Electra 311 PDF

ELECTRA N°311
August 2020
Welcome to Digital ELECTRA
©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 1

Table of Content
Editorial
Reflections as President
Global Connections
Operational impact of COVID-19 on Australia’s National Energy Market
Rethinking power grid resilience: experiences and lessons from the COVID-19
pandemic
Utility 3.0: Japan’s Utility of the Future
Q&A with Andrey Murov
Hydrogen, Power to Gas (P2G) and Gas to Power (G2P): Interesting technologies
which need additional R&D and analyses within a system approach
Centennial Celebration
The creation of CIGRE
André-Marie Ampère and the two hundred years of electrodynamics
Life of Association
CIGRE General Assemblies 2020
Next Generation Network Signi cant Contribution Award 2020
CIGRE Honorary Members 2020
CIGRE Medal 2020 Recipients
CIGRE Fellows 2020 Recipients
In Memoriam - Árni Björn Jónasson
Extraordinary found beyond boundaries through CIGRE SA WiE & NGN involvement

Embracing diversity
Annual Reports
SC C3 > Power system environmental performance
SC C2 > Power system operations and control
Technical Brochures
TB 804 WG B4.72 DC grid benchmark models for system studies
TB 805 WG B3.46 Guidelines for safe work methods in substations
TB 806 WG C3.19 Responsible management of electric and magnetic elds (EMF)
TB 807 WG B3.47 Application of robotics in substations
TB 808 WG C5.27 Short-term flexibility in power systems: drivers and solutions
TB 809 WG B2.24 Dynamic loading effects on overhead lines: impact on structures

EDITO

Welcome to the new ELECTRA, the signature magazine of CIGRE for
our digital world. CIGRE is excited to offer our members and
subscribers this new platform to access the latest news, global
connections, expertise, and work from the world of CIGRE.
Rob Stephen, president of CIGRE, introduces the new digital magazine:

"As CIGRE enters its second century, our vision is to deliver a digital platform in
keeping with the technical excellence of our global community. ELECTRA, is our
signature publication and gateway to the world of CIGRE. We will use the new
ELECTRA to bring the latest news, expertise and work from the world of CIGRE to life
in an exciting new digital format, and do this in a way that can be accessed by smart
phone, tablet and desktop - all devices, from one system.
One automated system with one process is important for CIGRE. As a not-for-pro t
association, it allows us to continue to run a lean operation with focus on our
technical work, while optimising our delivery of that to our members.
ELECTRA's digital platform also allows CIGRE to enhance our search engine pro le
on the likes of Google, while also learning more about what interests our readers
most.
We see all of these things as key for CIGRE as we continue to pursue and develop our
end-to-end (E2E) power system expertise and services for members".
For members and subscribers seeking of ine copies, CIGRE has also introduced a pdf
download capability. Once signed in, you can download an article, or even the whole
edition. Mike Heyeck, Convenor of the ELECTRA Editorial Board, outlines the
importance of this:
"While we recognise the world has gone mobile and people need to be able to read
content on their smart phones, we are also conscious of the length and substance of
much of the content we offer. Therefore, we want members to be able to begin to
engage with content online and if they choose to, download it for reading later of ine,
perhaps while they travel".
Mike explains his excitement about the future potential of a digital platform:
"Another great advantage of digital is the ability for us to offer the multimedia
content expected by our members, such as photo galleries, videos, podcasts and
interviews. We also recognise, given the global diversity of CIGRE, there is the
inherent advantage of online translation. Modern browsers such as Google's Chrome
allow automatic translation of pages, and we are seeing increasing quality in that
translation, a considerable advantage, especially given our in-depth technical
content.
And that content remains the cornerstone of ELECTRA. While we see a multimedia
future, we will also continue to offer our members the highly valued summaries of
the CIGRE Technical Brochures, the stimulating Global Connections section with

