtfy: Qby:
>. Dknc` b`vk ejddkrec`f, cnkjfjace`f, jr `.

`. Qb`t cs tbk purpjsk ji tbk tkxt:
pjfctce`f chtkrksts. l.
l. Qbj cs tbk t`rakt ùnckhek ji tbk tkxt:
e.
e. Qbj dcabt lk ncs`nv`htàkn:
n. Qbj erk`tkn tbk tkxt `hn wby:
;. Dknc` dkssàks `rk ejhstruetkn uscha `. Qb`t tkebhcquks `rk uskn `hn wby:
`.
` erk`tcvk f`hauàk b`vcha cts jwh rufks. l. Bjw kiiketcvk `rk tbk tkebhcquks ch
l.
suppjrtcha tbk dkssàks jr tbkdks ji
tbk tkxt.
e. Qb`t `rk tbk jtbkr w`ys ji prkskhtcha
e.
tbk dkssàk.
Khrcebdkht?
Bkrk `rk sjdk tcps!

tcps!
^cps jh Bjw tj Nk`f wctb @unckhek

@unckhek (N`vcn, h.n)
h.n)
0. Fk`rh `ljut ùnckhek. Gjrk`h rk`nkrs nciikr irjd Ebchksk \k`nkrs

`hn sj `s ]ukrtj \ce`hs wbj nciikr irjd Dkxce`h rk`nkrs. Nj hjt `ssudk
`ff rk`nkrs ji `hy jhk ktbhce arjup `rk `fcgk. Bkhek, tbky `ff acvk
a cvk nciikrkht
chtkrprkt`tcjhs
<. \k`n ljjgs jh ljny f`hauàk `hn euftur`f ejdduhce`tcjhs. Nciikrkht pkjpfk
wjufn chtkrprkt tbchas l`skn jh wb`t tbky `frk`ny ghjw `hn irjd wbkrk tbky kdlrèkn
tbjsk tbchas.
5. [sk sf`ha tb`t cs lkcha uskn ly tbk ùnckhek7 bkhek, tbkrk wcff lk hj dcsd`tebks.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
Akt tj ghjw djrk `ljut Gky Ejhekpts ji Dknc` Fctkrèy!
^ry tj
tj vcsct tbk fchg lkfjw tj vckw `h kx`dpfk ji dknc` `h
`h`fyscs
`fyscs uscha
tbk gky ejhekpts ji dknc` fctkrèy
fctkrèy..
bttps?//afjl`fksskhekjiejdduhce`tcjh.wjrnprkss.ejd/<=03/=0/=9/kv`fu`tcha-
dkssàks-`hn-jr-cdàks-ji-nciikrkht-typks-ji-tkxts-rkifketcha-nciikrkht-eufturks/
@sskssdkht?
Ebjjsk `h `nvkrtcskdkht (cdàk jr vcnkj) tbkh d`gk ` dknc` `h`fyscs ji ct uscha tbk
fctkrèy..
gky ejhekpts ji dknc` fctkrèy
Ijffjw tbk ijrd`t lkfjw?
lkfjw?
GKS A[CNK
EJHEK]Û P[KU^CJHU
@H@FSUCU
Ch tbk icrst ejfudh, typk `ff tbk ; gky ejhekpts ch kèb rjw. Aucnk qukstcjhs ijr kèb
gky ejhekpt wcff lk put ch tbk skejhn ejfudh. Jh tbk jtbkr
jtbk r b`hn, yjur `h`fyscs, wbceb `rk
yjur `hswkrs tj tbk aucnk qukstcjhs wcff lk lut jh tbk tbcrn ejfudh.
ejfudh.
Chefunk tbk cdàk ji tbk `nvkrtcskdkht yju b`vk `h`fyzkn lkijrk tbk t`lfk ji
`h`fyscs. Ci yju b`vk uskn ` vcnkj `nvkrtcskdkht, chefunk ` serkkh e`pturk ji tbk vcnkj
ijffjwkn ly cts fchg.
fchg.
Lkfjw cs tbk ijrd`t ijr tbk jutput?

jutput?
▯ Ijht sczk? 0<
▯ Upècha? <.=
ef`ssrjjd.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
\kikrkheks?
▯ @austch, \èqukf, kt. `f. Ejdduhce`tcjh ch

c h Duftceuftur`f Ejhtkxts? Dk`hchas
`hn ]urpjsks. ]`hn`y-F`bc ]ulfcsbcha Bjusk, Che. <=02
<=02
▯ Q`g`t, Akr`fnchk U. kt.`f, ]urpjscvk Ejdduhce`tcjh. Fjrcd`r ]ulfcsbcha, Che.

<=02
<=02
▯ bttps?//dchnspèkchtuctcjh.icfks.wjrnprkss.ejd
bttps?//dchnspèkchtuctcjh.icfks.wjrnprkss.ejd
▯ bttps?//afjl`fksskhekjiejdduhce`tcjh.wjrnprkss.ejd/<=03/=0/=9/kv`fu`tch
a-dkssàks-`hn-jr-cdàks-ji-nciikrkht-typks-ji-tkxts-rkifketcha-
nciikrkht-eufturks/


L@^@@H L\@HEB
DJN[FK ;? EJDD[HCE@^CJH @CNU @HN ^KEBHJFJAS
Ejursk Jloketcvks?
 Ejhvky cnk`s tbrjuab jr`f, ùncj-vcsu`f, `hn/ jr wkl-l`skn prkskht`tcjhs ijr
rkacstkrs
Jvkrvckw?
^bcs djnufk t`fgs `ljut ejdduhce`tcjh `cns `hn tkebhjfjay. Ct ncseussks

`ljut tbk rjfk ji tkebhjfjay ch ejdduhce`tcjh, tbk kvjfutcjh
kvjfu tcjh ji bud`h ejdduhce`tcjh, tbk
rkf`tcjh`f tkebhjfjay `hn cnkhtcty ejhstruetcjh, dknc` `hn tkebhjfjay akhkr`tcjhs, jhfchk
ejdduhce`tcjh, jhfchk ejhtkht erk`tcjh `hn cnkhtcty, dknc`tkn ejdduhce`tcjh `hn cts
cdpèt jh pkrsjh`f rkf`tcjhsbcps, ejdpktkhek `hn eb`ffkhaks ch dknc`tkn
ejdduhce`tcjh, sjec`f dknc` ktcqukttk, `hn duftcdjn`f `nvjeèy.
Ejdduhce`tcjh wctb jtbkrs pf`ys ` lca p`rt ch pkjpfk–s fcvks tjn`y.

tjn`y. Ct cs b`rn tj tbchg
tbc hg
ji ` schafk ètcvcty tb`t pkjpfk khaàk ch tb`t njks hjt
h jt chvjfvk ejdduhce`tcjh cs sjdk w`y w `y..
Ejdduhce`tcjh lkejdks kvkh djrk kiiketcvk wbkh tjjfs `hn str`tkacks `rk kdpfjykn tj
bkfp ejdduhce`tjrs lkttkr uhnkrst`hn jhk `hjtbkr. Ejdduhce`tcjh b`s lkejdk ` fcttfk
nciikrkht lkeùsk ji tbk kdkracha
k dkracha tkebhjfjay tb`t b`s lkejdk p`rt ji tbk ejdd uhce`tjr–s
tjjfljx. Ch jtbkr wjrns, ct cs `djha tbk rksjureks tb`t ejdduhce`tjrs usk tj bkfp iècfct`tk
uhnkrst`hncha.
uhnkrst`hncha.
^kebhjfjace`f
^kebhjfjace`f tjjfs `hn str`tkacks b`vk eb`hakn nr`stce`ffy jvkr rkekht nke`nks.
^bk cherk`scha v`rckty `hn `èekssclcfcty
eekssclcfcty ji tkebhjfjay b
b`s
`s kxp`hnkn tbk tjjfljx `
`hn
hn tbk
jppjrtuhctcks ijr ejdduhce`tjrs. ^bk scdpfk Ujurek-Dkssàk-Eb`hhkf-\kekcvkr
prjekss b`s nkvkfjpkn `hn kvjfvkn lkeùsk tbkrk `rk djrk p`tbw`ys `v`cf`lfk ijr tbk
dkssàk tj tr`vkf tbrjuab.
Ejursk D`tkrc`fs?
Qb`t cs tbk \jfk ji ^kebhjfjay ch Ejdduhce`tcjh:
Ejdduhce`tcjh `hn ^kebhjfjay b`vk lkejdk ksskhtc`f ch tjn`y–s akhkr`tcjh. @ff

`rjuhn tbk wjrfn, ajvkrhdkht, knue`tcjh systkd, rksk`rebkrs, ejdduhcty fk`nkrs,
tkèbkrs, `hn p`rkhts ejhscnkr tkebhjfjay tj lk erctce`f p`rt ji ebcfn–s ejdduhce`tcjh
ejdpktkhek `hn sgcffs nkvkfjpdkht. ^bksk `nv`heks ch tkebhjfjay b`vk chifukhekn tbk


L@^@@H L\@HEB
w`y pkjpfk erk`tk, sb`rk, usk, `hn nkvkfjp chijrd`tcjh ch sjeckty, `hn yjuha pkjpfk hkkn
tj lk bcabfy sgcffkn ch tbkcr usk ji chijrd`tcjh `hn ejdduhce`tcjh tkebhjfjacks
^kebhjfjay-`sscstkn
^kebhjfjay-`sscstkn ejdduhce`tcjh jr dèbchk-`sscstkn chtkrpkrsjh`f
ejdduhce`tcjh ejdlchks eb`rètkrcstces ji ljtb chtkrpkrsjh`f `hn d`ss ejdduhce`tcjh
sctu`tcjhs (Njdchceg, 0333). Ch tbcs skttcha, jhk jr djrk pkjpfk `rk ejdduhce`tcha lk
dk`hs ji ` dkeb`hce`f nkvcek jr nkvceks wctb jhk jr djrk rkekcvkrs. Jhk ji tbk cdpjrt`ht
eb`rètkrcstces ji tkebhjfjay-`sscstkn
tkebh jfjay-`sscstkn ejdduhce`tcjh cs tb`t ct `ffjws tbk sjurek `hn tbk
rkekcvkr tj lk skp`r`tkn ljtb ly tcdk `hn spèk.
spèk.
Fk`rhcha tbk bcstjry ji ejdduhce`tcjh cs vkry scahcice`ht lkeùsk ghjwcha wb`t

b`ppkhkn d`hy yk`rs àj wcff bkfp pkjpfk uhnkrst`hn wb`t cs ajcha jh hjw. Djnkrh
ejdduhce`tjrs hkknkn tj trèk bud`h ecvcfcz`tcjh tj lkttkr `pprkec`tk tbk tjjfs ji
ejdduhce`tcjh tbky `rk eurrkhtfy uscha. Bud`h–s k`rfy `hekstjrs dust b`vk b`n sjdk
dk`hs ji hjh-vkrl`f ejdduhce`tcjh fjha lkijrk tbky b`vk fk`rhkn `hn kvkhtu`ffy
nkvkfjpkn tbk spjgkh f`hauàk.
Ukvkh Dcfkstjhks ch tbk Kvjfutcjh ji Bud`h Ejdduhce`tcjh

Ejdduhce`tcjh
0. F`hauàk
<. Qrctcha
5. ]rchtcha
>. ^kf
^kfkar`pby
kar`pby `hn ^kfkpbjh
^kfkpbjhyy
;. ]bjtjar`pby
9. \`ncj `hn ^kfkvcscjh
1. Ejdputkr `hn Chtkrhkt
Qctb tbk kvjfutcjh ji tbk skvkh dcfkstjhks ji bud`h ejdduhce`tcjh `hn

tkebhjfjay, ch akhkr`f, ct cs nciiceuft tj prkncet tbk uftcd`tk sb`pk ji ` hkw ejdduhce`tcjh
dkncud. Ct `ppk`rs tb`t tbk kdkrakhek
kdk rakhek ji ` hkw ejdduhce`tcjh tjjf eb`haks lut njks hjt
kxtchet tbjsk `nv`heks tb`t e`dk lkijrk ct. Kèb `nv`hek ch ejdduhce`tcjh cherk`sks tbk
pjwkr tj ejhvky `hn rkejrn chijrd`tcjh, `hn kèb b`s pf`ykn ` scahcice`ht rjfk ch erk`tcha
tbk eufturk `hn sjeckty tb`t pkjpfk b`vk hjw`n`ys.
^bk Dk`hcha ji \kf`tcjh`f ^kebhjfjay

^kebhjfjay
^kebhjfjace`f
^kebhjfjace`f nkvceks pf`y ` vct`f rjfk ch tbk w`y pkjpfk ejdduhce`tk hjw`n`ys.
]krsjh`f `hn rkf`tcjh`f cnkhtctcks `rk erk`tkn `hn d`cht`chkn tbrjuab tbk usk ji tbksk
tkebhjfjacks. Nueg `hn DeD`b`h (<==3) rkikr tj ekffpbjhks, Cpjns, `hn jtbkr
tkebhjfjace`f nkvceks `s rkf`tcjh`f tkebhjfjacks tj kdpb`sczk tbk rkf`tcjh`f iuhetcjhs
`hn cdpfce`tcjhs ji tbkcr usk cs sjeckty `hn wctbch spkecice arjups.
Akhkr`tcjhs
Dknc` `hn ^kebhjfjay Akhkr`tcjhs
^bk prjarkss ji tkebhjfjay pf`ys ` dòjr chifukhek ch cnkhtciycha tbk pkrekptcjhs

`hn kxpkrckhek ji akhkr`tcjhs. Dknc` sebjf`rs A`ry Audpkrt `hn \jlkrt E`tb`rt (033;)
b`vk d`cht`chkn tb`t tbk tr`nctcjh`f hjtcjh ji skp`r`tcha akhkr`tcjhs èejrncha tj tcdk
e`h lk rkpfèkn ly skp`r`tcha akhkr`tcjhs èejrncha tj tbkcr dknc` kxpkrckhek.
Qb`t skp`r`tks akhkr`tcjhs cs hjt oust tbk ebrjhjfjace`f kr` ch wbceb tbky wkrk
ljrh lut `fsj tbk dknc` `hn tkebhjfjay tb`t khejdp`ss tbkcr wjrfn. Dknc` akhkr`tcjhs


L@^@@H L\@HEB
(Nueg `hn DeD`b`h, <=0=) `rk nciikrkhtc`tkn ly uhcquk dknc` ar`dd`r `hn dknc`
ejhsecjushkss l`skn jh tbk tkebhjfjace`f khvcrjhdkht ch wbceb tbky wkrk ljrh.
Ejdduhce`tcjh
Jhfchk Ejdduhce`tcjh
Kxpkrts s`y jhfchk ejdduhce`tcjh cs tbk hkw ièk tj ièk ejdduhce`tcjh. [ppkr
`hn fjwkr e`sks ji tkxt dkssàks `hn kdjocks b`vk e`rrckn `fdjst scdcf`r dk`hchas `hn
chtkht `s ch ` ièk-tj-ièk ejdduhce`tcjh. ^bk `nvkht ji ejdputkr-dknc`tkn
ejdduhce`tcjh b`s acvkh d`h ark`tkr irkknjd `hn bk`vckr rkspjhsclcfcty tj survcvk ch `h
jhfchk khvcrjhdkht. Qbcfk ejdduhce`tcjh cs k`sy, jhfchk khvcrjhdkht `rcsk irjd tbk ièt
tb`t eylkr ejdduhce`tcjh b`s `fsj kxp`hnkn jppjrtuhctcks ijr jhfchk uskrs tj bcnk uhnkr
nciikrkht `hn irùnufkht cnkhtctcks.
Ukvkr`f iètjrs ejhtrclutk tj tbk ejhstruetcjh ji cnkhtctcks ly ejdduhce`tjrs ch `h
jhfchk skttcha. ^bky bkfp sb`pk ejdduhce`tcjh styfks tb`t t`gk pfèk ch tbk chtkrhkt (Nueg
& DeD`b`h, <=0=)
H`dks
Uerkkh H`dks
Cnkhtcty nkvkfjpdkht cs èejdp`hckn ch p`rt tbrjuab tbk skfketcjh ji serkkh h`dks

wbceb `rk irkqukhtfy skfketkn wbkh p`rtcecp`tcha ch eb`t rjjds lut `rk `fsj kvcnkht wbkh
pf`ycha a`dks, upfj`ncha vcnkjs, fk`vcha jhfchk ejddkhts, `hn kv`fu`tcjhs, `hn kvkh
skffcha ctkds jhfchk. @ pkrsjh cs sjdktcdks ghjwh tj jtbkrs ly bcs jr bkr serkkh h`dk,
wbceb d`y jr d`y hjt prjvcnk `h èeur`tk prkskht`tcjh ji tbk pkrsjh lkbchn tbk serkkh.
[skrs d`y skfket serkkh h`dks l`skn jh akhuchk pkrekcvkn eb`rètkrcstces ji tbk
skfi jr uheb`rètkrcstce tr`cts tbky wcsb tj kst`lfcsb jhfchk. Uueb serkkh h`dks `s
‖sbyauy<0— jr ‖tjuabacrf01— d`y lk uskn ly tbjsk wbj vckw tbkdskfvks `s jutajcha jr
àarksscvk, `s wkff `s ly tbjsk wbj skk tbkdskfvks `s chtrjvkrtkn jr p`sscvk jiifchk lut
wcsb tj erk`tk ` uhcquk jhfchk pkrsjh`. ]kjpfk d`y skfket ` serkkh h`dk l`skn jh
akhuchk eb`rètkrcstces `s ` hkutr`f kxtkhscjh ji tbk skfi-lut tbky d`y ebjjsk
uhrkprkskht`tcvk tr`cts `s w`y tj nkvkfjp uht`ppkn `spkets ji tbk skfi `hn tj tkst tbksk
eb`rètkrcstces ch wb`t d`y lk `h `hjhydjus `hn hjhtbrk`tkhcha khvcrjhdkht.
K-d`cf @nnrkssks
@fsj ejhhketkn tj cnkhtcty chstruetcjh, k-d`cf `nnrkssks b`vk tbksk d`ch p`rts, `ff
ji wbceb e`h ejhvky pkrsjh`f chijrd`tcjh tj jtbkrs? tbk uskrh`dk (sjdktcdks ` pkrsjh–s
serkkh h`dk), tbk njd`ch h`dk, `hn tbk tjp-fkvkf njd`ch. ^bk uskrh`dk ejdks lkijrk
tbk M sydljf7 tbk njd`ch h`dk ejdks cddknc`tkfy ìtkr tbk M sydljf. @hn tbk tjp-fkvkf
njd`ch ijffjws tbk njt (.).
Dueb ji wb`t b`s lkkh ncseusskn `ljut serkkh h`dks `fsj `ppfcks tj uskrh`dks .
Sju e`h ejhvky duftcpfk `spkets ji tbk skfi tbrjuab ttbk
bk skfketcjh ji ` uskrh`dk, `hn jtbkr
pkjpfk ijrd cdprksscjhs ji yju l`skn jh tbk h`dk yju skfket. Uerkkh `h uskrh`dks d`y
`fsj erk`tk uhnkscrkn cdprksscjhs.? ‖<Ukxy>[— jr ‖SjurGchnJiAuy—, ijr kx`dpfk, d`y lk
ichk wctb ejrrkspjhncha `hn chtkrètcha wctb irckhns jhfchk lut hjt ch prjiksscjh`f
sctu`tcjhs. Gkkp tbcs ch dchn wbkh erk`tcha yjur rksudk. ]jtkhtc`f kdpfjykrs d`y rkoket
` ojl e`hncn`tk wbjsk ejhtèt chijrd`tcjh chefunks `h k-d`cf `nnrkss fcgk ‖F`zyLua35—.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
^bk njd`ch h`dk e`h rkvk`f skrvcek prjvcnkr, prjiksscjh, jr ìicfc`tcjhs. Njd`ch
h`dks jitkh ncspf`y ` pkrsjh–s Chtkrhkt skrvcek prjvcnkr wbceb d`y lk skfketkn l`skn jh
bjw pkjpfk wcsb tj pjrtr`y tbkdskfvks tj jtbkrs. Ijr chst`hek, sjdk pkjpfk d`y skfket `
rkf`tcvkfy sd`ff `hn uhi`dcfc`r chtkrhkt prjvcnkr `s jppjskn tj ` ff`rak
`rak `hn rkejahcz`lfk
jhk ch `h kiijrt tj lk uhcquk jr tj ncspf`y ncs`pprjv`f ji f`rak ejrpjr`tcjhs. Chncvcnu`fs
wcsbcha tj ejhvky chtkrhkt kxpkrckhek `hn e`p`lcfcty d`y usk bcab-spkkn chtkrhkt k-d`cf
`nnrkssks wctb prcnk. D`hy ji yju rk`ncha tbcs d`y b`vk `h k-d`cf èejuht tbrjuab `
sebjjf tb`t ejhhkets yju sydljfce`ffy tj tb`t chstctutcjh. D`hy uhcvkrscty `fudhc
jra`hcz`tcjhs `ffjw ijrdkr stunkhts tj rkt`ch tbkcr ejffkak k-d`cf `nnrkssks ìtkr
ar`nu`tcjh tj scahciy tbkcr `ssjec`tcjh
`ssjec `tcjh wctb tbkcr `fd` d`tkr.
^bk tjp-fkvkf njd`ch d`tkrc`f spk`rcha `t tbk khn ji tbk k-d`cf `nnrkssks `fsj
rkvk`fs pkrsjh`f chijrd`tcjh tj jtbkrs. Uueb ejnks `s .knu, .ajv, .dcf, .jra d`y `fsj
chnce`tk tj jtbkrs ` ejhhketcjh tj `h khvcrjhdkht wctb knue`tcjh, ajvkrhdkht, dcfct`ry
dcfct`ry,, jr
`h jra`hcz`tcjh. K-d`cf `nnrkssks jrcach`tcha ch ejuhtrcks jtbkr tb`h tbk [hctkn Ut`tks
ejdk wctb ` twj-ncact ejuhtry ejnk, sueb `s .pb, .ug, wbceb prjvcnks iurtbkr chijrd`tcjh
`ljut tbkcr jwhkrs.
Jhfchk Ejhtkht Erk`tcjh `hn Cnkhtcty
^bk chtkrhkt b`s lkkh lkejdk ljtb `h chstrudkht ` `hn

hn ` sctk ijr sjec`f kxprksscjh ,
kspkec`ffy ijr yjuhakr akhkr`tcjh. ]krsjh`f wkl pàks, lfjas, `hn tbk pjstcha ji sb`rk
`hn ncspf`y ji tbkcr tbjuabts, chtkrksts, t`fkhts, `hn jtbkr eb`rètkrcstces ji tbk skfi. Qbcfk
chtkrhkt uskrs ji `ff àks pkrijrd tbksk ètcvctcks, yjuhakr pkjpfk usk tbk chtkrhkt ijr
skfi-kxprksscjh djrk tb`h `nufts. Ch ièt, djrk tb`h b`fi ji jhfchk tkkhàkrs `rk
ejhscnkrkn ejhtkht erk`tjrs, chtkrhkt uskrs
usk rs wbj b`vk nkvkfjpkn jr d`cht`chkn ` Qkl sctk
jr lfja jr sb`rkn erk`tcvk wjrg jhfchk. (Fkhb`rt `hn D`nnkh, <==; `s dkhtcjhkn ch Nueg
& DeD`b`h, <=0=).
]krsjh`f Qkl ]àks `hn Lfja
^bk d`tkrc`f `hn chijrd`tcjh jh pkrsjh`f Qkl sctks `hn lfjas `rk usu`ffy prjvcnkn
ijr spkecice rk`sjhs. ]kjpfk d`y chejrpjr`tk ejhtkht spkecice`ffy
spk ecice`ffy ijr pkrsjh`f kxprksscjh
`hn ` nkscrk tj sb`rk ct wctb jtbkrs, ijr kx`dpfk, `hn tbky irkqukhtfy usk pkrsjh`f Qkl
pàks j d`cht`ch
tbk f`tkst kvkhts ejhhketcjhs wctb
ch tbkcr fcvks. tbkcr
^bk sjec`f ji
dòjrcty hktwjrgs lyectk
lfjaakrs prjvcncha chijrd`tcjh
kxprksscha `ljut
tbkdskfvks
erk`tcvkfy `s tbk prcd`ry rk`sjh ijr d`cht`chcha ` lfja, wctb njeudkhtcha `hn sb`rcha
pkrsjh`f kxpkrckheks ` efjsk skejhn (Fkhb`rt & Ijx, <==9).
Ujec`f Hktwjrgcha Uctks
Ujec`f Hktwjrgcha Uctks sueb `s Ugypk, ^wcttkr, Chstàr`d, Ièkljjg, `hn

