Trail Standards Guidelines - Final Feb17 PDF

TRAIL STANDARDS
GUIDELINES
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation
Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Handbook 1

TRAIL STANDARDS
GUIDELINES
Government of Nepal
Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation
Great Himalaya Trails (GHT) is an extensive network of trails making it easier to hike in
Nepal’s hills and mountains. The GHT banner covers trails throughout the Nepal
Himalayas: from Humla and Darchula in the West to Kanchenjunga in the East; from
the popular trekking destinations of Everest and Annapurna to the more secluded
Dolpa and Makalu Barun areas.
These network of trails provide not only an opportunity for each visitor, whether local
or foreign, to experience the natural and cultural diversity that Nepal offers, but also
vital transport routes for rural Himalayan villages. Improving the standards of service
and infrastructure on trekking trails is at the core of GHT.
By conforming Nepali trail grading to international standards, GHT will allow trekkers
to compare factors such as safety and comfort levels both between different trails in
Nepal, and with other destinations around the world.
GHT is a brand that assures safety, quality and enhanced experience to visitor while
providing a meaningful opportunity for a local resident to participate in trail activities.
GHT thus aims to provide a comprehensive guidelines for trail infrastructure and local
businesses focusing on information management (trail signage), safety, quality
standards, environmental sustainability, and fair working conditions, working on the
principle that better standards in trails and enterprises will lead to products that are
more marketable and more sustainable (both environmentally and from a business
perspective).
Thus any trail that meets the core principles of GHT (safety, quality and better
experience) will be accredited to as a GHT brand. As the brand becomes more
recognized, other enterprises will aim to meet these standards, building a network of
quality treks.
While staying true to their diversity and their authentic appeal, GHT represents a shift
towards higher quality in Nepal’s tourism products, which will make it possible to
attract more visitors from more diverse source markets. This shift is manifested in
improvements in the quality of accommodation and food, in the skills of staff working
in businesses along the trails, and in safety standards.
GHT has joined with Green Flag Trails International and World Trails Network to
develop this Trail Standard Guidelines and bring international best practice to the
Nepalese trekking industry.
ABOUT THE GUIDELINES
This guideline
summary for easy reference to the basic trail types and trail standards to be found on
Nepal’s trekking trails.
It is a guideline of best practices and international accepted standards for trails as
Trails in Nepal go back many centuries and the skills and craftsmanship in trail
guideline
hoped that existing trails will be improved to meet these standards and that new trails
will be developed with these guidelines in mind. Included is an outline on general
construction standards for trail building, and illustrates typical trail construction
practices, as such some of the construction standards may not apply to every
situation. The site conditions, soil types and stability of slopes all play a role, so these
standards will provide ideas on how best to proceed with construction, but require
careful consideration on a case by case basis.
The guideline was developed by SAMARTH-NMDP (a DFID funded programme) in

consultation with authors Galeo Saintz (MSc) and Leon Hugo (PhD). Extensive field
research with assistance from numerous Nepali conservation, tourism and trekking
guides has contributed to these guidelines.
Published by
MoCTCA with technical assistance from SAMARTH-NMDP funded by DFID
Text
Galeo Saintz, Leon Hugo
Images
GHT, Galeo Saintz, Leon Hugo,
Download
www.greathimalayantrails.com
ISBN
Title: Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Guidelines
© Great Himalaya Trails - GHT, 2017

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PREFACE
Trails around the world are an immeasurable asset to local communities as pathways
of connection and avenues for development and livelihood. Trails played and integral
role in the human story since we walked out of Africa to inhabit the far reaches of the
globe. As hunter gathers we used animal tracks to lead us to water and our food-
sources, as nomads we navigated the great trails connecting fertile valleys for our
cattle, sheep and goats, and as agriculturalists the trail became a route to market and
neighbouring villages. Today the worldÕs great trail systems play a signiÞcant role in
adventure tourism and giving us all access to the direct experience of nature.
In the modern world, trails that are well maintained and cared for, carefully monitored
and kept open, are invaluable to rural communities seeking economic beneÞts from
the global tourism market as a means to supplement their livelihoods. The economics
of trails spreads widely, from trail building crews and maintenance teams to
accommodation providers and purveyors of foods, from trekking guides to
emergency personnel, from marketing agencies to publishers of walking guides and
online blogs.
By developing a set of trail standards Nepal is taking responsibility for a nationally

important contributor to gross domestic product and foreign currency income. Trails
represent a signiÞcant portion of NepalÕs foreign earnings. Having clear guidelines for
trail development, monitoring, upkeep and accreditation, allows for the sector as a
whole to work more effectively together to enhance those attributes that make
Nepal’s trail offerings unique and sought after. The uniqueness factor needs to be
retained and kept in mind when it comes to trail standards and the trail experience.
Nepal’s trail heritage is rich, reaching from lowlands to the highest peaks of the world.
This heritage is worthy of protection through good management and future
development. The trails have been won from the steep slopes of the Himalaya
Mountains, all built by hand and maintained over many centuries in some places. It is
encouraging to see that the standards set out in this document aim to protect and
enhance the trails of Nepal, by encouraging simple interventions to conserve the trail
environment and to enhance the trail user’s experience in a safe manner.
I wish Nepal, its trail communities and the trekking sector in total every success in
preserving and enhancing the trail heritage that they are custodians of. May this
handbook be further developed in the future as a valuable resource for ensuring just
that.
Galeo Saintz
Chair: World Trails Network
Geneva, Switzerland 
FOREWORD
Trekking is a fantastic way to explore Nepal’s magnificent mountain landscapes,
unique cultures and natural beauty. In 2016, 729,550 tourists visited Nepal showing
that the tourism sector is recovering post the 2015 earthquake.
The improvement of standards in tourism means attracting higher paying tourists,

who put more into the economy which is good news for all tourist product and
service providers (entrepreneurs and workers).
DFID Nepal has supported the development of a comprehensive ‘Trail Standards

Guidelines’ through Samarth-NMDP’s tourism work. We have worked in partnership
with international experts from World Trails Network and Green Flag Trails in order
to ensure that the guidelines for quality standards on trails maintenance and
development meet international best practice.
The Guidelines identify four key standards areas: The provision of information to
hikers, the safety arrangements available on trails, environmental sustainability
considerations and finally, responsible management and operation of standards of
enterprises and tourism products along the trekking trail routes.
Trekking and tourism is an accessible business sector for disadvantaged rural

communities as it has the potential for high value returns on relatively low capital
investments. Entrepreneurs who adhere to these standards can expect to charge
higher prices as the quality of their products and services increase. This will in turn
benefit those linked in the supply chain, such as the farms that produce the food in
lodges. The Guidelines offer a good step forward for a sustainable economic
opportunity in the rural areas of Nepal.
Dr. Gail Marzetti

Head of DFID Nepal
CONTENTS
About the Guideline 2

Contents 3
1. Achieving Sustainable Trails 6
1.2 Purpose and Scope 8
1.4 Objectives of the Great Himalaya Trails 10

1.5 Principles of Sustainable Trails 10
1.5.1 Standardising Global Trail Terminology 10
1.5.2 What is a Sustainable Trail? 12
1.5.3 Hiking Trails as Ecotourism Products 14
2. Trail Planning Model 16
2.1 A Trail Planning Model Informs Trail Standards 16
3. Standards and Acceptable Change 20
3.1 Compatibility 20
3.2 Carrying Capacity 20
3.2.1 Ecological Carrying Capacity 20
3.2.2 Social Carrying Capacity 20
3.2.3 Physical or Spatial Carrying Capacity 20
3.2.4 Recreational Carrying Capacity 22
3.3 Limits of Acceptable Change 22
4. Trail Quality Standards 22
4.1 Health and Cleanliness 24
4.2 Safety and Security 24
4.2.1 User Etiquette and Responsibility 26
4.3 Signage and Grading 26
4.4 Maintenance 28
4.5 Facilities 28
5.1 Walking Trails 30

5.2 Trekking Trails 30
5.3 High Mountain Trekking Trails 30
6.1 Usage Types 36

6.1.1 Walking Trail User 36
6.1.2 Trekking Trail User 37
6.1.3 High Mountain Trekking Trail User 38
6.2 Purpose Characteristics 40
6.2.1 Socialising 40
6.2.2 Relaxing 40
6.2.3 Physical Exercise 40
6.2.4 Education 40
6.2.5 Scenic 40
6.2.6 Adventure Tourism 40
6.2.7 Pilgrimage 42
6.2.8 Challenge 42
6.2.9 Mountaineering 42
Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Guidelines 33

6.3 Activity Types 42
6.3.1 Stroll / Walk 42
6.3.2 Hiking / Trekking 42
6.3.3 Trail Running 44
6.3.4 Mountain Biking 44
6.3.5 Accessible and Wheelchair-friendly trails 44
6.3.6 Mountaineering 44
6.4 Duration 44
6.5 Guiding 44
6.6 Catering 46
6.7 Accommodation 46
6.8 Facilities En Route 46
6.9 Directional Information 48
6.10 Level of Use 48
6.11 People Contact 48
6.12 Experience Level 48
6.13 Fitness Level 50
6.14 Skill Requirements 50
6.15 Level of Exertion 50
6.18 Ascent / Descent per Day 52

6.19 Altitude 52
6.20 Trail Environment 52
6.21 Environmental Character 52
6.22 Dominant Trail Experience 54
6.23 Nature Conservation Status 54
6.25 Trail Surface 56

6.26 Trail Surface Width & Cross Slope 58
6.27 Trail Surface Gradient 58
6.28 Steps 60
6.29 Railings 64
6.30 Bridges 64
6.31 Clearance 66
6.32 Trail Format 68
6.33 Level of Development 68
6.34 Inspections 68
6.35 Maintenance Checks 70
6.36 Risk Management 70
6.36.1 Risk Management Strategies 72
6.37 Signage 72
6.37.1 Signage Objectives 74
6.37.2 Signage Mounting and Attachment Guidelines 74
6.37.3 Sign Maintenance 74
6.37.4 Priorities for Sign Maintenance 76
6.37.5 Sign Pollution 76
6.37.6 Inventories 76
6.37.7 Signage Plan 76
7. Extra Construction Guidelines and Maintenance Notes 78
7.1 Sustainable Trail Construction 78
7.2 Trail Foundation 80
7.2.1 Full Bench Foundation 80
7.2.2 Partial Bench Foundation 80
7.2.3 Backslope 80
Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Guidelines 4 Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Guidelines 4
7.2.4 Fillslope 80
7.3 Existing Trail Restoration 80
7.3.1 Slough and Berms 82
7.3.2 Tread or Trail Creep 82
7.4 Trail Obstacles 82
7.5 Erosion Control 82
7.5.1 Grade Reversal and Rolling Drain Dips 84
7.5.2 Water Barriers and Waterbars 84
7.5.3 Knicks 84
7.5.4 Rock Culverts 84
7.6 Costs 88
8. Standards of Assessment and Monitoring - Green Flag Trails 90
Appendix 93
Appendix 1 - Trail Terminology 93
References 95
Annexes 96
Annex 1 - Trails Standard Committee 96
Annex 2 - Signage Design Guidelines 97
Annex 3 - Certified Trail Auditors as of 2017 February 103

1. ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE TRAILS
Quality is an ongoing goal that every product, service and organisations continually
strives for. It is the hallmark of good service, sustainable business and a recognition of
attention to the important elements of an undertaking that matter. A quality product is
the sum of a number of characteristics that meet a stated objective and the
expectations of an end user as either a product or service.
In the case of trails, a quality trail is achieved when a trail user's expectations are met.
Foremost in all trail matters, is the experience of the trail by the trail user.
journeys across the Himalaya mountains. Trail and trekking tourism over the last
century has developed in stops and starts and has mostly been reactive to the
demands and needs of trekking expeditions and adventurers seeking access to the
high mountains and cultural experiences.
Improving the trail tourism offering that Nepal is custodian of, requires a set of clear
trail standards accepted across the industry and implemented with national pride to
countries, requires standards that focus on quality and safe trails that have accurate
signage and grading coupled with a needs-based communication system.
The objective of trail standards is to ensure a high standard of quality without over-
construction, levels of safety without removing all risk, and environmental and
resource protection. There are case-by-case exceptions, but every effort should be
made to conform to the trail standards when building, rebuilding or maintaining trails.
improved. However, if no attempt is made to rectify the situation, it should be
heavy maintenance, attempts should be made to bring it up to the new standards.
The above is achieved through an integrated trail management system that follows a
clear trail planning and development model, together with regular trail assessments
to ensure standards are upheld and correctly implemented.
The standards and guidelines presented here are for hiking and walking trekking
trails only and the contents does not cover trail requirements for mountain bikes,
motorised vehicles, motorcycles or horses, snowshoe or cross-country skiing.
UNDERSTANDING TRAIL STANDARDS
The trail standards and best practices presented here, in time may include
trails in Nepal. Knowledge and best practice methods are certain to change in
time as new approaches are deemed better or user requirements change.
These guidelines are based on current understanding of the optimal minimum
standards for trail development and improvement based on international best
practice approaches.
Most standards for trails are usually construction standards, describing

maximum trail width and slope, surfacing, and brushing. Standards that
describe when trail impacts are no longer acceptable and that include the full
environment, are essential for sustainable management, allowing managers to

use agreed to standards to decide how to allocate trail maintenance resources
in a timely manner. The role of external objective trail auditing is crucial to
ensure such detailed standards are correctly met and maintained in any trail
system.
Trail Type
Trail Format
TRAIL CATEGORIES Trail Purpose
Elements include:
trail duration, degree of risk, facilities,
TRAIL ATTRIBUTES environmental character, accommodation,
path surface, etc.
Extensive list of standards that

TRAIL STANDARDS
category.
The detailed exact

STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
and
by which a standard is
measured.
Diagram 1.1 Understanding Trail Standards

A standard is a unit of measure, a physical quantity or level of excellence, and functions as an indicator
which triggers a management action. Standards are important as they describe what is minimally
acceptable, not what is desired. Each trail attribute trail standard, with
each standard having a detailed A standard is a contract between the manager
and the public, and is expected to be upheld by the trail management authority.
Standards should be achievable.
Set standards in consultation with trail user groups and trail user needs.
The standard must remain consistent throughout the trail.
Standards are used to accredit a trail and ensure that the trail characteristics are accurately
communicated to trail users, allowing users to make an informed choice to meet their trekking
objectives and requirements.

In the end it is the love of the trail that fosters the highest quality of trail experience, a
broad collective of people and communities working together to further enhance,
protect and sustain the important economic value trails create for Nepal. Fostering
vigilance in respect to litter and proactive management in respect of maintenance
and upkeep of the trail infrastructure is essential.
1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

The intent of this handbook is to provide consistent guidelines and standards for trail
development and maintenance for the the trail managers and builders of trails in
Nepal. All new trail developments should be built and maintained to the guidelines in
standards as time and resources permit.
across Nepal into a coherent and well managed system of trekking trails with the aim
of increasing the long term sustainability of all trails and trekking routes. With a focus
on ecology, economy and social impact, the network of trails will contribute to the
development of non-motorised access routes across the country, supporting local
communities and rural tourism.
The formulation of these quality goals and associated trail standards, is to ensure that
trails are attractive, safe and well planned and able to support the needs and
network of quality and responsibly managed trails, aligned to the strategic

management, planning, construction, signage, monitoring, maintenance and
communications guidelines.
As trail user volumes, physical environments, and trail usage may change with time, a
periodic review of these guidelines and standards should be completed to keep
them relevant.
Many stakeholders are part of the process of developing and maintaining trails. It is
important to engage the Great Himalaya Trails team in the planning stages of trail
projects and to consult with all stakeholders in the development process.
investment made in the trail infrastructure and the marketing thereof continue to
following the Implementation Process as illustrated in Diagram 1.1
The vision for the trails of Nepal, is that they become one of the major reasons for
international travellers to choose Nepal as a destination, that:
Trails in Nepal become a strong brand that appeals to and attracts a wider
market of trail users across diverse geographic and travel market segments
ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE TRAILS
INPUTS
• NEEDS OF TRAIL USERS • WELL SIGNPOSTED ROUTES
• QUALITY TRAIL EXPERIENCES • ACCURATE GRADING
• SAFE TRAILS • NEEDS-BASED COMMUNICATIONS
LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MONITORING COMMUNICATION
Goals Planning Auditing & Assessment Print
Objectives - Route Planning Maintenance Internet
Market Research - Coordination - Quality Events

- Evaluation - Safety
Trail Network Plan Guide Books
Construction
- Trail Types Training Information
- Construction Plans
- Trail Standards IT & Mapping Systems
- Execution
Strategic Management Feedback
- Path Maintenance
- Legal Trail Accreditation and
Grading
- Partners Green Flag Trails
- Funding Signage
Marketing
OUTPUTS SAFE TRAILS . QUALITY TRAIL EXPERIENCES . CLEAR COMMUNICATIONS
IMPACTS RESPONSIBLE MANAGEMENT . HAPPY TRAIL USERS . RETURN VISITORS
Diagram 1.2 Achieving Sustainable Trails

The above diagram gives an overview of the implementation process required to achieve sustainable
trails in Nepal. Starting with the inputs required that then inform each of the main trail management
activity columns, which give rise to the outputs listed and result in the desired impacts of happy trail
users and return visitors. This diagram illustrates the interconnection between the various trail related
management focus areas. Every trail organisation should have at least the above 4 primary departments
within their management structures.

including adventure, pilgrimage and outdoor enthusiasts.
Information on trails is well communicated and clear in terms of grading and

standards.
The development of trails adopts internationally accepted best trail

practices, ensuring quality experiences.
Trail development is guided by Trail Standards endorsed by the Government

of Nepal.
Trails are safer and continue to serve as tourism products as well as cater to
the livelihood needs of the socio-economy and rural communities.
Trail operation becomes sustainable and increasingly attracts the domestic

outdoor market across a diverse range of trail users.
1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE GREAT HIMALAYA TRAILS

The objectives listed opposite ensure a well managed system of trails in Nepal with
safety and trail experience as highest priority. Safe, well managed trails offer a quality
via a well structured and
focused marketing strategy.
1.5 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE TRAILS

Trail Standards provide a solid foundation for good trail design, construction,
maintenance, monitoring, marketing and communication and will provide a safe and
desirable experience for trail users. Any network of trails is dependent on effective
cooperation, communication and respect between trail users, trail builders and land
owners or management authorities.
1.5.1 Standardising Global Trail Terminology
for a walk around the block, strolling (a bit more exacting) to walking in the sense of
getting exercise, to hiking (tackling a nature or culture based trail) and backpacking
on a self-carry multi-day trail. There are various terms for this type of activity all around
the globe. The Australians e.g. use the term bush walking as equivalent to hiking.
Scrambling is where you have to use hands to ascend a steep slope. Climbing
seemingly refers to the ascent of very steep slopes, rock faces and cliffs with the help
Everyone has his/her own interpretation and before we can talk to each other and
discuss concepts on an academically sound level, we need to standardise these
terms.
See APPENDIX 1 for further detailed terminology relating to trail infrastructure.
OBJECTIVES & GOALS: GREAT HIMALAYA TRAILS
1 QUALITY EXPERIENCES
• Adventure
• Pilgrimage
• Outdoor enthusiasts
• Easy walking options
2 SAFE TRAILS
• Trails adhere to deÞned standards endorsed by Government

• Trails are well managed and follow clear Risk Management Guidelines
• Trails meet safety requirements to mitigate risks
• A comprehensive Safe Trekking Trail system, includes an outline for safety protocol and
action plan during various danger scenarios
3 WELL SIGNPOSTED WITH ACCURATE GRADING
• Network wide implemented signage system

• Consistency and accuracy of signage information
• Well graded and categorised trail
4 SUSTAINABLE TRAILS
• Trails meet socio-economic needs of local communities

• Trails are under responsible management
• Trails adhere to good environmental practice
5 MULTI-CHANNEL MARKETING
• Attractive to different market segments

• Trails attract domestic outdoor market across variety of age range
Diagram 1.3 Objectives of Great Himalaya Trails

Enhancing the trail user experience while addressing safety is a core objective of the trail system in
Nepal. By focusing on enhancing trails to be sustainable and under good management will improve the
safety attributes too. Honest marketing is a crucial component that needs to align to the nature of the
trail offering and communicate the trail attributes clearly and honestly, this can avoid a miss-match
between trail user’s skill and level of Þtness and the trailÕs condition, again increasing safety. The above
goals are from the National Trails Committee Nepal.