invited articles and, in the Life of the association section, the news from across the
world of CIGRE. CIGRE really is unique and digital ELECTRA offers a window on that
world".
ELECTRA content attracts interest from across the globe. We anticipate that many
non CIGRE members in the industry who wish access to the latest information in the
end-to-end global power system will subscribe or sponsor the magazine.
ELECTRA is CIGRE's gateway to a plethora of technical content for our members via
e-cigre.org, such as our highly sought after Technical Brochures, CIGRE Science &
Engineering (CSE) now SCOPUS registered, and our famous Green Books.
A few nal words from Philippe Adam, Secretary General of CIGRE:
"We are excited by the new digital ELECTRA. CIGRE Central Of ce is a lean team and
we continue to rely on our many volunteers for much of our work. So, we are seeking
to make smart decisions about digital technology both to enable those volunteers
and to make delivery easier through automation. We are acutely aware of both the
challenges of distance and the crisis that engulfs the world at present, so we
recognise the importance of being relevant in a digital age. Digital ELECTRA is a
great example of this, and we hope our community enjoys accessing it."
ELECTRA is CIGRE's digital magazine. It is a bi-monthly publication and it brings you

the latest news, expertise, and work from the world of CIGRE, the foremost global
community for the development of end-to-end power system expertise.
ELECTRA is augmented by newsletters, PowerTalk for events and news, Leadership

Circle for CEO level articles, and Future Connections for technology for the future
grid. It is also the gateway to all the information CIGRE has to offer to assist you in
your place of work.
ELECTRA is your gateway to a world of end to end power

system expertise.

EDITO
Reflections as President
by Rob Stephen
President of CIGRE
All good things come to an end at some point. In my case this is my last Editorial in
Electra as President of CIGRE. I thought it prudent to re ect on my time as President
over the last four rather tumultuous years.
Allow me to explain what being President of this incredible organisation has meant
to me. I rst encountered CIGRE in the 1980’s. At the time the organisation was a bit
of a mystery. I thought when a Study Committee visited the country that it
encompassed the entire organisation. I did not realise that there were other Study
Committees, Working Groups and National Committees. I was privileged to attend a
function which was addressed by the CIGRE President. I was in awe that such a large
organisation actually had a President that had time to speak at a conference.
My rst real experience of CIGRE was in 1988 at the rst meeting of WG 22.12
dealing with thermal rating of lines. I had just completed my MSc on the topic and
was awestruck to enter a room with all the experts I had referenced in my thesis
sitting around the table. I was even more amazed that they allowed me to ask
questions and commented on my thoughts without adverse comments. This
networking ability made me realise that CIGRE was a unique organisation that was
an incredible asset to a young engineer. I undertook to get involved and support
CIGRE as much as possible as this was de nitely a “win-win” situation. As such I
became a Working Group Convener in 1992 and continued as a Convener for many
WG’s up until the present (I am now Convener of WG B2.78). I was honoured to chair
SC B2 in the early 2000’s and ful l the role of special reporter on 4 occasions. I have
also been privileged to make many friends over the years from all continents and
backgrounds.
To be nominated and elected as CIGRE President in 2016 was de nitely the highlight
of my career. It was far beyond my wildest ambition and I hope I have lived up to
your expectations.
I must state that at the time of my commencing of ce, the groundwork relating to
setting up a strong Central Of ce, sound nancials, and the base for a strategy was in
place. This was mainly due to the determined efforts of the outgoing President and
Treasurer as well as a hard working Steering Committee and Administrative Council.
The rst task was to complete the strategy document to de ne a direction of CIGRE
over next 10 years. One of the rst issues I found was that we had many “Missions
and Visions”. We also had over 20 different logos. The identity of CIGRE was
confused. The Mission and Vision was subsequently simpli ed and decided on. A
professional marketing expert was appointed who had previous experience in CIGRE.
This proved a good move and he is still actively involved in the latest initiatives
relating to digital Electra amongst other items.
As a previous member of the Administrative Council I found that the vast talent
present on the Council was perhaps underutilised. We therefore undertook to engage
the members more meaningfully with breakaway sessions at the meetings on critical