Dksskhakr `ffjw pkjpfk tj ejhhket wctb irckhns, i`dcfcks, `hn jtbkrs ch `h kxcstcha sjec`f
hktwjrg wbcfk kst`lfcsbcha hkw ejhhketcjhs `hn ijrdcha rkf`tcjhsbcps wctb pkjpfk irjd
`rjuhn tbk wjrfn. Kqu`ffy, cdpjrt`ht `s kst`lfcsbcha `hn d`cht`chcha ejhhketcjhs wctb
jtbkrs, sjec`f hktwjrgcha sctks `rk lkejdcha
lk ejdcha cdpjrt`ht tjjfs ch tbk ncspf`y `hn erk`tcjh ji
pkrsjh`f `hn rkf`tcjh`f cnkhtctcks, `s wkff `s tbk ncsefjsurk ji pkrsjh`f chijrd`tcjh.
Dknc`tkn Ejdduhce`tcjh `hn cts Cdpèt jh ]krsjh`f \kf`tcjhsbcps
@ efjskr fjjg `t tbk pèk ji tkebhjfjay b`s rkvjfutcjhczkn ejdduhce`tcjh s`ys ` fjt
`ljut bud`h rkf`tcjhsbcps. Grùt, Lry`hch, `hn Gcksfkr (<==9) `s dkhtcjhkn ch N`vk `hn


L@^@@H L\@HEB
DeD`b`h (<==3) rkvk`fkn tb`t ‖jh jhk fkvkf, eb`haks ch tkebhjfjay scdpfy `ffjw pkjpfk tj
èbckvk rkf`tcvkfy st`lfk rkf`tcjh`f aj`fs ch hkw w`ys.— E`rns `hn sd`ff d`cfs b`vk lkkh
rkpfèkn ly k-e`rns `hn k-d`cfs. Ejrrkspjhnkhek t`gks pfèk tbrjuab pbjhk e`ffs
e` ffs r`tbkr
tb`h fkttkrs. ^bksk ùtbjrs `fsj d`cht`ch, bjwkvkr, ‖tb`t djrk tb`h scdpfy `ftkrcha bjw
tr`nctcjh`f aj`fs `rk dkt, tkebhjfjace`f tr`hsijrd`tcjh `fsj eb`haks wb`t e`h lk
èejdpfcsbkn, erk`tcha hkw rkf`tcjh`f aj`fs `hn hjrds.
Ekffpbjhks `hn ]krsjh`f \kf`tcjhsbcps
Ekff pbjhks b`vk ejdk tj rkprkskht ejhst`ht ejhhketcjh tj tbjsk wbj pjsskss yjur
hudlkr, `hn bjw irkkfy pkjpfk acvk jut ji tbkcr ekff pbjhk hudlkrs v`rcks.
Acvcha jr nkhycha sjdkjhk èekss tj yjur ekff pbjhk hudlkr kst`lfcsbks ljtb tbk
ljuhn`rcks `hn tbk nkarkk ji efjskhkss nkscrkn `n kxpketkn wctbch tbk rkf`tcjhsbcp.
Fcdctcha tbk `v`cf`lcfcty ji ejhtèt wctb ` pkrsjh kst`lfcsbks spkecice rkf`tcjh`f
ljuhn`rcks. Bjw tb`t pkrsjh vckws `hn kv`fu`tks sueb fcdcts nkpkhns jh yjur
rkf`tcjhsbcp. \kiuscha tj prjvcnk ` ekff pbjhk hudlkr tj ` irckhn d`y lk vckwkn `s
fkactcd`tk (Nueg & DeD`b`h, <==3).
Jh tbk jtbkr b`hn, prjvcncha `hjtbkr pkrsjh wctb yjur ekff pbjhk hudlkr suaaksts
` nkscrk ijr ejhhketcjh wctb tb`t chncvcnu`f `hn pkrb`ps `h chnce`tcjh ji tbk typk ji
rkf`tcjhsbcp yju wcsb tj kst`lfcsb. Ijr chst`hek, d`gcha yjur hudlkr `v`cf`lfk tj `h
èqu`cht`hek ejufn cdpfy ` nkscrk tj nkvkfjp ` efjskr typk ji rkf`tcjhsbcp. ^bk kv`fu`tcjh
`hn dk`hcha ji prjvcncha `h èqu`cht`hek yjur hudlkr akhkr`ffy nkpkhns jh yjur
rkf`tcjhsbcp wctb tb`t pkrsjh.
Ejhhketcjh `hn @v`cf`lcfcty
Ekff pbjhks `ffjw pkjpfk tj lk ch ‖pkrpktu`f ejhtèt— wctb jtbkrs (O. G`tz & @sgbus,
<==<). ^bk `lcfcty tj d`gk chst`ht ejhtèt wctb `hjtbkr pkrsjh rka`rnfkss ji akjar`pbce
fje`tcjh erk`tks ` sydljfce ejhhketcjh uhfcgk tbk jhk erk`tkn ly `hy prkvcjus
ejdduhce`tcjh tkebhjfjay. Ci yju b`vk yjur ekff pbjhk wctb yju, yju b`vk yjur sjec`f
hktwjrgs `s wkff (Nueg, <==1). ^bcs ejhst`ht ejhhketcjh wctb jtbkrs e`h prjvcnk ejdijrt
`hn skeurcty ch ` rkf`tcjhsbcp jr e`h fk`n tj eb`ffkhaks. \kf`tcjhsbcps rkqucrk ejhhketcjhs
lktwkkh pkjpfk, `s wkff `s ùtjhjdy `hn chnkpkhnkhek (L`xtkr & Djhtajdkry, 0339).
Qbcfk tbk ikkfcha ji ejhst`ht ejhhketcjh d`nk pjssclfk tbrjuab ekff pbjhks e`h lk
lkhkicec`f, ct d`y nkerk`sk ikkfchas ji ùtjhjdy, kqu`ffy cdpjrt`ht `hn hkekss`ry ch
rkf`tcjhsbcps.
Ub`rkn Kxpkrckhek
Ub`rkn kxpkrckhek e`h lk nkrcvkn irjd tbk usk ji ekff pbjhks. Icrst, tbk ètu`f usk
ji ekff pbjhks ejhstctutks sb`rkn tkebhjfjace`f kxpkrckhek. Kspkec`ffy wbkh pkjpfk
ejrrkspjhn tbrjuab tkxt dkssàks, tbk khaàk ch tbk usk ji tbk s`dk tkebhjfjay.
]`rtceuf`r arjups `sscah ark`t scahcice`hek `hn dk`hcha tj tbk usk ji p`rtceuf`r
tkebhjfjay, `hn yjuhakr akhkr`tcjhs `n`pt djrk qucegfy tj eb`hacha tkebhjfjay. Djrk
tb`h scdpfy tr`hsdcttcha chijrd`tcjh, tbk èt ji skhncha `hn rkekcvcha tkxt dkssàks ljtb
`hhjuheks `hn kst`lfcsbks sb`rkn dkdlkrsbcp `h èekpt`hek chtj ` arjup.

]krsjh`f \kf`tcjhsbcps `hn Ujec`f Hktwjrg
Jhfchk ejdduhce`tcjh kh`lfks pkjpfk tj d`cht`ch kxcstcha rkf`tcjhsbcps, khb`hek
kxcstcha rkf`tcjhsbcps, `hn erk`tk hkw rkf`tcjhsbcps, `hn cs nr`d`tce`ffy eb`hacha sjec`f


L@^@@H L\@HEB
hktwjrgs (Lj`sk, Bjrrca`h, Qkff`d`h, & \`chck, <==9). Ejhtr`ry tj ik`rs tb`t tbk chtkrhkt
wcff bchnkr pkrsjh`f rkf`tcjhsbcps, tbk dòjrcty ji tbk chtkrhkt uskrs chnce`tk tb`t ct b`s
cdprjvkn tbk qu`fcty ji tbkcr rkf`tcjhsbcps (Bjw`rn, \`chck, & Ojhks, <==<). Ch ièt,
cherk`skn usk ji chtkrhkt `ffjws ijr cherk`skn chtkrètcjh wctb irckhns `hn i`dcfy hjt jhfy
jhfchk lut `fsj ièk-tj-ièk `hn jvkr tbk tkfkpbjhk.
tkfkpbjhk.
Jhfchk ejdduhce`tcjh cs nr`d`tce`ffy eb`hacha tbk ejhstruetcjh `hn h`turk ji

sjec`f hktwjrgs. Lj`sk, Bjrrca`h, Qkffd`h, & \`chck (<==9) b`vk kx`dchkn jhfchk
ejdduhce`tcjh–s cdpèt jh sjec`f
sjec`f hktwjrgs `hn tbk nkvkfjpdkht ji sjec`f e`pct`f, jr tbk
`v`cf`lcfcty ji jtbkr pkjpfk tj iuficff tbk hkkns `hn prjvcnk `sscst`hek. ^bkcr ichnchas
chnce`tk tb`t d`sscvk eb`haks ch tbk sczk `hn tbk ejhicaur`tcjh ji sjec`f hktwjrgs `rk
t`gcha pfèk `s ` rksuft ji jhfchk ejdduhce`tcjh.
Jhk ejhskqukhek ji jhfchk ejdduhce`tcjh cs tbk `lcfcty tj d`cht`ch f`rakr sjec`f

hktwjrgs. Chtkrhkt uskrs rkpjrt jvkr-`ff f`rakr hudlkrs ji pkjpfk ch tbkcr sjec`f
hktwjrgs tb`h hjh-uskrs, d`nk pjssclfk ch p`rt ly bjw k`scfy ejhtèt e`h lk d`cht`chkn
tbrjuab jhfchk ejdduhce`tcjh. @s p`rt ji tbkcr stuny, Lj`sk, Bjrrca`h, Qkffd`h, & \`chck
(<==9) ncstchaucsbkn twj typks ji ejhhketcjh ch sjec`f hktwjrgs? Ejrk tcks `hn Ucahcice`ht
tcks.
EJ\K ^CKU chefunk pkjpfk wctb wbjd yju b`vk ` vkry efjsk rkf`tcjhsbcp `hn `rk ch
irkqukht ejhtèt. Sju jitkh ncseuss cdpjrt`ht d`ttkrs ch fcik, wctb ejrk tcks, `hn yju jitkh
skkg tbkcr `sscst`hek ch tcdks ji hkkn.
UCAHCICE@H^ ^CK tbjuab djrk tb`h dkrk èqu`cht`heks rkprkskht ` sjdkwb`t

wk`gkr ejhhketcjh. Sju d`gk fkss ejhtèt wctb scahcice`ht tcks `hn `rk fkss fcgkfy tj t`fg
wctb tbkd `ljut cdpjrt`ht cssuks ch yjur fcik tj skkg bkfp irjd tbk, lut tbky `rk stcff tbkrk
ijr yju wbkh hkknkn.
Ejdduhce`tcjh
Ejdpktkhek `hn Eb`ffkhaks ch Dknc`tkn Ejdduhce`tcjh
❙ Fk`hkr Dkssàks
Ujec`f seckhtcsts usk tbk tkrd rcebhkss tj nkserclk tbk `luhn`hek ji hjh-
vkrl`f euks tb`t `nn ef`rcty tj ` vkrl`f dkssàk. Ièk-tj-ièk ejdduhce`tcjh cs
rceb lkeùsk ct `ljuhns wctb hjhvkrl`f euks tb`t acvk ejdduhce`tjrs euks `ljut
tbk dk`hchas ji jhk `hjtbkr–s wjrns `hn jiikr bchts `ljut tbkcr ikkfchas. Ly
ejdp`rcsjh, djst dknc`tkn ejdduhce`tcjh cs ` dueb fk`hkr eb`hhkf ijr
ejhvkycha chijrd`tcjh. Lkeùsk djst dknc`tkn ejdduhce`tcjh `rk fk`hkr tb`t
tbk ièk-tj-ièk v`rckty, tbky e`h lk b`rnkr tj chtkrprkt wctb ejhicnkhek. Crjhy `hn
`ttkdpts `t budjr e`h k`scfy lk dcsuhnkrstjjn, sj `s ` rkekcvkr,
rkekcvk r, ct cs cdpjrt`ht tj
ef`rciy chtkrprkt`tcjhs lkijrk oudpcha tj ejhefuscjhs. @s ` skhnkr,
sk hnkr, tbchg `ljut bjw
tj skhn uh`dlcaujus dkssàks sj yju `rkh–t dcsuhnkrstjjn.
dcsuhnkrstjjn.
❙ Ncschbclctcjh
Ujjhkr jr f`tkr, djst ji us spk`g lkijrk wk tbchg, lfurtcha jut rkd`rgs tb`t
kdl`rr`ss jurskfvks `hn jiikhn jtbkrs. ^bk tkhnkhey tj tr`hsdct uhekhsjrkn
dkssàks e`h lk kspkec`ffy ark`t ch jhfchk ejdduhce`tcjh, wbkrk wk njh–t skk,
bk`r, jr sjdktcdks kvkh ghjw tbk t`rakt ji jur rkd`rgs. ^bcs ncschbclctcjh e`h
t`gk twj ijrds.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
Ujdktcdks, jhfchk ejdduhce`tjrs vjfuhtkkr pkrsjh`f chijrd`tcjh tb`t tbky

wjufn prkikr tj gkkp ejhicnkhtc`f irjd `t fk`st sjdk rkekcvkrs. Ejhscnkr tbk
kx`dpfk ji sjec`f hktwjrgcha sctks fcgk Ièkljjg, ^wcttkr, `hn Chstàr`d. @ quceg
se`h ji bjdk pàks tbkrk sbjws tb`t d`hy uskrs pjst tkxt `hn cdàks `ljut
tbkdskfvks tb`t ejufn prjvk kdl`rr`sscha ch sjdk ejhtkxts.
Kx`dpfks?
‖Bkrk C `d sjjh ìtkr C ajt nruhg.—

nruhg.—
‖^bcs cs dk ch
c h Ljrè`y ìtkr ` fjha lrk`g iirjd
rjd wjrg.—
wjrg.—
^bcs cs hjt tbk sjrt ji chijrd`tcjh djst pkjpfk wjufn lk kàkr tj sbjw
tbkcr prjspketcvk kdpfjykrs jr ekrt`ch i`dcfy dkdlkrs.
@ skejhn ijrd ji ncschbclctcjh cs cherk`skn kxprksscvkhkss. @

arjwcha ljny ji rksk`reb sbjws tb`t ejdduhce`tjrs `rk djrk ncrket- jitkh ch `
erctce`f w`y- wbkh uscha dknc`tkn eb`hhkfs tb`h ch ièk-tj-ièk ejhtèt.
Ujdktcdks, ejdduhce`tjrs t`gk ncschbclctcjh tj tbk kxtrkdk, lf`stcha-jii `hary-
kvkh vcecjus- k-d`cfs, tkxt dkssàks, `hn wklsctk pjstchas. ^bk ejddjh tkrd ijr
tbksk jutlursts cs if`dcha .
❙ ]krd`hkhek
Ejddjh nkekhey `scnk, tbk rcsg ji bjstcfk k-dkssàks- jr `hy

ch`pprjprc`tk dknc`tkn dkssàks- cs tbkcr pkrd`hkhek. Ct e`h lk l`n khjuab tj
lfurt jut ` prcv`tk tbjuabt jr f`sb jut ch ` pkrsjh, lut `t fk`st tbkrk cs hj pkrd`hkht
rkejrn ji yjur chncserktcjh. Ly ejhtr`st, ` rkarktt`lfk tkxt dkssàk, k-d`cf, jr wkl
pjstcha e`h lk `rebcvkn vcrtu`ffy ijrkvkr. Kvkh wjrsk, ct e`h lk rktrckvkn `hn
ijrw`rnkn ch w`ys tb`t e`h jhfy lk cdàchkn ch yjur
yj ur wjrst nrk`ds. ^bk lkst `nvcek,
tbkh, cs tj t`gk tbk s`dk `pprjèb wctb dknc`tkn dkssàks tb`t yju nj ch pkrsjh?
^bchg twcek lkijrk s`ycha sjdktbcha yju d`y f`tkr rkarkt.
HK^QJ\GU:
UJEC@F DKNC@ K^^C[K^^K? QB@^–U U@IK ^J UB@\K JH UJEC@F HK^QJ\GU:
Ly Uejtt Utkchlkra
Ujec`f hktwjrgs- skfi-ejht`chkn jhfchk ijruds wbkrk uskrs e`h sb`rk tbkcr fcvks
`hn e`rkkrs `hn khaàk ch jhajcha nc`fjauk wctb jtbkrs ch tbk ijrud ji tkxt, pbjtjs,
vcnkjs, ejddkhts, `hn jtbkr ijrds ji bcab-tkeb ejdduhce`tcjh- b`vk arjwh ly fk`ps
`hn ljuhns jvkr tbk p`st nke`nk. Lcffcjhs ji pkjpfk wjrfnwcnk hjw rkauf`rfy turh tj sjec`f
hktwjrgs tj prjvcnk irckhns `hn str`hakrs `fcgk wctb sh`psbjts `hn upn`tks ji tbkcr n`cfy
fcik `hn, ch turh, wkk wb`t irckhns, i`dcfy, `hn èqu`cht`heks `rk njcha `t `hy acvkh
djdkht. Ch ièt, ct–s i`cr tj s`y tb`t tjn`y, wk–rk ouaafcha twj fcvks? rk`f `hn vcrtu`f. Lut wb`t
nj l`sce rufks ji jhfchk ktcqukttk fjjg fcgk, `hn wbceb chijrd`tcjh `hn `h n vckwpjchts `rk JG tj
sb`rk jh tbksk djst pulfce ji ijruds: @s wk hjtk ch tbk hkw ljjg Hktcqukttk Ksskhtc`fs?
Hkw \ufks ijr Dchncha Sjur D`hhkrs ch ` Ncact`f Qjrfn, `hswkrs `rk jitkh b`rn tj ejdk
ly.
\k`n djrk?
bttps?//www.buiipjst.ejd/khtry/sjec`f-dknc`-ktcqukttk-wbZlZ0>;==309