1.5.2 What is a Sustainable Trail?
Healthy ecosystems and environments are necessary for the survival of humans and
other organisms. The knowledge that the earth represents a limited resource base to
humankind has led to the concept of sustainability. It implies that we need to use the
decrease.
needs while maintaining the essential ecological processes, biological diversity, and
naturally occurring life support systems".
The objectives of sustainable development are:
maintaining essential ecological processes
preserving biological diversity
sustainable use of species and ecosystems, some of which support important
industries
developing opportunities for non-material use (spiritual, recreational, aesthetic) of
natural resources
maintaining and improving quality of life
developing a long-term sustainable economy
When it comes to trails, they should be designed and built in such a way to ensure
that the bio-physical character of the environment will not deteriorate due to the use
of the trail. Ecological conservation of the resource base is most important.
A trail that is truly sustainable should also be designed so as to enhance the

experience of the hiker so that they would enjoy the hike; manifested in the fact that
they return for frequent re-visits to the trail. A trail must be designed so as to enhance
the social as well as environmental expectations of hikers.
An ideal trail should also provide enough scope for outdoor education. Note
viable, generating enough income to sustain the trail management. This implies
sound management (including marketing, promotional material, construction and
This approach is equally necessary in the development of hiking trails. Insensitive

alignment and poor building techniques can quickly lead to devastating
in the loss of 80 tons of valuable topsoil over a stretch of 1 km; silting up rivers and
dams downstream, affecting aquatic life and provision of irrigation water. A degraded,
trampled, eroded environment poses little attraction to nature-loving hikers.
A sound knowledge of the ecology of the environment is a prerequisite for

sustainable trail planning. Rain, temperature, etc. interact over long periods of time
ELEMENTS OF SUSTAINABLE TRAILS
EXPERIENTIALLY SATISFYING
FINANCIALLY VIABLE EDUCATIONALLY ENLIGHTENING
ECOLOGICALLY SOUND SOCIALLY PLEASING
Diagram 1.4 Elements of Sustainable Trails

A trail that is truly sustainable should also be designed so as to enhance the experience of the trail user
so that they enjoy the trail; manifested in the fact that they return for frequent re-visits to the trail. A trail
must be designed so as to enhance the social as well as environmental expectations of users.

with geologic structures to form a complex web of life. Understanding this system
allows the trail planner to identify different terrain types and understand how the
natural processes function. This will allow him to plan his intervention into the
processes of nature in such a way that it causes little if any changes. This is called
1.5.3 Hiking Trails as Ecotourism Products

Tourism is said to possibly be the largest industry on Earth; challenging the mighty oil
industry. The growth of mass tourism however is based by-and-large only one
and ecological) has been exploited and damaged. This can hardly be afforded when
we are looking to tourism to provide much needed foreign capital and job creation
for the future. The need for alternative approaches to tourism thus has been much
traditional "mass tourism" where the income is "leaked" out of the region (and often
out of the country). Ecotourism or sustainable tourism is based on the entrepreneurial
an integral part of the local tourism industry. Ecotourism has become synonymous to
tourism in the natural environment only, in respect of trails environment includes our
cultural-historic, social, religious environment too.
It is clear that there is a reciprocal relationship between all the elements of the
tourism industry. Just as the concept ecology implies an intricate connection between
in any one sector, the effect is felt throughout the whole system. Creating a new path
experience (of pristine nature). Increasing the number of tourists (hikers) will (might)
their economy. The reciprocal interaction is limitless.
ECOTOURISM OF TRAILS
TRAIL USERS
ENVIRONMENT LOCAL COMMUNITY
Diagram 1.5 Ecotourism and Trails

A sustainable trail provides the trail user with an enlightening and exiting experience, while enhancing
nature and cultural conservation, and is a viable product for the owner and an asset for the local
community for the long run.

2. TRAIL PLANNING MODEL
2.1 A TRAIL PLANNING MODEL INFORMS TRAIL STANDARDS
format of a trail planning methodology. The Trail Planning Model as a structured

solution is divided into ten steps and is aimed at meeting the trail user's needs and at
the same time protecting the environment and ensuring responsible management of
the trail.
The Trail Planning Model allows trail planners, designers and trail assessors to follow a
adopted for each trail type are accurately accounted for and included. When the Trail
Planning Model as outlined is followed any trail developed or redeveloped using this
a quality trail experience.
Consistent application of standards is required for standards to have any meaning
add value to trail marketing

increase peace of mind for users as their trail experience will be consistent with
the description and details of the trail
provide a systematic planning model to help, design, construct and maintain trails
increase awareness of safety
ensure appropriate branding and effective signage is in place
reassure users of a quality trail experience
result in improved trails that may have been initially poorly designed
proper functioning
ensure better and timely maintenance interventions based on clear guidelines
Standards that meet internationally recognised trail attributes will:

increase attraction of the trail to the global tourism market
meet cross-cultural requirements for accurate information
list info that users from a variety of different countries can understand or interpret
improve safety and ensure an enjoyable trekking experience
Trail standards are the keystone to good trail development and successful sustainable
topographical attributes of a region as well as the historic, cultural and natural
TRAIL PLANNING MODEL
1
DETERMINE GOALS/OBJECTIVES
Market research, reasons for developing the trail
2
TRAIL REQUIREMENTS
Trail Types, Standards, Environment, Services, Facilities
3
TERRAIN POTENTIAL ANALYSIS
Phase 1: Ad hoc data (waterfalls, monuments, etc)
Phase 2: Landscape analysis (vegetation, soils, etc.)
Phase 3: Ecological analysis (sensitivity, impact, etc.)
4
PLAN TRAIL CORRIDOR
Design WITH nature and design FOR people
5
EVALUATE PROPOSAL
Decision: YES Decision: NO Re-Plan or Abandon
6 7
STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT PLAN ROUTE ALIGNMENT
Legal, funding, partners, financial plan + EIA
8
CONSTRUCTION
6a 6b
ADMINISTRATION MARKETING
Management Brochure + Maps Accommodation Path Grading Signs
9
MAINTENANCE PROGRAMME
10
MONITORING AND AUDITING
Assessment and Accreditation, Green Flag Trails
© Green Flag Trails International 2017

elements that will inform the potential trail experience. In the end it is the experience
of the trail user that counts the most. That experience is informed by good planning,
and ensuring the standards that shape the experience are in alignment with the
inherent attributes of the area where the trail is set. At all times the goals of the trail
feasibly possible in the landscape.
the development of the trail type, it is crucial that they are well conceived and in
harmony with realistic and achievable implementation capacity given the constraints
the trail user will get the experience expected, or at least no unpleasant surprises this
results in user satisfaction and quality of experience resulting in sustainable usage of
the trail.
Standards
A level of quality or attainment:
A required or agreed level of quality or attainment.
The standards for the trail, trail structures, and support structures detailed are
designed to protect the environment as well as the user. They should be followed
closely to also ensure environmental protection.
PLANNING MODEL AND STANDARDS
After assessing the topographical Goals help to identify the type of The set of standards which make
and experiential potential for a trail that developers may wish to up the trail experience and
trail, clear goals and objectives create and that a landscape can deÞne the trail type.
are set. support.
*After auditing a trail always
Example 1: Example 1: assess if the standards continue
Nature area with unique Trail Type = Trekking Trail (Nature) to meet the trail goals and
biodiversity. Goal = Nature Trail objectives (see more under
with interpretive signage Limits of Acceptable Change)
Example 2: Example 2: Example 1:

High mountain region with Trail Type = High Mountain Implement standards that deÞne
remote camps. Goal = High Trekking Trail the experience of a Nature
mountain trail with challenging Trekking Trail with clear
adventure and views. interpretive signs.
Example 2:
Implement standards that deliver
the experience of a high
mountain Trekking Trail and
include all trail attributes and
speciÞcations for this standard.
Diagram 2.2 Planning Model and Trail Standards

Guidelines are put in place to ensure that the goals and objectives of the trail sector are met. Standards
play a speciÞc role in achieving those goals and feedback to ensure that goals themselves are in
alignment with what the sector can deliver. Trails need to meet predeÞned standards relative to speciÞc
trail characteristics and attributes in order to be classiÞed accordingly or to have appropriate qualities
that meet trail user’s needs and the trail developer’s goals.

3. STANDARDS AND ACCEPTABLE CHANGE
3.1 COMPATIBILITY
and goals. There are hikers, cyclists, riders, runners, etc. To what extent can one
combine these activities to make optimal use of trail resources?
The issue of compatibility is a tricky one. These activities however are not necessarily
mutually compatible. Cycling trails may be used effectively by hikers from an
ecological design perspective but experientially it is non-compatible. Hikers do not
appreciate a cyclist, four-wheel vehicles or horse rider charging by. The design of
cycling and horse trails (and obviously vehicle paths) also differ from each other to the
extent that they are all to a larger of lesser extent non-compatible and should be
separated from each other. Where it is not possible, good signage should be
employed to inform the different trail users of other types of users expected on the
trail so that they are aware of them and can choose to do such a multi-use trail or not.
3.2 CARRYING CAPACITY
3.2.1 Ecological Carrying Capacity

This is based on the number of hikers that can be accommodated before the
ecological integrity of the system degenerates. For nature lovers (which include most
hikers) it is devastating if a trail does not live up to its ecological integrity.
Overstepping this aspect always leads to erosion and typically stone-strewn walking
surfaces which are hard to negotiate and can be dangerous. This can be averted by
good planning (carefully negotiating steep inclines, avoiding sensitive soil), correct
construction methods (putting in drainage barriers), and regular maintenance.
Creating hard surfaces (e.g. board walks over marshy areas) will increase the carrying
capacity to a desired level. Limiting numbers of hikers is also a management strategy
to combat ecological degradation.
3.2.2 Social Carrying Capacity
allows unlimited numbers whilst a day walk to a cultural site may well maximise
visitors without problems. Encountering domestic animals and vehicles will subtract
from a
3.2.3 Physical or Spatial Carrying Capacity

This relates to the sheer dimensions or available space. For hikers there might be
number limitations in terms of the availability of sleeping space or toilet facilities. If
this is exceeded the trail will be overstepping its carrying capacity. Too many people
TRAIL CARRYING CAPACITY
SOCIAL
Relates to the “feeling” of hikers’ and their expectations and the
perception of crowding.
ECOLOGICAL
Ecological Carrying Capacity is based on the number of hikers that
can be accommodated before the ecological integrity of the
system degenerates.
PHYSICAL
Relates to the sheer dimensions or available space. For hikers there
might be number limitations in terms of the availability of sleeping
space or toilet facilities.
RECREATIONAL
The level of use a trail can withstand while providing a sustained
quality of recreation.
Diagram 3.1 Trail Carrying Capacity

Everyone wants to make maximum use of a trail so as to increase income. There is however a point
where excessive use degrades the resource and becomes a negative force. This explains the concept of
“sustainability”. How many hikers can one allow on a trail? No one can answer this question. It is a
question about the experiential needs of hikers, the sensitivity of the soil, the layout of the trail, the
climate, and a host of other variables. It can best be summarised by the concept of carrying capacity.

3.2.4 Recreational Carrying Capacity
"The level of use a trail can withstand while providing a sustained quality of
numbers of users, based on visible indicators, such as trail erosion, stream pollution,
soil compaction, set by management objectives.
3.3 LIMITS OF ACCEPTABLE CHANGE

The Limits of Acceptable Change (LAC) planning system was developed in the USA in
capacities for protected areas were limited. LAC is based on the recognition that:
1. assumes that change to an area will occur, so the goal is to manage the rate and
type of change within acceptable levels,
2. relies on setting management objectives and describing the kind of recreation
opportunities that will be provided,
3.
indicators that can be used to measure the change,
4.
unacceptable change,
5. uses these standards as reference points to see if the management objectives are
being met,
6. uses standards as "triggers" that can tell a manager when to take mitigating
action,
7. allows for many kinds of management responses, not just limiting use,
a given situation, and is a useful technique in trail management, especially regarding

maintenance. The system is essentially incorporated within the Green Flag Trails
approach to trail monitoring and assessment. The Green Flag Trail indicators are
directly aligned to the adopted trail standards for Nepal.
4. TRAIL QUALITY STANDARDS

The following trail quality standards are standard practice for ensuring viable, well
maintained and safe trail infrastructure and facilities. Many of these standards are
critical and when they are not met they pose a high probability of threat of injury to
persons or property. Actions aught to be taken as soon as practically possible to
correct the issues. In severe instances the trail or trail section should be closed to
public access.
LIMITS OF ACCEPTABLE CHANGE
1 Identify The Trail Development Issues

• What are the existing conditions?
• Assess issues based on LAC
8 1
• Prioritise the issues
7 2
2 Define Trail opportunities
• The goals of the trail
3 Select Indicators 6
• These should be simple and address issues 3
identified in step 1, examples are:
• degree of erosion of trail
• braided trails
5 4
• water sitting on trail
• safety
4 Inventory of Trail and Route Conditions

• Limit inventory to usable information
• Collect and analyse the data
• Data comes from trail audits
5 Set Standards
A standard is a condition of the indicator which
triggers a management action. Standards are at the
core of the L.A.C. method: they describe what is
minimally acceptable, not what is desired. A
standard is a contract between the manager and
the public.
6 Identify Alternative Routes

• If necessary reroute the trail (only in rare instances
where existing condition cannot be improved)
7 Identify Costs and Actions

• Make full costing analysis and list of management
actions
8 Implement Management Actions

• Include schedule for completion
• Monitor the trail based on previous audit
• Note sections that had exceeded standards
Diagram 3.2 Limits of Acceptable Change The L.A.C. method is deeply integrated into the trail planning
model. When using this manual, consider the L.C.A. step.

4.1 HEALTH AND CLEANLINESS
of health can
be ensured by:
Trail users are not exposed to human waste.
Water, wastewater, and sewage treatment systems meet water quality regulations.
Garbage is contained within garbage containers, and removed regularly.
Common areas, rest places and accommodation areas are free of litter including
domestic animal waste.
Restrooms and garbage locations are free of objectionable odour
4.2 SAFETY AND SECURITY

S
users and trail workers) is the most important concern in relation to the design,
construction and maintenance of trails. It is not possible to provide a comprehensive
guide to trail safety within the current document. Readers are encouraged to use the
information provided as a starting point.
Following recommended practices for trail design, construction and maintenance

will enhance trail safety. The safety of trail workers will be enhanced because the
techniques and equipment used to build and maintain the trail will be appropriate to
the environment and the skills of the workers. Keeping tools sharp and in good repair,
and using the correct tool for each job are key components of trail worker safety. Trail
user safety will be enhanced as the wide range of abilities among trail users will be
carefully considered within each phase of trail design, construction and maintenance.
Increased safety on a trail can be achieved by:
Facilities and build infrastructure meet standards.

Regulations and laws are communicated and enforced.
Trail users are provided a sense of security on trail.
In order to optimise trail safety and reduce the possible occurrences, a risk
management plan should be in place. There are several components of a risk
management plan:
Reduce the possibility of injury by identifying risk areas and limiting their effect.
Signs, barriers, supervision, education programmes or regular trail inspections are
Trail users are most often put at risk when the demands of the trail environment
exceed the skills they possess. Excessive demands from the trail environment can
occur because of natural events (e.g., sudden changes in weather, catastrophic events
such as landslides). However, they occur much more commonly because of changes
TRAIL QUALITY STANDARDS
FACILITIES
SAFETY & SECURITY

HEALTH AND CLEANLINESS
QUALITY
SIGNAGE AND GRADING
MAINTENANCE
Diagram 4.1 Trail Quality Standards. Quality standards are directly related to the primary elements that
inßuence safety on trail and the trail usersÕ experience of the trail infrastructure. Each one of these quality
pillars work together to make the overall experience of the trail both safe and a valued experience.
When these standards are appropriately managed a trail can deliver world class experiences in a timely
and efÞcient manner.

in the trail environment that can be controlled and/or prevented.
Trail builders can enhance the safety of trail users by ensuring that the skills required
for use of the trail are clearly stated in trail information. This is again the important role
that trail auditing plays in ensuring that the on-trail conditions are adequately
communicated in marketing materials.
Trail safety applies not only to trail users, but also to those who work on and operate
the trail.
One of the most important practices to enhance the safety of trail work and operation
is to conduct regular inspections of the on-trail conditions. Trail inspections should be
done at least annually, and more often if required for insurance or risk management
purposes. There should also be a clear system for trail users to report any safety issues
that might arise along the trail. A clear understanding of the conditions on the trail will
not only identify potential risk areas for trail users, but it will also inform trail
maintenance teams about the conditions. A trail inspection plan and a plan for
evacuating injured or stranded trail users should be a routine part of the trail risk
management plan.
4.2.1 User Etiquette and Responsibility
accidents occur when trail users are being 100% responsible in their actions relative
to the on-trail conditions and their own skills and experience.
By adopting a sustainable trail planning approach reduces liability concerns because
of trail users.
Trail user safety can be further increased by ensuring that trail information provides all
users with objective information about the on-trail conditions. The use of objective
to be responsible for their own, informed decision regarding the suitability and
safety of the trail users use of the trail.
the Green Flag Trails accreditation system.
If safety standards require a bridge railing that is 1.1 m high, that standard must be
met regardless of environmental protection requirements. In unique situations where
protection legislation that applies to the trail environment, the trail should not be
built.
4.3 SIGNAGE AND GRADING
boards should be maintained to be uncluttered and contain appropriate current/
TRAIL USER CODE OF ETHICS
• Stay on the trail
• Expect and respect other users
• Respect private property and local communities
• Do not disturb plants or animals
• Do not litter
• Know and obey rules and laws residents
• Slow down while approaching other hikers
• Be courteous and communicate with other trail users
Diagram 4.2 Trail User Code of Ethics. Practically every trail and trail user organisation has a “code of
conduct” for members or trail users. Although the type of trail user can vary widely, the core
components within these codes of conduct vary little between organisations. The Trails Study Unit at
Trent University developed the above code of ethics that can apply to trails everywhere.

seasonal information.
Damaged signs should be removed or repaired.
Clean up-to-date signage leaves trail users with a good impression and a sense of
security.
Accurate grading ensures that trail users do not exceed their skill levels or push
beyond their limits and so endanger themselves and others.
4.4 MAINTENANCE
Regular trail maintenance is essential. By employing a robust trail auditing and
assessment protocol, trail managers will be able to develop a clear set of actions that
are needed to keep the trail at acceptable levels of maintenance.
Local trail building teams should assess and repair trail conditions at soonest
availability.
Repair to non-essential infrastructure that can be done quickly is advise.
More serious maintenance requirements should be scheduled for repair.
Unscheduled maintenance triggers include:
Vegetation loss
Deterioration of technical features
End step erosion
Soil loss
Trail widening (braiding)
Short-cutting of switchbacks or climbing turns
4.5 FACILITIES
Facilities from bridges to toilets, from railings to rest places
Restrooms are functional and in good repair.
Signs and information boards are well maintained, neatly arranged, and in legible
condition.
Constructed features are serviceable and in good repair throughout.
5. TRAIL CLASSIFICATION & ATTRIBUTES

Once the goals and objectives if a trail are agreed to, then the proposed or existing
yet wide spectrum of trail users and trail activities. These trails have been categorised
according to altitude and the type of activity they support aligned to the trail
development goals of Nepal, the respective terrain and path type and the skills and
experience needed to enjoy the trail.
The trail standards charts listed here are a complete overview of all the standards
applicable to the different trails of Nepal.
TRAIL CLASSIFICATION AND STANDARDS
The next generation of trail custodians are already hard

at work caring for and championing a centuries old
Diagram 4.3 Signage do and don’t. Practically every trail and trail user organisation has a “code of
conduct” for memberslegacy ofusers.
or trail trail Although
buildingthe
intype
Nepal.
of trail user can vary widely, the core
components within these codes of conduct vary little between organisations. The Trails Study Unit at
Trent University developed the above code of ethics that can apply to trails everywhere.