issues.
The Administrative Council were actively involved in determining the new logo and
other material. It was also decided to revamp the CIGRE website and allow NCs
access to marketing material to avoid each NC having to develop their own material
at high cost.
The logo and new identity was launched in 2018 and I am pleased to say that the NCs
have really adopted the identity and material across the world. CIGRE now has a
clear identity, vision and strategy.
The next major decision was related to the printing of Electra. The advertising in
print media decreased drastically in 2017/18 and a decision had to be made to cease
the printing of Electra and offer only the .pdf version. Again the Administrative
Council was engaged and supported the move which would save costs whilst still
allowing members’ access to the agship magazine. Simultaneously the digital
Electra project commenced which will form a digital platform where members can
click through to articles and other material seamlessly.
The move for CIGRE into Distribution has been ongoing for many years but the
perception still existed that CIGRE was a purely Transmission organisation. We
therefore undertook a campaign to reverse the perception as well as place experts in
the lower voltage technology on the study committees. The term E2E (end to end)
was coined at a breakaway of the Administrative Council and was used as the main
tagline for the advertising campaign.
Relating to nancial aspects we decided to ensure we had suf cient funds to

withstand a total cancellation of the Paris Session. We were, at the time, thinking of a
terrorist incident. The strategy proved critical in ensuring CIGRE remained
nancially viable during the Covid-19 pandemic. In addition cost cutting measures
were introduced where possible and the Central Of ce were instrumental in
removing unnecessary expenditures.
I also felt that in the past, the President was not really visible enough. As such I
undertook to travel to conferences and seminars supporting NCs where possible.
This resulted in a large number of long haul ights but very rewarding meetings with
Cigreans from around the world. Unfortunately these ights had to be stopped with
the pandemic restrictions.
I undertook to personally write editorials for Electra and the other communication
outlets. In the case of Electra I drafted a series of articles on the workings of CIGRE. I
found in my travels and with discussion with fellow Cigreans that there was a great
deal of confusion as to how CIGRE was structured and how it functioned. A large area
of confusion was the Paris Session where delegates, even after attending, may not
fully comprehend the details and workings of the session with the roles played by the
Special reporters etc. I hope that the editorials can form a compendium of
documents explaining CIGRE to members.
With the immense energy of the Marketing Committee, we expanded our

communication to members with the introduction of two additional newsletters
being the Leadership Circle and the Future Connections for CEO’s and technical
leaders respectively. The current newsletter at the time was renamed PowerTalk.
Again I felt it necessary for the President to write the editorials for the Leadership

Circle and PowerTalk with the Future Connections magazine being run by the
Technical Council Chair. We further expanded our communication channels to
include LinkedIn and Twitter. I undertook to provide “hook banners” and short
summaries of the brochures being published. I feel that the increased
communication channels has, to some extent, removed the myth that CIGRE is a
closed society run by grey haired gentlemen. There is still some work to do, however.
Just when I was looking forward to opening another Paris Session (the opportunity to
open the Session in 2018 was a major career highlight), the pandemic struck. At rst
we thought that it would be a short term event and by August it would be over and
everyone would be back to normal. In March it became clear that this may not be the
case. We also realised that should we not make a decision timeously, it may not leave
enough time for an alternate arrangement to be made. I therefore proposed on 16
March that we consider taking a decision that was not taken since World War 2. With
the analysis, discussions with the of ce bearers and then with the Steering
Committee and Technical Council, we presented the options to the Administrative
Council in early April. The decision was taken to postpone the Session to 2021 and
hold a unique “e-Session” in 2020. In retrospect this has been the correct move. The
Technical Council was incredible in mobilising resources to convert the Session to a
virtual one. Working closely with the Central Of ce, the TC has arranged an excellent
event which will no doubt bene t members and create opportunities for similar
applications in future. It continues to amaze me that CIGRE, operating with
volunteers, creates such achievements which would make many conventional
companies envious.
The main areas of focus at present is to ensure members bene t from the networking
and information sharing offered by CIGRE. This is to be achieved by Digital Electra
and continuing enhancing existing communication channels. We are also looking at
assisting NCs in obtaining new members via the now many internet channels we
have established. The initiative into Africa is also starting to realise rewards with two
new National Committees possibly being established. Moreover, under the 4.0
Industry thinking, which will bring us disruptive technological developments and
will transform the market for the electrical energy business, CIGRE will play an even
more important role than ever.