L@^@@H L\@HEB
@nvjeèy
Duftcdjn`f @nvjeèy
Fjjg `t tbk pceturks `hn

` hn st`tk wb`t cddknc`tkfy ejdks tj yjur dchn.
dchn.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
^bk cdàks sbjwh `rk kx`dpfks ji `h `nvjeèy e`dp`cah. @h `nvjeèy cs ` str`tkace

skrcks ji ètcjhs nkscahkn tj chifukhek tbjsk wbj bjfn ajvkrhdkht`f, pjfctce`f, kejhjdce,
jr prcv`tk pjwkrs tj cdpfkdkht pulfce pjfcecks `hn prètceks tb`t lkhkict tbjsk wctb fkss
pjfctce`f pjwkr `hn ikwkr kejhjdce rksjureks- usu`ffy tbk ìiketkn arjup.
@h `nvjeèy e`dp`cah cs ` fjha-tkrd skt ji ètcvctcks tb`t chefunks rksk`reb,

pf`hhcha, `hn ètcha, djhctjrcha, `hn kv`fu`tcha `nvjeèy kiijrts. Ly prètcek, `nvjeèy
e`dp`cahs `rk nkfcvkrkn tbrjuab nciikrkht pf`tijrds ji dknc`-
dk nc`- tkfkvcscjh, prcht, `hn r`ncj.
Bjwkvkr, ejhtkdpjr`ry tkebhjfjay b`s kh`lfkn `nvje`tks tj usk ncact`f dknc` sueb `s
tbk chtkrhkt, djlcfk nkvceks, `hn Ujec`f Dknc` `s tjjfs ijr pusbcha `h `nvjeèy `s wkff.
@nvjeèy
Oudpst`rtcha yjur @nvjeèy
▯ Nkvkfjpcha yjur dkssàk

dkssàk
Sjur `nvjeèy dkssàk cs wb`t yju ebjjsk tj s`y `ljut yyjur

jur cssuk, cts sj
sjfutcjh
futcjh `hn
wbj yju `rk. ^j nkvkfjp ` dkssàk, yju wcff hkkn chijrd`tcjh tj lèg up tbk
`raudkhts yju skk. Ch jrnkr tj nj tbcs, yju sbjufn?
sbjufn?
`. Ghjw yjur ùnckhek
ùnckhek
l. Ghjw yjur pjfctce`f khvcrjhdkht `hn djdkhts (ejhtrjvkrscks, cssuks, ik`r
ik`r,, kte.)
kte.)
e. Gkkp yjur dkssàk scdpfk `hn lrcki
lrcki
n. [sk rk`f-fcik stjrcks `hn qujtks
qujtks
k. [sk prkecsk, pjwkriuf f`hauàk `hn` hn ètcvk vkrls
vkrls
i. [sk efk`r ièts `hn hudlkrs erk`tcvkfy
erk`tcvkfy
a. @n`pt tbk dkssàk
dk ssàk tj dkncud yju `rk ajcha tj uskusk
b. @ffjw yjur ùnckhek tj rkèb tbkcr jwh ejhefuscjhs
ejhefuscjhs
c. Khejuràk ùnckhek tj t`gk ètcjh
ètcjh
o. ]rkskht ` pjssclfk sjfutcjh
sjfutcjh
▯ Nkfcvkrcha yjur dkssàk

dkssàk
Dkssàk nkfcvkry chvjfvks e`rkiuf `ttkhtcjh tj bjw tbk chijrd`tcjh wcff lk

tr`hsdcttkn `hn tj wbjd jr wb`t tbk dkssàk wcff ejhvky. Ebjceks `ljut nkfcvkry
nciikr nkpkhncha jh tbk ùnckheks `hn tbk ejdduhcty. Ch pfèks wbkrk èekss tj
kfketrjhce jr prchtkn chijrd`tcjh cs fcdctkn, pkjpfk trust chijrd`tcjh tbky rkekcvk
ièk-tj-ièk irjd ` pkrsjh tbky rka`rn `s ghjwfknak`lfk jr `h ùtbjrcty ch tbk
ejdduhcty. Jtbkr chijrd`tcjh sjureks scdpfy nj hjt rkèb tbkd.
tbkd.
▯ Ebjjscha tbk rcabt dkncud

dkncud
Sjur ebjcek
tj, wb`t yjuji ` dkncud
w`ht dktjncud
s`y, tj nkfcvkr
yjur tbk dkssàk
purpjsk, `hn yjurnkpkhns
`lcfcty tjjh wbjwctb
wjrg yju tb`t
`rk spk`gcha
dkncud.
D`ss dknc` e`h lk ljtb ` tjjf `hn ` t`rakt ji yjur `nvjeèy. Jh tbk jtbkr b`hn,
lkeùsk d`ss dknc` rkèbks sj d`hy pkjpfk, ct cs ` pjwkriuf tjjf tj chijrd `hn


L@^@@H L\@HEB
lucfn suppjrt `rjuhn yjur cssuk. Cts chifukhek jvkr pulfce jpchcjh `hn v`fuks d`gks
ct ` prcdk t`rakt.
t`rakt.
@nvjeèy
^r`nctcjh`f Dkncuds ijr @nvjeèy
▯ ]rkss \kfk`sk
\kfk`sk
▯ \`ncj `hn ^kfkvcscjh

kfkvcscjh
▯ ^bk`tkr `hn Ujhas

Ujhas
▯ ]`dpbfkts, Ejdce Ljjgs `hn ]bjtjs

]bjtjs
\k`n djrk?
bttps?//erk`tchaduftcdjn`ftkxt.ejd/
Khrcebdkht?
]jhnkr
]jchts tj ]jhnkr
@nvjeèy dkssàks `rk djst kiiketcvk wbkh tbky ijffjw ` fjace`f

skqukhek tb`t lkachs wctb tbk w`ys ch wbceb tbk sjec`f purpjsk ìikets tbk
tbchas ` ejdduhcty `frk`ny v`fuks. Ct cs nciiceuft ci hjt cdpjssclfk tj
pkrsu`nk `h chncvcnu`f jr ` ejdduhcty tj `njpt ` hkw v`fuk. Chstk`n, yju
dust uhnkrst`hn bjw yjur `nvjeèy ejhhkets tj tbchas tb`t pkjpfk `frk`ny
acvk cdpjrt`hek tj.
jhk!
@hjtbkr jhk!
]rjètcvk pjstcha ji e`dp`cah dkssàks `hn e`ffs tj ètcjh jh yjur

lfja, Ièkljjg, ^wcttkr, `hn jtbkr ncact`f vkhuks cs `fsj `h kiiketcvk w`y ji
prjdjtcha yjur `nvjeèy. Khaàcha jtbkr p`rthkrs `hn `nvje`tks tj
ejddkht, `nn ejhtkht, `hn `nv`hek yjur eùsk ljtb jh yjur sjec`f dknc`
vkhuks `hn jh tbkcr jwh `fsj bkfp.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
@sskssdkht?
^j
^j d`xcdczk pjsctcvkfy tbk usk ji ^KEBHJFJAS `hn UJEC@F DKNC@ ch tbcs djnkrh
bkfp sprk`n dkht`f
akhkr`tcjh, fkt us d`gk usk ji ct `s ` tjjf ijr EJDD[HCE@^CJH tj bkfp sprk`n
bk`ftb `w`rkhkss.
`w`rkhkss . Erk`tk `h chijar`pbce
`h chijar`pbce @Q@\KHKUU E@D]@CAH wbceb cs dk`ht tj
ljjst pulfce `w`rkhkss `ljut t`gcha e`rk ji dkht`f `hn bk`ftb tj bkfp
bk fp s`vk fcvks.
fcvks.
]jst tbk e`dp`cah jh yjur IL èejuht `hn `nn uhnkr

uhnk r yjur e`ptcjh tbk ijffjwcha
b`sbtàs?
b`sbtàs?
#]urpjscvkEjdduhce`tcjh
#]urpjscvkEjdduhce`tcjh
#Fk`rh@hnUb`rk
#Fk`rh@hnUb`rk
#CE`rk
#CE`rk
D`gk surk tj skt tbk pjst's prcvèy ch pulfce.

pulfce.
Nj sjdk rksk`reb `hn d`gk

d` gk surk tj ejhscnkr jhfy rkfc`lfk sjureks ch akttcha
iètu`f chijrd`tcjh ijr yjur ejhtkht.
ejhtkht.
Lkfjw cs ` fchg wbceb d`y aucnk yju ch erk`tcha ` duftcdjn`f ejhtkht?

ejhtkht?
bttps?//www.knue`tcjh.vce.
bttps?//www.knue`tcjh.vce.ajv
ajv.ù/sebjjf/tkèbkrs/tkèbcharksjureks/ncsecpfchk/
.ù/sebjjf/tkèbkrs/tkèbcharksjureks/ncsecpfchk/
khafcsb/fctkrèy/duftcdjn`f/]àks/erk`tkduftcdjn`f.`spx
Bkrk cs `h kx`dpfk ji `h chijar`pbce e`dp`cah jh dkht`f bk`ftb `w`rkss?

`w`rkss?
bttps?//www.skì`rkrswkfi`rk.jra/skì`rkr-bk`ftb-chijrd`tcjh-
prjar`ddk/ajjn-dkht`f-bk`ftb/ajjn-dkht`f-bk`ftb-chijar`pbces-stkps-tj-
prjar`ddk/ajjn-dkht`f- bk`ftb/ajjn-dkht`f-bk`ftb-chijar`pbces-stkps-tj-
pjsctcvk-dkht`f-bk`ftb
U`vk ` ]NI ijrd`t ji yjur jutput tbkh upfj`n

u pfj`n ct `fsj jh tbk pjstkn ef`sswjrg ch
ajjafk ef`ssrjjd.
ef`ssrjjd.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
\kikrkheks?
▯ @austch, \èqukf, kt. `f. Ejdduhce`tcjh ch Duftceuftur`f Ejhtkxts? Dk`hchas `hn

]urpjsks. ]`hn`y-F`bc ]ulfcsbcha Bjusk, Che. <=02
<=02
▯ Q`g`t, Akr`fnchk U. kt.`f, ]urpjscvk Ejdduhce`tcjh. Fjrcd`r ]ulfcsbcha, Che. <=02

<=02
▯ bttps?//www.buiipjst.ejd/khtry/sjec`f-dknc`-ktcqukttk-wbZlZ0>;==309
bttps?//www.buiipjst.ejd/khtry/sjec`f-dknc`-ktcqukttk-wbZlZ0>;==309
▯ bttps?//erk`tchaduftcdjn`ftkxt.ejd/
▯ bttps?//www.knue`tcjh.vce.ajv
bttps?//www.knue`tcjh.vce.ajv.ù/sebjjf/tkèbkrs/tkèbcharksjureks/ncsecpfchk/
.ù/sebjjf/tkèbkrs/tkèbcharksjureks/ncsecpfchk/


L@^@@H L\@HEB
DJN[FK 9? EJDD[HCE@^CJH IJ\ Y@\CJ[U ][\]JUKU
Ejursk Jloketcvks?
 Ejhvky cnk`s tbrjuab jr`f, ùncj-vcsu`f, `hn/ jr wkl-l`skn prkskht`tcjhs ijr
nciikrkht t`rakt ùnckheks ch fje`f `hn afjl`f skttchas uscha `pprjprc`tk rkacstkrs
 Erk`tk efk`r, ejbkrkht, `hn kiiketcvk ejdduhce`tcjh d`tkrc`fs
 ]rkskht cnk`s pkrsu`scvkfy uscha `pprjprc`tk f`hauàk rkacstkrs, tjhk, ièc`f
kxprksscjhs, `hn aksturks
Jvkrvckw?
^bcs djnufk t`fgs `ljut

`l jut ejdduhce`tcjh ijr v`rcjus
v`rc jus purpjsks. Ct t`fgs `ljut tbk str`tkacks,
dktbjns, p`ttkrhs, `hn p`rts ji nciikrkht dkssàk purpjsks sueb `s? chijrd`tcvk, pkrsu`scvk, `hn
khtkrt`chdkht.
Jhk ji tbk prchecpfks ji ejdduhce`tcjh cs tb`t ct cs purpjscvk. Ch kvkry ejdduhce`tcjh

sctu`tcjh, ` skhnkr b`s bcs jwh jloketcvk. Ct nciikrs wctb tbk w`y ` dkssàk cs nkfcvkrkn nkpkhncha
jh tbk
tbk skhnkr–s purpjsk. Ct cs tbk skhnkr–s rkspjhsclcfcty tj ebjjsk `hn `pprjprc`tk dktbjn ch
nkfcvkrcha bcs dkssàk `hn `ppfy nciikrkht tkebhcquks tj d`gk bcs dkssàk rkd`rg`lfk tj tbk
ùnckhek.
Ejursk D`tkrc`fs?
U]KKEB ^J CHIJ\D
CHIJ\D
@h chijrd`tcvk spkkeb cs jhk wbjsk aj`f cs tj kxpf`ch jr nkserclk ièts, trutbs, `hn
prchecpfks ch ` w`y tb`t stcduf`tks chtkrkst, iècfct`tks uhnkrst`hncha, `hn cherk`sks tbk
fcgkfcbjjn ji rkdkdlkrcha. Ch sbjrt, chijrd`tcvk spkkebks `rk nkscahkn tj knue`tk
ùnckheks. ^bus, djst ef`ssrjjd fketurks `rk l`sce`ffy chijrd`tcvk spkkebks (`ftbjuab
tbky d`y r`hak irjd kxekffkht tj pjjr ch qu`fcty).
Chijrd`tcvk spkkebks `hswkr tbk qukstcjhs `ljut ` tjpce, sueb `s tbjsk lkachhcha
wctb wbj, wbkh, wb`t, wbkrk, wby, bjw tj, `hn bjw njks. Ijr kx`dpfk, yjur chijrd`tcvk
spkkeb dcabt nkserclk wbj pjpuf`r schakr-sjhawrctkr @nkfk cs, nkichk Ueckhtjfjay,
ejdp`rk `hn ejhtr`st tbk scdcf`rctcks `hn nciikrkheks lktwkkh ^wcttkr `hn Ièkljjg,
h`rr`tk tbk stjry ji l`sgktl`ff prjiksscjh`f Gjlk Lry`ht, rcsk tj i`dk, jr nkdjhstr`tk bjw
tj erk`tk `hn pjst ` lfja jr vcnkj jh ` wklsctk fcgk Sjutulk.


L@^@@H L\@HEB
Chijrd`tcvk spk`gcha nciikrs irjd jtbkr spkkeb ijrds (sueb `s spk`gcha tj

pkrsu`nk, tj khtkrt`ch, jr tj ekfklr`tk) ch tb`t yjur aj`f cs scdpfy tj èbckvk dutu`f
uhnkrst`hncha `ljut `h jloket, pkrsjh, pfèk, prjekss, kvkht, cnk`, ejhekpt, jr cssuk
(Ykrnkrvkr, <=0;).
^bk purpjsk ji chijrd`tcvk ejdduhce`tcjh ccss tj `nn tj ` fcstkhkr–s uhnkrst`hncha. Ch

jrnkr tj èbckvk tbcs aj`f, ` spk`gkr dust ejdduhce`tk chijrd`tcjh efk`rfy `hn
chtkrkstchafy. ^bkrk `rk d`hy nciikrkht w`ys tj e`tkajrczk chijrd`tcvk spkkebks `hn tbksk
wcff lk ncseusskn ch tbcs djnufk.
Upkkeb
^kebhcquks ch Nkfcvkrcha `h Chijrd`tcvk Upkkeb
^KEBHCP[KU [UK KR@D]FK
]rkskht`tcjh`f @cns ^j prjvcnk tbk jppjrtuhcty ijr @ ncà`d ji tbk prjekss ji

tbk ùnckhek tj rkt`ch ` d`gcha ktb`hjf
vcsu`f `s wkff `s `h ùncj
dkdjry ji cdpjrt`ht jr
nciiceuft d`tkrc`f.
\kpktctcjh ^j acvk tbk ùnckhek ` ‖^bk icrst ncdkhscjh ji
skejhn jr tbcrn eb`hek tj rjd`htce fjvk cs p`sscjh7 tb`t
rkt`ch cdpjrt`ht chijrd`tcjh cs, ct e`h–t rk`ffy lk rjd`htce
ly rkpk`tcha jr p`r`pbr`scha fjvk ci tbkrk cs hj skxu`f
ct. `ttrètcjh.—
^r`hsctcjh ^j cherk`sk tbk fcgkfcbjjn ‖Uj tbk tbrkk eb`rètkrcstces

‖Uj tbk
tb`t tbk ùnckhek wcff rkt`ch ji rjd`htce fjvk `rk p`sscjh,
tbk rkf`tcjhsbcps `djha tbk chtcdèy, `hn ejddctdkht.
chijrd`tcjh lkcha prkskhtkn, Hjw, fkt–s fjjg `t kèb ji tbk
chefuncha wbceb chijrd`tcjh cs icvk w`ys yju e`h gkkp fjvk
prcd`ry `hn wbceb cs `fcvk. ^bk icrst cs tbrjuab sd`ff
suppjrtcha. t`fg.—
Budjr `hn jtbkr ^j erk`tk `h kdjtcjh`f ‖^ruk fjvk cs fcgk ` p`cr ji

Kdjtcjh`f dkdjry fchg tj cdpjrt`ht
c dpjrt`ht sjegs? yju–vk ajt tj b`vk
@hkenjtks cnk`s. twj, `hn tbky–vk ajt tj
d`teb. Uj yju `hn yjur
p`rthkr hkkn tj lk dutu`ffy
ejddcttkn `hn ejdp`tclfk.—
ejdp`tclfk.—
Dhkdjhces `hn ^j prjvcnk `h k`scfy ‖Sju e`h rkdkdlkr tbk ijur

@erjhyds rkdkdlkrkn dkdjry erctkrc` ijr kv`fu`tcha `
prjdpt jr sbjrteut tj nc`djhn `s tbk ijur E–s?
cherk`sk tbk fcgkfcbjjn tb`t ` E`r`t, Ef`rcty, Eut, `hn
fcst cs rkt`chkn. Ejfjr.—
Ejfjr.—
‖@s yju e`h skk, uskiuf
uskiuf aj`fs
`rk UD@\^? Upkecice,
Dk`sur`lfk, @etcjh-jrckhtkn,
\k`sjhl`fk,
ljuhn. ^b`t–s`hn ^cdk-
UD@\^.—
UD@\^.—


L@^@@H L\@HEB
Upk`gcha
Eb`rètkrcstces ji Kiiketcvk Chijrd`tcvk Upk`gcha
▯ Chtkffketu`ffy Utcduf`tcha
Utcduf`tcha
▯ \kfkv`ht
\kfkv`ht
▯ Erk`tcvk
Erk`tcvk
Dktbjns ji Chijrdcha
Chijrdcha
▯ Nksercptcjh
Nksercptcjh
▯ Nkichctcjh
Nkichctcjh
▯ Ejdp`rcsjh `hn Ejhtr`st

Ejhtr`st
▯ H`rr`tcjh
H`rr`tcjh
▯ Nkdjhstr`tcjh
Nkdjhstr`tcjh
Nksercptcjh
Nksercptcjh
Nksercptcjh cs ` dktbjn uskn tj erk`tk prkecsk, vcvcn, vkrl`f pceturk ji `h jloket,
akjar`pbce ik`turk, skttcha, kvkht, pkrsjh, jr cdàk. ^bcs dktbjn usu`ffy `hswkrs `hn
jvkr`rebcha ‖wbj—, ‖wb`t—, jr ‖wbkrk— qukstcjhs. Ci tbk tbcha tj lk nkserclkn cs scdpfk `hn
i`dcfc`r (fcgk ` fcabt lufl jr ` rcvkr), tbk nksercptcjh d`y hjt hkkn tj lk nkt`cfkn. Lut ci tbk
tbcha tj lk nkserclkn cs ejdpfkx `hn uhi`dcfc`r (fcgk ` skxt`ht jr bjfjar`pb), tbk
nksercptcjh wcff lk djrk kxbùstcvk. Nksercptcjhs `rk ji ejursk k`sckr ci yju b`vk `
prkskht`tcjh`f `cn, lut vcvcn vkrl`f nksercptcjhs e`h `fsj erk`tk chijrd`tcvk dkht`f
pceturks.
pceturks.
Nkichctcjh
Nkichctcjh
Nkichctcjh cs ` dktbjn tb`t kxpf`chs tbk dk`hcha ji sjdktbcha. ^bkrk `rk ijur w`ys
tj nkichk sjdktbcha?
sjdktbcha?
• Ly ef`ssciycha `hn nciikrkhtc`tcha
nciikrkhtc`tcha
• Ly nkrcv`tcjh jr ktydjfjay
k tydjfjay
• Ly kxpf`chcha cts usk jr iuhetcjh
iuhetcjh
• Ly uscha syhjhyds ji `htjhyds
`htjhyds
Ejdp`rcsjh `hn Ejhtr`st

Ejhtr`st
Ejdp`rcsjh `hn Ejhtr`st cs ` dktbjn ji chijrdcha tb`t ekhtkrs jh bjw sjdktbcha
cs scdcf`r tj `hn nciikrkht irjd jtbkr tbchas. [sk ji Ykhh Ncàr`d e`h lk ` ajjn tkebhcquk

L@^@@H L\@HEB
tj jra`hczk yjur cnk`s ch nkvkfjpcha `h chijrd`tcvk spkkeb uscha tbk ejdp`rcsjh `hn
ejhtr`st dktbjn.
dktbjn.
H`rr`tcjh
H`rr`tcjh
H`rr`tcjh cs ` dktbjn tb`t rktkffs `h ùtjlcjar`pbce`f jr lcjar`pbce`f kvkht, dytb,
jr jtbkr stjry. H`rr`tcvks usu`ffy b`vk ijur p`rts. Icrst, tbk h`rr`tcjh tkffs tbk fcstkhkr ly
nkserclcha wbkh `hn wbkrk tbk kvkht tjjg pfèk `hn ly `hhjuhecha tbk ksskhtc`f
eb`rètkrs. Ukejhn, tbk h`rr`tcjh ncseussks tbk jrnkr ji kvkhts tb`t fkn tj ` ejdpfce`tcjh
jr prjlfkd, chefuncha nkt`cfs tb`t khb`hek tbk prjarksscjh. ^bcrn, tbk h`rr`tcjh kxpf`chs
bjw tbk ejdpfce`tcjh jr prjlfkd ìiketkn gky eb`rètkrs. Ich`ffy, tbk h`rr`tcjh rkejuhts
tbk d`hhkr ly wbceb tbk ejdpfce`tcjh jr prjlfkd w`s sjfvkn. ^bk ik`turks ji ` ajjn
h`rr`tcjh ejdprcsk ` strjha stjry fchk7 usk ji nksercptcvk f`hauàk `hn nkt`cfs tb`t
cdprjvk tbk pfjt, pkjpfk, skttcha, `hn kvkhts7 kiiketcvk usk ji nc`fjauk7 pècha tb`t lucfns,
suspkhsk7 `hn ` pjwkriuf vjcek.
vjcek.
Nkdjhstr`tcjh
Nkdjhstr`tcjh
Nkdjhstr`tcjh cs ` dktbjn tb`t sbjws bjw sjdktbcha cs njhk, ncspf`ys tbk stàks
ji ` prjekss, jr kxbclcts bjw sjdktbcha wjrgs. Nkdjhstr`tcjhs r`hak irjd vkry scdpfk
wctb ikw k`sy-tj-ijffjw stkps (sueb `s bjw tj crjh ` sbcrt) tj vkry ejdpfkx (sueb `s
nkdjhstr`tcha bjw ` huefk`r rkètjr wjrgs). Qbktbkr yju prkskht ` scdpfk jr nciiceuft
suloket, tj nkdjhstr`tk kiiketcvkfy rkqucrks yju tj lk `h kxpkrt ch njcha ct. [sk jrnkrfy
skqukhecha, efk`r f`hauàk, `hn vcsu`f `cns.
`cns.
Aucnkfchks ijr Jra`hcz`tcjh ]`ttkrh