The three trail categories are:
1. Walking Trails - meet the needs of domestic market and tourists walking as
secondary activity.
2. Trekking Trails - meeting needs of outdoor and nature enthusiasts. The classic well
know trails
3. High Mountain Trekking Trails - meeting needs of the adventure trail market and
alpine mountaineers trekking in high altitude regions.
5.1 WALKING TRAILS

In Kathmandu and other urban areas of population concentration do not have
recreational facilities associated with paths along green belts or day walks into the
countryside. Such semi-urban trails will also be extensively used by tourists from
abroad and adjacent countries who do not want to venture into high mountains but
interpretive educational trails. These trials will slowly help to build the local urban
hiking and walking communities.
These trails are wellformed trails that are comfortable to walk and meet the needs of a
wide range of visitors and locals. Even walking surface with minimal trip hazards.
Low altitude with no risk of AMS, generally less than 3000m altitude and with low
exposure to climatic extremes. All streams bridged. Walking surface free of mud and
well maintained. Trails are well marked with signage and easy to follow, even without
a guide. Good trail support facilities with refreshments, tea houses and lodges at
frequent intervals. Located and managed for high quality tourist experience.
5.2 TREKKING TRAILS

Well-formed trail to average standard that is suitable for visitors with typical multi-day
walking/hiking experience. Formed walking surface with occasional sections of un-
even surface. Low risk of injury from natural hazards or exposure to AMS (less than
5,000m altitude). Moderately low exposure to climate extremes. All streams than
cannot be easily stepped across with dry feet are bridged. Clearly marked at main
junctions with directional signage. Facilities at half day intervals.
5.3 HIGH MOUNTAIN TREKKING TRAILS

This class of trail caters for trekkers into the high Himalayas with the purpose of doing
Formed or marked trail that offers some challenge to most visitors. May have un-even
surfaces, irregular steps and steep grades. Some possible risk of exposure to natural
hazards. May have potential exposure to snow and/or extreme climate events. May
have exposure to AMS (i.e. above 5,000m altitude). Small streams may need to be
crossed or jumped. On occasions, deep snow, wet feet or deep mud may be
Facilities may be sparse. May require overnight camping on occasions.
TRAIL CLASSIFICATIONS
Walking Trails • Suitable for entry level trekkers and casual day walkers.
• Suitable for children, elderly persons and also people
with minor walking disabilities.
• May be safely walked by visitors in casual footwear.
• Managed and maintained to ensure consistently high
quality tourist standard.
• Vehicles and pack animals unlikely to be present.
• High quality of trail environment and experience.
• Able to be walked whilst viewing and enjoying the
surroundings rather than focusing on foot placement.
Trekking Trails • Typical trekking trail with some physical challenge but
not requiring visitors to have signiÞcant trekking
experience, skills or agility.
• Low risk of fall or tripping injuries.
• Suitable for wide range of trekkers of average Þtness.
• Most trekkers will have sturdy footwear.
• May require occasional exertion or concentration on foot
placement.
• Occasionally trails may be shared with pack animals.
• Trails that have factors that average trekkers may

High Mountain Trekking Trails occasionally Þnd challenging and/or uncomfortable.
• Less likely to be trekked by tourists without a guide,
unless they are very experienced in remote country /
alpine walking or in similar trekking experiences.
• Potential exposure to elevated risks from natural hazards,
extreme climate, or AMS.
• Some skills in self-reliance in potentially challenging
situations necessary.
• Suitable preparation and equipment necessary,
especially if extreme conditions encountered.
• Climbing skills not necessary, but reasonable Þtness and
agility required.

TRAIL ATTRIBUTES Walking Trails Trekking Trails High Mountain

Trekking Trails
Icon Example
Usage Types Urban residents Adventurers Alpine adventurers

Short-stop travellers To access historic, cultural, High Mountain Tourism and
Day visitors pilgrimage, and nature sites Mountaineers
Cultural pilgrimage sites Remote rural areas
Classic trekking tourism trails
Purpose Characteristics Socialising Adventure tourism Challenge

Relaxation Education - nature, culture Adventure
Physical exercise Tourism Image building
Education Culture appreciation Mountaineering
Therapeutic Nature experience
Scenic Pilgrimage
Activity Types Stroll, Walk Hiking (Overnight) Hiking (Camping)

Trail run Mountain biking Trek (Traverse)
Cycling Pack donkey Mountaineering
Accessible (Blind) Trek (Traverse) Climbing
Wheelchair (Potential) Trail run
Duration Day walk < 6 hours Overnight > 2 days Overnight > 5 days
Guiding Self-guided Guided Guided

Self-guided Self-guided
Portage Portage
Catering Self-catered for day walk or Catered Catered (in guided groups)
full catering available Self-catered. Water available. Mostly Self-Catered
Accommodation Wide selection of Tea Houses Some Tea Houses or Lodges

accommodation, facilities Lodges & Hotels Camping / None
available. Trekkers require self-
sufficiency in food and water
Facilities En Route Toilets at no more than 2hr Toilets at no more than 4hr Emergency shelter.
intervals. Rest sites, no more intervals.
than 1 hr Rest sites, no more than 1 hr.
Kiosks, restaurants or tea Sanitation and recycling
houses. Public safety. posts. Medical post at certain
points. Emergency shelter.
Directional Information Brochure / Guidebook / Map / Guidebook / Map / Guides / Map / GPS / Guides
Operators / Signage / Apps Operators / Signage / Web
Level of Use High and Unlimited High with seasonal changes Moderate <20
People Contact Regular Intermittent to Regular Infrequent to Low

High Mountain
TRAIL ATTRIBUTES Walking Trails Trekking Trails
Trekking Trails
Experience Level None Medium High - suitable preparation

Some previous hiking and equipment required
Fitness Level None / Basic fitness Good fitness Excellent fitness - Very high,
agility, endurance required
Skill Requirements Easy: Suitable with sneakers. Moderate: Sure-footedness. Hard- Very Hard: Hiking
Can walk without map. Good trekking shoes. Basic boots. Very good sense of
orientation skills. direction.
Hard - Very Hard: Stable Extreme: Map reading, self
trekking shoes / boots. reliance. Advanced alpine
Familiar with exposed mountaineering experience.
terrain, good navigation skill.
H
Level of Exertion Easy to Moderate Moderate to Very Hard Hard - Extreme
< 1,000 kCal/day 1,000 - 2,000 kCal/day >2,000 kCal/day
Navigation Difficulty Easy to follow trials Some navigation skills Possible navigation difficulty
Difficulty Grading Easy Moderate - Very Hard Hard - Extreme
Ascent / Descent per Day Moderate - up to 500m Energetic: 500m - 1000m Strenuous: over 1000m
Altitude Low altitude <3,000m Mid altitude <5,000m High altitude >5,000m
No risk of AMS Low risk of AMS Exposure to AMS
Low exposure to climate Moderate exposure to Potential exposure to snow
extremes climate extremes & / or extreme climate events
Trail Environment Active managed trail corridor. Preferred controls on No special requirements.
Minimise conditions which conditions that detract from Adhere to specific
detract from user enjoyment tourist enjoyment. Voluntary conservation practices.
(vehicles, pack animals, guidelines on development
waste disposal & animal to encourage appropriate
excrement). Scenic lookout style for new infrastructure
points & rest locations. adjacent to trail.
Managed conservation of
traditional village
architecture, cultural features
& natural habitat areas.
Environmental Character Semi-urban: urban green Natural - relatively pristine Mostly pristine environment.
belt or similar. with some land-use activities.
Rural - farming environment,
local villages within natural
environment.
Dominant Trail Experience Relaxation, Socialising, Relaxation in nature, cultural Challenging adventure.
Physical Exercise. Outdoor experience and enrichment. Exposure and experience of
education. Adventure, enlightenment, high mountain wilderness
outdoor education. environment.

High Mountain
Trekking Trails
Nature Conservation Status None / Local Nature Reserve Local Nature Reserve / Conservation Area / National
Conservation Area / National Park
Park
Cultural-Historic National, International or National, International or National, International or

Significance Traditional site. Traditional site. Traditional site.
Trail Surface Constructed path Cleared path on bare soil. Natural ground
Improved / hardened / Paved on sensitive sections. Wide range of surfaces
boardwalk. Stone steps where needed on acceptable. Some stone
Stone paving, flagstones, steep inclines. paving.
firm gravel, aggregate Stone paving, flagstones, Some scrambling, some trails
Some irregularities < 20mm gravel, or firm natural ground might need ropes or
No mud. Irregularities - no tripping handholds.
hazards. No extended
sections of mud.
Trail Surface Width & Cross 1.5m average width 2m width (2-way traffic) 1.2m typical width 0.9m in
Slope 1.2m minimum width 1.2m minimum. With pack areas where low trekking
Wider passing areas where animals and cliffs make sure number and no pack animals
necessary. Cross slope: 3-5% waiting space. Slope 3-5% on the trail. Slope 3 -8%
Trail Surface Gradient Preferred Max 10% (1 in 10) Preferred Max 17% (1 in 6) Preferred Max 17% (1 in 6)
Short sections extending up Short sections extending up Short sections extending up
to 50m up to 17% (1 in 6) to 100m up to 25% (1 in 4) to 100m up to 45%
Steps No steps if possible. Max step gradient: 38º Irregular steps likely
Height of step riser limited to Max step gradient: 36º Max step riser: 200mm Max step gradient: 41º
125mm - 200mm. Landing Max step riser: 180mm Consistency on section Max step riser: 250mm
every 15 steps if possible. Landing every 4m vertical preferred.
Railings Should not be necessary, but Along steep steps with On sections of steep cliff
Height of railings should be include where side of path exposed fall. If railing used edges or exposed steps.
110cm, with minimum a top embankment may drop off. they must be study & strong,
and middle crossbar. if not rather do not use them.
Bridges All streams bridged Major streams and river Major hazardous rivers
No possibility of wet feet bridged. Certain weather bridged. Some stream
conditions may require users crossings will require wet
to ford streams. Suspension feet.
bridges must be designed,
built by competent authority.
Clearance Cleared width 2m. Height Cleared width 1m each side. Very little vegetation, same
2.5m. Note protected trees. Height 3m as Trekking Trail if applicable.
Trail Format Loop, Link or Side Trail Circular, Clover Leaf or Circular or Cul-de-sac
Network

High Mountain
Trekking Trails
Level of Trail Development Fully developed with all Developed, signage to Minimally developed.
amenities, signage and high manage safety issues.
construction quality.
Inspections Quarterly Annual Every 2 years
Maintenance Checks During routine servicing Check all amenities, path Major erosion and safety
check all amenities, path conditions, signage, rest issues addressed. Check
conditions, signage, rest points, facilities. Note erosion signage condition. Major
points, facilities. Specifically & degradation of path since obstacles and hazards
check safety issues. Removal last audit. Hazards reported removed. Repair of cairns or
of garbage. Removal of any and repaired immediately. other waymarkers. Clean up
obstacles. Specifically check safety where needed.
issues. Removal of garbage.
Removal of any obstacles.
Risk Management Avoid serious hazards. Avoid serious hazards if Serious natural hazards
Exposed falls & dangers with possible, else mark with avoided, else mark with
protective barrier, hand grab. warning signs. Protect with warning signs. Warning sign
Regular assessment. handrails and barriers. where extreme weather.
Signage Full spectrum include Full spectrum signage boards Basic signage with indicated
interpretive info-boards Signs with indicated destination and hiking time,
Sign with indicated destination and walking time mainly at trailhead
destination and walking time at main junctions. GPS Coordinates. Cairns &
Wayfinding at minor Interpretive signs where pole trail in areas where
junctions. appropriate. snow cover likely. No signs
on dangerous routes that
require guides or special
mountaineering skills.
Intermittent Signs:
Blazes, Trail Markers
Diagram 5.3 Trail Attributes and Standards. The above table summaries all the attributes and associated
standards for the three trail classess identiÞed for Nepal.

6. TRAIL STANDARDS SPECIFICATIONS
The trail standards listed in the previous section are described here and listed with
their technical speciÞcations. These are the speciÞcations to which a trail will be built
or improved upon to meet the deÞned standards. Where applicable diagrams are
used to illustrate the speciÞcations. Where diagrams are not warranted, a detailed
description and explanation are given.
Not all trails are created equal. Each should be designed, constructed and maintained
to meet speciÞcations based on the activities the trail is intended to provide, its goal
and purpose and the number of users anticipated. The physical characteristics of the
land, ecological factors and aesthetic considerations are equally important.
6.1 USAGE TYPES

6.1.1 Walking Trail User
These are generally urban residents, day-visitors, short-stop travellers and / or visitors
to pilgrim easy accessible sites. Such trail users will be out on the trail not more than 6
- 8 hours in total. They are of basic Þtness and very little hiking skill. They will prefer a
leisurely trail experience with multiple rest stops and access to good facilities form
toilets to tea-houses, restaurants, kiosks etc. Although some of the trail they will get
onto may be into nature areas the terrain will be relatively easy to navigate and they
will not require a map or navigation skills. Signage is an essential tool for them to Þnd
their way. The main reason for the trails they choose are site-seeing, leisure,
enjoyment, socialising and cultural appreciation. Such trails may have the occasional
mountain bike or child pram on it, especially those trails located accessible to urban
areas. They rely on signage to navigate and require signs at even minor junctions.
Gear Type:
• Hat
• Walking stick
• Small daypack
• Sunblock
• Sneakers
• Maybe lite trekking shoes
• Water bottle
• Rain jacket
Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Handbook 36 Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Guidelines 36
6.1.2 Trekking Trail User
These are experienced walkers interested in multi-day trails with a degree of
challenge associated. They are interested in nature experiences, cultural appreciation
and a good walking / trekking / hiking holiday. They look forward to basic luxuries
such as hot water showers, safe drinking water and reasonable priced meals along
the route. They prefer bed and breakfast style accommodation, however the
occasional self-guided group or party may choose camping and self-sufÞciency as an
option. These users are the bulk of the trekking market and their skills include
adequate basic navigation with a simple map. They do relay on good wayÞnding
especially at major junctions where signs are essential. They seek both socialising and
some solitude on the trail. Such trail users generally have some experience in hiking
or multi-day trekking, but many may be doing for the Þrst time too. They have a
relative degree of average Þtness.
Gear Type:
• Hat
• Walking stick
• Midsize daypack for self carry
• Full backpack with clothing and gear if trekking for more than 3 days
• Sunblock
• Trekking shoes (some may choose boots)
• Water bottle
• Rain jacket and pants
• Guidebook and maps
• Camera
• (If camping they will bring their own
camping gear like cooking stove, tent,
sleeping bag and mat, food items )
They will relay on the occasional tea
house for meals and possible
overnight stay form time to time.
Great Himalaya
Great Himalaya Trails
Trails -- Trail
Trail Standards
Standards Guidelines
Handbook 3737
6.1.3 High Mountain Trekking Trail User
These are adventure travellers and hikers experienced in multi-day trails with a good
degree of challenge associated. They are interested in nature experiences, cultural
appreciation to some extent, and a sense of adventure and achievement. They are
generally self-reliant and self-sufÞcient or may employ the full services of a trekking
agency for remote camping. They are prepared to ‘rough it’ and understand the
demands of high mountain life and the discomfort sometimes associated with that
form extreme weather conditions to rough terrain and availability of resources such as
water and luxuries. These users make up the adventure trekking market and their
skills include advanced navigation with maps or GPS. They do relay on basic
wayÞnding with cairns or pole signs where necessary. They appreciate danger
warning signs, but generally have a good understanding of dangerous terrain to
make appropriate decisions. They seek a challenge and some solitude on the trail.
They are of above average Þtness, both agile and abel to handle the endurance
nature of the trekking trail. They understand an know how to use their specialist gear
if needed, such as GPS or snow navigation tools or glacier crossings. very surefooted.
These are trekkers heading to high altitude regions and remote base camps or even
attempting some of the more accessible mountains peaks.
Gear Type:
• Hat
• Trekking poles
• Full backpack with clothing and gear if trekking for more than 8 days
• Sunblock
• Trekking boots
• Water bottle
• Good wet weather and snow weather gear. Rain jacket and pants
• Down jackets
• Maps and possible GPS
• Camera, binoculars
• All necessary camping gear (but may
stay in tea houses or lodges in lower
regions on their walk in to higher
altitude.
HIKING VERSUS TREKKING
HIKING TREKKING
Environmental Impact Hikers over many years in an area As treks take longer than hikes, the
can destroy the natural environment environmental impact can be
they walk in through wood greater.
gathering, Þres, fecal matter, leaving
non-biodegradable matter.
Locations Usually in beautiful natural In areas where there is no means of

environments, nature trails, hills. transport and areas of great natural
beauty. Usually in mountainous
areas.
Equipment Depends on the weather, day or Survival kit, camping gear, boots,
over-night hiking. Shoes applicable compass, clothing applicable to
to the hiking terrain, water, compass, changes in temperature especially if
sometimes a hiking pole. Backpack in mountainous areas.
with survival kit, food and medicine
for overnight hiking.
Overview An outdoor activity of walking in A long journey on non-designated

natural environments often on pre paths or trekking routes which could
charted paths called hiking trails. last several days and could be
challenging. It is more intense and
energetic than hiking.
Worldwide Differences Hiking is called by different names Trekking is also known as

around the world: tramping in New backpacking but should not be
Zealand, bush-walking in Australia, confused with mountaineering
trekking in Nepal.
Holidays Day hiking or walking holidays are Trekking is popular in the Himalayan
popular in Europe, New Zealand, foothills in Nepal, India and Bhutan.
Chile, Costa Rica, Hawaii and North The Andes in South America is also
America. popular trekking destination.
Trails Hiking trails are more speciÞcally Trekking trails may have less
signposted and don’t require a guide frequent signage posts and most
in most instances. Hiking trails are likely require a guide or even
likely to be on a speciÞc trail and not portage service. Trekking trails may
necessary link to a broader trail make use of a large network of trails
network. that are interlinked.
Diagram 6.1 Hiking versus Trekking. Hiking is known by many names over the world. What is known as
hiking in the U.S and Britain is called tramping in New Zealand, and bush-walking in Australia.
Bushwhacking is a term used speciÞcally for hiking through dense forest where vegetation needs to be
whacked for slashed with a machete in order to advance. Thru-hiking is a term associated with long end-
to-end hiking (hiking a trail completely in sequence in its entirety) on a trail speciÞcally, the Appalachian
Trail.