We have endured 100 years as a CIGRE community, a family, advancing power
system expertise across the globe. We endured a loss in World War 2 of seven years,
but we rose from those ashes at the well-attended 1946 Paris Session, our 25th
anniversary, to start afresh. The community endured and we will again after this
pandemic. We are now at the start of our 2nd Century, advancing
sustainable electricity for all, including those without. We thankfully undertook a
digital platform that allows CIGRE to be virtual as needed for times of pandemic. We
are advancing initiatives with our robust Next Generation Network (NGN) and our
Women in Engineering (WiE) group. We are continuing the focus on distribution
technologies (E2E).
It is with a heavy heart that I come to the end of my tenure as President. I am,
however, con dent my successor will carry CIGRE from strength to strength. I am
also con dent that the incoming of ce bearers and Steering Committee will bring a
new energy with improved initiatives for growing membership.
With my passion for CIGRE still unabated, I have gratefully accepted the role as
editor-in-chief of CIGRE Science and Engineering. The technical magazine of CIGRE,
which is now Scopus registered. Its founder and current editor is stepping down for a
well-earned rest. I have also, as mentioned previously, agreed to take on a Working
Group in SC B2. I will therefore continue to attend events where possible and
continue to meet old friends and make new friends in CIGRE.
I hope to see you at a CIGRE event in the not too distant future.

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
Operational impact of COVID-19 on

Australia’s National Energy Market
The impact of COVID-19 on the operations of the National Energy
Market (NEM) has been largely managed to date. This is thanks to the
prompt and careful actions of all our market participants, energy
consumers (both major and minor) and governments.
However, COVID-19 precipitated the need to evaluate low demand
scenarios ahead of schedule and may introduce new coordination
challenges, due to deferred outages over the usually maintenance-
heavy autumn shoulder period.
by Sorrell Grogan, Darren Spoor, Ellise Harmer, Babak

Badrzadeh
Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO)
Scenario modelling
The COVID-19 pandemic served as a catalyst for AEMO and network owners to
conduct extensive scenario modelling, create operational plans for periods of
sustained demand reduction in excess of 20%, and plans to cater for the loss of large
generating facilities. AEMO studies showed managing such outcomes would be
particularly challenging in the South Australian (SA) and Victorian regions, which are
two of the ve NEM regions AEMO operates.
In SA, operational demand is on the cusp of reaching levels that mean the minimum
active power export requirements of synchronous generators (required to remain
online to maintain suf cient system strength) cannot be met natively by the region.

Driven by world-leading distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) uptake in the state, this
“minimum demand” issue is most acute in the middle of the day during shoulder
periods, which are also the periods where the bulk of network maintenance activities
occur. In response to COVID-19, operational advice was formulated to identify
generator dispatch patterns that had the lowest possible continuous active power
export requirements, and implemented a revised generation shedding scheme,
which extended to embedded generators. Constraints were also revised to cater for
mass-disconnection of distributed PV for credible contingencies in the SA metro
region.
In Victoria, reductions in operational demand were found to compound existing

steady-state voltage control problems in the 500 kV network, whereby 500 kV lines
were taken out of service to reduce voltages from low load. This backbone network
supports the only synchronous connection to the South Australian region
(complicating the SA issue above) and connects major industrial loads to large
generation systems. The scenarios investigated showed that demand reductions of
20% would require even more 500 kV lines to be taken out of service, compromising
system resilience and potentially further degrading system strength in remote
regions. However, it also showed that the loss of a key synchronous generation
facility on the 500 kV system could be catered for during low-load conditions.
Although these issues were not a result of COVID-19, concern around the COVID-19
impacts served to bring forward the development of the extremely low-demand
scenarios, power system models and action plans required to manage such an
eventuality.
Demand changes
The most measurable metric for COVID-19’s impact in Australia’s energy operations
is the reduction in demand and a change to the demand pro le. In the National
Electricity Market, modelling of demand show an average 4% reduction for the
Queensland region, and 5% reduction for the New South Wales region (largest region
by demand) across the day on workdays. In Queensland and New South Wales,
morning peaks have also seen occasional demand reductions as high as 10% during
April and May. The regions of Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania have shown
only marginal reduction in demand to date.