]`ttkrh
]@^^K\H [UK QBKH ]JUUCLFK ^J]CEU
Ebrjhjfjace`f yju w`ht tj sbjw ` stkp-ly-stkp Yè`tcjh tj tbk ]rjvchek

prjarksscjh `hn/ jr yju w`ht tj Arjwtb ji L`h`h` ^rkk
ncseuss
ejhekpt `hjvkr
kvkht, pbkhjdkhjh,
tcdk. jr
Up`tc`f yju w`ht tj bkfp tbk ùnckhek @h Chtkrkstcha Csf`hn

vcsu`fczk sjdktbcha yju `rk ^bk Hkw Ayd
nkserclcha `hn/ jr yju w`ht tj ^bk ]`rg `t tbk Hkcabljrbjjn
nkserclk sjdktbcha ly djvcha irjd
pjcht tj pjcht tbrjuab spèk.
E`tkajrce`f Sju w`ht tj kdpb`sczk tbk Nkp`rtdkhts ji tbk @LU

scahcice`hek ji tbk e`tkajrcks jr Ejdp`hy
ncvcscjhs ch sjdk w`y jr yju `rk
chtkrkstkn ch ifkxclfk `pprjèb tj
jra`hcz`tcjh
Eùs`f yju w`ht yjur ùnckhek tj ^bk Kiikets ji L`n Utuny
uhnkrst`hn tbjsk iètjrs (eùsks) B`lcts
tb`t b`vk ejhtrclutkn tj sjdk Ajjn Utuny B`lcts
jutejdk (kiikets) jr yju w`ht yjur @nv`htàks
ùnckhek tj uhnkrst`hn tbk cdpèt

L@^@@H L\@HEB
(kiikets) ji sjdk prjlfkd jr Bk`ftby Nckt `hn cts

pbkhjdkhjh. Ejhskqukheks
]rjlfkd-Ujfutcjh yju w`ht tj d`gk yjur ùnckhek Hjcsk ]jffutcjh

uhnkrst`hn ` prjlfkd djrk iuffy Q`tkr ]jffutcjh
wbcfk èghjwfknacha `ssjec`tkn Ue`recty ji \ksjureks
sjfutcjhs jr yju w`ht tj bkfp yjur
ùnckhek lkejdk `w`rk ji ncvkrsk
sjfutcjhs tj ` prjlfkd wctbjut
`nvje`tcha `hy jhk ji tbkd.
]K\U[@NK
U]KKEB ^J ]K\U[@NK
]K\U[@UCJH cs tbk prjekss ji `ftkrcha jr rkchijrecha `ttctunks, lkfckis, v`fuks, jr

lkb`vcjr. @ftbjuab ghjwcha yjur fcstkhkr–s `ttctunks, lkfckis, `hn v`fuks e`h bkfp yju wrctk
`hy dkssàk, tbksk tbrkk v`rc`lfks wbkhw bkh kxpf`chcha psyebjfjace`f ùnckhek `h`fyscs
` h`fyscs `rk
kspkec`ffy hkekss`ry tj chefunk
ch efunk wbkh nrìtcha `hn prkskhtcha ` pkrsu`scvk dkssàk. Sjur
`ttctunk kxbclct jur fcgks `hn ncsfcgks. ^kebhce`ffy spk`gcha, ` dkht`f jutfjjg cs ` fk`rhkn
ebjcek tj rkpfy pjsctcvkfy jr hka`tcvkfy tjw`rn sjdktbcha. Ch yjur t`sg tj pkrsu`nk, yju
dcabt w`ht tj chifukhek yjur fcstkhkrs tj fcgk jr prjpjsk hkw sbjppcha d`ff, tj fcgk l`ts
lkeùsk ji tbkcr `lcfcty tj k`t chskets, jr tj ncs`pprjvk `h cherk`sk ch t`x.
t`x.
Q`ys tj ]rkskht ]krsu`scvk Cnk`s

Cnk`s
NKUE\C]^CJH KR@D]FK
Ejahctcvk ^kffcha fcstkhkrs `ljut kxcstcha D`hy bcab sebjjf stunkhts
Ncssjh`hek prjlfkds jr chijrd`tcjh tb`t tjn`y `rk hjt ejdputkr
cs chejhscstkht wctb tbkcr fctkr`tk. Qctbjut tbcs
eurrkhtfy bkfn lkfckis jr ghjwfknak, yjur stunkhts wcff
ghjwh chijrd`tcjh erk`tks hjt lk ejdpktctcvk ch tjn`y–s
psyebjfjace`f ncsejdijrt. ojl d`rgkt.
d`rgkt. Sju sbjufn
sbjufn suppjrt
suppjrt
fje`f ljhn prjpjs`f tb`t
wjufn prjvcnk djrk djhky ijr
ejdputkrs ch jur sebjjfs.
Bckr`reby ji Hkkns ]kjpfk `rk djtcv`tkn ly Sju ejufn lk tbk khvy ji
uhdkt hkkns. ^bk djst l`sce pkjpfk yju ghjw ci yju
hkkns `rk psyebjfjace`f, pureb`sk tbcs hkw sfkkg spjrts
ijffjwkn ly sìkty hkkns, e`r. Sju wcff lk pkrekcvkn `s `
sjec`f hkkns, skfi-kstkkd pkrsjh ji bcab st`tus ch yjur
hkkns, `hn ich`ffy, skfi- ejdduhcty.
ètu`fcz`tcjh hkkns.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
]jsctcvk Djtcv`tcjh ]kjpfk wcff djrk fcgkfy eb`hak Sju sbjufn t`gk ` ejursk ch
tbkcr tbchgcha jr pursuk ` pulfce spk`gcha lkeùsk ct wcff
p`rtceuf`r ejursk ji ètcjh ci cherk`sk yjur prjspkets ji
tbky `rk ejhvchekn tb`t ajjn akttcha ` ajjn ojl. Kiiketcvk
tbchas wcff b`ppkh tj tbkd ci ejdduhce`tcjh sgcffs `rk tbk
tbky suppjrt wb`t tbk spk`gkr djst sjuabt-ìtkr sgcffs ch
`nvje`tks. tjn`y–s wjrgpfèk.
Hka`tcvk Djtcv`tcjh ]kjpfk skkg tj `vjcn p`ch `hn Ci yju rkekcvk ` fkttkr jr
ncsejdijrt. ^bky wcff lk pègàk tb`t fjjgs suspcecjus
djtcv`tkn tj suppjrt wb`t ` lkeùsk ct cs uhusu`ffy fudpy,
spk`gkr `nvje`tks ci tbky `rk b`s hj rkturh `nnrkss, cs
ejhvchekn tb`t l`n tbchas wcff d`rgkn ‖pkrsjh`f— jr
b`ppkh tj tbkd uhfkss tbky ‖ejhicnkhtc`f—, jr cs irjd
nj. sjdkjhk yju nj hjt ghjw,
w`sb yjur b`hns ìtkr yju
tjueb ct. \kpjrt tbk suspcecjus
fkttkr jr pègàk tj tbk pjst
jiicek cddknc`tkfy. Ci yju nj
hjt bk`n tbksk suaakstcjhs,
yju cherk`sk tbk eb`heks ji
lkcha ejht`dch`tkn ly `
lcjfjace`f àkht.
KH^K\^@CH
U]KKEB ^J KH^K\^@CH
^bk spkkeb tj khtkrt`ch usu`ffy b`ppkhs ch `h ìtkr-nchhkr sctu`tcjh, jr `t ` tcdk

wbkh tbk ùnckhek njks hjt kxpket tj lk `sgkn tj tbchg vkry b`rn jr tj t`gk ` vkry skrcjus
ètcjh.
ètcjh.
Eb` ffkhaks ji tbk Upkkeb tj Khtkrt`ch

]urpjsks `hn Eb`ffkhaks
^bk jvkr`rebcha purpjsk ji tbk spkkeb tj khtkrt`ch cs tj bkfp fcstkhkrs khojy

tbkdskfvks. ^bk spk`gkr wbjsk purpjsk cs hjt tbk s`dk `s ` st`hn-up ejdknc`h. \`tbkr,
ch tbk ejhtkxt
dkssàk. ji khojydkht,
Ch d`hy djst spk`gkrs
w`ys, tbk spkkeb skkgcs`fsj
tj khtkrt`ch tj nciiceuft
` vkry cdp`rt sjdk sjrt
spkkeb tj ji dkdjr`lfk
acvk. Budjr cs
` b`rn tj pf`h7 prjiksscjh`f
prjikssc jh`f budjrcst cs fcgkfy tj kdpfjy tk`ds ji wrctkrs, `hn kvkh
kvk h tbky e`h
`hn jitkh nj ifjp. @fsj, wb`t d`y skkd iuhhy tj yju jr tj ` ikw ji yjur irckhns jhk hcabt
d`y hjt skkd iuhhy tbk hkxt djrhcha.
Khojydkht Ykrsus Budjr
Erk`tcha khojydkht, ct sbjufn lk pjchtkn jut, njks hjt `fw`ys dk`h lkcha iuhhy. Ch
ièt, djst sueekssiuf spkkebks tj khtkrt`ch wcff prjl`lfy chefunk ` fjt ji chijrd`tcvk
d`tkrc`f, tbky wcff stceg tj ` ekhtr`f tbkdk jr pjcht, `hn, bjwkvkr fcabtbk`rtkn, d`hy, fcgk `
ajjn i`lfk, wcff b`vk ` djr`f `t tbk khn.
Ijr tbk ùnckhek, khojydkht ejdks irjd lkcha rkf`xkn `hn chtkrkstkn ch tbk pjcht ji
djr`f ejdduhce`tkn, `hn hjt hkekss`rcfy irjd lkcha `duskn. Iurtbkrdjrk, nciikrkht
pkjpfk khojy nciikrkht tbchas.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
Qb`t pkjpfk khojy cs hjt `fw`ys k`sy tj prkncet, `hn tbk efuks yju e`h akt irjd
ùnckhek `h`fyscs d`y jr d`y hjt lk bkfpiuf. Jlvcjusfy, fcstkhkrs wcff lrcha ncvkrsk t`stks
`hn prkikrkheks tj `hy spk`gcha sctu`tcjh. Kvkh sj, ci yju tbchg `ljut ct, yju e`h prjl`lfy
aukss wctb sjdk èeurèy wb`t gchn ji dusce d`hy ejffkak stunkhts ichn khojy`lfk, wb`t
sjrts ji tkfkvcscjh prjar`ds djst pkjpfk w`teb, wb`t djvcks `rk pjpuf`r, wb`t tbk
skrcjus chtkrksts `rk ji tbjsk ch p`rtceuf`r dòjrs, `hn sj ijrtb.
D`hy spkkebks tj khtkrt`ch `rk nkvkfjpkn chnuetcvkfy, `s tbk spk`gkr sb`rks

`duscha, dk`hchaiuf, `hn chtkrkstcha stjrcks. Ji ejursk, tbk str`tkay tj lk uskn nkpkhns,
`s `fw`ys, jh tbk spk`gkr–s spkecice wjrtby aj`f. Lut jhfy tbjsk spkkebks tb`t `cd
prcd`rcfy `t khojydkht e`h lk sueekssiuf wbkh tbk jvkr`rebcha rksuft cs khojydkht.
]rkp`rcha `hn ]rkskhtcha tbk Upkkeb tj Khtkrt`ch
Ci yju b`vk tbk t`fkht, chtkrkst, `hn jppjrtuhcty tj nkvkfjp `hn nkfcvkr ` spkkeb tj khtkrt`ch,
bkrk `rk sjdk tcps tj gkkp ch dchn?
▯ @cd tj stcduf`tk khojydkht ch yjur ùnckhek.

▯ D`gk yjur prkskht`tcjh lrcki.
▯ ]rjvcnk ` dkdjr`lfk dkssàk.
L`sce ]`rts ji Upkkeb tj Khtkrt`ch
▯ Chtrjnuetcjh
▯ Ljny
▯ Ejhefuscjh
Chtrjnuetcjh. Sjur t`sg `s ` spk`gkr ch tbk spkkeb tj khtkrt`ch cs tj st`rt ct ly

stcduf`tcha tbk ùnckhek–s `ttkhtcjh, skttcha tbk djjn, `hn erk`tcha tbk d`ch pjcht.
Nj hjt `ttkdpt
ùnckhek tj prkskht
tbchg lkeùsk ` skrcjus
yjur jr cs
jhfy aj`f ejdpfce`tkn ejhekpt/ cnk`
tj acvk tbk fcstkhkrs tb`t
` tjt`f d`gks yjur
khtkrt`chdkht
kxpkrckhek.
Ljny. @fw`ys rkdkdlkr tbk gchn ji ùnckhek yju b`vk, tbk jee`scjh `hn yjur
spk`gcha sgcff `s wkff `s fcdct`tcjhs wbkh yju pf`h yjur spkkeb. Ukvkr`f v`rc`tcjhs
e`h lk uskn ch jra`hczcha yjur spkkeb tj khtkrt`ch? tjpce`f jrnkr `hn
`hn nksercptcjhs .
Ejhefuscjh. ^bk ejhefuscjh cs usu`ffy vkry sbjrt `hn d`cht`chs tj e`rry rjlust `hn
ojyiuf djjn tb`t w`s d`cht`chkn tbrjuabjut tbk spkkeb. Upkecice nkvceks ijr
ejhefuncha wkrk ncseusskn ch tbk prkvcjus fkssjhs sbjufn lk rkvckwkn `s ` dk`hs
ji nktkrdchcha wbceb tkebhcquk lkst sucts tbk spkecice jee`scjh yju `rk tj spk`g `t
(U`djv`r, 0332).

L@^@@H L\@HEB
Khrcebdkht?
djrk!
Fk`rh sjdk djrk!
Utr`tkacks tj Lkejdk ` ]rjnuetcvk ^bchgkr

^bchgkr
ly Dceb`kf Dce`fgj
▯ \ktbchg ` tjpce, cssuk, jr prjlfkd irjd d`hy pkrspketcvks.

pkrspketcvks.
▯ D`gk yjur tbjuabts vcsclfk ly sgktebcha nr`wchas, ncàr`ds,

ar`pbs.
`hn ar`pbs.
▯ D`gk yjur tbjuabts vcsclfk ly sgktebcha nr`wchas, ncàr`ds, `hn ar`pbs.

ar`pbs.
▯ Dkdjr`lfk
Dkdjr`lfk
▯ Ncvkrsk Fk`rhcha Utyfks

Utyfks
@sskssdkht?
]rkp`rk pkrsu`scvk spkkeb tj prjdjtk duftceuftur`f ejdduhce`tcjh

ly wjrgcha jh tbk tjpce? ‖E[F^[\@F NCIIK\KHEKU CU HJ^ @ L@\\CK\ ^J
UJEC@F [HC^S—.
[HC^S—.
Nkfcvkr tbk spkkeb tbrjuab ` vcnkj rkejrncha. Gkkp ch dchn tbk str`tkacks
`hn jra`hcz`tcjh p`ttkrhs ch d`gcha `hn nkfcvkrcha yjur spkkeb. 5 tj ;
dchutks prkskht`tcjh cs ajjn.
Ejhscnkr tbk rulrces pjstkn jh tbk ajjafk ef`ssrjjd ijr tbcs ètcvcty.
^bk rkejrnkn vc
vcnkj
nkj ji yjur spkk
spkkeb
eb sbjufn lk upfj`nkn jh tbk pjstkn ef`sswjrg ch
ajjafk ef`ssrjjd.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
\kikrkheks?
▯ @austch,
\èqukf, kt. `f. Ejdduhce`tcjh ch Duftceuftur`f Ejhtkxts? Dk`hchas `hn
<=02

<=02
▯ B`hnljjg ji Kiiketcvk, ]rjiksscjh`f Ejdduhce`tcjh

Ejdduhce`tcjh
bttp?//bpfkhar..wcse.knu/]rjiZEjdd.pni
bttp?//bpfkhar wcse.knu/]rjiZEjdd.pni

L@^@@H L\@HEB
DJN[FK 1? EJDD[HCE@^CJH IJ\ QJ\G ][\]JUKU
Ejursk Jloketcvks?
 Erk`tk efk`r, ejbkrkht, `hn kiiketcvk ejdduhce`tcjh d`tkrc`fs
 ]rkskht cnk`s uscha `pprjprc`tk f`hauàk rkacstkrs, tjhk, ièc`f kxprksscjhs,
`hn aksturks
Jvkrvckw?
^bcs djnufk t`fgs `ljut ejdduhce`tcjh ch tbk wjrgpfèk. Ct ncseussks `ljut

ejdduhce`tcjh hktwjrgs7 luschkss fkttkr `s wkff `s cts p`rts, f`y jut, `hn typks7 rksudk
`hn cts iuhetcjhs `hn p`rts7 chtkrvckw `hn tbk ejhnuet `hn ktbces ji ct.
^bk ksskhek ji ejdduhce`tcjh cs sb`rcha, prjvcncha n`t`, chijrd`tcjh, chscabts cchh `h

kxeb`hak tb`t lkhkicts yju `hn tbk pkjpfk wctb wbjd yju `rk ejdduhce`tcha wctb.
Ejdduhce`tcjh cs tbk fciklfjjn ji `h jra`hcz`tcjh. Ct pf`ys ` cdpjrt`ht rjfk ch tbk sueekss
ji kvkry jra`hcz`tcjh ct bkfp
bk fp kst`lfcsb tbk rkf`tcjhsbcp lktwkkh supkrcjr `hn suljrnch`tks
`hn tbk rkf`tcjhsbcp lktwkkh jra`hcz`tcjhs rkf`y jh bjw wkff `hn tbky d`hàk tj
ejdduhce`tk kèb jtbkr.
^bk jra`hcz`tcjh cs ruh ly chtkreb`hacha chijrd`tcjh, pf`hs, cnk`s, prjpjs`fs, usk ji

n`t`, `hn ejhnuetcha ncseusscjhs, dkktchas, `hn rksk`reb wbceb `rk `ff nciikrkht ijrds ji
ejdduhce`tcjh. Chncvcnu`fs ch jra`hcz`tcjhs tr`hsdct dkssàks tbrjuab ièk-tj-ièk,
wrcttkh, `hn dknc`tkn eb`hhkfs. ^j lk `lfk tj ejdduhce`tk kiiketcvkfy ch tbk wjrgpfèk cs
` eb`ffkhak tb`t iuturk `hn eurrkhtfy kdpfjykn pkjpfk ièk. \ksk`rebkrs b`vk prjvkh tb`t
`h kiiceckht ejdduhce`tcjh p`ttkrh bkfps
bkf ps k`sk ejhifcets ch wjrg `hn ikffjw kdpfjykks `hn
khb`heks lkttkr wjrgifjw.
Qbcfk tbk nkd`hn tj fk`rh tbcs sgcff d`y lk bcab, tbk rkw`rns `rk iuficffcha. Utunkhts
fcgk yju wbj b`vk hjt lkkh kxpjskn tj `hy wjrg ejdduhcty wcff lkhkict djst irjd tbk
fkssjhs ch tbcs djnufk.
Ejursk D`tkrc`fs?
Ejdduhce`tcjh Hktwjrgs
Ch `h jra`hcz`tcjh, tbk d`hàkr b`s tj rk`n, spk`g, wrctk, fcstkh, jlskrvk, `hn
supkrvcsk `rk `ff dk`hs ji ejdduhce`tcjh. Sju sbjufn ghjw bjw tj d`gk fkttkrs, rkpjrts,
prjpjs`fs, `hn dkdjs `hn jtbkr ejdduhce`tcjh. Ch jrnkr tj nj sj, yju dust cdprjvk yjur
ejdduhce`tcjh sgcffs. Ct e`h lk tbk djst cdpjrt`ht stkp yju e`h d`gk ch yjur e`rkkr, tbk

L@^@@H L\@HEB
`lcfcty tj ejdduhce`tk cs `h ksskhtc`f sgcff tb`t kdpfjykrs kxpket kdpfjykk tj b`vk wbkh
tbky khtkr tbk wjrgijrek.
@dlctcjh `hn ark`t cnk`s `rkh–t khjuab,