6.2 PURPOSE CHARACTERISTICS
The purpose of a trail is directly related to its goal and objectives and these should be
clearly deÞned in the trails planning model. The purpose impacts the way a trail may
be assessed and audited. It will be tested to establish if it meets it stated goals and
objectives for the type of trail experience it hopes to deliver. A trail's purpose may
change in time as trends and trail user needs change. Certain features that are
required for an education trail will not be necessary on a trail that is focused on
physical exercise or on giving a scenic experience of the country side.
6.2.1 Socialising
The joy of meeting other trekkers and walkers on the trail. Travelling and hiking with
friends or meeting new people and engaging with local communities.
6.2.2 Relaxing
Creating opportunity for trekker and travellers to relax and enjoy the hospitality and
culture of the trail in rural mountain areas.
6.2.3 Physical Exercise
Many trail users and trekkers undertake a trail experience for the physical rewards and
health beneÞts it offers them. Multiple days of hiking or walking have signiÞcant
health advantages. The three different categories of trail in Nepal meet varying
degrees of physical exertion.
6.2.4 Education
Many trails have unique feathers and or pass through regions which trail users are
unfamiliar with. Unique species, artefacts or history all create an opportunity to
enhance the trail experience by adding value to the trail users through educational
information boards. Some trails may have a very strong focus on education.
Education can focus on speciÞc Þelds from culture to history to nature and local
unique and rare species, from plants to butterßies, to red pandas.
6.2.5 Scenic
Trails that offer a scenic experience will have a number of view-site as part of the
route, with regular rest points and open view of the surrounding landscape from the
trail. Scenic trails are a major attraction to tourists and locals. Wide open landscape
views have proven to release feel good hormones and leave trail users feeling
inspired and at peace.
6.2.6 Adventure Tourism
The growing international adventure tourism market has speciÞc needs that includes
a certain amount of adrenalin and new experiences in nature as their list of activities.
The classic trekking trail experience meets the needs o f this market. trails that cater to
adventure tourism will need to include such features as waterfalls, hot springs, options
for biking, canyoning, river rafting or maybe even abseiling as part of the trail
experience. The list of additional adventure related experiences that can be added to
the trail at speciÞc nodes can stimulate the development of adventure related
operators.
TRAIL PURPOSE CHARACTERISTICS
ADVENTURE THERAPEUTIC
RELAXATION
ADVENTURE HOLIDAY / TOURISM
SOCIALISING
HIGH MOUNTAIN
CHALLENGE
PHYSICAL CULTURAL
EXERCISE APPRECIATION
PILGRIMAGE
NATURE
EXPERIENCE
SCENIC EDUCATION
Diagram 6.2 Trail Purpose Characteristics. Each trail has a purpose

6.2.7 Pilgrimage
Pilgrimage trails will have a distinct narrative of the speciÞc sacred site associated with
them. These may appeal to only certain sects or religious groups or may be more
openly accessible to trail users interested in different cultures.
6.2.8 Challenge
Trails that are about offering a challenge to the trail users are usually those that are in
higher altitude and require speciÞc set of skills to complete and enjoy. The challenge
of navigating difÞcult terrain for example or of being outdoors for long periods of
time completely self-sufÞcient.
6.2.9 Mountaineering
On NepalÕs higher altitude trails, mountaineering play an important role. The trekking
trails leading to the many base camps for the high mountain peaks and the peaks
themselves are all suited to the world’s premier mountaineers. This is a growing and
elite group of athletes that enjoy challenging themselves, physically, emotionally and
even spiritually. The high Himalaya are idea for such experiences and trails with such a
focus do not want to be overly developed or overly signposted. In many respects the
trail acts as an access point to these remote regions from where the trekkers may
embark on unique expeditions to surrounding peaks or high valleys.
6.3 ACTIVITY TYPES

Trails are not limited to singular activities. A single trail may accommodate multiple
actives, although not all activities are compatible. At all times the trail users should be
made aware of the trail etiquette when it comes to different users on the same trail.
6.3.1 Stroll / Walk

Walking is by the far the most engaged in activity type for all trails. walking on a trail
usually refers to a days outing without overnighting and being able to walk at a
leisurely pace on a surface that is safe enough to navigate with hands in onÕs pockets
and not requiring any special skills or major sure-footedness to enjoy the trail. A stroll
will be very slow and leisurely while a walk may be more energetic and destination
focused.
6.3.2 Hiking / Trekking
Hiking is an outdoor activity of walking in beautiful natural environments on pre-
charted paths called hiking trails. There are day hikes and overnight hikes.
Trekking is a long journey be undertaken on foot in areas where there are usually no
means of transport available. Trekking is not necessarily mountaineering; it is walking
for a number of days, usually on uncharted paths, in challenging environments which
are likely to be hilly or mountainous.
Both hiking and trekking take place on similar or identical trails. Signage, guiding
services and location play a role in deÞning the activity as either a hike or a trek. In
NepalÕs case al trails are designated trekking trails except for the distinct walking
trails.
TREKKING GUIDE ASSOCIATION OF NEPAL
11. To promote and development in tourism

sector with its attendances. 11
9. To patronise public wealth
10. To preserve the cultural values and environment, human rights and develop
10 9
respect it’s philosophy. creative activities in the society.
8. To unify trekking guides and

8 solve their problems within
related sectors.
6. To develop the system of Trekking
Guides license or certiÞcates under the 7
rules and regulation of Tourism Act 2053.
6 7. To develop social
and economic
activities in tourism
5. To develop personality and 5 area and unify the
capacity building for Trekking related people and
Guides giving essential training similar
in the related Þeld. organisations.
4 3. To expansion in the tourism

3
4. To warranty the profession of sector and support to Trekking
trekking Guides under the rules and Guides and their profession by
regulation of Tourism Act 2053. establishing various types of
Co-operative funds.
2
2. To sustain the Trekking Guides profession by opening
various types of training centres like Tourism school, First
Aid training centre, language classes, Climbing training
and others.
1. To search new trekking routes for trekking in Nepal 1

and provide good information to promote tourism in
Nepal for trekking agencies and help them whenever
is necessary.

6.3.3 Trail Running
Trail running is a sport which consists of running and hiking over trails. In the United
Kingdom and Ireland it is called mountain or fell running. It is growing in popularity
around the world. Trail running events are not permitted on a number of trails. Trails
that do offer trail running need to be aware of the impact on other trail users and
need to ensure they are wide enough to accommodate the different user types.
6.3.4 Mountain Biking
Some trails are designed dot accommodate mountain bikes as well as hikers and
walkers. Again speciÞc design considerations need to be factored in for such trails.
Such multi-use activities do not always work together.
6.3.5 Accessible and Wheelchair-friendly trails
Accessible trails are mostly located closer to urban areas where user are able to easily
get to theDuration start of the trail. SpeciÞc standards need to be met to
accommodate such users.
6.3.6 Mountaineering
Mountaineering is a dedicated sport that often makes use of trekking trails to access
remote peaks and mountain destinations. The same applies to rock climbing sports
where the trail access acts as an access route to the Þnal climbing destination.
6.4 DURATION
Duration of a trail relates to the amount of time it takes to complete it. Easy walking
trails or day trails are usually completed in under 6 - 8 hours of walking activity.
Duration between destinations should be indicted in sign posts as hours and minutes.
Overnight trails involve multiple days of trekking and these can be anywhere up 21
days or more depending on the trekking route and itinerary the trail users may
choose or create. Many long distance trails and thru-hike trails can take upwards of 6
months to complete. The time that a hiker spends on a trail can be expressed in terms
of days, hours or according to the length of the trail in kilometres. A short walk of less
than 3 hours is regarded as a “ ramble ” or a “stroll” and is normally very easy from an
energy expenditure point of view and is technical not difÞcult. If the trail duration is a
full day is referred to as a day-walk. Longer trails have overnight accommodation or
camping facilities and can be of any length.
6.5 GUIDING
Guiding is an essential part of the trekking experience in Nepal and should actively
continue to be promoted as a value adding service to any trekking group or trail
experience. Guiding includes adding value at multiple levels and especially at
interpretation of local culture and engagement with historic or ecological facts of the
region the trail passes through. Guiding standards are clearly deÞned through the
Trekking Guide Association of Nepal. Guides play an important role in identifying new
trail potential and have an intimate knowledge of the trail routes, their role in
maintenance and oversight and in auditing trails cannot be emphasised enough, as
their livelihood is directly linked to the safety and quality condition of the trail. No
matter how good a guide is, poorly maintained trails will leave trail users with a
HELPING TRAIL USERS SELECT THE RIGHT TRAIL
DURATION
How long would I like to be out on trail?
DISTANCE
How far would I like to walk?
LEVEL OF DIFFICULTY
Easy Moderate Hard Very Hard Extreme
CULTURE EXPERIENCE NATURE EXPERIENCE

Urban Semi-urban Rural Natural Pristine
Social Historic Heritage Scenic
SUPPORTED SELF SUPPORTED

Catered with Lodging Self-Catered or Camping
Reserve Booking and Download Trail Details

Print Itinerary and Print Itinerary
ENJOY THE TRAIL
Diagram 6.4 Helping Trail Users Choose a Trail to Suit Them.
© Galeo Saintz for Green Flag Trails International 2017

negative trail experience.
Portaging services linked to guiding but not always and again the standards and the
industries best practices are to be encouraged.
For those trails that include self-guiding as an option, improved signage and
communications on trail are necessary, including trustworthy descriptions in
guidebook and on maps.
6.6 CATERING
Availability of catered meals on trekking trails is a major attraction for long-distance
trekkers and tourists. Providing food and drinks along the trail is exceptional for
hikers, barring drinking water, but fairly normal in the Himalayas where the paths run
from village to village. Catering can be fully-ßedged in the sense of three meals a day
or semi-catered when only breakfast is provided. Self-catered options are on trails
that require the trail user to be self-sufÞcient in food and supplies. Where there is a
mix of trails offering catered and self-catered options it is important to communicate
this clearly as some trekkers may assume food is readily available in most destinations
and may Þnd themselves in difÞculty if they have not planned sufÞciently.
6.7 ACCOMMODATION
Hikers spend more hours at overnight accommodations than on the trail itself. The
subjectiveness of preference makes it impossible to grade or rank many
accommodation options. Sleeping in a cave might be preferable for many to a luxury
guest house. For this reason, the typical accommodation types in Nepal have been
assessed in terms of the facilities they each provide. It is then for the hiker to decide
which one he/she will choose. See the Accommodation and Facilities Chart for the full
list of standard speciÞcations applicable.
6.8 FACILITIES EN ROUTE

Having to carry drinking water adds to the weight of a trail user’s pack and increases
the degree of strenuousness. The danger of drinking polluted water however
necessitates that hikers do have to take 1 or 2 litres of water with them per day
(depending on the weather conditions). To provide water along the trail is therefor
important. Availability of refreshments is increasingly popular. Amenities such as
sanitation and recycling boxes ensures environmental responsibility from the side of
the tail manager. From a safety point of view, the availability to emergency assistance
is of course important, especially in remote areas. For the easier urban walking trails
well developed facilities are essential and expected by trail users. The more remote
high mountain trekking trails have no need for facilities, but emergency shelters are
suggested for popular routes where weather can become dangerous.
Lodge or Tea House
ACCOMMODATION & FACILITIES CHART
Homestay
Hotel
Camp
" " " "
Bedding: Full complement of luxury bedding provided (e.g. electric blankets ) ✓
Standard bedding (blankets/sheets & pillow) ✓ ✓
Provide own bedding (sleeping bag) ✓
Beds: Double Beds ✓ ✓
Twin Beds ✓ ✓ ✓
Dormitory ✓
Food: Menu available ✓ ✓
Set meals / Basic Meals provided ✓ ✓
Self-catering or off the shelf buying ✓

Setting: Nature predominates ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Rural environment ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Semiurban (concentration of accommodation units) ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Washing/Ablution: Private toilets /bathrooms ✓

Communal toilets/bathrooms in sleeping units ✓ ✓ ✓
Separate washroom/ablution block ✓
Lighting: Electricity/gas/solar, torch and Emergency lights/ ParafÞn/Oil lamps/Candles or
✓ ✓ ✓
similar only
None ✓
Heating: Interior heating (Þreplace/heaters) and/or cooling (fan) in the rooms ✓
Interior heating in the common room/dining area (Þreplace/heaters) and/or cooling (fan) ✓
None ✓ ✓
Radio/TV/Satellite: In the rooms ✓

Satellite in common rooms ✓
None ✓ ✓
Communications: Telephone and WiFi ✓ ✓
Telephone or WiFi ✓ ✓
None ✓
Refreshments: Drinks / confectionaries / service facilities in the accommodation unit ✓
Way side stall / shop ✓ ✓ ✓

None ✓
Room Services: Full room service (cleaning/meals/drinks on order) ✓
Cleaning and Laundry ✓ ✓
None ✓
Seating: Couch/chairs in lounge and in rooms ✓
Chairs in bedroom OR in lounge only ✓ ✓
Chairs or benches without backrest ✓

6.9 DIRECTIONAL INFORMATION
Directional information is an essential contributor to trail safety. The information is
conveyed through multiple channels and it is vital to ensure that the main website for
nay trail is conveys accurate and up-to-date information about the trail and trial
conditions. Brochures, guidebooks, maps and signage all include directional details
and assist the trail users in Þnding his or her way. In the more remote area and on
trails without comprehensive signage GPS coordinates are becoming more popular.
6.10 LEVEL OF USE

The level of use on a trail refers to the number of users a trail is designed to carry. In
urban areas the trails are more easily accessible and the immediate local population
of users is very hight. Usually these trails are able to carry unlimited numbers of trail
users. The classic Trekking Trails are more remote and in the primary trekking season
will have high numbers of users. There are instances where too many users on a trail
can create an unpleasant experience - like walking in a queue for hours, this is not
appealing to many tourists and will only be tolerated on short sections. Those trails in
more remote high mountain wilderness areas can expect fewer users and as a
consequence require less frequent maintenance and monitoring.
6.11 PEOPLE CONTACT

The number of people trail users may come across on a trail inßuences their
experience. On urban trails we expect regular contact with other people, whereas the
high mountain trails should only have infrequent and very little contact with other trail
users and communities. The classic trekking trails in the rural environment can expect
intermittent to regular contact with trail users and local communities. In places where
the level of contact is exceedingly high and impacting the overall trail user’s
experience of the that type of trail, some limitations should be considered. Guided
groups are best able to regulate such user contact by having agreed to times of
departure for various groups to ensure that the groups are staggered when departing
from one village to the next.
6.12 EXPERIENCE LEVEL

The amount of experience a tail user has will determine which trails are most
appropriate for them. A trail user who has done very little hiking or trekking in the
past and whose experience is limited to urban walking will not have a good
experience when hiking on a high mountain trail without serious training and
exposure to similar terrain before embarking on the trail. Level of experience is critical
in ensuring safety on a trail. Experience is not only limited to physical activity only but
also includes experience with gear and using gear correctly, with the challenges of
climate and weather conditions and the levels of self-sufÞciency required when on
high mountain trekking trails.
DIFFICULTY RATING AND TRAIL GRADES
EASY MODERATE HARD VERY HARD EXTREME
Easy trekking by Himalayan standards is generally up to 2000m.

There are plenty of ups and downs on well-maintained trails. This
type of trip is best suited for those who lead a reasonably active life.
The trek takes about 3 to 7 days, walking about 4 to 5 hours a day.
Moderate This involves longer treks of 5 to 10 days on maintained

trails. This type of trek includes day excursions to higher elevations,
for which it's advisable to have some previous hill- walking
experience. On these treks expect an altitude between 900m to
3000m.
Hard A reasonably demanding trek at an altitude up to 4000m with

side trips to higher elevations. The trails are sometimes uncharted
and away from inhabited areas.
Very Hard These treks must be fully supported. Climb to altitudes

between 3500 and 5000m. No overnight stays at altitudes above
4000m. Trekkers should be fit and enthusiastic hill walkers prepared
to tackle difficult terrain in remote areas.
Extreme This trek is best described as Alpine, and suitable for

trekkers in excellent health, capable of carrying a backpack, when
required. The trek covers very remote areas, traveling over snow-
covered passes at an altitudes of up to 6500m. You will need axes
and crampons.
Diagram 6.6 Trail DifÞculty rating and Grade Descriptions.

6.13 FITNESS LEVEL
The same applies to levels of Þtness. Many hikers get Þtter as the days progress if they
are on a multi-day trail. But it is essential to match the level of Þtness with the grade of
a trail to ensure the trail user gets the most enjoyment. If a trail user is under skilled
and under Þt to the demands of a trail they not only endanger their own lives but also
that of others in their party. Trekking trails that go into deep mountain terrain are not
to be treated lightly and overall good Þtness levels re needed by anyone attempting
trails outside of urban areas.
6.14 SKILL REQUIREMENTS

The primary skills every hiker needs is sure-footedness and a basic sense of direction.
Navigation is an important skill if walking un-guided. And in the higher altitude
regions skills of map reading, GPS use and navigating unfamiliar terrain in poor
weather conditions is necessary.
6.15 LEVEL OF EXERTION

The most scientiÞc way to grade the difÞculty of a trail is to calculate the effort (i.e.
energy expenditure) required. This is the basis of the difÞculty grading system used in
a number of countries now such a France and South Africa. A ten point effort scale is
used and divided into four bands Easy (1 to <4), Moderate (4 to <7), Hard (7 to <10)
Very Hard (10 <13) and Extreme (>13].
Height Above Sea Level inßuences the exertion level too and this is particularly
important in high mountain areas. Above 2500m altitude, for every extra 600m to
1000m gain in height, the strenuousness level rises one category. At a height of
2000m a trail with a calculated value of 1,000 kCal will be rated as 3.6 and indicated
as ÒeasyÓ. At 3000m height the same trail will become a ÒModerateÓ trail, and at
4000m ÒStrenuousÓ, etc.
6.16 NAVIGATIONAL DIFFICULTY

Well signposted trails are easy to follow and require very little navigational skill on the
part of trail users. As the terrain changes and the trail becomes a trekking trail it is not
feasible nor appropriate to have excessive signage, this requires a degree of
navigational skill to not get lost. In the high mountain trekking trail regions signage is
less obvious and may not be present at any major intersections. A high level of
navigations l skill is required, including being able to navigate in poor weather and via
maps and GPS.
6.17 DIFFICULT GRADING

The difÞculty grading of a trail is a combination of skill requirements, level of exertion,
estimated Þtness required and the nature of the terrain. It is a combination of
subjective and objective criteria and aims to give a general idea to the trail user of
what is expected of them to be able to both complete the trail and enjoy it in relation
to their Þtness levels and existing skill set.
TRAIL INFORMATION CHART AND GRADING
Grading is often a much debated subject amongst trail users. Using a multi-
grading approach is essential to cover the multiple facets of trails across
diverse regions with trail users from many different countries.
TRAIL GRADE LEVEL
Exertion Required MODERATE
Skills Required EASY
TRAIL DETAILS DESCRIPTION
Duration 1.5 h / 5 Days
Distance 2.5 km / 120 km
Gradient Mostly uphill
Exertion Required Up to 4,500 kCal
Height Above Sea Level Above 5,000m+
Skills Required Steps
Path Quality Good, some obstacles
Signage Not everywhere
EASY MODERATE HARD VERY HARD EXTREME

6.18 ASCENT / DESCENT PER DAY
The amount of ascent or descent on a trail in any given day can signiÞcantly inßuence
the energy rating of the trail and the degree of Þtness required. When designing a
trail this will play a role in ensuring that an easy walking trail will need to ensure it
does not have ascent exceeding 500m over the course of the route per day. This can
be a challenging construction requirement in very hilly terrain and will involve a lot
more trail preparation than a trail in the high mountain areas where it is expected to
encounter ascent or descent in excess of possibly more than 1,000m per day.
6.19 ALTITUDE
Altitude in high mountain regions cannot be treated lightly. The impacts and effects of
AMS that come with altitude gain are serious and can be severe. Again trails are
classiÞed according to the altitude they are expected to reach. Walking trails are
generally below 3,000m above sea level and offer no exposure to AMS or climate
extremes. Many of the classic trekking trail will encounter some altitude exposure
from about 4,500m and up to 5,000m. Health posts and communication about AMS
needs to be visible on these trails and in all literature marketing the trails. Prior
planning and understanding of the symptoms of AMS by trail users can avoid costly
rescue or medical needs. Altitude is not only about AMS danger but also increased
chances of avalanche and the impact of severe weather conditions. Gain in altitude is
also one of the attractors to adventure seekers who are hoping to climb to their
highest personal best.
6.20 TRAIL ENVIRONMENT

The trail environment is the space that immediately surrounds the trail pathway. Often
referred to as the trail corridor. It is important that this corridor is managed in a
manner that meets the trails goals and objectives, and ensures safe passage for trail
users. The objective is to minimise those conditions that detract from user enjoyment
(such as the presence of vehicles, too many pack animals, crazing cattle, waste
disposal, animal excrement, etc). Ensuring there are sufÞcient scenic lookout points or
rest places with views or features of interest. The managed conservation of cultural
heritage artefacts and sites and preserved natural habitat areas. The conservation of
the trail environment is a critical factor, and any rare or endangered species along the
trail should be safeguarded against trampling or destruction by trail users.
6.21 ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTER

The different types of the character of the environment surrounding a trail is as
diverse as the number of trails themselves. In general environmental character can be
summarised into three categories: Pristine, Natural-Rural and Semi-Urban.
 
