Classified abstracts 156-162
18 from solid surfaces. A summary of the electron theory of solids and
156. Investigation of exe-electron emission from clean semiconductor
surfaces. (Germany)
The basic condition for obtaining exoelectron emission is the insu-
lating character of the emitting substance. Exoelectron emission of a
clean silicon surface is investigated. Silicon single crystals were
chemically etched and brought into the ultrahigh vacuum tank. The
time between etching and evacuating of the tank was long enough to
permit the growth of an oxide layer. The exoemission glow curve
spectra of such a surface showed the usual peaks known from measure-
ments on SiO, layers. The energy of the exciting electrons was 1500
eV. After this test, the surfaces of oxidized Si slices were exposed to
argon ion bombardment. The pressure during etching was ? x 10-4,
before ion etching 9 x 10-O. and after etching 8 x 10mgtorr. The etch-
ing rate amounted to 76 8, per minute. Thk discharge voltage was
1 kV and discharge current 3 x 10m5A, at a crystal temperature of
700% for a time of 5 minutes. Excitation of the surface after ion
etching by electron bombardment and stimulation by heating showed
that no exoelectron emission appears. By means of this ionic etching
the thin oxide layers were removed and the surface consists of semi-
conducting material only. It was confirmed that no exoelectron emis-
sion appears from clean semiconductor surfaces.
J Drenckhan et al, P& SW Sol (a), 2 (3), July 1970, K201.
18
157. Conditions for plasma formation from solid target due to mono-
pulse laser radiation. (USSR)
At sufficiently high energy density and power of laser radiation inci-
dent on a solid surface in vacuum, a plasma torch is formed. The
laser energy flow is determined for the appearance of radiation
corresponding to temperatures of 4000 to 5000°K for some metals.
At this temperature an ionized vapour is formed at the target surface,
the characteristic dimension of which is greater than the Debye radius.
It is found that the value of the threshold energy density for plasma
formation is characteristic of the target material and it does not
depend on the residual gas pressure in the range 5 x IO-’ to l0-a torr.
S I Andreev et al, Z/I T&h Fiz, 40 (7), July 1970, 1436-1440 (in
Russ&L
18
158. Investigation of the energy spectra of inelastically reflected and
Auger electrons from sinale crystal targets. (USSR)
The energy spectra of el&ro&, emitted due to the Auger process and
also reflected with characteristic energy losses, give information on
the nature of electron interaction with solids. Energy spectra of the
Auger electrons are very sensitive to surface contamination and can
be utilized for checking surface purity. But the number of Auger
electrons and electrons inelastically reflected with characteristic
energy losses is small with respect to the total current of secondary
electrons. To increase the sensitivity of electron energy spectrum
analysis, the derivative of the energy distribution curve or the second
derivative of the secondary electron current in a retarding region are
used. A method using the second derivative of the retarding field
curve, based on the measurement of the second harmonic frequency
component of the current in the target circuit, is presented. The com-
plete instrument contains a sweep circuit, current amplifier, amplifier
tuned to the second harmonic frequency and a phase detector.
Examples of energy spectra of Auger electrons from the thermally
cleaned surface of silicon single crystals are presented. Auger transi-
tions at 10 and 93 eV were found in agreement with x-ray absorption
data for silicon. It is shown that this method can be also applied to
the analysis of electrons reflected with characteristic energy losses.
A R Shulman et al, Fiz Tverd Telu, 12 (6), June 1970, 1866-1868 (in
Russian).
18
159. Investigation of interaction processes between electrons and
mercury atoms in a gas filled device. (USSR)
The dependence of effective cross sections, for elastic and inelastic
collisions of electrons with mercury atoms, on electron energy in the
interval from 4 to 120 eV is investigated using the method of single
collisions. The effective cross sections for mercury atom excitation are
also determined. An experimental apparatus containing an oxide
cathode as an electron source is described. The pressure of mercury
was varied from lo-$ to 6 x 10-Otorr.
I A Nikitina, Priborostroenie, 13 (I), 1970,9-12 (in Russian).