`rkh–t khjuab, pkjpfk ch kvkry ickfn hkkn tj ejdduhce`tk
wctb pkjpfk`hn
ejffkàuks ch ejhhket
jrnkr tjwctb
sueekkn
pkjpfkchjutscnk
tbkcr e`rkkr. ^bky jitkh hkkn tj sb`rk cnk`s wctb
tbkcr ickfn.
Ejdduhce`tcjh ch tbk wjrgpfèk

w jrgpfèk prcd`rcfy chvjfvks ` systkd ji d`hàcha tbk ifjw ji
chijrd`tcjh wctbch `h jra`hcz`tcjh. Sju wcff `pprkec`tk ct djrk ci yju uhnkrst`hn bjw
ejhiuscha uhrkauf`tkn ejdduhce`tcjh cs, kvkh ch sd`ff jra`hcz`tcjh wctb l`rkfy <=
kdpfjykks. Ci kèb wkrk tj p`ss chijrd`tcjh tj kvkryjhk, kèb kdpfjykk wcff b`vk tj skhn
`hn rkekcvk chijrd`tcjh- pjssclfy ejhifcetcha chijrd`tcjh- irjd `ff tbjsk kdpfjykks.
Qctb tbcs nkarkk ji ejdpfkxcty, tbkrk cs ejdk systkd ijr strueturcha wbj wcff
ejdduhce`tk wctb wbjd. ^bksk systkds `rk e`ffkn ejdduhce`tcjh hktwjrgs- rkauf`r
p`ttkrhs ji pkrsjh-tj-pkrsjh rkf`tcjhsbcps tbrjuab wbceb chijrd`tcjh ifjws ch `h
jra`hcz`tcjh.
Kbfdjrst,
Ijrd`f Ejdduhce`tcjh Hktwjrgs (@nfkr & Kb fdjrst, 0333)
Ijrd`f ejdduhce`tcjh hktwjrgs `rk systkds nkscahkn ly d`hàkdkht tj ncet`tk

wbj sbjufn t`fg tj wbjd tj akt ` ojl njhk. Ch ` sd`ff jra`hcz`tcjh, hktwjrgs `rk sj scdpfk
tb`t tbky d`y b`rnfy lk hjtcek`lfk7 ch f`rakr jra`hcz`tcjhs, tbky lkejdk djrk chtrce`tk.
^bk djst ejddjh w`y ji nkserclcha ijrd`f hktwjrgs cs wctb jra`hcz`tcjh`f eb`rts.
^bky `rk djrk tb`h ` lurkùer`t–s tjy7 tbky prjvcnk efk`r aucnkfchk ji wbj cs
rkspjhsclfk
rksp jhsclfk ijr ` acvkh t`sg `hn wbceb kdpfjykks `rk rkspjhsclfk ijr jtbkr–s
pkrijrd`hek. @ typce`f jra`hcz`tcjh eb`rt sbjws tb`t ejdduhce`tcjh e`h ifjw ch skvkr`f
ncrketcjhs? njwhw`rn, upw`rn, bjrczjht`ffy, `hn f`tkr`f.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
^ypks ji Ijrd`f Ejdduhce`tcjhs ch tbk Jra`hcz`tcjh
NJQHQ@\N []Q@\N BJ\C_JH^@F/

F@^K\@F

Nkichctcjh Uupkrcjr tj
Uuljrnch`tk Uuljrnch`tk
Uupkrcjr tj Lktwkkh ej-
wjrgkrs wctb
nciikrkht `rk`s jr
rkspjhsclcfcty
^ypks chstruetcjhs
Ojl chstruetcjhs Qb`t Ejjrnch`tkn t`sgs
\`tcjh`fk ijr ojl suljrnch`tks Ujfvk ]rjlfkds
Jra`hcz`tcjh`f `rk njcha Ub`rk chijrd`tcjh
prjeknurks `hn [hsjfvkn wjrg D`hàk ejhifcets
prètceks ]rjlfkds Lucfn ` r`ppjrt
Ikknlèg tj Uuaakstcjhs ijr
suljrnch`tks cdprjvkdkht
Chnjetrch`tcjh
Chnjetrch`tcjh tj Uuljrnch`tk–s
Jra`hcz`tcjh ikkfchas `ljut
eufturk ojl `hn ej-
wjrgkrs
]jtkhtc`f ]rkvkhtcjh/ ]rkvkhtcjh ji Cherk`skn

Lkhkicts ejrrketcjh ji hkw prjlfkds ejjpkr`tcjh `dcha
kdpfjykk krrjrs `hn sjfutcjh ji kdpfjykks wctb
Ark`tkr ojl jfn jhks nciikrkht nutcks
s`tcsiètcjh Cherk`skn Ark`tkr
Cdprjvk Djr`fk èekpt`hek ji uhnkrst`hncha jr
d`hàkdkht jra`hcz`tcjh–s
nkecscjhs dcsscjh
]jtkhtc`f Chsuiiceckht jr Uupkrcjrs d`y \cv`fry d`y jeeur

]rjlfkds uhefk`r dkssàks ncsejuràk, lktwkkh
Dkssàk jvkrfj`n ncsrka`rn jr kdpfjykks irjd
Dkssàk ncstjrtkn njwhpf`y nciikrkht `rk`s
`s ct p`ssks tbrjuab cdpjrt`hek ji Upkec`fcz`tcjh
jhk jr djrk suljrnch`tks– d`gks
chtkrdknc`rcks dkssàks uhnkrst`hncha
Uupkrvcsjrs nciiceuft
d`y uhi`crfy Chijrd`tcjh
lf`dk jvkrfj`n
suljrnch`tks ncsejuràks
ijr uhpfk`s`ht ejhtèts
hkws ]bysce`f l`rrckrs
ncsejuràk
ejhtèts
Fèg ji djtcv`tcjh
Luschkss Fkttkr
Fkttkr
Irjd p`pkr tj k-d`cf, fkttkr njdch`tks tbk wjrfn ji luschkss

lusch kss `hn `rk tbk djst jitkh
uskn ch ejdduhce`tcha. Bcstjrce`ffy, luschkss fkttkr w`s
w `s skht vc` pjst`f d`cf jr ejurckr l
lut
ut
tbk r`pcn chhjv`tcjhs jh tkebhjfjay eb`hak jur w`y ch skhncha luschkss fkttkrs. Luschkss
ejrrkspjhnkhek hkkns tj lk pjfcsbkn `hn prjiksscjh`ffy ijrd`ttkn.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
FK^^K\
L@UCE ]@\Û JI @ L[UCHKUU FK^^K\
▯ Bk`ncha/Fkttkrbk`n/\kturh @nnrkss
@nnrkss
▯ N`tkfchk
N`tkfchk
▯
Chscnk @nnrkss
@nnrkss
▯ U`fut`tcjh
U`fut`tcjh
▯ Ljny ji tbk fkttkr
fkttkr
▯ Ejdpfcdkht`ry Efjsk
Efjsk
▯ Ucah`turk Lfjeg
Lfjeg
▯ \kikrkhek Chctc`fs
Chctc`fs
@nnrkss
Bk`ncha/Fkttkrbk`n/\kturh @nnrkss
^bk bk`ncha jr fkttkrbk`n chefunks tbk skhnkr–s nkt`cfs sueb `s tbk h`dk, `nnrkss,
ejhtèt nkt`cfs (djlcfk hudlkr, k-d`cf `nnrkss) `hn kvkh tbk fjaj ji tbk ejdp`hy wbkrk
tbk skhnkr cs p`rt ji. Ct cs `fsj e`ffkn rkturh `nnrkss ijr ct ejht`chs tbk `nnrkss wbkrk tbk
rkecpckht wcff rkikr wbkh skhncha tbk rkspjhsk. ^bcs cs typkn < spèks `ljvk tbk n`tkfchk.
n`tkfchk.
N`tkfchk
N`tkfchk
^bk n`tk ji ` fkttkr wbkh ` fkttkr w`s wrcttkh sbjufn lk pfèkn spèks lkfjw tbk
wrctkr–s rkturh `nnrkss chijrd`tcjh. Ct cs tbk ich`f ejdpjhkht ch tbk bk`ncha ji ` luschkss
fkttkr. Ijrd`t ct uscha tbk djhtb, n`y `hn yk`r jr yju e`h `fsj ijrd`t ct uscha tbk n`y, djhtb
`hn yk`r. N`tk ji fkttkr sbjufnh–t lk `llrkvc`tkn `hn dust lk chnce`tkn ejdpfktkfy
ejdpfktkfy..
Chscnk @nnrkss
@nnrkss
Chscnk @nnrkss `s ` ejuhtkrp`rt ji tbk fkttkr bk`n, ejht`chs tbk rkekcvkr–s nkt`cfs.
^bksk ejht`ch ch
chijrd`tcjh
ijrd`tcjh sueb `s tbk h`dk ji tbk rkekcvkr
rkekcvkr,, bcs jr bkr pjsctcjh, ejdp`hy,
`hn ejdp`hy `nnrkss. ^bcs cs typkn < spèks lkfjw tbk n`tkfchk.
n`tkfchk.
U`fut`tcjh
U`fut`tcjh
U`fut`tcjh cs tbk chctc`f
chc tc`f arkktchas ji tbk skhnkr tj tbk rkekcvkr ji tbk fkttkr
fkttkr.. Ch wrctcha
tbk s`fut`tcjh, ct cs vkry cdpjrt`ht tj ejhscnkr
ejhscnk r prjpkr tctfks
tctfks ijr tbk pkrsjh tj w
wbceb
bceb tbk fkttkr
wcff lk skht. Ch ` luschkss fkttkr, ` ejfjh cs lkcha uskn `s tbk puhetu`tcjh d`rg ijr tbk
s`fut`tcjh. ^bcs p`rt cs typkn < spèks ìtkr tbk chscnk `nnrkss.
`nnrkss.
fkttkr
Ljny ji tbk fkttkr
Ljny cs tbk djst cdpjrt`ht p`rt lkeùsk ct cs tbk ksskhek ji tbk fkttkr. Ct ejht`chs tbk
dkssàk ji tbk skhnkr tj tbk rkekcvkr. Ch wrctcha ljny ji tbk fkttkr, tbk skhnkr dust t`gk
chtj ejhscnkr`tcjh skvkr`f iètjrs. ^bkrk `rk ètu`ffy scx qu`fctcks ji kiiketcvk luschkss
fkttkr.
fkttkr.
Ejdpfcdkht`ry Efjsk
Efjsk
Ct cs ejhscnkrkn tj lk tbk efjscha arkktchas ji tbk skhnkr tj tbk rkekcvkr. Ct cs typkn <
spèks lkfjw tbk ljny ji tbk fkttkr. Ch wrctcha tbk ejdpfcdkht`ry efjsk, ct cs jhfy tbk icrst

L@^@@H L\@HEB
fkttkr ji tbk icrst

ic rst wjrn wbceb sbjufn lk typkn ch uppkre`sk fkttkr, tbk rkst sbjufn lk ch fjwkr
e`sk jhfy. ]uhetu`tcjh d`rg tj lk uskn dust lk ejdd` (,). (,).
Ucah`turk Lfjeg
Lfjeg
^bcs p`rt cnkhtcicks tbk skhnkr. Ct sbjws tbk iuff h`dk ji tbk skhnkr ji tbk fkttkr wctb
wc tb
bcs jr bkr scah`turk `ljvk. Ct cs typkn 5 tj ; spèks lkfjw tbk ejdpfcdkht`ry efjsk tj acvk
spèk ijr tbk skhnkr–s scah`turk. ^bcs d`gks tbk fkttkr v`fcn `hn
` hn rkfc`lfk.
rkfc`lfk.
Chctc`fs
\kikrkhek Chctc`fs
Ct cs tbk ^S]CU^–U
^ S]CU^–U CHC^C@FU. ^bkrki
^bkrkijrk,
jrk, ci tbk skhnkr cs hjt tbk s`dk pkrsjh wbj typkn
tbk fkttkr, ct cs hjt tbk skhnkr–s chctc`fs wbceb wcff `ppk`r jh tbk fkttkr, r`tbkr, tbk typcst–s
chctc`fs. ^bcs ejddjhfy b`ppkhs ch luschkss fkttkrs. Ijr chst`hek, tbk ejdp`hy prkscnkht
`sgkn bcs skerkt`ry tj typk ` fkttkr, ct cs tbk skerkt`ry–s chctc`fs wbceb wcff `ppk`r jh tbk
fkttkr. Bjwkvkr, tbk ejdp`hy prkscnkht wcff rkd`ch tbk skhnkr ji tbk fkttkr wbjsk nkt`cfs
`hn h`dk wcffwc ff `ppk`r jh tbk s`dk fkttkr. \kikrkhek chctc`fs e`h lk typkn < spèks lkfjw tbk
scah`turk lfjeg.
lfjeg.
Njwhfj`n `hn vckw tbk kx`dpfk ji luschkss fkttkr wctb cts f`lkfkn p`rts jh
tbk upfj`nkn icfk ch ajjafk ef`ssrjjd.
ef`ssrjjd.
Icfk h`dk?
h`dk?
]@\Û JI L[UCHKUU FK^^K\
FK^^K\
U^SFKU J\ IJ\D@Û JI L[UCHKUU FK^^K\

FK^^K\
▯ Iuff-lfjeg Utyfk
Utyfk
▯ Djncickn Lfjeg Utyfks
Utyfks
▯ Ukdc-lfjeg Utyfk
Utyfk
▯ Ucdpfcickn Utyfk
Utyfk
Iuff-lfjeg Utyfk
Utyfk
^bcs cs tbk ijrd`t tb`t wcff wjrg w

wkff
kff ch kvkry sctu`tcjh `hn e`h lk uskn iijr
jr ijrd`f `s
wkff `s ch chijrd`f ejrrkspjhnkhek. ^bcs lfjeg ijrd`t luschkss fkttkr cffustr`tks bjw quceg
`hn k`sy ejdduhce`tcjhs e`h lk tj typk. ^bcs ijrd`t b`s hj chnkhtcjh `t tbk lkachhchas ji
p`ràr`pbs `hn `ff tbk chijrd`tcjh cs typkn ifusbkn fkit, wctb jhk-cheb d`rachs `ff `rjuhn.
`rjuhn.
Utyfk
Djncickn Lfjeg Utyfk
^bcs djncickn lfjeg luschkss fkttkr ijrd`t ncii

nciikrs
krs irjd tbk iuff lfjeg styfk ijr sjdk
p`rts ji ct `rk djvkn tj tbk rcabt scnk. Bjwkvkr, tbk lkachhchas ji tbk p`ràr`pbs rkd`ch
hjt chnkhtkn. Djncickn lfjeg styfk `rk oust ` fcttfk fkss ijrd`f tb`h iuff lfjeg styfk. ^bk
n`tkfchk, ejdpfcdkht`ry efjsk, `hn tbk scah`turk lfjeg `ff st`rt hk`r tbk ekhtkr ji tbk pàk,
prjekkncha tj tbk rcabt scnk. Jh tbk jtbkr b`hn, tbk jtbkr p`rts rkd`ch jh tbk fkit.
fkit.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
Utyfk
Ukdc-lfjeg Utyfk
^bk skdc-lfjeg luschkss fkttkr ijrd`t fjjgs vkry dueb fcgk tbk djncickn lfjeg
styfk, kxekpt tb`t tbk p`ràr`pbs b`vk lkkh chnkhtkn. Ukdc-lfjeg
U kdc-lfjeg fkttkr ijrd`t fkttkrs `rk
oust ` fcttfk ijrd`f tb`h djncickn lfjeg styfk. Ci yju `rk uscha tbcs ijrd`t, tbk n`tkfchk dust
lk pfèkn `t tbk rcabt ekhtkr ji tbk pàk, typk tbk chscnk `nnrkss `hn s`fut`tcjh ifusb fkit.
^bk ejdpfcdkht`ry efjsk `hn sc scah`turk
ah`turk lfjeg dust lk `fcahk
`fcahknn `fsj wctb tbk n`tkfch
n`tkfchk.
k. Ijr
ijrd`f fkttkrs, `vjcn `llrkvc`tcjhs, chnkht tbk icrst fchk ji kèb p`ràr`pb jhk-b`fi cheb.
cheb.
Ucdpfcickn Utyfk
Utyfk
^bcs cs `
`hjtbkr
hjtbkr djncice`tcjh ji tbk iuff lfjeg ijrd`t. ^bcs cs uskn wbkh yju wrctk `
fkttkr `hn yju njh–t ghjw tbk h`dk `hn
`h n tctfk ji tbk pkrsjh yju `rk wrctcha tbk fkttkr
fkttkr..
^bk ijrd`t cs wcnkfy uskn wbkh tbk wrctkr ji tbk fkttkrs njks hjt w`ht tj acvk
cdpjrt`hek tj ijrd`fcty7 tbcs ijrd`t acvk djrk cdpjrt`hek tj tbk ejrk d`ttkr ji tbk fkttkr.
^bcs ijrd`t jdcts tbk s`s`fut`tcjh
fut`tcjh `hn tbk ejdpfcdkht`ry efjsk7 `ff fchks `rk ifusb wctb tbk
fkit d`rach7 n`tkfchk cs pfèkn scx spèks lkfjw tbk fkttkrbk`n, chscnk `nnrkss cs pfèkn >
spèks lkfjw n`tkfchk7 suloket cs typkn ch e`pct`f fkttkrs, 5 spèks lkfjw tbk chscnk
`nnrkss7 `hn wrctkr–s h`dk `hn jiicec`f tctfk/ pjsctcjh `rk typks ch e`pct`f fkttkrs, > jr ;
spèks lkfjw tbk ljny ji tbk fkttkr.
fkttkr.
Njwhfj`n `hn vckw tbk kx`dpfk ji luschkss fkttkrs ijffjwcha tbk ijur
nciikrkhek styfks jh tbk upfj`nkn icfk ch ajjafk ef`ssrjjd.
ef`ssrjjd.
Icfk h`dk?
h`dk?
U^SFKU J\ F@S J[^ JI L[UCHKUU FK^^K\
FK^^K\
EJDDJH ^S]KU JI L[UCHKUU FK^^K\U

FK^^K\U
▯ @lskhek fkttkr
fkttkr
▯ @pprkec`tcjh fkttkr
fkttkr
▯ Ejhar`tuf`tcjhs fkttkr
fkttkr
▯ Ejvkr fkttkr
fkttkr
▯ Ijffjw-up fkttkr
fkttkr
▯ Ojl-jiikr fkttkr
fkttkr
▯ \kscah`tcjh fkttkr
fkttkr
fkttkr
@lskhek fkttkr
@lskhek fkttkr cs ` ijrd`f hjtcice`tcjh wbkh yju pf`h tj dcss wjrg. ^bcs cs tbk
ejrrkspjhnkhek tb`t kvkry kdpfjykk d`y hkkn tj prjvcnk `h kxeusk
k xeusk fkttkr wbkh tbky dcss
tcdk irjd wjrg tj chtkrvckw jr ijr jtbkr rk`sjh.
rk`sjh.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
fkttkr
@pprkec`tcjh fkttkr
Ukhncha tb`hg yju hjtks tj kvkryjhk wbjwb j bkfps wctb yjur e`rkkr jr ojl sk`reb ajks
` fjha w`y. Ct cs ` ark`t w`y tj rkèb jut `hn d`gk jtbkrs `w`rk ji yjur ar`tctunk ijr tbkcr
bkfp.
bkfp.
fkttkr
Ejhar`tuf`tcjhs fkttkr
^bcs cs tbk typk ji ejrrkspjhnkhek tb`t yju skhn sjdkjhk wbj b`s oust ajttkh `
prjdjtcjh jr ` hkw ojl, rktcrkdkht, jr wbkh sjdkjhk b`s njhk ` ark`t ojl `t wjrg,
ejhar`tuf`tk tbkd tj fkt tbkd ghjw tbky `rk `pprkec`tkn.
`pprkec`tkn.
fkttkr
Ejvkr fkttkr
@ ejvkr fkttkr cs ` jhk-pàk njeudkht tb`t kxpf`chs wby yju `rk `h cnk`f e`hncn`tk
ijr tbk ojl. @ttèb ejvkr fkttkr wctb yjur rksudk wbkh yju `ppfy ijr ojls tj sbjw yjur
p`sscjh ijr tbk pjsctcjh jr ejdp`hy, `hn bcabfcabt rkfkv`ht qu`fcice`tcjhs tb`t ejufn `nn
v`fuk tj tbk ejdp`hy.
ejdp`hy.
Ijffjw-up fkttkr
fkttkr
@ ijffjw-up fkttkr cs skht ìtkr `h chtkrvckw tj ebkeg jh tbk st`tus ji ` rksudk jr `

ojl `ppfce`tcjh yju b`vk suldcttkn. Ct acvks yju tbk eb`hek tj rk-chtrjnuek yjurskfi ci yju
rkekcvkn hj rkspjhsk tj `h k`rfckr ejrrkspjhnkhek.
ejrrkspjhnkhek.
Ojl-jiikr fkttkr
fkttkr
Ijrd`f ojl-jiikr fkttkr ejhicrds tbk nkt`cfs ji tbk jiikr ji kdpfjydkht chefuncha
sjdk jr `ff ji tbk ijffjwcha ojl nksercptcjh, s`f`ry, lkhkicts, p`cn tcdk-jii, wjrg sebknufk,
rkpjrtcha strueturk, kte.
kte.
\kscah`tcjh fkttkr
fkttkr
\kscahcha prjiksscjh`ffy `hn arèkiuffy,

arèkiuffy, wbkhkvkr pjssclfk, cs tbk lkst w`y tj fk`vk
` ojl. @ rkscah`tcjh fkttkr wcff k`sk tbk tr`hsctcjh jvkr tbk ojl `hn wcff bkfp yju d`cht`ch `
pjsctcvk rkf`tcjhsbcp wctb yjur kdpfjykr kvkh ìtkr yju `rk hj fjhakr wctb tbk ejdp`hy.
^bkrk cs ` v`rckty ji ecreudst`heks, chefuncha l`sce `hn ijrd`f rkscah`tcjh fkttkrs, twj
wkkgs hjtcek, hj hjtcek, sbjrt hjtcek, rktcrkdkht, `hn i`rkwkff fkttkr
fkttkr..
Njwhfj`n `hn vckw tbk kx`dpfk ji luschkss fkttkrs ijffjwcha tbk ijur
nciikrkhek styfks jh tbk upfj`nkn icfk ch ajjafk ef`ssrjjd.
ef`ssrjjd.
Icfk h`dk?
h`dk?
^S]KU JI L[UCHKUU
L[UC HKUU FK^^K\
FK^^K\