A Pristine area will be void of all human inßuence, considered true wilderness. A
Natural area might have some land use Ð especially extensive farming and forestry Ð
within sight of the trail. In a Rural area agriculture will be prominent and even visually
dominant above nature. In Nepal the Natural-Rural categories have been combined
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTER CHART
Pristine Natural-Rural Semi-Urban
1. No contact with non-hikers on route – only other hikers ✓
Possible contact with non-hikers/local inhabitants while on route ✓
Regular contact with locals ✓
2. No villages/light industries/towns/public roads/visible ✓
Limited occurrence (max. 5) ✓
In close proximity most of 6me ✓
3. Noise: Only natural sounds ✓
Intermittent foreign noise ✓
Noise most of the 6me ✓
4. No agriculture (Þeld, farmhouses, dams), camp-/picnic sites ✓
Some agriculture in environment / within visible distance (2km) ✓
Passes through urban/residential/light industrial landscape ✓
5. Erosion/quarries not present in the landscape around the trail ✓
Some erosion/quarries in the landscape around trail visible ✓
Environmental degradation prevalent ✓
6. No use made of vehicle or animal roads (excl. near start/end) ✓
Some distance on rural/tertiary roads – village commuter roads ✓
Sub-urban pathways, sidewalks ✓
7. No power / telephone nor fences or gates to pass through ✓
Power and telephone lines or fences visible and gates (more than once) ✓
Main power supply / substation; High voltage power lines ✓
8. No crossing public road - except at start/ end ✓
Crossing of district road (gravel/tar) ✓

Crossing of urban street ✓
9. Indigenous vegetation only - pristine ✓
Indigenous vegetation with some alien vegetation; e.g. exotic plantations ✓
Intensive growth of Exotic species/ or deforested plantation ✓

10. No artiÞcial structures on the trail ✓
small structures (bridges, boardwalks, ladders, dams, pipes, fences) ✓
Obtrusive structures, (E.g. quarries, large bridges, large pipe lines, etc.) ✓
11. Only wild or indigenous animals occur ✓
Indigenous and Farm or portaging animals along with alien animals ✓
Domestic animals only (dogs, donkeys, etc) ✓
12. Number of hikers allowed per day <50 ✓

50 – 100 ✓
No limit on access ✓
13. Path surface: Mostly natural soil or no path ✓

Combination of paved, soil and natural stone. ✓
Surfaced artiÞcial with tarmac, cement ✓
14. Pollution: NO rubbish; animal dung; air pollution; grafÞti; ✓
Some scattered occurrences throughout OR one or two major concentrations ✓

Prevalent or recurring throughout ✓
into one as many trails have a distinct overlap and combination of the two. Parks and
other undeveloped green areas within the boundaries of towns and cities are
important “escape areas” for urbanites and should thus be included in the assessment
of the character of the environment. These are classiÞed as Semi-urban. The full
speciÞcations of the environmental character linked to trails is listed in the
Environmental Character Chart.
Walking trails will dominantly be found in semi-urban areas, while the classic trekking
trails will have an environmental character that is deÞnes mostly a natural-rural
experience. The high mountain trekking trails will be dominantly in pristine
environments with an occasional small village along the route.
6.22 DOMINANT TRAIL EXPERIENCE

The major truth behind successful trail planning is to ensure that the trail has a
speciÞc goal. Without a purpose or speciÞc use a trail is said to be Òa useless trailÓ.
Purpose can vary as much as trail users vary, on average though the experiences that
trail users are looking for most can be grouped into four generalised classes:
adventure, relaxation in nature, cultural enrichment and enlightenment (outdoor
education).
Walking trails will mostly be about recreational relaxation and physical exercise, while
trekking trails will focus more on engagement with nature and cultural experiences
with a degree of accessible adventure. High mountain trekking trails are about
challenging adventure and pristine mountain experiences.
6.23 NATURE CONSERVATION STATUS

It is a fact that trails in nature imply that nature it self a primary resource for successful
trails, and as a result this resource needs careful consideration when developing trails.
Various levels of nature conservation have different regulations as to land use, and
classiÞcation will vary from region to region. trail ins national parks may need to
adhere to more stringent environmental criteria thank trails in urban areas, where
there is less likely hood of rare or endangered species or even troublesome animals.
Many trails uses may also be attracted to a speciÞc trial because it is within a famous
national park or protected area. Trail are globally an important infrtastrucfture that
give the general public direct access to the remarkable natural assets that protected
areas conserve. Communicating the status of the conservation of the trail
environment is a plus and should be included in any trail description when possible .
A list of unique species distinct to that trail region will also be valuable. .The
collaboration between trial organisation and conservation agencies is a very
important relationship for both parties and should be actively nourished. Trails can
bring immense awareness to the good work conservation does, and like wise
conservation information along a trial can add to the trail users experience of place.
TRAIL SURFACE SPECIFICATIONS
TRAIL SURFACE
TRAIL CLASS TREAD FINISH
Walking Trail Hardened, paved. Boardwalks where wet ground. No mud. Irregularities
<20mm
Trekking Trail Bare soil. Paved on sensitive sections. Stone steps where needed on steep
inclines. Stone paving, flagstones, gravel, or firm natural ground. Irregularities -
no tripping hazards. No extended sections of mud.
High Mountain Natural ground

Trekking Trail
ORIGINAL
SLOPE
TRAIL SURFACE
WIDTH
BACK
SLOPE
TRAILBED FINISH
REMOVE LOOSE ROCK ON THE EMBEDDED
TRAIL. ROCK LOOSE ROCK
REMOVE OR REDUCE
EMBEDDED ROCK THAT EXISTING GROUND
PROTRUDES TOO MUCH TO
CAUSE TRIPPING.
TRAIL CORRIDOR
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
GREAT HIMALAYA TRAILS DRAWING NAME
TRAIL STANDARDS TRAIL SURFACE GHT-02

6.24 CULTURAL-HISTORIC SIGNIFICANCE
Not all trails users seek unspoilt nature. Globally cultural tourism is continuing to
grow. Special proclaimed sites of cultural-historic signiÞcance attract many visitor and
trail enthusiasts too. International acclaimed sites having the most appeal whilst
national places can be very much in demand too. Walking through urban or rural
villages of some cultural signiÞcance where traditional everyday life is to be
experienced is a great attraction for some trail users. Such experiences are enriching
and for both trail users and for rural communities too. In the same manner as
conservation plays a role in enhancing the trail experience so to does cultural historic
attributes, and these likewise should be well communicated along the trail adding
points of interest and opportunity for insight and enjoyment.
6.25 TRAIL SURFACE

The surface condition of the path itself has a major impact on the trail experience. The
trail surface is constructed and maintained to support the designed use for your trail.
Trail surface is sometimes referred to as the trail tread. It can vary from hardened
surfaces, via stony and rocky sections to no path at all. Stoney is deÞned by the
diameter of loose stones: being >5 cm. On these one’s ankles may be in danger of
twisting, especially when walking downhill. When the size of the surface material
exceeds the size of stones and gets to the point where one has to lift oneÕs feet to
climb over rocks, it is classiÞed as rocky. These rocks can be removed when loose but
when embedded into the soil it needs to be either covered with material (soil, gravel
or boardwalks) or the trail may have to be realigned. If such sections however are
short, it needs to be remembered that hiking trails are by and large “ paths in the
landscape Ó and should not in every instance be surfaced to perfection.
The trail surface is inßuenced by multiple factors and ensuring its maintenance is of
the highest priority, without the trail surface function as it should to meet the goals
and objectives of the trail, it will come into disrepair and in time become an
environmental hazard or no longer used by trail users. Elements that are considered
and impact the standards of the quality functioning of the trail surface include:
Drainage, Erosion, Potential erosion hazards. trail drifting or braiding, trail deviation,
trail sagging, slipperiness, rockiness and stoniness, sandiness and camber and cross-
angle. The Path Quality Worksheet details all the speciÞcation linked to this standard.
Trail construction requires creating a solid, sustainable trail surface. To do so, make
sure that you locate the trail on the contour. Forces such as soil type, annual
precipitation, and other factors may inßuence how long the tread remains stable
before maintenance is needed.
Soil type and texture have a major inßuence on soil drainage and durability. Texture
refers to the size of individual soil particles. Clay and silt are the soil components with
the smallest particles. Small particles tend to be muddy when wet and dusty when
dry. Clay and silt donÕt provide good drainage. Sand is made of large particles that
donÕt bind together at all and are very unstable.
TRAIL SURFACE WIDTH
TRAIL SURFACE WIDTH
TRAIL CLASS TREAD SURFACE WIDTH
Walking Trail 1.5m average width

1.2m minimum width
Wider passing areas where necessary.
Trekking Trail 2m width (2-way traffic)

1.2m minimum
With pack animals and cliffs make sure waiting space is sufficient.
High Mountain 1.2m typical width

Trekking Trail 0.9m in areas where low trekking numbers and no pack animals on the trail.
A TREKKING TRAIL
TRAIL
SHOULDER SHOULDER
SURFACE
WIDTH WIDTH
WIDTH
1.2m - 2m
ORIGINAL GROUND
CONTOUR
2% - 4% SIDE-
SLOPE
SLOPE
ROUNDING
BACKFILL
B HIGH MOUNTAIN TREKKING TRAIL
ORIGINAL
GROUND SLOPE
TRAIL
SHOULDER SHOULDER
SURFACE
WIDTH WIDTH
WIDTH
ABOVE SIDE- 0.9m - 1.2m
SLOPE
SLOPE
ROUNDING
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS TRAIL SURFACE WIDTH GHT-03

The best soil type is a mixture of clay, silt, and sand. If your soil is lacking any one of
these, you can attempt to add what’s missing. Knowing the soil types that you will
encounter when building trails will help you develop a solid, stable trail surface.
The tread surface should match the intended use. Easier trails should have a smooth
tread surface. Trekking trails can be rougher and more challenging. In high mountain
areas impact on the environment is meant to be less obtrusive, and trail users accept
greater personal risk. Trails in such areas need to lie "light-on-the-land." Because of
this, no hard standards are suggested. Generally, the tread is more faint, the grade
varies depending on the terrain, etc. It is still important to consider trail design
standards though and follow the trail planning model, which will help protect the
environment from poor construction choices. Because trails in wilderness areas may
receive less frequent maintenance, designing a trail that requires little maintenance is
of utmost importance.
6.26 TRAIL SURFACE WIDTH & CROSS SLOPE

The surface width of the trail tread varies according to the different trail classes,
aligned to the propose and expected carrying capacity of each trail. The easy walking
trails being mostly on compacted surface should very in width form 1.2m to 1.5m. In
areas where there is multiple use and heavier user number wider passing ares amy be
necessary.
The trekking trails should be a minimum of 1.2m and up to 2m wide where the
occurrence of pack animals is regular, and especially if the trail has two-way trafÞc of
trail users. The typical trail width for high mountain trekking trails should be 0.9m and
in places where pack animals and heavy two-way use is encountered up to 1.2m.
Cross slope is important when constructing trail across the face of a mountain slope.
Some degree of cross slope, or out slope, is desirable so that water moving down the
face of the hill continues across the trail. Cross slopes greater than 5% make walking
on the trail uncomfortable. A 5% cross slope on a 1.2m wide tread amounts to a drop
of 6cm.
The out and in-slope of the trail needs to angle between 3-5% to ensure effective run-
off of surface water. The trail will slope outwards towards the valley if the slope of the
terrain is not too steep to encourage erosion with run-off across the trail. Where the
angle of the mountain-side is too steep then the trail should slope 3-5% inwards and
run-off should be captured in a drainage ditch and channeled of the trail.
6.27 TRAIL SURFACE GRADIENT

Trail gradient is also referred to as the trail grade is the key factor contributing to
tread stability. Trail grades must be moderate to promote a stable, maintainable tread
and a more pleasant hike. The trail should be designed to traverse a hilly area with
gentle changes in grade. To avoid erosion, the gradient should normally be less than
10%Ñeven in steep terrain. Grades less than 7% in all soils are ideal. In ßatter areas,
TRAIL SURFACE CROSS SLOPE
A OUTWARD SLOPE TOWARDS VALLEY
3 % - 5 % TOWARDS VALLEY: OUT-SLOPE
MOUNTAIN SIDE
GRADUAL DOWNWARD
SLOPE
B INWARD SLOPE TOWARDS MOUNTAIN SIDE
3 % - 5 % TOWARDS MOUNTAIN SIDE: IN-SLOPE
MOUNTAIN SIDE
DRAINAGE
DITCH
STEEP DOWNWARD SLOPE
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS TRAIL SURFACE CROSS SLOPE GHT-04

trail should be located so that there is some grade to provide for proper drainage.
The gradient should undulate gently according to the concept of the “rolling
grade” (see further notes on construction guidelines), which provides a natural
drainage effect and reduces monotonous level stretches and long, steep grades that
are tiring to trail users. In instances where the gradient cannot be maintained within
these parameters because of very steep terrain, steps are the only solution to avoid
erosion and dangers. Select variations in all gradients with gentler sections in
between steep climbs. Avoid long, sustained gradients. Consider switchbacks, steps
or ladders for small sections of very steep slopes. For most trails, plan for a 20%
maximum grade over a distance of 30 m.
The gradient can be calculated in degrees, but is easier to calculate in percent by

dividing the vertical distance by the horizontal distance and multiplying by 100 (10
meter of rise/100 meter of horizontal distance X 100 = 10%). Alternatively make use
of a clinometer.
1:1 100% 45º

1:2 50% 27º
1:3 33% 18º
1:4 25% 14º
1:5 10% 6º
50m
1
2 40m
3
4 30m
5 20m
6 10m
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100m
Run
6.28 STEPS
Trail steps are used to gain quick elevation in a short distance. Steps are common in
high mountain regions and very hilly countryside, in Nepal they are the dominant trail
feature in many regions. Before constructing steps, ensure they are consistent with the
expectations of trail users. Many people have knee issues and arriving on a trail with
thousands of steps will be a very unpleasant experience. Where steps are essential for
the construction of a trail, their existence needs to be conveyed in marketing material.
The height (rise) and depth (run) of the steps should match the exertion level of the
trail class. Steps are harder to negotiate as the rise increases. DifÞculty also increases
when the steps are closer together. As a trail becomes steeper, the step must either
be higher or the distance between steps must be shorter. Steps can be built into a
trail that traverses along the slope, and allows trail users to gain elevation rapidly,
without the scary steepness of a stairway going directly upwards.
OVERLAPPING ROCK STEPS
A ELEVATION VIEW
250mm
TRAIL TREAD
MIN RUN
TILT FRONT TO BACK 2%
TRAIL TREAD
250mm
MAX RISE
150mm
MIN
B PERSPECTIVE VIEW OVERLAP
ANCHOR STEP SUBMERGED

TRAIL TREAD AND LEVEL WITH TREAD
STEP WIDTH
1.2m - 2.0m
250mm
MAX RISE
ANCHOR STEP SUBMERGED

AND LEVEL WITH TREAD
TRAIL TREAD
FIRST STEP BEGINS AT FIRST TREAD

RISE POINT - NOT HIGHER UP
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS OVERLAPPING ROCK STEPS GHT-05

The components of a step are: the rise, the run, and landing. The rise is the height of
the face of each step. The run is the distance from the edge of one step to the base of
the next step’s face. The landing is the extension of the run above the step.
Trail users generally don’t like steps and will walk alongside them if they have the
chance, hence well constructed steps are essential, this applies especially to pack
animals using a trail - they also don’ like steps that much. The steps need to be
comfortable to climb or they won’t be used. This means keeping the rise a reasonable
125 to 200 millimetres and the run long enough to hold a hiker’s entire foot, 254 to
305 millimetres. It is important to stack the sides of steps where possible with rocks to
encourage users to stay on the steps.
If the stairway climbs straight up the slope, each step should be slightly crowned to
drain water to the edges or be sloped slightly to one side. When the trail traverses a
slope, each step and landing should be outsloped slightly. Water should not be
allowed to descend very far down a set of steps or to collect on the landing. A grade
reversal or drain dip is a good idea where the trail approaches the top of the steps.
Build stairways from the bottom up, at a break in the grade. Bury the Þrst rock; it will
act as an anchor. The most common mistake is to start part way up a grade. If you do
so, the trail will wash out below the stairs. This cannot be emphasised enough and is a
common occurrence on Nepal’s trails. Without an anchor step the tread below the
stairs washes away dramatically and erosion results. It is easily rectiÞed. The bottom
step should be constructed on a solid, excavated footing. If it is constructed on top of
exposed rock, it should be well pinned to the footing. Each successive step is placed
atop the previous step. Dry masonry rock steps usually rely on the contact with the
step below and with the footing to provide stability.
Where pack animals are frequent, landings should be about 2 meters long to hold all
four of the animal’s feet.
In all steps, the key is to use the largest material possible and to seat it as deeply as
possible. Rocks should be massive and rectangular. On steps that traverse a slope, it
helps to seat the upper end of the step in footings excavated into the slope.
Nepal has extensive and exceptionally skilled step builders and stone masons, the
techniques employed to date on trekking trails are excellent and can seldom be
improved upon. One recommendation is to ensure that an anchor step is put in place
to avoid erosion at the bottom of the stairway run. Possibly also include a drainage
ditch at the end of the anchor step in areas of heavy rainfall or where the stair-run is
steeply upwards. Also ensure that steps go right across the trail width and not just in
the centre of the tread area - this will avoid pack animals and trail users walking on the
side of the steps and causing side erosion. Steps require a lot of physical work and
Nepal being as mountainous as it is requires many places with steps. They should not
be done quickly and cheaply, steps will be there for a long time and require excellent
workmanship and need to meet the standards set down here at a minimum. That said,
RAILINGS
A ELEVATION VIEW
38 - 40MM DIAMETER
MINIMUM STEEL PIPE
480MM
MAXIMUM
1100MM
MINIMUM
HEIGHT
TRAIL TREAD
1.5M MAXIMUM
B SECTION VIEW
CLEAR WIDTH OF 300MM MINIUM