The shape of the diurnal demand cycle saw a pro le change, with the morning peak
starting up to 60 minutes later in all demand regions. Given that many citizens are
now working from home, this shift is attributed to a general reduction in travel time
to workplaces and reduction in morning heating or cooling demands from
commercial businesses.
Worksite changes
A typical (and unsurprising) trend seen across the industry was to move all corporate
and non- eld staff to a working from home arrangement. This was true for the
generation, transmission and major industrial load organisations AEMO has
contacted.
Generators
Generation stations that are constantly staffed (typically large thermal units)
reported both changes to the way their site staff interacted, along with immediate
implementation of their crisis management plans. Typical changes reported
included:
Careful shift changeover management, so that staff on different shifts would never
meet;
Having “tent-cities” at the ready should the situation worsen (including
establishing a secure supply chain for staff personal needs); and
Direct monitoring of local hospital statistics to determine the trend for the
immediate geographical area.
One generation organisation even reported the creative re-purposing of their eet of
thermal cameras, usually used to nd hotspots in generator windings and tube leaks,
to check staff temperatures as they came on shift.
Thermal generators also indicated a desire not to bid their units at full capacity, but
rather to operate up to approximately 80-90% of rating, to avoid the marked
increase in plant stress that occurs at the highest output levels.
Control Rooms
Control rooms across the industry implemented similar protocols to manage the
risks from COVID-19. These initiatives included restricting access to control rooms to
only shift staff and a 14-day quarantine was typically required for anyone who had
recently travelled. Control room teams were generally split into two groups to
minimise the risk of infections spreading through the entire team. In many cases,
one of these teams worked from backup or temporary control room facilities.
A further trend seen in strategic control rooms was to “reactivate” recently retired
staff, by bringing them up to date with current operating procedures, and, where
possible, setting up remote workstations. It is understood that this arrangement has
not needed to be called upon by any organisation to date, due to the careful handling
of the situation with the mitigation methods described above.

Maintenance and outages
The most common initial response reported from network asset owners was to
proceed only with critical asset maintenance, with strict social distancing rules
enforced for eld crews. This saw pre-COVID-19 asset maintenance outage schedules
slightly increase in duration to account for the added dif culty of eld crews working
with increased physical distance and minimising contacts (e.g. number of people in
lifts, permitting arrangements, etc.). As the COVID-19 issue persisted without any
infections in eld crews, this approach was revised by most asset owners to also
include less critical but important maintenance.
In addition to lower-priority outages being reviewed and, in some cases, delayed, a

notable impact from COVID-19 has been to closely review long or complex outages.
This has been required across both the network and generator areas of the industry
to better understand the complexity of the outage and to understand where key
parts and labour are being sourced. Some generators have also taken advantage of
the benign market conditions to continue with outages and do extra work on the unit
while it is already out of service. However, several outages have been shifted to the
spring shoulder period later this year. Subsequently, AEMO has seen a marked
increase in the number of coincident high-impact outages scheduled for the second
shoulder period, comprising simultaneous generator and network outages. AEMO
has agged this as a key medium-term risk and is working closely with asset owners
to prioritise and coordinate outages ahead of the challenging Australian summer
period.
Market impact
Wholesale energy prices in the NEM saw average decreases of approximately 50%
from March to May 2020. However, attributing such decreases to the pandemic
response alone would be misleading, as prices were already low prior to domestic
pandemic restrictions. Rather, the price reduction is coincident in both timing and
proportion to low international oil prices, to which Australia’s domestic gas prices
(and hence gas-powered generation eet) are linked.
The Australian Energy Market