L@^@@H L\@HEB
\KU[DK
\KU[DK
@ rksudk cs ` strueturkn sudd`ry ji ` pkrsjh–s knue`tcjh, kdpfjydkht

lègarjuhn, ojl qu`fcice`tcjhs `hn èejdpfcsbdkhts wbceb bcabfcabts tbk `spkets tb`t
wjufn lk ji chtkrkst
c htkrkst tj ` prjspketcvk kdpfjykr
kdpfjykr..
Qbkrk tj st`rt:
st`rt:
Icrst, yju sbjufn nkecnk jh tbk ijrd`t tb`t yju wcff usk. Ct e`h lk Ebrjhjfjace`f `hn
Iuhetcjh`f. Kèb ijrd`t b`s cts jwh `nv`htàks `hn ncs`nv`htàks.
ncs`nv`htàks.
Ebrjhjfjace`f Ijrd`t
Ijrd`t
^bcs ijrd`t prkskhts tbk tr`nctcjh`f typk ji ` rksudk tb`t kdpb`sczks e`rkkr
prjarksscjh tb`t prjvcnks ` quceg, jrnkrfy jvkrvckw ji yjur e`hncn`tk–s wjrg `hn
knue`tcjh`f kxpkrckhek. ^bcs ijrd`t cs uskn wbkh ` e`hncn`tk w`hts tj `ppfy ijr ` scdcf`r
ickfn `hn w`hts
w`h ts tj prjdjtk upw`rn e`rkkr djlcfcty
djlcfcty..
Iuhetcjh`f Ijrd`t
Ijrd`t
^bcs ijrd`t ijeusks jh tbk `lcfctcks `hn sgcffs ji ` e`hncn`tk. Ct kdpb`sczks tbk
`ppfce`ht–s qu`fcice`tcjhs. Iuhetcjh`f ijrd`t cs djrk suct`lfk ijr tbjsk e`hncn`tks wctb `h
kxpkrt fkvkf ji kxpkrckhek. ^bcs ijrd`t cs uskn wbkh ` e`hncn`tk b`s a`ps ch kdpfjydkht
`hn ci tbk e`hncn`tk w`hts tj eb`hak e`rkkr p`tb `hn w`hts tj bcabfcabt ` spkecice sgcff skt.
skt.
CHIJ\D@^CJH
^BK J\NK\ JI CHIJ\D@^CJH
▯ H`dk
H`dk
▯ D`cfcha @nnrkss
@nnrkss
▯
^kfkpbjhk
^kfkpbjhk Hudlkr
Hudlkr
▯ Kd`cf @nnrkss
@nnrkss
▯ ]ceturk
]ceturk
▯ \ksudk Chtrjnuetcjh
Chtrjnuetcjh
▯ Gky Ugcffs `hn Utrkhatbs
Utrkhatbs
▯ ^kebhce`f/
^kebhce`f/ Ujitw`rk Ugcffs
Ugcffs
▯ Knue`tcjh`f Bcstjry
Bcstjry
▯ Kdpfjydkht Bcstjry
Bcstjry
▯ \kikrkheks/ \kikrkks
\kikrkks
Njwhfj`n `hn vckw tbk kx`dpfk ji \KU[DK jh tbk upfj`nkn icfk ch ajjafk
ef`ssrjjd.
ef`ssrjjd.
Icfk h`dk?
h`dk?
\KU[DK
\KU[DK

L@^@@H L\@HEB
CH^K\YCKQ
CH^K\YCKQ
Chtkrvckw cs ` twj-p`rty ejhvkrs`tcjh ch wbceb `t fk`st jhk pkrsjh b`s ` spkecice, skrcjus
purpjsk. ^bcs nkichctcjh d`gks ct efk`r tb`t chtkrvckwcha cs ` spkec`f gchn ji ejhvkrs`tcjh,
nciikrcha irjd jtbkr typks ch skvkr`f w`ys. Djst cdpjrt`ht, chtkrvckwcha cs `fw`ys
purpjskiuf. [hfcgk djrk spjht`hkjus ejhvkrs`tcjhs, `h chtkrvckw chefunks `t fk`st jhk
p`rtcecp`ht wbj b`s ` skrcjus, prk-nktkrdchkn rk`sjh ijr lkcha tbkrk.
tbkrk.
^bkrk `rk twj p`rtcks chvjfvkn ch `h chtkrvckw? tbk chtkrvckwkr `hn tbk chtkrvckwkk.
CH^K\YCKQK\ cs tbk jhk wbj chctc`tks
c hctc`tks tbk chtkrvckw. Ct rkikrs
rkikrs tj tbk pkrsjh wbj nkfcvkrs tbk
qukstcjhs tj tbk jtbkr p`rt wbj cs e`ffkn tbk chtkrvckwkk. CH^K\YCKQKK cs tbk jhk wbj
rkspjhns tj tbk qukstcjhs lkcha `sgkn ly tbk chtkrvckwkr.
chtkrvckwkr.
CH^K\YCKQ
]F@HHCHA ^BK CH^K\YCKQ
@ sueekssiuf chtkrvckw lkachs lkijrk tbk p`rtcks ièk kèb jtbkr. Qbktbkr yju `rk
tbk chtkrvckwkr
sueekss jr tbk rkspjhnkht,
`hn ncs`ppjchtdkht. lègarjuhn
Ch pf`hhcha wjrg e`h
tbk chtkrvckw, tbkdk`h
stkpstbk
jhnciikrkhek lktwkkh
tbk fkit scnk ji tbcs
sfcnk `rk lkcha ejhscnkrkn.
ejhscnkrkn.
▯ Cnkhtciy `hn `h`fyzk jtbkr

jtbk r p`rty
p`rty..
▯ ]rkp`rk ` fcst ji tjpces.
tjpces.
▯ Ebjjsk tbk lkst chtkrvckw strueturk.
strueturk.
▯ Ejhscnkr pjssclfk qukstcjhs.
qukstcjhs.
CH^K\YCKQ
EJHN[E^CHA @H CH^K\YCKQ
^bk khvcrjhdkht wbkrk `h chtkrvckw

chtkrvckw t`gks pfèk a
ark`tfy
rk`tfy nktkrdchks tbk sueekss jr
i`cfurk ji cts ejhnuet. Qctb sjdk pf`hhcha ji tcdk `hn pfèk, yju e`h `vjcn tbk irustr`tcjhs
ji trycha tj ncseuss ` ejhicnkhtc`f d`ttkr wctb ` ej-wjrgkr wctbch k`rsbjt ji pkjpfk wbj
wjufn fjvk tj jvkrbk`r yjur ejhvkrs`tcjh jr ji trycha tj stjp yjur ljss ch tbk b`ff tj `sg ijr
` r`csk wbkh sbk–s jh bkr w`y tj ` dkktcha `hn tbk k`sckst w`y tj akt irkk ji yju cs tj s`y
hj.
hj.
@itkr e`rkiuf pf`hhcha, tbk chtkrvckw ctskfi t`gks pfèk. @h chtkrvckw ejhscsts ji
tbrkk stàks?
▯ Jpkhcha (Chtrjnuetcjh)
(Chtrjnuetcjh)
▯ Ljny
Ljny
▯ Efjscha
Efjscha
(@nfkr & Kfdbjrts, 0333)

0333)

L@^@@H L\@HEB
Jpkhcha
Jpkhcha
@ ajjn chtrjnuetcjh e`h sb`pk tbk khtcrk chtkrvckw. \ksk`reb suaaksts tb`t pkjpfk
ijrd f`stcha cdprksscjhs ji jhk `hjtbkr ch tbk icrst ikw dchutks ji ` ejhvkrs`tcjh. Nk`vkr
(0329) nkserclks tbk cdpjrt`hek ji cts cdprksscjhs ch ` ojl chtkrvckw tbcs w`y? ‖^bk icrst
dchutk cs `ff-cdpjrt`ht ch `h chtkrvckw. Icity pkrekht ji tbk nkecscjh cs d`nk wctbch tbk icrst
5= tj 9= skejhns. @ljut <; pkrekht ji tbk kv`fu`tcjh cs d`nk nurcha tbk icrst 0; dchutks. Ct–s
vkry nciiceuft tj rkejvkr tbk f`st <
<;; pkrekht ci yju–vk lfjwh
lfjwh tbk icrst ejupfk ji dchutks—.
^bksk chctc`f cdprksscjhs sb`pk bjw ` fcstkhkr rka`rns kvkrytbcha tb`t ijffjws.
ijffjws.
Ljny
Ljny
Ct cs bkrk tb`t qukstcjhs `hn `hswkrs `rk kxeb`hakn. Qbcfk ` sdjjtb chtkrvckw
dcabt fjjg spjht`hkjus tj `h jutscnkr, yju b`vk `frk`ny fk`rhkn tbk cdpjrt`hek ji
prkp`r`tcjh.
prkp`r`tcjh.
Ct cs uhfcgkfy tb`t `h chtkrvckw wcff kvkr ijffjw yjur kxèt kxpket`tcjhs, `hn ct wjufn
lk ` dcst`gk tj ijrek ct tj nj sj. @s `h chtkrvckwkk, yju wcff tbchg ji cdpjrt`ht qukstcjhs-
ljtb prcd`ry `hn skejhn`ry- nurcha tbk sksscjh. @s ` rkspjhnkht, yju wcff lk prjl`lfy lk
surprcskn ly sjdk ji tbk tbchas tbk chtkrvckwkr `sgs. ^bk lkst w`y
w `y tj prjekkn cs tj prkp`rk
ijr tbk akhkr`f `rk`s yju kxpket wcff lk ejvkrkn `hn nj yjur lkst wbkh kxpketkn cssuks
ejdk up.
up.
Efjscha
Efjscha
@h chtkrvckw sbjufn hjt khn wctb tbk f`st `hswkr tj tbk f`st qukstcjh. @s wctb djst
jtbkr typks ji ejdduhce`tcjh, ekrt`ch iuhetcjhs hkkn tj lk pkrijrdkn tj lrcha tbk
chtkrvckw tj ` s`tcsiètjry ejhefuscjh.
ejhefuscjh.
▯ \kvckw `hn ef`rciy tbk rksufts ji tbk chtkrvckw.

ch tkrvckw.
▯ Kst`lfcsb iuturk ètcjhs.
ètcjhs.
▯ Ejhefunk wctb pfk`s`htrcks.
pfk`s`htrcks.
K^BCEU JI CH^K\YCKQCHA
CH^K\YCKQCHA
^bk kxeb`hak ji chijrd`tcjh tb`t ajks jh lktwkkh chtkrvckwkr `hn chtkrvckwkk

sbjufn lk aucnkn ly sjdk l`sce ktbce`f aucnkfchks `hn rkspjhsclcfctcks (Qcfsjh & Ajjn`ff,
Or., 0330) `s dkhtcjhkn ch @nfkr & Kfdbjrst (0333). Ch `nnctcjh tj tbk djr`f rk`sjhs ijr
ijffjwcha tbksk aucnkfchks, tbkrk cs jitkh ` pràd`tce l`scs ijr lkb`vcha ktbce`ffy.
ktbce`ffy. Uchek tbk
chtkrvckw cs fcgkfy tj lk p`rt ji `h jhajcha rkf`tcjhsbcp, lkb`vcha rkspjhsclfk `hn
bjhjr`lfy wcff skrvk yju wkff ch iuturk chtkrètcjhs. Ejhvkrskfy, tbk ejsts ji nkvkfjpcha `
pjjr rkput`tcjh `rk usu`ffy ark`tkr tb`h tbk lkhkicts ji a`chcha ` tkdpjr`ry `nv`htàk ly
lkb`vcha uhktbce`ffy
uhktbce` ffy jr crrkspjhsclfy.
crrkspjhsclfy.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
Chtkrvckwkr
Jlfca`tcjhs ji tbk Chtkrvckwkr
▯ D`gk jhfy prjdcsks yju `rk wcffcha `hn `lfk tj gkkp.

gkkp.
▯ Gkkp ejhicnkheks.
ejhicnkheks.
▯
@ffjw tbk chtkrvckwkk tj d`gk irkk rkspjhsks.
rkspjhsks.
▯ ^rk`t kvkry chtkrvckwkk wctb rkspket
rkspket
Jlfca`tcjhs ji tbk Chtkrvckwkk

Chtkrvckwkk
^S]K JI NJs NJH–^s

CH^K\YCKQ
I@EK-^J-I@EK
• D`gk ` rksk`reb
• Hkvkr lk f`tk.
CH^K\YCKQ `ljut tbk prjicfk ji Lkcha t`rny cs hkvkr
^bcs cs tbk djst tbk ejdp`hy yju `rk kxeus`lfk.
ejddjh typk `hn `ppfycha tj.
• Nj hjt lk tjj
jitkh e`ffkn `
• Nrkss prjiksscjh`ffy. ejegy. Q`ct ijr tbk
‖pkrsjh`f chtkrvckw—.
• @rrcvk jh tcdk. chtkrvckwkr tj jiikr
^bk chtkrvckwkr akts
• Arkkt chtkrvckwkr yju ` sk`t.
tj skk tj chtkrvckwkk wctb ` sdcfk.
• Nj hjt sfjueb.
up efjsk `hn pkrsjh`f.
• Uct uprcabt. Ajjn pjsturk
Bk/ Ubk e`h gkkp `h
• D`cht`ch kyk ejhtèt. rkifkets ejhicnkhek.
kyk jh tbk ljny
• Lk yjurskfi.
• @fw`ys lk djnkst
f`hauàk ji tbk
• ^b`hg tbk wbkh `hswkrcha.
chtkrvckwkk tj `sskss chtkrvckwkr ìtkr tbk
• Nj hjt lk
bcs/ bkr schekrcty, chtkrvckw. nkspkr`tk.
ifkxclcfcty, `hn
• Nj hjt icnakt.
ejddctdkht. Ct e`h lk
• Hkvkr fck,
ijrd`f jr chijrd`f `hn
• Nj hjt spk`g l`n
cts usu`ffy tbchas `ljut yjur
ejhvkrs`tcjh`f. ejdp`hy jr
ejffkàuks.

• Nj hjt rkvk`f
pkrsjh`f chijrd`tcjh
chijrd`tcjh
jr d`gk
uhprjiksscjh`f
rkd`rgs.

L@^@@H L\@HEB

CH^K\YCKQ
]@HKF
• Lk surk tj nj sjdk • Njh–t rusb yjur
CH^K\YCKQ rksk`reb jh ljtb tbk `hswkrs.
^bcs typk ji chtkrvckw chtkrvckwkrs. Ghjw • Njh–t èt prkssurkn
chvjfvks twj jr djrk tbkcr rjfks wctbch tbk lkeùsk ji tbk
chtkrvckwkrs.. ^bky try
chtkrvckwkrs ejdp`hy. ‖icrcha squ`n—.
tj aùak tbk arjup
• ^bk gky tj ` p`hkf
d`hàkdkht `hn chtkrvckw cs tj gkkp
arjup prkskht`tcjh `ff tbk chtkrvckwkrs
sgcffs ji tbk chvjfvkn ly
chtkrvckwkk schek tbcs d`cht`chcha kyk
typk cs djstfy uskn ejhtèt.
wbkh chtkrvckwcha
• Lucfn r`ppjrt.
`ppfce`hts ijr skhcjr
• Khaàk tbk arjup
fkvkf pjsctcjhs. wctb yjur rkspjhsks.

• Qbkh rkspjhncha,
ncrket yjur chctc`f
`hswkr tj tbk jhk
wbj `sgkn yju tbk
qukstcjh, lut `s yju
kf`ljr`tk yjur
kx`dpfks, `nnrkss
jtbkr chtkrvckwkrs.

L@^@@H L\@HEB

CH^K\YCKQ
A\J[] • Nrkss `pprjprc`tkfy.

`pprjprc`tkfy. Nj hjt `rrcvk
•
CH^K\YCKQ •
Chstk`n ji uhprkp`rkn.
Ct cs `fsj ghjwh `s kdpb`sczcha jtbkr Nj hjt t`fg tjj
•
Arjup Ncseusscjh ji pkjpfk–s dueb tj jvkrpjwkr

AN. Ct chvjfvks wk`ghkssks, yjur ikffjw
lrchacha `h `ppfce`ht bcabfcabt tbk pjsctcvk chtkrvckwkks, lut nj
wctb skvkr`f jtbkr tbchas yju e`h nj hjt t`fg vkry fcttfk,
e`hncn`tks wbj` rk ijr tbk ejdp`hy. tjj. Ghjw wbkh tj
vycha ijr tbk s`dk • Fcstkh tj yjur strcgk ` l`f`hek.
pjsctcjh. @ff ji tbkd pkkrs– `hswkrs. ^bcs
• Nj hjt `sg wb`t tbk
`rk chtkrvckwkn wcff bkfp yju tbchg ejdp`hy njks, bjw
scduft`hkjusfy.
scduft`hkju sfy. ^bk `hn `hswkr lkttkr. dueb p`y yju wjufn
d`ch purpjsk ji tbcs • Uuppjrt sjdk ej- lk akttcha, jr ci yju
typk ji chtkrvckw cs tj chtkrvckwkk–s ajt tbk ojl.
kv`fu`tk bjw nciikrkht st`tkdkhts.
• Nj hjt luffy jtbkr
chtkrvckwkks rkèt `hn • Udcfk `hn hjn ` fjt. `ppfce`hts.
chtkrèt wctb jtbkrs • @sg lrcffc`ht
`hn bjw tbky qukstcjhs. ^bcs wcff
chifukhek jtbkrs wctb d`gk yju st`hn jut
tbkcr ghjwfknak `hn irjd tbk rkst.
rk`sjhs. • Arkkt `hn tb`hg tbk
chtkrvckwkr `hn ej-
chtkrvckwkks.

L@^@@H L\@HEB

CH^K\YCKQ
^KFK]BJHK
• \kdkdlkr
• Nj hjt sk`reb
CH^K\YCKQ tkfkpbjhk tbk chtkrhkt wbcfk
^bcs typk ji ktcqukttks. t`fgcha jvkr tbk
chtkrvckw cs
• D`gk ` rksk`reb pbjhk.
ejhnuetkn vc` `ljut tbk ejdp`hy
• Nj hjt usk sf`ha
tkfkpbjhk. [su`ffy, ch `nv`hek, jr chijrd`f
ejdp`hcks nj tbcs `s
• D`gk tbk f`hauàk.
`h chctc`f stkp lkijrk chtkrvckwkr ikkf
• Nj hjt chtkrrupt
chvctcha `h `ppfce`ht tb`t yju `rk tbk chtkrvckwkr.
ijr ` ièk-tj-ièk
i` ek-tj-ièk fcstkhcha wkff ly
• Njh–t lk ìr`cn tj
chtkrvckw. Lkeùsk lkcha `fkrt ch `sg qukstcjhs ijr
tbk chtkrvckwkr `hswkrcha tbk ef`rcice`tcjh.
e`hhjt skk tbk qukstcjhs.
`ppfce`ht–s ljny
• ]rètcek lkcha
f`hauàk, ct cs chtkrvckwkn jvkr
cdpjrt`ht tb`t tbk tbk pbjhk ly
chtkrvckwkk b`s `sgcha yjur irckhns
pjsctcvk
`hswkrs `hn
`hn ejhecsk
spk`gs tj e`ff
Lk
•
yju. h`f
prjiksscj
prjiksscjh`f
wctb khtbusc`sd tj `hn uplk`t.
cdprkss tbk D`cht`ch
•
chtkrvckwkr. prjiksscjh`f tjhk

tbrjuabjut tbk
chtkrvckw.

• ^`gk njwh hjtks.
NJH–^ DCUCH^K\]\K^ ^BK I@EÛ J\ SJ[\ ]JUC^CJH

]JUC^CJH
Qbktbkr tbk skttcha cs `h kdpfjydkht, ` pkrijrd`hek rkvckw sksscjh, jr `h
chijrd`tcjh-a`tbkrcha survky, ct e`h lk tkdptcha tj tkff chtkrvckwkrs wb`t tbky w`ht tj

bk`r. ^bk tkdpt`tcjh cs kspkec`ffy ark`t ci yjur wkfi`rk cs `t st`gk. Lut lkscnks, lkcha
uhktbce`f, dcsrkprkskhtcha tbk ièts cs fcgkfy tj e`teb up wctb yju sjjhkr jr f`tkr `hn b`rd
yju djrk tb`h tkffcha tbk trutb ch tbk icrst pfèk wjufn b`vk.
NJH–^ Q@U^K ^BK CH^K\YCKQK\–U ^CDK

^CDK
Ci tbk ebjcek kxcsts, lk surk yju `rk qu`fcickn ijr tbk chtkrvckw. Ijr kx`dpfk, ct wjufn
lk ` dcst`gk tj `ppfy ijr ` ojl yju b`vk fcttfk eb`hek ji f`hncha jr tj vjfuhtkkr ijr `
eustjdkr survky ci yju `rk hjt ` dkdlkr ji tbk pjpuf`tcjh lkcha stunckn. Ci tbk prkp`r`tcjh
ijr tbk chtkrvckw cs hkekss`ry,
hkek ss`ry, lk surk tj nj yjur bjdkwjrg. Jhek tbk chtkrvckw b`s lkauhlkauh,,
lk surk tj stceg tj tbk suloket ch jrnkr tj usk tbk tcdk djst wcskfy.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
Khrcebdkht?
`w`ys!
Fkt–s `nn tbksk tj yjur t`gk `w`ys!
Ch wrctcha yjur rksudk, `vjcn uscha kd`cfs fcgk tbk ijffjwcha?

ijffjwcha?
fcgkkdpcfcabtsMkd`cf.ejd
fcgkkdpcfcabtsMkd`cf.ejd
l`h`h`qukkhMkd`cf.ejd
l`h`h`qukkhMkd`cf.ejd
skxyf`nyMkd`cf.ejd
skxyf`nyMkd`cf.ejd
er`zyijr[Mkd`cf.ejd
er`zyijr[Mkd`cf.ejd
[hfkss yju `rk `ppfycha ijr ` pjsctcjh `s ` rud t`stkr

t`stkr,, ` djnkf ji fchakrck, jr tj lk ch
` rkf`tcjhsbcp.
\kspjhsclcfctcks ji tbk chtkrvckwkr?

chtkrvckwkr?
▯ Ejhtrjf `hn ijeus tbk ejhvkrs`tcjh.