TRAIL SURFACE
TRAIL TREAD
915MM
MINIMUM EMBEDDED DEPTH
POST HOLE = 2X
DIAMETER MINIMUM
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS RAILINGS GHT-06

the step builder of Nepal should really use these standards only as a guideline, as
they know bets what works in their speciÞc trail regions, where rock type, and slope
gradients may require deviation from these standards. Nepal can be proud of its
stone step builders and they should be recognised as important contributors to the
tourism sector.
6.29 RAILINGS
Railings are important safety features on trail bridges, boardwalks or on the side of
steep stairways. A standard railing should consist of a top rail, intermediate rail, and
where necessary also a bottom rail with posts. Vertical height of railing should be
110cm nominal from the upper surface of the top rail to the ßoor, platform, ramp or
bridge surface. The intermediate rail shall be about halfway between the top rail and
the ßoor, platform. The completed rail system should be capable of withstanding a
load of at least 90kgs applied in any direction at any point on the top rail. If the rail is
not able to be made sturdy and secure - rather do away with it. It is more dangerous
for trail users to lean on a unsteady railing and have it break under their weight, than
to have no railing at all. Improperly constructed handrails are a big liability, because
they probably will not be strong enough. All areas that have pack animals moving in
two directions, with steeply exposed edges on stairs or the trail edge, should have
railings.
6.30 BRIDGES
Trail bridges range from a simple foot bridge with a handrail to multiple span,
suspended, and truss structures. BRIDGES REQUIRE SKILLED ENGINEERS to both
design and construct them. Detailed speciÞcations for bridges are outside the scope
of this handbook. Minor bridge examples are given, but all bridges need to be
checked with the engineering authorities regarding bridge speciÞcation and
materials.
Important questions to ask before considering the construction of a bridge:

• Do we really need a bridge here?
• Will someone be killed or injured if we don’t provide an easier crossing?
• Is this really the best place to cross this stream or river?
• What alternatives do we have to cross this stream, including not crossing it at all
• Can we afford this crossing?
• What are the environmental and social consequences of a given type of crossing
here?
• Can we commit to long-term inspections and maintenance budgets?
Bridges are expensive, so it makes sense to take good care of them. Check foot logs
and bridges annually for problems. Loose decking, planking, curbs, or handrails
should be repaired as soon as possible. Clean debris and organic material from all
exposed wood surfaces on the bridge or supporting structures. Structural members
should be checked for shifting, loose, or missing spikes or bolts. Approaches need to
be well drained so water does not run onto the bridge.
BRIDGES
A SAMPLE BRIDGE ELEMENTS
TRAIL TREAD
SAFETY RAILING AS REQUIRED
HIGH WATER MARK CLEARANCE
STREAM BED
SUBSTRUCTURE RIPRAP ARMOUR AT
ABUTMENTS , AS REQUIRED
B ROCK ABUTMENT
ROCKS CUT FLAT
C GABION BASKET ABUTMENT
GABION BASKET
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS BRIDGE SAMPLE WITH ABUTMENT OPTIONS GHT-07

Report any of the following problems to a qualiÞed bridge inspector who can
determine whether the bridge should remain open to trafÞc: rotten wood; bent,
broken, or disconnected steel members; large checks, splits, crushed areas, or insect
damage in wood members; permanent sag or excessive deßection; erosion around
abutments; broken concrete; concrete with cracks larger than 3 millimetres; or
exposed rebar.
The stream bed should be kept as clear as possible 10 meters before and after the
bridge. This involves removal of logs and large rocks. The goal is to prevent obstacles
from raising the water level under the bridge during high ßow periods. High water
levels may erode the abutments.
All bridge structures should be inspected by a certiÞed bridge inspector at least every
3 - 5 years, and after any local earthquakes or landslides.
Important comments for consideration: ÒMinor bridges on trekking trails consist of a

range of structural types. Some of the traditional cantilevered timber pole beam
bridges remain, and these are a unique feature of Nepalese trails. Other smaller
bridges have been constructed from cast in-situ concrete. Concrete bridges have a
relatively high cost due to the need to transport and erect steel reinforcement at the
site, and the need to form the concrete shape with timber boxing. For smaller stream
crossings on trekking trails that are not subjected to high loads from pack animal use,
there is merit in considering the use of single span timber pole beam bridges, making
use of suitable durable timber poles sourced locally. These would be lower in cost of
construction, and are more easily repaired or relocated if damaged by rock-fall,
landslide or ßooding than a damaged concrete bridge. The design could be
developed to include a modern version of the traditional cantilever pole type bridge.
Such designs with timber poles would be more in keeping with the character of
trekking trails rather than the introduction of more urban style concrete bridge
designs.Ó - by Trevor Butler, Trails Engineer, New Zealand.
6.31 CLEARANCE
The trail corridor includes the trailÕs main tread surface and the area above and to the
sides of it. Trail standards typically deÞne the edges of the trail corridor as the clearing
limits. Vegetation is trimmed back and obstacles, such as boulders and fallen trees,
are removed from the trail corridor to make it possible to walk safely on the trail. The
clearing width is the area kept free of brush, tree limbs, briars, tall grass, weeds, and
other obstructions which would slap against the trail users or their packs, or obstruct
free movement on the trail or cause users to start walking off path giving rise to
braiding.
The dimensions of the trail corridor and clearing area are determined by the needs of
the target trail users and the challenge of the trail. Trail corridors for traditional pack
animals should be cleared 2.5 meters wide and 3 meters high. Without pack animals
trails are cleared 2 meters wide and 2.5 meters high. At these heights, branches that
TRAIL CLEARANCE
TRAIL CLEARANCE
TRAIL CLASS TREAD SURFACE WIDTH
Walking Trail Clearance Height 2.5m Removal of all loose stones and rocks and roots.
Trekking Trail Clearance Height 3m with pack animals
High Mountain These trails are generally beyond the tree-line

Trekking Trail
HAZARD TREE
REMOVAL WIDTH
CLEARING HEIGHT
UPHILL DOWNHILL
CLEAR ZONE CLEAR
WIDTH ZONE
WIDTH
SAW BRANCHES
FLUSH WITH
SAW BRANCHES
TRUNK
FLUSH WITH
TRUNK
CUT BACK PROTRUDING
ROOTS AND BUSHES
EMBEDDED ROCK REMAINS

IF NOT DANGEROUS OR CHIP REMOVE LOOSE MAX OBSTRUCTION
TO REDUCE SIZE ROCKS HEIGHT
TRAIL CORRIDOR
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS TRAIL CLEARANCE GHT-08

could snag on a tall hiker’s extended pack or attachments, are removed. Branches
that could restrict the trail when weighted with rain or snow are also removed. If the
trail is in an area of deep snow and it receives winter use, clearing may have to be
higher. Whatever the reason for a higher clearing height, an overhead canopy of
branches should remain to slow the growth of grasses and shrubs that thrive in
sunlight, which are not wanted growing on the trail itself.
A trail will generally wind itself between existing medium to large size trees, and is
created by cutting only smaller trees and saplings to make the path. Avoid the
destruction of large and protected trees.
If time and budgets are tight, consider brushing and clearing only the uphill side of
the trail. This approach keeps users off the trail’s downhill edge and keeps the trail in
place. Some trails may have to have their corridor cleared several times a year, some
once every few years. Doing a little corridor maintenance when it is needed is a lot
easier than waiting until plant growth causes expensive problems, or fallen trees
become dangerous to trail users.
6.32 TRAIL FORMAT

The trail system / network layout depends on expected use of the trail, topography,
water access, existing road access and a host of other factors. Use 1:50,000 scale
topographic maps and air photos to help determine general trail layout options. If
trail require rerouting to improve the experience or increase safety or add more users
to the resource, consider some of the options trail format might offer. Layout on the
ground rarely matches the ideal forms shown below. Trail formats act as a guide to
potential routes and the links between the trailhead, access to the start, trail route and
the different types of users. See various examples and diagrams on next page.
6.33 LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT

Any trail system will have a variety of trails in different degrees of development. Urban
trails and the easy walking trails of Nepal will be the most developed from an
infrastructure perspective, signage and general level of maintenance. The trekking
trails will be more rustic and have much less signage requirements. The same for the
high mountain trekking trails , these trails will have the least facilities and the type of
user expected on them would not want overly developed experiences, as the whole
objective is to get away form the built infrastructure of the world and have a mountain
wilderness experience.
6.34 INSPECTIONS
To maintain safe trekking trails regular inspections of the status of the trail is essential.
Nepal’s trails have high user numbers of both tourists, hikers and local people. By
encouraging best practice amongst local communities in caring for and maintaining
their trails that act as signiÞcant livelihood contributors cannot be encouraged
enough. One of the main challenges some of Nepal’s trails face is litter on the trail,
this can be a major disturbance to visitors from regions such as the USA and Europe,
TRAIL FORMAT
LINEAR TRAILS / CUL DE SAC

These are good for long distance and goal-oriented
trails and those which access to high mountain areas.
Add side trails to allow access to secondary destinations
or natural features. This format requires users to return
on the same path which is not ideal.
LOOP TRAILS / LINK

Loop trails return trail users back to the trailhead. Loop
trails provide more interest than a linear trail because
users do not retrace their steps. Loop trails result in less
physical wear on the trail and the environment and if
one-directional can give a better experience to users.
SPOKED WHEEL / CLOVER LEAF

This format offers a range of distance alternatives where
trail users may turn back to the trailhead from a number
of different points. Use a maze to make maximum use of
an area by letting users explore their own routes.
NETWORK / MAZE
A maze provides a variety of terrain conditions, trail
distances and variety of experience and skills required.
Such trail layout requires good signage, with directions
and distances to prevent users from becoming lost or
over-extending themselves. Nepal is predominantly a
trail network with multiple linear trails leading off to the
high mountain areas. To create improved trail user
experiences a combination of a network format with
one-directional trails forming loops is the ideal.

where litter is not appreciated. One of the easiest and cheapest ways to increase the
quality offering that Nepal trails have is to manage litter in a better manner. Having
litter bags along the trails no good if they are not regularly inspected and emptied
out. Avoid burning litter on the side of the trail, rather remove it to a waste disposal
site off the main trail.
Inspection frequency will depend on the type of trail. Urban trails require quarterly
inspection, while for the classic trekking routes an annual inspection is sufÞcient. The
high mountain trekking trails can have an inspection every 2 years. If Nepal
implements a rigorous trail monitoring and assessment programme such as that
offered by Green Flag Trails International, then inspection periods would follow the
recommendations of the auditors completing those trails. Heavy use trails may
require more frequent audits and inspection by management authorities and trail
maintenance crews.
6.35 MAINTENANCE CHECKS

Maintenance checks are on-going in addition to regular inspections. On easy walking
trials check all amenities, path conditions, signage, rest points, facilities. SpeciÞcally
check safety issues. Removal of garbage. Removal of any obstacles.
With the trekking trails maintenance might identify and schedule any major trail
damage that may have occurred, while also checking amenities, path conditions,
signage, rest points, facilities. Note erosion & degradation of path since last audit.
Hazards reported and repaired immediately. SpeciÞcally check safety issues. Removal
of garbage. Removal of any obstacles.
The high mountain trekking trails will focus on major erosion and safety issues that
may have arisen since the last audit or trail check. Check signage condition. Major
obstacles and hazards removed. Repair of cairns or other waymarkers. Clean up
where needed.
6.36 RISK MANAGEMENT

Risk is inherent on many trails and is to be expected. However the trail authorities,
operators and guides have a responsibility towards the public and the trail users they
attract to their trail. Operators and trail managers need to gain a good working
knowledge of the legal aspects that impact the trail. A risk management process is
essential to ensure authorities and operators lessen the chances of litigation and
insurance claims in case of an accident. Beyond that the risk assessment helps
managers know where to expect issues or dangers and to put appropriate protocols
in place to address any incident that may occur.
Trail marketing organisations and trail managers owe a duty to all trail users to ensure
they are reasonably safe while on the trail. Reasonableness is determined by:
1. Common sense
2. Published standards
RISK MANAGEMENT
1 Preventative efforts are more effective

than reactive efforts to liability. A
prevention plan will not always eliminate
4
or protect against liability, but it may
reduce the potential for accidents and
show that due care was considered and 3
that the trail is responsibly managed with
a focus on trail user safety and wellbeing.
2 Identify the risks to users that are inherent

to the trail or trail experience. Note the 2
risk assessment indicators used in the
Green Flag Trail auditing system listed on
the right. In addition assess such
components as: 1
– uneven tread
– intrusions to corridor
– cliffs
– danged trail due to avalanche, etc.
Risk Assessment Indicators
– low headway
• Theft
– rivers dangers
• Personal safety
• Fire control
3 Establish and implement actions to limit • Mugging
the negative effects of these risks: • Animals (may include pack animals, etc.)
• Natural disasters/ dangerous 
– Build trail to standards that ensure places / unstable slopes (describe/ assess)
safety of users • Warning signs
– Establish user guidelines • Clear trail markers (if self-guided trail)

• Guiding (certiÞcation)
– Inspect regularly to assess and manage
• Water clean for drinking on the trail?
the trail to guidelines
• River/pool/lake for swimming
– Erect and maintain well-placed
• Map accuracy
cautionary and directional signage as
• Staircase / bridge path surface, railings
needed. • Trail obstacles: describe / assess (e.g. fallen
trees, high steps, exposed roots)
4 Develop and implement a crisis • Natural Crossings: rivers, roads, etc.
management plan that considers: • Escape routes on map and on path/maintained
– Insurance coverage • Path clearly visible
– Rescue/evacuation tactics, resources • Cell coverage on map (NTC,NCELL etc.)
and plans. • Health posts / Emergency evacuation
Diagram 6.36 Risk Management. The process of developing a risk management plan for a trail should
include some of the steps listed above. Developing a risk management plan is critical for any trail and
trail system. Identifying all major risks that are likely to impact on trail users. Serious natural hazards need
to be avoided if possible, else mark them with clear warning signs. Warning signs where extreme
weather conditions may occur is also necessary.

3. Unpublished standards
4. Case law
The duties apply to:

• condition of the trail and associated infrastructure and signage
• activities on the trail
• conduct of third parties on the trail
Developing a risk management plan is critical for any trail and trail system. Identifying
all major risks that are likely to impact on trail users. Serious natural hazards need to
be avoided if possible, else mark them with clear warning signs. Warning signs where
extreme weather conditions may occur is also necessary. Guidebooks, websites and
standard communication channels play a role in keeping trail users informed and up
to date on trail conditions. When a risk element changes then it is a high priority to
either mitigate the risk as soon as possible or to implement waring signage and or
close the trail if necessary.
6.36.1 Risk Management Strategies

The following are some approaches to consider:
• Avoid positioning trails in high-risk areas, and take special note of steep inclines,
cliff edges and avalanche prone zones.
• Use barriers and signage at potentially dangerous areas to protect trail users.
• For unusual or dangerous situations that cannot be avoided or eliminated on trail,
providing adequate notice is a mitigation strategy. Give the trail users advance
notice to prepare or react for the situation with a speciÞc and clearly written or
graphic message, note that installing a sign only stating “Danger” might be
insufÞcient, indicate clearly the type of danger and possibly what action to take.
• Mark the trail boundaries to prevent users from wander- ing into unknown territory.
• Where appropriate, signs may mark times of permitted use and indicate the trail
may not be safe during closed times.
• Develop a trail patrol system using trained volunteers and enforcement agencies to
enforce rules and regulations.
• Follow an inspection and maintenance schedule for the trail.
• Adhere to the basic trail standards in this handbook, relating to trail width and
surface conditions.
6.37 SIGNAGE
To meet safety standards and mitigate damage to the trail landscape it is critical to
help trail users stay on a trail. Adequate and correctly placed signs and quality maps
are the best way to achieve that, and to ensure users don’t get lost or endanger
themselves. Signs are the Þrst tool in improving safety on any trail. The cost of search
and rescue parties and risk of legal consequences of trail users becoming lost are
reduced when signs are well maintained and effectively installed.
Signs play a critical part of trail management, trail safety and in deÞning the brand of
the trail and the extensive network of any trail system in a country. They provide
SIGNAGE STANDARDS
SIGNAGE TYPE INFORMATION AND DESCRIPTION
Trailhead Information Board These signs are generally bigger and may have a shade or weather
Placed at start of the trail. cover forming a trail ‘kiosk’.
· Trail name and map reference number.
· Average time to complete the trail.
· Trail distance/directional Information(km) and special features,
degree of difÞculty symbol. Trail proÞles. Elevation.
· User and restriction symbols.
· Interesting facts about the region.
· ÒUse at your own RiskÓ, ÒPlease Keep Trail CleanÓ or ÒLeave No
TraceÓ, and other appropriate risk management requirements,
such as uneven terrain, sudden weather changes, ßood, etc.
· Appropriate sponsors or constructor logos.
· Logo and website.
· Separate or add-on signage Ð trail map, special safety
considerations, trail etiquette info and additional symbols, etc.
ClassiÞcation and Grading Placed on main board and indicate the degree of difÞculty of the
Placed at start of trail. trail and the type of trail and terrain to be expected.
· Separate or add-on signage Ð trail map, special safety
consideration, average condition of the path.
Directional Signs Directional signs indicate the time in hours (h) and minutes (min) to
Placed at trail intersections. the next destination. Keep sign info to a minimum.
· Name of next destination with duration to next destination in
hours (h) and minutes (min).
· Name of intermediate destinations with duration in time.
· Name of Þnal destination with duration in time.
· Map reference number / location with altitude.
· Any additional or add-on signage.
Trail Markers Indicate direction of trail at regular intervals where necessary.