18
160. Surface ionization. (USSR)
Surface ionization is concerned with the thermal emission of ions
chemisorption is given. The theory of positive ion emission by surface
ionization from uniform surfaces is presented as well as thermo-
dynamic and statistical derivations of the fundamental formulae of
surface ionization. Surface ionization, evaporation and desorption of
ions in strong electric fields are considered. Great attention is devoted
to the theory of surface ionization with positive ion formation on
metals with nonuniform surface. Various experimental methods for
studying the fundamental parameters of surface ionization of atoms
on metals under stationary conditions are described. Other topics
include: vacuum conditions for surface ionization investigation;
methods for velocity distribution measurement of emitted ions;
surface ionization with positive ion formation on semiconductors;
transient processes in surface ionization; surface ionization with
negative ion formation; surface ionization of many-atom particles;
ion emission from the emitter material; application of surface
ionization in physical and chemical research; ion, atom, and molecu-
lar beam sources; ion propulsion systems; halide leak detectors; and
thermionic energy converters. The role of surface ionization in the
flicker noise of electron tubes and in the initiation of vacuum break-
down is discussed.
E Ya Zandberg and N I Ionov, bookpubld by Nauky, Moscow 1969,432
p (in Russian).
II. Vacuum apparatus and auxiliaries
21. PUMPS AND PUMP FLUIDS
21 : 33
161. Utilization of zeolite pumps in field emission microscopy. (USSR)
To attain ultrahigh vacuum in field emission microscopes, mercury
diffusion or ion-getter pumps are usually used. It is known that with
pumping by mercury diffusion pumps even to pressures of 10ds torr,
the residual gas still contains surface active gases such as carbon
oxides. The application of a zeolite pump in the field emission micro-
scope is described. Zeolite grains are placed between the glass wall
and the nickel mesh. The field emission microscope vessel has a
volume of 0.3 liter. The system was preliminary pumped by a fore-
vacuum pump with heating to 200°C. Afterwards, the system was
pumped by a mercury high vacuum pump and heated up to 450°C for
12 hours. After sealing of the system, a pressure of lo-’ torr is
reached. The residual gas contained mainly nitrogen, as determined
by an omega&on residual gas analyzer connected to the system. After
filling the zeolite trap with liquid nitrogen, the total pressure was
lowered to 10-O torr. Helium formed the main constituent of residual
gas. At total pressure of 10eOtorr, the volt-ampere characteristics and
field emission image of the tungsten point were recorded. Repeated
measurement after 3 hour intervals at 10-O torr showed no changes. It
is demonstrated that application of the zeolite pump decreased the
pumping time compared to other methods of pumping and that an
inert residual gas composition was obtained in the field emission
microscope.
V A Kuznetsov, Prib Tekh Eksper, Nr 4, Jury-Aug 1970, 200-201 (in
Russian).
L1
162. Decreasing hydrocarbon migration in an ultrahigh vacuum system
with the aid of passive gas. (USSR)
For high gas loads, diffusion pumps are used in demountable high
vacuum systems. Liquid nitrogen is usually poured into the trap and
the trap is warmed up under low residual gas pressure. At the end of
the working cycle, low pressure is usually maintained in the high
vacuum part of the vacuum system. It is shown that intensive migra-
tion of hydrocarbons, and contamination of inner surface of the
vacuum system, take place under these conditions. For repeated
working cycles, prolonged pumping is required and the inner surface
of the vacuum system remains contaminated by hydrocarbons. At
pressures corresponding to viscous flow and higher, the hydrocarbon
migration is considerably decreased in the vacuum system due to a
decrease of the hydrocarbon molecule diffusion coefficient with
increasing gas pressure. A method based on use of a passive gas, for
example dry nitrogen from a Dewar vessel, is presented for suppres-
sion of hydrocarbon migration. During preliminary pumping of the
system, up to cold trap filling and diffusion pump start-up, hydro-
carbon vapour migration is prevented by a passive gas flow through
an admission valve into the vacuum system. At the end of the working
cycle, the vacuum system is again filled with passive gas to atmospheric
143