▯ Fcstkh ètcvkfy.
▯ [sk skejhn`ry qukstcjhs tj prjlk ijr cdpjrt`ht chijrd`tcjh.
@sskssdkht?
Uuppjscha tb`t yju `rk `ppfycha ijr ` ojl, prkp`rk yjur fkttkr ji
`ppfce`tcjh uscha tbk iuff lfjeg ijrd`t wctb yjur ncact`f scah`turk `hn yjur
rksudk wctb ncact`f pceturk (tbk pceturk sbjufn lk ijrd`f). Ukhn yjur ejvkr
fkttkr `hn rksudk (ch ]NI ijrd`t) tj d`ryfyg`rjt`crjMy`bjj.ejd .
tj d`ryfyg`rjt`crjMy`bjj.ejd
\kikrkheks?
▯ @austch,\èqukf, kt. `f. Ejdduhce`tcjh ch Duftceuftur`f Ejhtkxts? Dk`hchas `hn

<=02

<=02

L@^@@H L\@HEB
DJN[FK 1? EJDD[HCE@^CJH IJ\ @E@NKDCE ][\]JUKU
Ejursk Jloketcvks?
 Qrctk `hn prkskht è`nkdce p`pkrs uscha `pprjprc`tk tjhk, styfk, ejhvkhtcjhs,
`hn rkikrkhek styfks
 Ejhvky cnk`s tbrjuab jr`f, ùncj-vcsu`f, `hn/jr wkl-l`skn prkskht`tcjhs ijr
rkacstkrs
Jvkrvckw?
^bcs djnufk t`f

t`fgs
gs `
`ljut
ljut ejdduhce`tcjh ijr è`nkdce purpjsks. Ct ncseussks `ljut
tbk nciikrkht stkps `hn tkebhcquks jh bjw tj wrctk è`nkdce p`pkrs sueb `s? ljjg rkvckw,
fctkr`turk rkvckw, rksk`reb rkpjrt, prjoket prjpjs`f, `hn pjsctcjh p`pkr.
^bk lcrtb ji tkebhjfjay b`s acvkh rcsk tj ` sk` ji ejdduhce`tcjh-

ejdduhce`tcjh - vc` jhfchk, ièk-tj-
ièk, ejdputkr-dknc`tkn, ch ` wjrgpfèk
w jrgpfèk `hn djrk sj ch `h è`nkdce skttcha.
sk ttcha. Qctb sj d`hy
ejdduhce`tcjh jptcjhs, pkjpfk hkkn ` wcnkr r`hak ji ` ejdduhce`tcjh sgcffs tb`h kvkr
lkijrk.
^bk è`nkdk pjsts ` buak nkd`hn ijr stunkhts tj lkejdk prjiceckht

ejdduhce`tjrs. ^j lk kiiketcvk, jhk dust chvjfvk ljtb uhnkrst`hncha tbk ejdpjhkhts `hn
prjekss ji ejdduhce`tcjh `hn puttcha tbkd chtj prètcek.
^bcs cs eb`ptkr cs n
nkvjtkn
kvjtkn tj `ssc
`sscst
st stunkhts ch ijrduf`tcha v`rcjus è`nkdce p`pkrs
tb`t `rk wrcttkh ijr hudkrjus ickfns ji ncsecpfchk.
Ejursk D`tkrc`fs?
0. LJJG \KYCKQ

0.
Sju b`vk
b `vk oust t`gkh ` ojurhky. D`ylk yju wkht tj dk
dkkt kt Dr. N`rey. Jr pk
pkrb`ps,
rb`ps, yju
wkht lèg ch tcdk jr vcsctkn ` ijrkcah f`hn. ]krb`ps yju sbjjg b`hns wctb Djtbkr ^bkrks`.
Jr wcthksskn tbk Nkef`r`tcjh ji ]bcfcppchk Chnkpkhnkhek jh Ouhk 0<, 0232 ch tbk tbkh E`vctk
kf Yckoj (hjw G`wct, E`vctk). Bjw ncn yju nj tbksk wjhnkriuf tbchas: Sju rk`n ` ljjg, ji
ejursk.
Sju tbchg yju `hn yjur irckhns sbjufn vcsct tbk wjrfn ch
c h tbk ljjg yju b`vk oust rk`n.
Sju e`h sbjw yjur irckhns tbcs wjrfn ly wrctcha ` ljjg rkvckw. Ucdpfy st`tcha yjur
pkrsjh`f ikkfchas `ljut ` ljjg cs hjt khjuab. Sju hkkn tj suppjrt yjur st`tkdkhts wctb
kxpf`h`tcjhs `hn rkikrkheks tj tbk wjrg.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
^bk ]rkwrctcha ]rjekss

▯ Fjjg `t tbk ejvkr. Cs tbkrk sjdktbcha tb`t d`gks yju chtkrkstkn ch tbk ljjg:
▯ \k`n tbk ljjg oègkt sudd`ry. Qb`t njks tbk sudd`ry tkff yju:
▯ Ugcd sjdk pàks. Nj yju fcgk tbk w`y tbk eb`rètkrs `rk sbjwh: Nj yju skk `hy
chtkrkstcha ètcjh t`gcha pfèk:
▯ Ejhscnkr wb`t yju b`vk ijuhn. Njks tbk ljjg fjjg chtkrkstcha: Nj yju w`ht tj ghjw
djrk `ljut tbk eb`rètkrs:
]f`hhcha @ Ljjg \kvckw jr \kpjrt (Fcttfk, <==3)

^`gk lrcki hjtks `
`ss yju rk`n tbk d`
d`tkrc`f
tkrc`f yju wcff rkspjhn tj. Sj
Sjuu dcabt h
hjtk
jtk yjur
i`vjrctk p`rts, p`rts tb`t puzzfk yju, `hn p`rts tb`t yju ncsàrkk wctb. @itkrw`rns, `sg
yjurskfi qukstcjhs tj bkfp yju `h`fyzk `hn kv`fu`tk tbk d`tkrc`f?
▯ Qbjsk pjcht ji vckw njks tbk wjrg prkskht: Qbceb p`rts rkvk`f tbk pjcht ji vckw:
▯ Qb`t dcabt tbk wjrg–s purpjsk lk: Qbceb p`rts rkvk`f tbk purpjsk:
purpjsk:
▯ Qb`t cs tbk ùtbjr–s
` utbjr–s tbkscs:
tbkscs:
▯ Qb`t `rk tbk djst `hn fk`st kiiketcvk `spkets ji tbk wjrg:
▯ Qb`t dcabt rk`nkrs `hn rkvckwkrs fk`rh irjd tbk wjrg:
^bchg `ljut tbk ]urpjsk `

`hn
hn @unckhek
Sju b`vk rk`n yjur ljjg `hn yju `rk rk`ny tj tkff pkjpfk wb`t yju tbchg. Lkijrk yju
lkach, tbchg `ljut?
▯ ^bk purpjsk ji yjur ljjg rkvckw

▯ ^bk pkjpfk wbj wcff lk rk`ncha ct (yjur ùnckhek)
Sjur purpjsk ijr wrctcha ` ljjg rkvckw wcff lk efjskfy fchg

fchgkn
kn tj yjur ùnckhek `hn tj
tbkcr purpjsk ijr rk`ncha tbk rkvckw. Bkrk `rk sjdk qukstcjhs `hn pjssclfk rkspjhsks tj
bkfp yju tbchg `ljut yjur ùnckhek `hn tbkcr purpjsk.
A`tbkr `hn Jra`hczk Nkt`cfs

SJ[ AK^ ^BK CNK@
Ci yju w`ht pkjpfk tj rk`n tbk ljjg yju b`vk ebjskh, yju hkkn tj s`y djrk `ljut ct
tb`h scdpfy, ‖Ct–s ajjn.— Sju hkkn tj acvk tbkd ` sudd`ry ji tbk ljjg. @ sudd`ry ji
ji `
` pckek
ji wrctcha chefunks jhfy tbk gky cnk`s ji tbk pckek. Qbkh yju sudd`rczk ` hjvkf, yju wcff
lrckify rktkff tbk cdpjrt`ht kvkhts. ^bk hjtks tb`t yju tjjg wbcfk yju rk`n yjur hjvkf wcff
bkfp yju wrctk yjur sudd`ry.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
^BK\K CU DJ\K ^J ^BK U^J\S
Ci ` stjry wkrk pfjt `fjhk, ct wjufn hjt lk dueb iuh tj rk`n. \k`nkrs wcff lk djrk
chtkrkstkn ch pfjt kvkhts ci tbky ghjw sjdktbcha `ljut tbk pkjpfk `hn pfèks chvjfvkn.
Qbkh yju wrctk ` sudd`ry chefunk ` nksercptcjh ji tbk eb`rètkrs `hn tbk skttcha.
Q\C^CHA @ LJJG \KYCKQ? CCÛ ]@\Û

▯ Chtrjnuetcjh
▯ Ljny
▯ Ejhefuscjh
Chtrjnuetcjh
Ch yjur icrst p`ràr`pb, cnkhtciy tbk d`tkrc`f tb`t yju `rk rkspjhncha tj. H`dk tbk
ùtbjr `hn n`tk ji pulfce`tcjh. ^j bkfp yjur rk`nkrs, prjvcnk ` sudd`ry jr lrcki
nksercptcjh ji tbk wjrg. Sju dcabt `fsj st`tk yjur tbkscs ch yjur jpkhcha p`ràr`pb.
Ljny
Nkvjtk `t fk`st ` p`ràr`pb tj kèb d`ch pjcht. Uuppjrt kèb pjcht
pjch t wctb nkt`cfs irjd
yjur pf`hhcha hjtks- chefuncha yjur wjh rkspjhsks- `hn wctb kx`dpfks irjd tbk wjrg
ctskfi.
Ejhefuscjh
Ci yju b`vkh–t st`tkn yjur tbkscs ch tbk icrst p`ràr`pb, nj sj ch tbk ejhefuscjh. Uud
up yjur ounadkht ji tbk wjrg–s d`ch cnk`s `hn tbk tbk w`y tbky `rk prkskhtkn.
<. FC^K\@^[\K \KYCKQ

<.
@ fctkr`turk rkvckw cs hjt `h `hhjt`tkn

` hhjt`tkn lclfcjar`pby ch wbceb yju sudd`rczk lrckify
kèb `rtcefk tb`t yju b`vk rkvckwkn. Qbcfk ` sudd`ry ji wb`t yju b`vk rk`n cs ejht`chkn
wctbch tbk fctkr`turk rkvckw. Ct ajks wkff lkyjhn dkrkfy sudd`rczcha prjiksscjh`f
fctkr`turk. Ct ijeusks jh ` spkecice tjpce ji chtkrkst tj yju `hn chefunks ` erctce`f `h`fyscs ji
tbk rkf`tcjhsbcp `djha nciikrkht wjrgs, `hn rkf`tcha tbcs rksk`reb tj yjur wjrg. Ct d`y lk
wrcttkh `s s st`hn-`fjhk p`pkr jr tj prjvcnk ` tbkjrktce`f ir`dkwjrg `hn r`tcjh`fk ijr `
rksk`reb stuny sueb `s ` tbkscs jr ncsskrt`tcjh (Bkfkh Djha`h-\`ffcs, <=0>).
Ct cs `h kv`fu`tcvk rkpjrt ji chijrd`tcjh ijuhn ch tbk fctkr`turk rkf`tkn tj yjur
skfketkn `rk` ji stuny. ^bk rkvckw sbjufn nkserclk, sudd`rczk, kv`fu`tk, `hn ef`rciy tbcs
fctkr`turk. Ct sbjufn acvk ` tbkjrktce`f l`sk ijr tbk rksk`reb `hn bkfp yju (tbk ùtbjr)
nktkrdchk tbk h`turk ji yjur rksk`reb. Qjrgs wbceb `rk crrkfkv`ht sbjufn lk ncse`rnkn
`hn tbjsk wbceb `rk pkrcpbkr`f sbjufn lk fjjgkn `t erctce`ffy.
@ fctkr`turk rkvckw cs djrk tb`h tbk sk`reb ijr chijrd`tcjh, `hn ajks lkyjhn
lkcha ` nksercptcvk `hhjt`tkn lclfcjar`pby. @ff wjrgs chefunkn ch tbk rkvckw dust lk rk`n,
kv`fu`tkn, `hn `h`fyzkn (wbceb yju wjufn nj ijr `h `hhjt`tkn lclfcjar`pby), lut

L@^@@H L\@HEB
rkf`tcjhsbcps lktwkkh tbk fctkr`turk dust `fsj lk cnkhtcickn `hn `rtceuf`tkn, ch rkf`tcjh tj
yjur ickfn ji rksk`reb.
Ch wrctcha tbk fctkr`turk rkvckw, tbk purpjsk cs tj ejhvky tj tbk rk`nkr wb`t
ghjwfknak `hn cnk`s b`vk lkkh kst`lfcsbkn jh ` tjpce, `hn wb`t tbkcr strkhatbs `hn
wk`ghkssks `rk. ^bk fctkr`turk rkvckw dust lk nkichkn ly ` aucncha ejhekpt (k.a yjur
rksk`reb jloketcvk, tbk prjlfkd jr cssuk yju `rk ncseusscha, jr yjur `raudkht`tcvk
tbkscs). Ct cs hjt oust ` nksercptcvk fcst ji tbk d`tkrc`f `v`cf`lfk, jr ` skt ji sudd`rcks.
\K@N DJ\K?
bttps?//www.wrctcha.utrjhtj.e`/`nvcek/fctkr`turk-rkvckw
Utkps ch Qrctcha ` Fctkr`turk \kvckw

▯ Qrctcha tbk chtrjnuetcjh
▯ Qrctcha tbk ljny
▯ Qrctcha tbk ejhefuscjh
Qrctcha tbk Chtrjnuetcjh

^bk chtrjnuetcjh sbjufn?
▯ Nkichk jr cnkhtciy tbk akhkr`f tjpce, cssuk, jr `rk` ji ejhekrh, tbus prjvcncha `h
`pprjprc`tk ejhtkxt ijr rkvckwcha tbk fctkr`turk.
▯ ]jcht jut jvkr`ff trkhns ch wb`t b`s lkkh pulfcsbkn `ljut tbk tjpce7 jr ejhifcets ch
tbk tbkjry, dktbjnjfjay7 jr ` schafk prjlfkd, jr hkw pkrspketcvk ji cddknc`tk
chtkrkst.
▯ Kst`lfcsb tbk wrctkr–s rk`sjh (pjcht ji vckw) ijr rkvckwcha
rkvck wcha tbk fctkr`turk7 kxpf`ch tbk
erctkrc` tj lk uskn ch `h`fyzcha `hn ejdp`rcha tbk fctkr`turk `hn tbk jra`hcz`tcjh ji
tbk rkvckw (skqukhek)7 `hn wbkh hkekss`ry, st`tk wby ekrt`ch fctkr`turk cs jr hjt
chefunkn (sejpk).
Qrctcha tbk Ljny

^bk ljny sbjufn?
▯ Arjup rksk`reb stuncks `hn jtbkr typks ji fctkr`turk wjrg (rkvckws, tbkjrktce`f
`rtcefks, e`sk stuncks, kte.) èejrncha tj ejddjh nkhjdch`tjrs sueb `s qu`fct`tcvk
vkrsus qu`htct`tcvk `pprjèbks, ejhefuscjhs ji ùtbjrs, spkecice purpjsk jr
jloketcvk, ebrjhjfjay, kte.
▯ Uudd`rczk chncvcnu`f stuncks jr `rtcefks wctb `s dueb `s fcttfk nkt`cf `s kèb dkrcts
èejrncha tj cts ejdp`r`tcvk cdpjrt`hek ch tbk fctkr`turk, rkdkdlkrcha tb`t spèk
(fkhatb) nkhjtks scahcice`hek.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
▯ ]rjvcnk tbk rk`nkr wctb strjha ‖udlrkff`— skhtkheks `t tbk lkachhcha ji

p`ràr`pbs, ‖scahpjsts— tbrjuabjut, `hn lrcki ‖sj wb`t— sudd`ry skhtkheks `t
chtkrdknc`tk pjchts ch tbk rkvckw tj `cn ch uhnkrst`hncha ejdp`rcsjhs `hn
`h`fysks.
Qrctcha tbk Ejhefuscjh

^bk ejhefuscjh sbjufn?
▯ Uudd`rczk dòjr ejhtrclutcjhs ji scahcice`ht stuncks `hn `rtcefks tj tbk ljny ji

ghjwfknak uhnkr rkvckw, d`cht`chcha tbk ijeus kst`lfcsbkn ch tbk chtrjnuetcjh.
▯ Kv`fu`tk tbk eurrkht ‖st`tk ji tbk `rt— ijr tbk ljny ji ghjwfknak rkvckwkn, pjchtcha
jut dòjr dktbjnjfjace`f if`ws jr a`ps ch rksk`reb, chejhscstkhecks ch tbkjry `hn
ichnchas, `hn `rk`s jr cssuks pkrtchkht tj iuturk stuny.
▯ Ejhefunk ly prjvcncha sjdk chscabt chtj tbk rkf`tcjhsbcp lktwkkh tbk ekhtr`f tjpce
ji tbk fctkr`turk rkvckw `hn ` f`rakr `rk` ji stuny sueb `s ` ncsecpfchk, ` seckhtcice
khnk`vjr, jr ` prjiksscjh.
\K@N DJ\K?
bttps?//wrctcha.wcse.knu/B`hnljjg/\kvckwjiFctkr`turk.btdf
5. \KUK@\EB \K]J\^

5.
B`vk yju kvkr wrcttkh ` rkpjrt ch wbceb yju uskn skvkr`f nciikrkht sjureks: C i sj,
yju b`vk `frk`ny prjnuekn ` rksk`reb rkpjrt. @ rksk`reb rkpjrt cs wrcttkh rkpjrt tb`t
prkskhts tbk rksufts ji ` ijeuskn, ch-nkptb stuny ji ` spkecice tjpce. Cts wrctkr ebjjsks
` tjpce, a`tbkrs chijrd`tcjh `ljut tbk tjpce irjd skvkr`f sjureks, `hn tbkh prkskhts
tb`t chijrd`tcjh ch `h jra`hczkn w`y.
Utkps ch Nkvkfjpcha ` \ksk`reb \kpjrt

• Ebjjscha yjur suloket
• Njcha ]rkdcfch`ry \ksk`reb
• Fcdctcha yjur suloket tj ` spkecice tjpce
• Ichncha `h `hafk `hn wrctcha ` st`tkdkht ji ejhtrjffcha purpjsk
• ]rkp`rcha ` fcst ji pjssclfk sjureks
• ^`gcha hjtks `hn nkvkfjpcha ` rjuab, wjrgcha jutfchk
• Jra`hczcha yjur hjtks `hn d`gcha ` ich`f jutfchk
• Qrctcha yjur icrst nrìt
• \kvcscha yjur nrìt
• Qrctcha tbk ich`f nrìt wctb ejdpfktk fcst ji wjrgs ectkn

L@^@@H L\@HEB
Ebjjscha ` Uuloket tb`t yju e`rk `ljut

Jhk ji tbk djst cdpjrt`ht p`rts ji njcha ` rksk`reb cs ebjjscha ` tjpce. Ly ebjjscha
wcskfy, yju e`h khsurk tb`t yjur rksk`reb wcff aj sdjjtbfy `hn tb`t yju wcff khojy njcha ct.
@ suloket cs ` lrj`n `rk` ji chtkrkst, sueb `s ]bcfcppchk Bcstjry jr `hcd`f lkb`vcjr.
Jhk w`y tj `pprjèb tbk sk`reb ijr ` rksk`reb-rkpjrt tjpce cs tj icrst ebjjsk ` akhkr`f
`rk` ji chtkrkst `hn tbkh ijeus jh sjdk p`rt ji ct. D`gk surk tb`t yju b`vk ` rk`f rk`sjh ijr
w`htcha tj kxpfjrk tbk suloket. Jitkh, tbk lkst sulokets ijr rksk`reb-rkpjrts `rk tbk jhks
tb`t `rk rkf`tkn tj yjur jwh fcik jr tj tbk fcvks ji pkjpfk yju ghjw.
[sk Irkkwrctcha ^kebhcquks

• Irkkwrctcha jr Efustkrcha
• Lr`chstjrdcha
• Pukstcjhcha
• Ncseusscha
Fcdctcha yjur Uuloket tj ` spkecice tjpce

Jhek yju b`vk ejdk up wctb ` fcst ji cnk`s ijr pjssclfk tjpces, yju hkkn tj kv`fu`tk `hn
fcdct tbkd- tb`t cs jh tbk l`scs ji ekrt`ch erctkrc`. Bkrk `rk sjdk erctkrc` ijr ounacha `
rksk`reb tjpce?
• ^bk tjpce sbjufn lk chtkrkstcha.