Placed at regular intervals. Visibility important. Do not overuse.
Interpretive Signs Interpretive signs add value to the trail experience and include
Placed at relevant cultural, graphics and descriptive text.
historic or points of interest. · Provide objective information about on-trail conditions.
· Educate users about trail environment, etiquette and culture.
· Use sparingly to add value to the trail experience.
· Mount in logical and visible locations, such as rest spots or view
sites.
Warning Signs Warning signs indicate hazards, dangers and sections of trail where
Placed at prior risky trail sections trail users must be cautious and pay attention.
or where danger is present. · Information on steep drop-offs / rock falls / landslide / avalanche
sections / washaways / etc.
Management, Maintenance and These signs convey important short-term information, or information
On-Trail Communication Signs along the route that is not at a major destination or overnight spot.
Placed where necessary, ßexible · Indicate management activity, or re-routing.
and often temporary in nature. · Include information about certain community services offered at
destinations: safe drinking water, camping sites, hot springs,
showers, etc.

essential information to trail users, enabling them to make informed choices and
decisions when out on trail, relating to trail difÞculty rating, risks, length of trail and
safety warnings. Signage is an extensive and important responsibility and should not
be treated lightly. It requires long-term management and investment. Signs that are
not well maintained can lead to hikers getting lost and can be more dangerous than
no signage. Trail signage should be overseen by a dedicated signage division and
should be well funded and staffed. Consistency regarding signage is essential.
6.37.1 Signage Objectives

• Provide positive exposure of the existence of the trail to attract more trail users.
• Educate trail users about the trail through trailhead information boards, proper
use of the outdoors and promote the protection of the natural and cultural
environment.
• Highlight and label facilities and points of interest along the trail.
• Reduce potential exposure to risks and warn hikers of dangers and unusual trail
conditions.
• Reassure trail users that they are on the right trail and will not get lost.
• Manage trail usage and create a safer, more enjoyable trail experience.
• Increase visitor understanding and appreciation of local area.
• DeÞne and brand the trail and the trail experience, creating a sense of place -
signs are not just about showing the way.
6.37.2 Signage Mounting and Attachment Guidelines

• Signs at the same place should all be standardised.
• Signs should be mounted in front of the pole.
• Signs pointing in the same direction should be grouped together - no gaps or
odd angles.
• Signs should be aligned that when seen from the hiker's perspective they are
pointing in the correct optical direction.
• The lowest sign on the pole should not be lower than 2,20m from the ground.
• All clamps should be tightened and aligned on the same side of the pole, this
makes its easier to handle and manage.
• Signs should never be attached to living trees.
6.37.3 Sign Maintenance

• Sign maintenance is critical to the standards of a quality trail system.
• Well maintained signs that are repaired promptly convey a sense of pride.
• Signs are a highly visible representation of the quality of the trail. Their
maintenance or lack of maintenance leaves the visitor with a positive or negative
impression of the trail.
• Signs convey many different kinds of information ranging in priority and it is
essential that they are well maintained.
• Special attention should be given to those that are damaged, those that are faded
or brittle from long exposure, and those that are missing.
• All damaged or weathered signs should be repaired or replaced.
TRAIL DIRECTIONAL SIGNAGE
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS TRAIL DIRECTIONAL SIGN GHT-S01

6.37.4 Priorities for Sign Maintenance
1. Signs required for trail user safety,
2. User restrictions and advisory signs,
3.
4. Informative and interpretive signs.
6.37.5 Sign Pollution

When there are too many signs that trail users can hardly notice the environment. This
can become a problem in time and should be actively avoided. Nepal already has few
signs along pathways. But there are sections of trails especially at trailheads or
registration points where signage is overdone or confusion occurs due to too many
signs. At all times attempt to balance signage with aesthetic considerations. Trail signs
need to be harmonious with the nature of a trail environment, but also need to stand
out and be visible in all weather conditions.
6.37.6 Inventories
how new signs look before they wear with time. A good sign inventory with photos
makes it easier to order replacements for missing or damaged signs. Trail
management authorities should keep an inventory of existing signs, their location and
location numbers.
6.37.7 Signage Plan

The number and types of signs and reassurance trail markers should be detailed in a
sign plan. Consistent with the plan, signs and markers should be aesthetically
appropriate, visible, in useful locations, and well maintained. Install no more signs
the fabrication and installation of signs on the trail. It should also ensure that signs do
not overwhelm the trail, either in complexity or number.
Signage standards require new signs to replace many of the signs currently in use.
This should follow a phased approach (taking account of budget and resources) and
existing signs should only be replaced when they are no longer in a suitable
condition. Identifying signage needs is part of the recommended annual trail
assessment process and is essential to managing a safe trail.
Refer to Annex 2 for detailed information.
INTERMITTENT SIGN OPTIONS
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS INTERMITTENT SIGNS, BLAZES, TRAIL MARKER SAMPLES GHT-S02

7. EXTRA CONSTRUCTION GUIDELINES
AND MAINTENANCE NOTES
Nepal has a strong tradition of building trails into the foothills and across the
Himalaya. this is a world legacy. The use of local materials such as stone and wood, all
sourced from close proximity to the trail itself together with the expert skill of local
stonemasons and builders, make for trail experiences found in few other places. This
culture and style of building should not be changed, as the local and traditional
practices are what make Nepal trails attractive to visitors.
The conclusion is that Nepal trail builders are doing a good job of maintaining and
developing trails. With the standards presented in this handbook they will be able to
continue doing so and improve a number of aspects of their trail management to
increase the overall experience for trail users. Most importantly the trail standards will
ensure a certain uniformity to trails in Nepal.
This section details speciÞc trail construction points not covered in the standards
listed, it will assist building and maintenance crews in developing or repairing trails to
a higher standard. These extra notes are focused speciÞcally on trail conditions that
have been observed to recur in multiple different areas. The methods proposed here
require only the use of handtools. All materials used should be sourced close to the
trail as possible. There are many variations of the methods indicated and not all
variations are shown. Local conditions may dictate an alternate methods and
approaches.
These guidelines will help trail and conservation agencies, government and
development projects to make appropriate repair and development decisions.
7.1 SUSTAINABLE TRAIL CONSTRUCTION

A sustainable trail surface can be created with minimal disturbance to the landscape
and maximum variety if the following extra standards and goals are applied:
• Minimise drainage problems by removing water at the Þrst opportunity with some
of the following construction techniques
• Do not allow water to stand on trail
• Maintain existing drainage patterns with the terrain
• Minimise soil disturbance
• Eliminate the potential for erosion
• Outslope the trail to dispose of sheet drainage
• Accurately shape backslope to prevent erosion  
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TRAIL SURFACE FOUNDATION
A FULL BENCH
EXISTING
SLOPE
OUTSLOPED TREAD AT 5%
B PARTIAL BENCH
EXISTING
SLOPE
OUTSLOPED TREAD AT 5%
BACKSLOPE
FILL MATERIAL
FILL SLOPE
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS TRAIL SURFACE FOUNDATION GHT-09

7.2 TRAIL FOUNDATION
A long-lasting sustainable trail foundation will save a lot of re-investment and repair
and maintenance down the line. Constructing contour trails into the sideslope
requires excavating the side of the hill to provide a stable trail surface. Keep to slope
areas if possible as ßat areas can be a problem as water has nowhere to go. Take note
of the grade-reversal concept below to ensure good drainage and ßow to the trail. By
slightly outsloping the trail surface tread up to 5% will help water move across and off
the trail. Loss of outslope is the Þrst maintenance problem that develops on all trails. If
no other maintenance work can be done at least reestablish the outslope, it will save a
trail before it is too late.
7.2.1 Full Bench Foundation

A full bench is constructed by cutting the full width of the tread into the hillside and
removing the excavated ground away from the trail. This is the preferred method of
trail construction, but does require more excavation, but the trailbed will be more
durable and require less maintenance in future. Use this as a foundation whenever
possible.
7.2.2 Partial Bench Foundation

This method requires skilled trail building and experience, as the trail surface tread
will be partially hillside and partially Þll material. The Þllslope needs to be composed
from good, solid material like rock and soil and needs to be evenly compacted.
7.2.3 Backslope
Create gentler backslope if possible. More raw soil might be exposed but it is easier
to revegetating than if the backslope is too steep.
7.2.4 Fillslope
The Þllslope is the area below the trail on the downhill or valley side. A full-bench
tread will not have any Þll on this side of the trail. Fillslopes are critical. Fillslopes often
need to be reinforced with retaining or crib walls to keep them from failing. Fillslope
failures are common and will wipe out the trail. They are not easy to construct and
should only be used if there is no other alternative to place a full bench.
7.3 EXISTING TRAIL RESTORATION

The trail tread can wear badly over time due to erosion, poor initial construction or
lack of timely maintenance. The diagrams on the next page are self explanatory in
relation to restoring the ideal trail surface outslope with the slough and berm of the
trail removed and re-aligned. A solid, outsloped surface is the objective of trail
maintenance.
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Guidelines 80
EXISTING TRAIL RESTORATION
A BROKEN DOWN SECTION
EXISTING BROKEN
DOWN PRISM
RESTORED TRAIL TREAD

AND OUTSLOPE
REMOVE TO REESTABLISH
CORRECT TRAIL OUTSLOPE
BACKFILL WITH SUITABLE
MATERIAL
B TRENCHED SECTION
WALL OF TRENCH
FORMATION
EXISTING TRENCH BACKFILL WITH SUITABLE

MATERIAL
C WASHED SECTION

USING FILL MATERIAL
LOOSE ROCKS LEFT

AFETR WASH OUT BACKFILL WITH SUITABLE
MATERIAL
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS EXISTING TRAIL RESTORATION GHT-10

7.3.1 Slough and Berms
Remove THE SLOUGH and scatter THE BERM material that collects at the outside
edge of the trail. Berms are made of soil that has built up on the outside of the tread,
forming a barrier that prevents water from running off. Berm formation is the single
largest contributor to erosion of the trail as it forces run-off to ßow down the trail.
Removing it is easy and prevents further more complex repair work. Reshape the
tread and restore the outslope at 5%, and maintain the tread at the standard width.
Chop off the toe of the slough and blend the slope back into the hillside. Remember
to compact the tread thoroughly.
7.3.2 Tread or Trail Creep

Most livestock and some hikers have a natural tendency to travel the outside edge of
sidehill trails. This is the major cause of trail creep. Sloughing makes the edge of the
trail the ßattest place to walk. Backslopes that are too steep may slough material onto
the trail, and so make it narrower. The trail becomes too narrow and the result is that
trail users walk closer to the outside edge. Repair work involves bringing the trail back
uphill to its original location, by cutting the backslope properly, remove all slough,
and reestablish the 5-percent outslope. Any trees, the ends of logs, rocks, and stumps
that are left close to the downhill edge of the trail will keep pack animals and trail
users closer to the middle of the trail.
To clean up after slough and berm repair and tread creep, remove all the debris that
has fallen on the trail— like sticks, stones loose leaves or logs. Good maintenance
includes removing obstacles such as protruding roots and rocks on easier trails. It also
means repairing any sections that have been damaged by landslides, uprooted trees,
washouts, or wet and muddy conditions. Compact all trail surfaces and sections of
the backslope that were disturbed.
7.4 TRAIL OBSTACLES

Roots, old tree stumps and big boulders that are not possible to bypass with the trail
layout need to be removed. Not all roots and stumps are problems though. Big
boulders my require digging out or breaking up, or in extreme cases be removed
with small explosives. Removing rocks requires experience and skill and an awareness
of the dangers should the rock move in an unanticipated manner.
Concerning roots: when roots are perpendicular to the tread and not a tripping
hazard they can be left as is.If they are a tripping hazard they must be removed. If they
run parallel with the tread surface, they will help funnel water down the trail and
create erosion. Route the trail above large trees, as building below trees undermines
their root systems and may eventually kill the tree, which is not desired.
7.5 EROSION CONTROL

It can be said that the primary focus of most trail planning beyond making a path that
is obstacle free allowing trail users to pass in safety is to ensure that any water that
comes onto the path is effectively removed with out causing erosion. Erosion and
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SLOUGH, BERM AND TREAD CREEP
A SLOUGH AND BERM MANAGEMENT
SLOUGH
BERM
RESTORED TREAD AT
5% OUTSLOPE
B TREAD OR TRAIL CREEP
SLOUGH SPREADS
ACROSS THE TRAIL
FILL EDGE BREAKS DOWN
REMOVE THE SLOUGH AND FILL

THE EDGE AND RECOMPACT IT
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS SLOUGH, BERM AND TREAD CREEP GHT-11

water are the most effective mechanism for destroying a trail quickly. The simple rules
to follow are:
1. TAKE THE WATER OFF THE PATH. . . TAKE THE WATER OFF THE PATH. . .
The following construction and maintenance guidelines all relate to this important
issue.
7.5.1 Grade Reversal and Rolling Drain Dips
The downward slope of a trail is interrupted with a section of up slope so that water is
forced off the trail at the point where the trail changes from a down slope to an
upslope. A grade reversal consists of a short dip followed by a slight rise every 8 to 20
meters and are built during trail construction. See diagrams for details. For existing
trails with water problems, the use of rolling grade dips or knicks is preferable.
7.5.2 Water Barriers and Waterbars

Water bars are obstructions on the trail surface designed to divert water off the trail.
They usually are constructed with logs or stones placed at a 30-degree angle from the
trail’s edge. Such water barriers must extend well beyond both sides of the trail to
prevent water or people going around them. Logs must be at least 200mm to 500mm
in diameter. Water barriers can be constructed of rock, granular material or soil. It
should be placed at an angle of 45 degrees relative to the trail so that water is
diverted off the trail. The depth of the drainage channel and the height of the top of
the water bar can be adjusted for the expected amount of water ßow. Waterbars
commonly fail when sediment Þlls the drain. Water tops the waterbar and continues
down the tread. The waterbar becomes useless. You can build a good rolling grade
dip quicker than you can install a waterbar, and a rolling grade dip works better.
7.5.3 Knicks
A knick is the removal of material from the lower side of a trail so that water may ßow
off the trail. A knick requires the less effort to install when compared to a grade
reversal, rolling drain dip or water barrier. The trail tread is sloped to 15% at the
centre and transitions to 5% where it meets the existing trail tread. It is 2-3 meters
wide. Puddles that form in ßat areas on existing trails may cause several kinds of tread
damage. Trail users going around puddles widen the trail. Standing water usually
weakens the tread and the backslopes. Standing water can also cause a bog to
develop. Knicks are constructed into existing trails, and to be effective, the trail tread
must have lower ground next to it so the water has a place to drain. Knicks are smooth
and subtle and should be unnoticeable to users. If the outslope of the trail is very
steep do not use a knick as this will cause erosion of the tread eating into the trail.
7.5.4 Rock Culverts

Culverts are used when larger water or consistent water ßow rates are encountered.
The maximum ßow rate must be estimated when selecting culvert size. Culverts
require clearing periodically to remove obstructions. Check for erosion around inlet
and discharge areas.
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GRADE REVERSAL AND ROLLING DIP
A GRADE REVERSAL
WATER IS DIVERTED
OFF THE TRAIL HERE
A grade reversal consists of a short dip followed by a slight rise every 8 to 20 meters.
They are built during trail construction.
B ROLLING DRAIN DIP
LOWER RAMP 2 X AS LONG UPPER RAMP DRAIN DIP

AS UPPPER RAMP 10%
OUTSLOPE
WATER IS DIVERTED OFF

ORIGINAL SLOPE
TRAIL & INTO DRAIN
A rolling drain dip helps remove excess water on those trails that do not have adequate
grade reversals.
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS GRADE REVERSAL AND ROLLING DIP GHT-12

WATERBAR AND KNICKS
A ROCK WATER BAR / WATER BARRIER
TRAIL BACKSLOPE / BANK

EMBED INTO
LENGTH 3M BACKSLOPE
MINIMUM
OVERLAP ROCKS 1/3
TRAIL GRADE
OU
SKEW ANGLE
TS
LO
30 - 45º
PE
ORIGINAL TRAIL
EDGE
EXCAVATE FOR EXTEND 300MM
OUTSLOPE BEYOND TRAIL EDGE
ROCK SPILLWAY
TRAIL GRADE SKEW ANGLE WATERBAR GRADE % SPACING BETWEEN BARS

<5% 45º MAX SPACING 2% 70M
>5% 30º MIN 5% 40M
10% 24M
15% 15M
25% + 12M
B KNICK TRAIL SURFACE TRAIL BACKSLOPE / BANK
WATER FLOW
OPE
ORIGINAL TRAIL
TSL
15º
EDGE DOWN GRADE

OU
NEW TRAIL EDGE

ALONG KNICK
2-3
MW
IDE
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS WATER BAR AND KNICK GHT-13

ROCK CULVERT
A END VIEW TRAIL SURFACE TREAD

RETAINER ROCKS
COVER ROCK OPENING OPENING

WIDTH HEIGHT
EMBED
250MM MIN
STREAM BED ROCK SIDEWALL
B PLAN VIEW TRAIL SURFACE TREAD
RETAINER ROCKS
WATER FLOW
COVER ROCK
NO SCALE
DRAWING NO.
TRAIL STANDARDS ROCK CULVERT GHT-14

7.6 COSTS
It is no standard formula to calculate the costs of trail work. Creating bills of quantities
should be done with ongoing data collection of the costs relating to each trail
standard. The cost of materials, labour, tools and other resources will vary
tremendously, depending on the location, trail environment and type of trail
experience. Experienced trail builders in local communities should be contacted to
obtain a more accurate estimate of the resources required for trail construction and
maintenance in speciÞc areas. 
In general, estimates of the costs of trail design, construction and maintenance should
include the following:
Planning
• Research materials, maps, aerial photos, testing fees
Design
• Survey fees, architect's fees, administration
• Determine cost implications of the total length of proposed trail tread (e.g.,
sections may need minimal work to create a sustainable, compacted tread surface
while others may require bridge construction) and all proposed structures
(drainage, erosion control, steps) and facilities ( benches, toilets, etc.)
• Determine costs for surfacing and signage for trailheads and access points
• Need for and type of erosion control structures (retaining wall, water barriers)
Construction
• Site preparation, staking, clearing, grading or excavating tools and equipment
• Materials for trail tread (type, quantity and transport to trail site)
• Type, quantity and transport to trail site of materials for structures (bridge,
signage)
• Re-vegetation and rehabilitation of trail environment after construction (seeds or
plants)
• Signage
• Facilities provided along the trail (benches, washrooms)
• Allow for delays due to weather and administrative costs for construction
Maintenance
• Maintenance work because of trail design and construction techniques
• Labour (type and quantity)
• Tools and equipment
Marketing
• Creation, distribution and updating of trail information sources (brochures, maps,
web site, etc.)
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TRAIL MAINTENANCE & DEVELOPMENT COSTS
MARKETING
MAINTENANCE
CONSTRUCTION
DESIGN
PLANNING
Diagram 7.6 Costs and Development Factors. Funding a trail system is costly and good budgets with a
focus on timely maintenance interventions will save in the long run. Continual re-investment in the trail
system with focused and creative marketing will ensure a trail delivers beneÞts to users, owners and
communities for generations.

8. STANDARDS OF ASSESSMENT AND
MONITORING - GREEN FLAG TRAILS
The principle is easy: “Unless a trail is a good trail, it will not be used by trail users”. What a
Ògood trailÓ looks like is a long debated issue. Traditionally it was deÞned by set
parameters based on physical dimensions and environmental conditions, subjectively
decided on by a knowledgeable person or local committee. By contrast Green Flag
Trails approaches the issue, not from the trail dimensions’ perspective, but on a global
level from the perspective of the anticipated experience of the individual trail user
themselves. If the expectations of a trail user can be satisÞed, having no unexpected
negative surprises, he will deÞne the trail as a Ògood trailÓ and will use it again. A
sustainably used trail is a goal-orientated purpose-driven trail and one that has been
planned and developed and maintained at a level that satisÞes the speciÞc usersÕ
requirements and expectations.
It is clear that the speciÞcations and construction standards of a trail for the
handicapped, or the average nature-seeking trail user, will differ vastly from that of
the wilderness adventure seeking trail user where design standards will be limited to
the minimum. There are no universally applicable set of trail parameters or standards
that can be applied to all trails in order to be successful. Although there are some
universally accepted speciÞcations for construction details e.g. dimensions of the
steps, and water drainage on all paths, there are speciÞc experiential standards that
vary and is applicable only to each and every speciÞc type of trail.
Standards for a trail for the average nature-orientated hiker need to be designed at
the appropriate degree of difÞculty - in terms of the trailÕs length and grading, which
should differ from the true wilderness trail. The surface conditions will necessitate
limited erosion and stoniness as well as adequate pruning for ease of walking, sturdy
steps and other constructions such as safe bridges and adequate signage so as to
ensure care-free walking. Overnight accommodations and other trail conveniences
and en route facilities need to be in the “comfortable” category for such trails. In the
lay-out of this type of path, maximum use is to be made of nature and scenic views
and other interesting features (which might include cultural elements). Such nature
seeking trail users would also need information as to the availability of guides and
catering, for them to be adequately prepared.
Given this set of very exact information as to the standards, the trail users can make an
informed choice and if audited by a certiÞed Green Flag auditor, they can be assured of
a good experience and will classify the trail as a “good trail”.
A Green Flag trail is a well-directed, user-speciÞc and honestly marketed trail that has
been well-designed and responsibly managed from the perspective of the trail users,
as well as from an environmentally responsible perspective. It shows the hiking
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GREEN FLAG ASSESSMENT PARAMETERS
A Path Surface C Construc6ons F Fauna / Flora I Facili6es
A1 Drainage & Waterlogging C1 Steps F1 Alien Plants I1 Accommoda6on - Self

Catered
A2 Erosion C2 Water barriers F2 Sensi6ve Habitats / I2 Accommoda6on -

Vegeta6on Catered
A3 Poten6al Erosion Hazard C3 Drains F3 Trouble Plants I3 Camping
A4 Trail driCing and Trail braiding C4 Furrows F4 Trampling of Plants I4 Rest Points
A5 Trail devia6on C5 S6les F5 Endangered Species J Grading
A6 Trail sagging C6 Chain Ladders F6 Dangerous/ Problem J1 Energy Expenditure

Animals
A7 Slippery C7 Handrails G Points of Interest J2 Technical Diﬃculty
A8 Stoniness C8 Stepping Stones G1 Historic K Risk
A9 Rockiness C9 Bridges G2 Cultural K1 TheC
A10 Camber or cross angle C10 Trail Width G3 Natural K2 Personal Safety
A11 Sandy D Path Degrada6on G4 Viewsite K3 Mugging
A12 4x4 track D1 Waste and Pollu6on H Signage K4 Dangerous Animals
A13 Tarmac D2 Vandalism and damage / H1 Trailhead Sign K5 Natural Disaster

graﬃ6 Poten6al
B Obstruc6ons E Layout H2 Direc6onal K6 Warning Signs Lacking
B1 Overgrown vegeta6on E1 Gradient H3 Danger Sign K7 Clear trail markers
B2 Visual Obstruc6on E2 Swich-backs H4 Way Markers K8 Guiding

Zigzag
B3 Avalanche H5 Interpre6ve K9 Water safety
B4 Rockfalls H6 Welcome K10 Map accuracy
B5 Fallen Tree H7 Loca6on Map K11 Bridges
B6 Loose Stones H8 Maintenance K12 Escape Routes
B7 Other H9 Danger K13 Emergency Evacua6on
K14 Unsafe swimming, river,

pool, etc.
K15 Dangerous path

condi6ons
Diagram 8.1 Green Flag Trails Attributes for Assessment. This lists the full spectrum of attributes that the
Green Flag Trails trail auditing system measures when trail auditors assess a trail in the Þeld.

fraternity that the trail is under responsible management; respecting the aptitude and
the safety of the hikers themselves (as clients) but is also responsible towards the
environment, which is the basic resource for enjoyment of nature. It safeguards trail
owners (to an extra degree) against possible legal claims in case of mishaps on the
trail.
Trail dimensions such as width, gradient, details of steps, etc., however important,
usage.
Prof. Leon Hugo

CEO - Green Flag Trails International
Cape Town
10 January 2017
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APPENDIX
APPENDIX 1 - TRAIL TERMINOLOGY
Cross Slope - The slope or grade of the trail tread perpendicular to the direction of
hiking. May be out-sloped (most common) or in-sloped, meaning tilted toward the
outside edge or inside edge of the trail, respectively. An intentionally in-sloped trail
sometimes has an inside ditch.
Cairn - Carefully stacked cone of quality rocks built only in open rocky areas where the
tread is impossible to make distinct. It may have a post built into it to extend its height
if late lying snow regularly obscures the trail.
DifÞculty Level - The level of challenge experienced by trail users based on many
factors, including grades, elevation gain, and tread roughness, among others.
Down Slope - The natural slope of the land downhill from a trail’s outside edge.
Erosion - The transport of soil by water, wind, or gravity, usually in a manner that
degrades the preexisting terrain condition.
Grade - The angle or slope of any surface, though here most concerned with the grade
trails climb, as well as that of tread out-slope, back-slope, and also of the natural
hillside fall line or side slope.
In trail work, grade is expressed as a percentage (%), determined by dividing rise
(vertical) over run (horizontal). Most commonly in trail work grades are measured with
an instrument called a clinometer. Note that clinometers have both a percent scale
and degree scale, which are not the same.
Inside Ditch - A ditch running along the inside edge of an in-sloped section of trail. It
carries water from seeps in the back slope to a drainage structure (such as a culvert)
to carry it across and off the trail.
Slipped Tread - The gradual movement of trail tread downhill from its original position,
usually by a combination of circumstances including: slough, brush and/or high
usage pushing users to the outside of the trail resulting in gradual collapse of the
outside edge.
Trail Class - A rating indicating the level of development of a given trail. It is based on
many factors including the land through which it passes, the intended users for whom
it is designed and built and its likely level of maintenance.
System Trail - A formal trail with an ofÞcial name and number, managed by an agency
responsible for the land through which the trail passes. Maintenance is scheduled and
carried out by professional trail teams.
Trail Clearing - The combination of cutting brush, tree limbs, and fallen logs to clear a
trail corridor that meets the clearing limits for a particular trail
Trail Corridor - best thought of as a tunnel through the woods, it includes all the
elements of a trail affected by construction and maintenance workers including the
excavated back-slope and tread, and the entire area within the clearing limits.
Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Guidelines 93 Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Handbook 93
Trail Eyes - The ability to see how a trail is functioning in the landscape, and most
importantly what trail work needs to be done to bring it into good shape. Primarily
includes attention to clearing limits and drainage, but also tread condition and
hillside hydrology.
Tread - The surface of a trail, on which users walk or hike.
Trail Relocation - Moving a section of trail to a new corridor, usually because the
existing trail is failing badly and is unmaintainable.
Waterbar / Water Barrier - A drainage structure composed of an out sloped segment of
tread leading to a rock or log barrier embedded at an angle across the trail. Water
across the slope will be diverted by the out slope or by the barrier.
National Quality Standards for Trails - National criteria that establish the level of quality in
terms of health and cleanliness, resource setting, safety and security, responsiveness,
and condition of facilities for trails managed at a full-service level.
Clearing Limit - The area over and beside the trail tread that is cleared of trees, limbs,
and other obstructions.
Clearing Height - The height of the clearing limit measured vertically from the trail
tread.
Clearing Width - The width of the clearing limit measured perpendicular to the trail.
Cross Slope - The percentage of rise to length when measuring the trail tread from
edge to edge perpendicular to the direction of travel.
Stable - A surface that is not permanently affected by normally occurring weather
conditions and able to sustain normal wear and tear caused by the uses for which the
trail is managed between planned maintenance activities.
Surface Obstacles - Trail tread imperfections, such as rock, roots, holes, stumps, steps,
and structures, that are within the acceptable range of tread roughness and challenge
level for the trail and that do not obstruct the trail.
Back slope - The excavated bank on the uphill side of a trail tread.
Berm - The raised outside edge of a trail.
Culvert - A drainage structure composed of rock or metal that passes beneath a trail to
Inside edge - On a hillside trail this is the up-hill side of the trail.
Inslope - The inside edge of the trail is lower than the outside edge.
Outside edge - On a hillside trail this is the down-hill side of the trail.
Outslope - The outside edge of a trail being lower than the inside edge to promote
drainage.
Slough - Silt and organic debris that have slide down onto the trail.
Switchback - A sharp reversal in the direction of the trail, allowing the tread to maintain
a reasonable grade as it climbs a steep hillside.
Tread - The travel surface of the trail.
Turnpike - A structure used to carry a trail across ground that is usually saturated with
to form an elevated travel surface.
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REFERENCES
http://www.americantrails.org/resources/info/TrailTermCOTI.html
http://www.pcta.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Terminology_v0311.pdf?x95559
https://www.fs.fed.us/recreation/programs/trail-management/documents/
Limits of Acceptable Change: A Framework For Managing National Protected Areas:

Experiences From The United States - SF. McCool Professor, School of Forestry The
University of Montana Missoula, MontanA 59812 USA
Backcountry Trail Standards: The User Perspective - Dr. J Burde
Department of Forestry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois

http://www.diffen.com/difference/Hiking_vs_Trekking
Trail Construction and Maintenance Notebook, 2007 - USA Dept of Agriculture, Forest
Service
Trail Bridge Rail Systems- J Groenier

https://www.fs.fed.us/t-d/pubs/pdfpubs/pdf07232329/pdf07232329dpi72.pdf
, 2000
http://www.pcta.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Terminology_v0311.pdf?x95559
http://foss-kelowna.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Erosion-Control-for-
Recreational-Trails.pdf
http://www.trailstobuild.com/Articles/BC%20Trail%20Standards/detail3.jpg
http://trekking-in-nepal.net
Nepalese Trekking Trails Development, 2015 - T Butler
Trail Standards and Trail Gradings for Nepal, 2016 - ML Hugo, G Saintz
ANNEX 1: TRAIL STANDARDS COMMITTEE
Coordinator:
Mr. Dandu Raj Ghimire
Joint Secretary, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation (MoCTCA)
Members:
Mr. Gopal Prakash Bhattarai
Deputy Director General, Department of National Park and Wildlife Conservation
Mr. Kosh Nath Adhikari

Deputy Director General, Department of Tourism
Mr. Nirajan Ghimire

Under Secretary, , MoCTCA
Mr. Binod Basnet

Senior Conservation Officer, National Trust for Nature Conservation
Mr. Chandra Prasad Rijal

President, Trekking Agencies’ Association of Nepal
Mr. Sumit Baral

Tourism Manager, Samarth-NMDP
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ANNEX 2: SIGNAGE DESIGN GUIDELINES
OBJECTIVE OF SIGNAGE
1. Provide positive exposure of the existence of the trail to attract more trail
users.
2. Educate trail users about the trail through trailhead information boards,
proper use of the outdoors and promote the protection of the natural and
cultural environment.
3. Highlight and label facilities and points of interest along the trail.
4. Reduce potential exposure to risks and warn hikers of dangers and unusual
trail conditions.
5. Reassure trail users that they are on the right trail and will not get lost.
6. Manage trail usage and create a safer, more enjoyable trail experience.
7. Increase visitor understanding and appreciation of local area.
8. Define and brand the trail and the trail experience, creating a sense of place -
signs are not just about showing the way.
Few major types of signage in context of Nepal has been proposed. These types and
designs can be referred for the development of signage in trekking trails of Nepal.
SIGNAGE DESIGN ASPECTS

The proposed design of signage is highly focused taking into mind the branding of
trail in Nepal apart from conveying information. Few aspects of signage design has
been mentioned below:
Contents
The contents in signage are put in short and simple order.
Color hues
Distinctive brown and yellow used dominantly in signage is focused on imparting
clarity for trekker. The use of multi colored strip on every signage is referred from GHT
brand color of ten region of trail of Nepal. This multi colored strip also reflect the
colorful mountain prayer flag, though the color hues used is different from the original
prayer flag color.
Location number
Every signage is provided with location number which increases serially from the star
till the finish point of trek.

97
Logos
GHT logo is consistently used on every signage as quality assurance mark of GREAT
HIMALAYA TRAILS. On the trail head the logos of managing authority and funding
agencies (UKAID) are used apart from GHT logo.
Trail type icon

The trail of Nepal can be categorized into four types; Easy trekking, High mountain,
Nature-Culture and Pilgrimage.
Material and printing technology

For the longevity the ACP panel is used for the signage board and the UV print
technology for the print. The board stands on enamel painted steel post.
TYPES OF SIGNAGE
1. Trail Head Signage
Location: This signage is placed at the start of the trail
Contents:
● Trail name
● Trail map
● Classification and Grading of trail
● Average time to complete the trail
● Trail distance/directional information and special features, degree of difficulty
symbol
● Trail profile, elevation
● User and restriction symbol
● Interesting fact about the region
● Appropriate risk management requirements (uneven terrain, sudden weather
change, flood) and other “message”
● Sponsors logo
● GHT logo and website
● Location number
The trail head signage can be break into 3 panels as seen below to avoid billboard
effect.
Size: Each panel is 700 mm X 1000 mm
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2. Directional Signage
Location: This signage is placed at trail intersections
Contents:
● It indicate the time in hours and minutes to next destination
● Location number
● GHT logo
● Name of authority managing the trail and signage
● Trail type icon (Easy trekking, Nature Culture, High Mountain, Pilgrimage)
Size: 600 mm X 200 mm

Type A: Mention only next destination
Type B: Mention Next destination and Final or intermediate destinations
3. Interpretive Signage
Location: Placed at relevant cultural, historic or points of interest
Purpose: Objective information, education about trail environment, etiquette and
culture and add value to trail experience.
Content: Photographs/map/sketch and descriptive text

99
4. WARNING SIGNAGE
Location: Placed at prior risky trail section or where danger is present.
Purpose: indicate hazards, dangers and sections of trail where trail users must be
cautious and pay attention.
Contents: Warning message and icon
Size: 600mm X 200 mm
5. MANAGEMENT MAINTENANCE AND ON TRIAL COMMUNICATION

Location: Placed where necessary, flexible and often temporary in nature.
Purpose: Indicate management activity or re-routing and include information about
certain community services offered at destination: safe drinking water, camping sites,
hot springs, showers etc.
Type A: Welcome signage
Contents: Name of welcoming location, altitude of the location, Icon of the service
and facilities available
Type B: Maintenance signage

Contents: Maintenance and caution message with icon
Size: 600 mm x 400 mm
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6. TRAIL MARKER
Location: Place at regular intervals
Purpose: Indicate trail direction at regular interval where necessary (visibility import-
ant, do not overuse)
Content: Trail type icon and name of managing authority
Note: Digital Signage Production software is on the edge of completion. After this
signage production software is ready for use, trail auditor can insert the information
collected during trail auditing and with simple knowledge of this software, digital view
of respective trail signage can be produced and can be send for print.

101
SIGNAGE POST INSTALLATION ON SITE
I. Pre-Installation Requirements
a. Information
1. Exact location of the signpost*
2. Exact board frame with clamps for respective signpost
3. Exact signage board sequence from top to bottom on respective signpost
(White colored text like 1a, 2a, 2b….etc. to the right or left bottom of each board
represents the signpost number by 1, 2, 3…. And a, b, c…… represent top to bottom
sequence of the signage board. For e.g. signage board 1b represents 1st signpost with
signage board position at b from top of the post i.e. after a.)
a. Components for installation

1. Steel post (dia-2inch, green)
2. Steel frame with circular clamps (rectangular frame)
3. Printed boards (UV prints on ACP board)
c. Equipment
1. Post hole digger
2. Level machine
3. GPS device
4. Repeat
5. Board Driller
II. On Installation
a. Inspect the site where the post id to be installed
b. Please take photographs of the site (to have a record before sign installation)
c. If appropriate for hole digger to work, prepare a hole in the ground which is 2
feet in depth and 1.5 feet (at least in diameter)
d. Center the post with spike in the hole so that it sits firmly on drainage gravel
e. Check the level
f. Surround the post with concrete 1:1.5:3 ratio. Brace the post firmly in the
proper position until concrete has completely cured
g. Tamper after every 6” concrete pouring.
h. In this process arrangement must be made to maintain the level of post.
i. Fix the board to respective position on post with the help of board number
provided on the bottom of the board
III. Post Installation

a. Take GPS location of the newly installed pole
b. Please take photograph of the site after post installation so that the text on
board can be read easily from photographs.
c. After the site work the photographs and GPS location of each signage must
be presented in documented form to concerned body.
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ANNEX 3: CERTIFIED TRAIL AUDITORS
AS OF 2017 FEBRUARY
NAME THEORY (50) AUDIT REPORT (50) TOTAL (100) RESULT
Sameer Poudyal Pass Submitted Distinction Certified Auditor
Bishnu Singh Thakuri Pass Submitted Distinction Certified Auditor
Deepak Raj Adhikari Pass Submitted Pass Certified Auditor
Gopal Bhattarai Pass Submitted Pass Certified Auditor
Rashmi Acharya Pass Submitted Pass Certified Auditor
Hem Raj Acharya Pass Submitted Pass Certified Auditor
Bikhyat Sherchan Pass Submitted Distinction Certified Auditor
Pranil Kumar Upadhayaya Pass Submitted Distinction Certified Auditor
Suraj Kandel Pass Submitted Pass Certified Auditor
Surya Thapaliya Pass Submitted Pass Certified Auditor
Bishwo Babu Shrestha Pass Submitted Pass Certified Auditor
Our love for the trails of Nepal, is really a love for wild
nature, rich cultures, wide open spaces with the greatest
of all peaks and that ever present opportunity to
Galeo Saintz

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TRAIL STANDARDS

Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Handbook 1

It is a guideline of best practices and international accepted standards for trails as

The guideline was developed by SAMARTH-NMDP (a DFID funded programme) in

© Great Himalaya Trails - GHT, 2017

Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Handbook 2

By developing a set of trail standards Nepal is taking responsibility for a nationally

The improvement of standards in tourism means attracting higher paying tourists,

DFID Nepal has supported the development of a comprehensive ‘Trail Standards

Trekking and tourism is an accessible business sector for disadvantaged rural

Dr. Gail Marzetti

About the Guideline 2

1.2 Purpose and Scope 8

1.4 Objectives of the Great Himalaya Trails 10

5.1 Walking Trails 30

6.1 Usage Types 36

Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Guidelines 33

6.18 Ascent / Descent per Day 52

6.25 Trail Surface 56

Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Guidelines 55

improved. However, if no attempt is made to rectify the situation, it should be

heavy maintenance, attempts should be made to bring it up to the new standards.

Most standards for trails are usually construction standards, describing

environment, are essential for sustainable management, allowing managers to

Extensive list of standards that

The detailed exact

Diagram 1.1 Understanding Trail Standards

Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Handbook 7

1.2 PURPOSE AND SCOPE

standards as time and resources permit.

network of quality and responsibly managed trails, aligned to the strategic

following the Implementation Process as illustrated in Diagram 1.1

LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT MONITORING COMMUNICATION

Goals Planning Auditing & Assessment Print

Objectives - Route Planning Maintenance Internet

Market Research - Coordination - Quality Events

OUTPUTS SAFE TRAILS . QUALITY TRAIL EXPERIENCES . CLEAR COMMUNICATIONS

IMPACTS RESPONSIBLE MANAGEMENT . HAPPY TRAIL USERS . RETURN VISITORS

Diagram 1.2 Achieving Sustainable Trails

Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Handbook 9

Information on trails is well communicated and clear in terms of grading and

The development of trails adopts internationally accepted best trail

Trail development is guided by Trail Standards endorsed by the Government

Trail operation becomes sustainable and increasingly attracts the domestic

1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE GREAT HIMALAYA TRAILS

1.5 PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE TRAILS

1.5.1 Standardising Global Trail Terminology

• Trails adhere to deÞned standards endorsed by Government

3 WELL SIGNPOSTED WITH ACCURATE GRADING

• Network wide implemented signage system

• Trails meet socio-economic needs of local communities

• Attractive to different market segments

Diagram 1.3 Objectives of Great Himalaya Trails

Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Handbook 11

A trail that is truly sustainable should also be designed so as to enhance the

This approach is equally necessary in the development of hiking trails. Insensitive

A sound knowledge of the ecology of the environment is a prerequisite for

FINANCIALLY VIABLE EDUCATIONALLY ENLIGHTENING

ECOLOGICALLY SOUND SOCIALLY PLEASING

Diagram 1.4 Elements of Sustainable Trails

Great Himalaya Trails - Trail Standards Handbook 13

1.5.3 Hiking Trails as Ecotourism Products

their economy. The reciprocal interaction is limitless.