• ^bk tjpce sbjufn lk ejvkrkn ch rk`ncfy `v`cf`lfk sjureks.
• ^bk tjpce sbjufn lk scahcice`ht.
• ^bk tjpce sbjufn lk jloketcvk.
• Sju sbjufn hjt scdpfy rkpk`t d`tkrc`f `v`cf`lfk ch jtbkr sjureks.
• ^bk tjpce sbjufn lk h`rrjw khjuab tj lk trk`tkn iuffy.
Qrctcha ` Ut`tkdkht ji Ejhtrjffcha ]urpjsk

Jhek yju b`vk nkecnkn jh ` spkecice tjpce, yjur hkxt stkp cs tj wrctk ` st`tkdkht ji
ejhtrjffcha purpjsk. ^bcs cs ` skhtkhek jr p`cr ji skhtkheks tb`t tkffs yju wb`t yju w`ht tj
èejdpfcsb ch yjur rkpjrt. Ct cs e`ffkn ` st`tkdkht ji ejhtrjffcha purpjsk lkeùsk ct
ejhtrjfs jr aucnks yjur rksk`reb. ^bk st`tkdkht ji ejhtrjffcha purpjsk usu`ffy ejht`chs
jhk jr djrk gky wjrns tb`t tkff wb`t tbk rkpjrt cs ajcha tj èejdpfcsb. Gky wjrns tb`t jitkh
`ppk`r ch st`tkdkhts ji ejhtrjffcha purpjsk chefunk `h`fyzk, ef`ssciy, ejdp`rk, ejhtr`st,
nkichk, nkserclk, nktkrdchk, kst`lfcsb, kxpf`ch, cnkhtciy, prjvk, `hns suppjrt.
^j ejdk up wctb ` st`tkdkht ji ejhtrjffcha purpjsk, yju wcff prjl`lfy b`vk tj nj `
ajjn nk`f ji prkfcdch`ry rksk`reb. ^b`t cs lkeùsk lkijrk yju e`h wrctk ` st`tkdkht ji
ejhtrjffcha purpjsk, yju hkkn tj ghjw khjuab `ljut yjur tjpce tj b`vk ` akhkr`f cnk` ji
wb`t yju w`ht tj s`y ch yjur rkpjrt.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
]rkp`rcha ` Fcst ji ]jssclfk Ujureks

Jhek yju b`vk wrcttkh ` st`tkdkht ji ejhtrjffcha purpjsk, yju `rk rk`ny tj put
tjaktbkr ` fcst ji pjtkhtc`f sjureks. ^bk fcst ji sjureks tb`t dcabt lk uskiuf
u skiuf tj yju ch wrctcha
yjur p`pkr cs e`ffkn ` wjrgcha lclfcjar`pby.
lc lfcjar`pby. Sju wcff b`vk tj usk sjdk sjureks nurcha yjur
prkfcdch`ry rksk`reb, `hn yju wcff prjl`lfy w`ht tj chefunk
chef unk sjdk jr `ff ji tbjsk sjureks ch
yjur wjrgcha lclfcjar`pby. @s yju ejhtchuk tj rksk`reb `hn nrìt, yju dcabt ichn hkw
sjureks tj `nn tj tbk fcst. Lkijrk yju nkecnk tj `nn ` hkw sjurek tj yjur fcst, bjwkvkr, lk
surk tj kv`fu`tk ct.
Ljtb prcht `hn hjh-prcht sjureks wcff lk `v`cf`lfk tj yju, `hn yju wcff w`ht tj t`gk
`nv`htàk ji ljtb. Bkrk `rk sjdk ajjn pfèks tj st`rt fjjgcha ijr chijrd`tcjh?
▯ Jtbkr pkjpfk
▯ Chstctutcjhs `hn jra`hcz`tcjh
▯ ^bk ajvkrhdkht
▯ ^bk fclr`ry/ dknc` ekhtkr
▯ Ljjgstjrks
▯
Lclfcjar`pbcks
▯ Jhfchk chijrd`tcjh skrvceks
▯ \kikrkhek wjrgs
▯ Jtbkr sjureks
>. ]\JOKE^ ]\J]JU@F

>.
@ prjpjs`f cs ` wrcttkh rkpjrt tb`t skkgs tj pkrsu`nk tbk rk`nkr tj èekpt `

suaakstkn pf`h ji ètcjh. Ijr kx`dpfk, ` d`hàkr d`y wrctk ` prjoket prjpjs`f tb`t
skkgs tj pkrsu`nk ` pjtkhtc`f eustjdkr tj pureb`sk ajjns jr skrvceks irjd tbk
wrctkr–s icrd, pkrsu`nk tbk ajvkrhdkht tj fje`tk ` hkw rksk`reb iècfcty ch tbk
bk`nqu`rtkrs ecty ji tbk wrctkr–s icrd, jr pkrsu`nk ` ijuhn`tcjh tj iuhn ` pr joket tj lk
uhnkrt`gkh ly tbk wrctkr–s icrd.
icrd.
]rjpjs`fs d`y kctbkr lk sjfcectkn jr uhsjfcectkn. Ajvkrhdkht àkhecks `hn d`hy

f`rak ejddkrec`f icrds rjutchkfy sjfcect prjpjs`fs irjd pjtkhtc`f suppfckrs. Ijr
kx`dpfk, tbk ajvkrhdkht d`y pulfcsb `h \I] (rkqukst ijr prjpjs`f) st`tcha cts
chtkhtcjh tj pureb`sk ;, === dcerjejdputkrs, acvcha nkt`cfkn spkecice`tcjhs rka`rncha
tbk ik`turks ct hkkns jh tbksk ejdputkrs, `hn chvctcha prjspketcvk suppfckrs tj lcn jh
tbk prjoket. Ucdcf`rfy, tbk ejdputkr d`huièturkrs tb`t suldcts tbk sueekssiuf lcn
dcabt pulfcsb `h \I] tj chvctk p`rts d`huièturkrs tj lcn jh suppfycha sjdk
ejdpjhkht tbk d`huièturkr hkkns ijr tbksk ejdputkrs.
^bk uhsjfcectkn prjpjs`f nciikrs irjd sjfcectkn prjpjs`f ch tb`t tbk ijrdkr typce`ffy
rkqucrks djrk lègarjuhn chijrd`tcjh `hn djrk pkrsu`scjh. Lkeùsk tbk rk`nkr d`y
hjt lk i`dcfc`r wctb tbk prjoket, tbk wrctkr dust prkskht djrk kvcnkhek tj ejhvchek tbk
rk`nkrs ji tbk dkrcts ji tbk prjpjs`f.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
^bk prjpjs`f rk`nkr cs typce`ffy jutscnk tbk jra`hcz`tcjh. ^bk ijrd`t ijr tbksk
kxtkrh`f njeudkhts d`y lk ` fkttkr rkpjrt, ` d`husercpt rkpjrt, jr kvkh ` ijrd rkpjrt,
wctb tbk ijrd suppfckn
su ppfckn ly tbk sjfcectcha jra`hcz`tcjh. Ci tbk sjfcectcha jra`hcz`tcjh njks
hjt suppfy ` ijrd, ct wcff fcgkfy spkeciy ch nkt`cfkn f`hauàk tbk ijrd`t rkqucrkn ijr tbk
prjpjs`f. ^bk rk`nkr–s chstruetcjhs sbjufn lk ijffjwkn kxpfcectfy. Nkspctk tbk dkrcts ji
` prjpjs`f, i`cfurk tj ijffjw sueb aucnkfchks d`y lk suiiceckht rk`sjh ijr tbk kv`fu`tjr
tj rkoket ct.
Qbkh wrctcha ` prjpjs`f, tbk wrctkr dust gkkp ch dchn tb`t tbk prjpjs`f d`y
lkejdk fka`ffy lchncha jh tbk wrctkr `hn tbk jra`hcz`tcjh. Ch spkffcha jut kxètfy wb`t
tbk wrctkr–s jra`hcz`tcjh wcff prjvcnk, wbkh, uhnkr wb`t ecreudst`heks, `hn `t wb`t
prcek, tbk rkpjrt wrctkr erk`tks tbk jiikr p`rt ji ` ejhtrèt wbceb, ci èekptkn, lkejdks
lchncha jh tbk jra`hcz`tcjh (Jlkr, <==9).
^kebhcquks ch Qrctcha ]rjoket ]rjpjs`f

▯ Acvk `dpfk, erknclfk kvcnkhek ijr `ff st`tkdkhts.
▯ Nj hjt kxàakr`tk.
▯ ]rjvcnk kx`dpfks, kxpkrt tkstcdjhy, `hn spkecice ièts `hn icaurks tj suppjrt yjur
st`tkdkhts.
▯ [sk scdpfk, str`cabtijrw`rn, `hn ncrket f`hauàk, prkikrrcha scdpfk skhtkheks,
`hn ètcvk vjcek.
▯ Utrkss rk`nkr lkhkicts. \kdkdlkr tb`t yju `rk `sgcha ijr sjdktbcha, usu`ffy
usu `ffy `
ejddctdkht ji djhky7 fkt tbk rk`nkr ghjw wb`t bk jr sbk wcff akt ch rkturh.
UKE^CJHU JI @ ^S]CE@F ]\JOKE^ ]\J]JU@F

▯ Lègarjuhn
▯ Jloketcvks
▯ ]rjeknurk
▯ Pu`fcice`tcjhs
▯ \kqukst ijr @pprjv`f
▯ Uuppjrtcha N`t`
Lègarjuhn
Chtrjnuek tbk prjlfkd yju `rk `nnrksscha `hn ncseuss wby ct dkrcts
dk rcts tbk rk`nkr–s
ejhscnkr`tcjh. ]rjvcnk khjuab lègarjuhn chijrd`tcjh tj sbjw tb`t ` prjlfkd kxcsts `hn
tb`t yju b`vk ` vc`lfk sjfutcjh.
Jloketcvks
]rjvcnk spkecice chijrd`tcjh `ljut wb`t tbk jutejdks i tbk prjoket wcff lk. Lk
nkt`cfkn `hn bjhkst ch ncseusscha wb`t tbk rk`nkr wcff akt ch rkturh ijr ` ejddctdkht ji
rksjureks.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
]rjeknurk
Ncseuss ch nkt`cf kxètfy bjw yju wcff èbckvk tbksk jloketcvks. Chefunk stkp-ly-
stkp ncseusscjh ji wb`t wcff lk njhk, wbkh, `hn kxètfy bjw dueb kèb ejdpjhkht pr
pb`sk wcff ejst.
Pu`fcice`tcjhs
Ubjw bjw yju, yjur jra`hcz`tcjh, `hn `hy ji jtbkrs wbj wjufn lk chvjfvkn ch
ejhnuetcha tbcs prjoket `rk qu`fcickn tj nj sj. Ci `pprjprc`tk, chefunk tkstcdjhc`fs jr jtbkr
kxtkrh`f kvcnkhek tj suppjrt yjur ef`cds.
\kqukst ijr @pprjv`f

Ncrketfy `sg ijr `pprjv`f ji yjur prjpjs`f. Nkpkhncha jh tbk rk`nkr–s hkkns, tbcs
rkqukst ejufn ejdk kctbkr `t tbk lkachhcha jr `t tbk khn ji tbk prjpjs`f.
Uuppjrtcha N`t`
Chefunk `s `h `ppkhncx tj yjur prjpjs`f `hy rkfkv`ht lut suppfkdkht`ry
chijrd`tcjh tb`t dcabt ljfstkr yjur `raudkhts.
;. ]JUC^CJH ]@]K\

;.
^bkrk d`y b`vk lkkh chst`heks wbkh yju wkrk rkqucrkn tj kxpf`ch ` v`rckty ji
pjsctcjhs jh `h cssuk, pjssclfk chefuncha tbjsk ch i`vjr ji ct, tbjsk à`chst ct, `hn tbjsk wctb
v`rcjus vckws ch lktwkkh. ^bksk p`ttkrhs uskn ijr kxpjsctjry p`pkrs (h`rr`tcjh,
nksercptcjh, kxkdpfcice`tcjh, kte.) e`h lk kxp`hnkn ijr ` pjsctcjh p`pkr. ^bk jloketcvk ijr `
pjsctcjh p`pkr cs tj t`gk ` st`hn jh tbk cssuk, jra`hczk d`tkrc`fs `hn hjtks, `hn wrctk `
p`pkr tb`t cs ejhvchecha tj yjur rk`ncha ùnckhek.
Jra`hcz`tcjh, jr nkecncha jh ` ir`dkwjrg ji cnk`s ijr yjur p`pkr cs tbk icrst stkp, tbkh
yju wcff hkkn tj tbchg `ljut? (0) bjw tbk d`tkrc`f e`h lk ncvcnkn chtj p`rts, (<) bjw tbksk
p`rts e`h lk pfèkn ch `h jrnkr, `hn (5) wb`t tbk fjace`f rkf`tcjhsbcps `rk `djha tbk cnk`s
`hn p`rts. ^j bkfp èejdpfcsb tbcs, fkt us fjjg icrst `t tbk `nvcek ef`ssce`f wrctkrs acvk jh
tbksk d`ttkrs.
]@\Û JI EF@UUCE@F J\A@HC_@^CJH JI @\A[DKHÛ

▯ Chtrjnuetcjh
▯ Ut`tkdkht ji ]rjpjsctcjh `hn Ncvcscjh
▯ H`rr`tcjh
▯ ]rjji
▯ \kiut`tcjh
▯ Ejhefuscjh
Chtrjnuetcjh
D`gk tbk suloket `hn purpjsk efk`r `t tbk st`rt. @fsj, chefunk chijrd`tcjh tb`t wcff
chtkrkst tbk ùnckhek sj tb`t tbky wcff w`ht tj gkkp rk`ncha.

L@^@@H L\@HEB
Ut`tkdkht ji ]rjpjsctcjh `hn Ncvcscjh

Ut`tk ef`cd `t jr hk`r tbk khn ji tbk chtrjnuetcjh. Ujdktcdks, h`dk tbk dòjr
sketcjhs ji tbk p`pkr sj tb`t cs k`sckr ijr rk`nkrs tj ijffjw `fjha.
H`rr`tcjh
]rjvcnk lègarjuhn `ljut tbk suloket `hn tbk kvkhts tb`t b`vk fkn tj tbk
ejhtrjvkrsy. Chnce`tk wby tbk suloket cs cdpjrt`ht. Jiikr rk`sjhs ijr `h chtkrkst ch tbk
suloket `hn ectk qu`fcice`tcjhs ijr wrctcha `ljut ct.
]rjji
Kst`lfcsb rk`sjhs `hn kvcnkheks tb`t `rk èekpt`lfk tj tbk ùnckhek tj prjvk tbk
prjpjsctcjh jr ef`cd.
\kiut`tcjh
\kiutk jppjscha pjsctcjhs. Ct d`y lk pfèkn ìtkr tbk prjji, lkijrk tbk prjji, jr `t
v`rcjus pjchts `djha tbk ctkds ji prjji.
Ejhefuscjh
Kdpb`sczk tbk cdpjrt`ht pjcht `hn rkdchn tbk ùnckhek ji tbk jtbkr cdpjrt`ht
pjchts.
[UK J\A@HC_@^CJH@F ]@^^K\HU ^J BKF] SJ[ ^BCHG @HN J\A@HC_K
Jra`hcz`tcjh`f p`ttkrhs rkprkskht ncstchet w`ys tj tbchg `ljut tbk p`rts ji yjur
rkètcjh p`pkr, tbk jrnkr ch wbceb yju pfèk tbkd, `hn tbk rkf`tcjhsbcps `djha tbk cnk`s
`hn p`rts. ^bky e`h lk chejrpjr`tkn chtj jvkr`ff strueturk ji tbk ef`ssce`f djnkf,
p`rtceuf`rfy ch tbk prjji sketcjh (ljny) ji tbk p`pkr. [sk tbk p`ttkrhs `fjhk jr ch
ejdlch`tcjhs èejdp`hckn ly `h chtrjnuetcjh `hn ` ejhefuscjh. [sk tbksk ijrd`ts ljtb tj
bkfp yju tbchg `ljut yjur cnk`s `s wkff tj jra`hczk tbkd.
▯ Ef`cd wctb \k`sjhs (jr \k`sjhs ijffjwkn ly Ef`cd)

▯ Eùsk `hn Kiiket (jr Kiiket `hn Eùsk)
▯ Ebrjhjfjay jr H`rr`tcvk
▯ Nknuetcjh
▯ Chnuetcjh
▯ Ejdp`rk `hn Ejhtr`st

L@^@@H L\@HEB
Khrcebdkht?
rkvckw!
Fk`rh sjdk djrk `ljut ljjg rkvckw!
QBJ CU ^BK @[NCKHEK QBS DCAB^ ^BKUK QB@^ ^S]KU JI

IJ\ DS LJJG ]KJ]FK \K@N DS LJJG CHIJ\D@^CJH
\KYCKQ \KYCKQ CH^K\KU^ DS
@[NCKHEK
Ef`ssd`tks ^j nkecnk wbktbkr tj Qb`t cs tbk ljjg `ljut:

rk`n ` ljjg
Ejdduhcty Fclr`rc`h ^j nkecnk wbktbkr tj akt Qb`t typk ji ljjg cs ct:
` ljjg ijr tbk fclr`ry (dystkry, akhkr`f icetcjh,
`hn sj jh)
]`rkhts ^j nkecnk ci
c i ` ljjg cs Bjw k`sy (jr nciiceuft) cs
rcabt ijr yjuha rk`nkrs ct tj rk`n:
Acit Ubjppkrs
^j nkecnk wbktbkr tj luy

Bjw dueb njks ct ejst:
` ljjg `s ` acit
@sskssdkht?
Qrctk ` pjsctcjh p`pkr `hn t`gk st`hn ji tbk tjpce? \@EC@F @HN
AKHNK\ NCUE\CDCH@^CJH CH ^BK QJ\GIJ\EK.
Lkfjw cs tbk ijrd`t ijr tbk pjsctcjh p`pkr?

p`pkr?
▯ Ijht sczk? 0<
▯ Upècha? <.=
ef`ssrjjd.
\kikrkheks?
▯ @austch, \èqukf, kt. `f. Ejdduhce`tcjh ch Duftceuftur`f Ejhtkxts? Dk`hchas `hn

<=02

<=02

Purposive Communication 2 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

You might also like

Purposive Communication 2 PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Purposive Communication 2 PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ejursk ^ctfk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH

Ejursk Ejnk? AKKN 0==95

Hudlkr ji [hcts? 5 uhcts

@t tbk khn ji tbk skdkstkr, tbk stunkht sbjufn lk `lfk tj?

0. @njpt euftur`f `hn chtkreuftur`f `w`rkhkss `hn skhsctcvcty ch ejdduhce`tcjh ji cnk`s

Ejursk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH

Ejursk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH

DJN[FK 0? EJDD[HCE@^CJH ]\JEKUU, ]\CHEC]FKU, @HN K^BCEU

^bcs djnufk prkskhts

Ykrl`f vs. Hjhvkrl`f Ejdduhce`tcjh

Ejursk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH

Jr`f vs. Qrcttkh Ejdduhce`tcjh

Jr`f Ejdduhce`tcjh cs tbk prjekss ji ejhvkycha jr rkekcvcha dkss`aks wctb tbk

^bk ejdduhce`tcjh ch wbceb tbk dkss`ak ccss tr`hsdcttkn cch

Ejursk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH

<. Chtr`pkrsjh`f Ejdduhce`tcjh

 Qk ejdduhce`tk tj dkkt hkkns.

Ejursk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH

 Ejdduhce`tcjh dkss`aks v`ry ch ejhsecjus khejncha.

K^BCEU `rk v`fuks tb`t b`vk

Ejdduhce`tcjh Ktbces (Lkrgj, 033;)

0. Upk`gs wctb schekrcty.

>. ]rkskhts tbk trutb `s bk jr sbk uhnkrst`hns ct.

Ncn yju ghjw:

^bkrk `rk 9 E–s tj Kiiketcvk Ejdduhce`tcjh?

▯ Ejrrkethkss- Ct cs ejhscnkrcha prjpkr ar`dd`r, puhetu`tcjh, tjhk,

Ejursk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH

Lkfjw cs tbk erctkrc` ijr sejrcha yjur jutput?

▯ @austch, \`equkf, kt.`f. Ejdduhce`tcjh ch Duftceuftur`f Ejhtkxts? Dk`hchas `hn

▯ Q`g`t, Akr`fnchk U. kt.`f., ]urpjscvk Ejdduhce`tcjh. Fjrcd`r ]ulfcsbcha, Che.,<=02

▯ Eb`sk, \. & Ub`dj U. (<=05) Kfkdkhts ji Kiiketcvk Ejdduhce`tcjh, >tb kn.

▯ Ycnkj ‖Qb`t cs Ejdduhce`tcjh:—

▯ Ycnkj ‖Ykrl`f `hn Hjhvkrl`f Ejdduhce`tcjh

▯ Ycnkj ‖Ejdduhce`tcjh Eyefkbttps?//www.

Ejursk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH

DJN[FK <? EJDD[HCE@^CJH @HN AFJL@FC_@^CJH

^bcs djnufk t`fgs ` `ljut

Ejdduhce`tcjh b`s schek lkkh cherk`schafy afjl`f, lfurrcha h`tcjh`f ljuhn`rcks.

Ejursk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH

0. Ich`hec`f Afjl`fcz`tcjh

Utr`tkacks tj Lkejdk Kiiketcvk Ejdduhce`tjr

 \kvckw ejdduhce`tcjh prchecpfks.

Ktbces @erjss Eufturks (G`fk, 0331)

❙ Ktbce`f ejdduhce`tjrs `nnrkss pkjpfk ji jtbkr eufturks wctb tbk s`dk

❙ Ktbce`f ejdduhce`tjrs skkg tj nkserclk tbk wjrfn `s tbky pkrekcvk ct `s

❙ Ktbce`f ejdduhce`tjrs khejur`ak pkjpfk ji jtbkr eufturks tj kxprkss

❙ Ktbce`f ejdduhce`tjrs strcvk ijr cnkhtcice`tcjh wctb pkjpfk ji jtbkr eufturks.

Ejdduhce`tcjh @pprj`eb tj Chtkreuftur`f Ejdduhce`tcjh

Ejursk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH

L`rrckrs tj Chtkreuftur`f Ejdduhce`tcjh

 @ssudcha Ucdcf`rcty chstk`n ji Nciikrkheks

➬ ]rkouncek rkikrs tj tbk crr`tcjh`f ncsfcgk jr b`trkn ji ` p`rtceuf`r

Ejursk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH

 ^jfkr`hek ijr @dlcaucty

 Ghjwfknak `hn Ugcff

@ftbjuab yju d`y tbchg ji stkrkjtypks `s lkcha hka`tcvk ounadkhts,

Ejursk? ][\]JUCYK EJDD[HCE@^CJH