Operator (AEMO) performs an array of
gas and electricity market, operational,
development and planning functions. It
manages the National Electricity
Market (NEM), the Wholesale Electricity
Market (WA) (WEM) and the Victorian
gas transmission network. AEMO also
facilitates electricity and gas full retail
contestability, overseeing these retail
markets in eastern and southern
Australia. It is additionally responsible
for national transmission planning for
electricity and the establishment of a
Short Term Trading Market (STTM) for
gas.

This article is supported and reviewed by the SC C2 Chair, Susana Almeida de Graaff.

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
Rethinking power grid resilience:

experiences and lessons from the COVID-
19 pandemic
In November 2019, the rst cases of a new disease, later named
COVID-19 by the World Health Organisation, were reported by health
care workers in Wuhan, China. In December 2019, researchers from
Wuhan reported a cluster of pneumonia cases caused by a novel
coronavirus. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted since then in
severe stresses on essential services and operations of critical
infrastructures around the world. The battle against this virus
pandemic has placed and is placing tremendous pressure on
countries’ healthcare system, the economy, activities in general
society, and especially on the ability of utilities to perform their
operations and duties entrusted to them. Electricity utilities have
swiftly mobilised across the world to implement measures to support,
protect and empower their employees with reliable and accurate
information about COVID-19, while keeping the lights on for critical
essential service providers. Various measures have been taken in
order to limit exposure or spread of the virus to their employees or
public.
by Mathaios Panteli and Malcolm Van

Harte, CIGRE Working Group C4.47
“Power System Resilience“
Multi-dimensional impacts of COVID-19 on

power systems
Utility COVID-19 response and recovery plans aim to secure the health and safety
of the employees when they perform their duties:
1. Safeguard employees in a manner that does not compromise the health and safety
of either the public or the employees;

2. Provide guidance and support to all employees to ensure that they adhere to
preventive practices and lockdown regulations; and
3. Ensure that utility is operational, and duties are performed in the most ef cient
manner during this lockdown period.
As other critical sectors, electrical power systems have been greatly affected,
threatening not only their operation and maintenance activities, but also their
longer-term sustainability. Drastic measures to contain the spread of this virus
pandemic, such as home-working and partial or total shutdown of commercial and
industrial activities, have led to signi cant reductions in electricity demand,
reaching even 20% in the most severely affected countries. Signi cant reductions
are also seen in electricity prices, leading to cascading impacts at the revenue of
generation companies. Severely affected customers can be in a very dif cult position
to pay their bills, further worsening the situation of electricity companies. As this is
an unforeseen situation, the uncertainty in demand projections and daily electricity
use challenge even the most reliable forecasting tools, creating various issues in
both planning and operation strategies. The reduction in load has led to curtailment
of renewable generation and several coal units being place in reserves. In certain
countries, the reduction in baseload allowed an increase in the maintenance of
generators.
Staff shortages and complexities in organizational decision-making and prioritization

of tasks during such large-scale crises result in delays to both planned maintenance
and emergency repair. Network operators and reliability coordinators are reacting to
this by urgently bringing back to service planned outages for maintenance or
postponing planned outages to boost the network and generation capacity of the
system, while might as well be compromising its reliability and resilience.
Furthermore, the disruptions in the supply chains have many interdependent
effects, such as refuelling bulk generation plants, performing maintenance or
commissioning of plant, which may negatively affect continuity of supply. In addition,
the restriction measures imposed by countries due to COVID-19 would make the
response to a major disturbance (e.g., driven by an extreme weather event)
challenging and may signi cantly increase the risk exposure leading to a
deterioration of the reliability and resilience of electricity supply. This COVID-19
pandemic strains the capability of the emergency response agencies, utilities and
operators; resulting in an inability to contain the impact and respond in a co-
ordinated manner.
Are infrastructure and operational resilience

enough?
The CIGRE Working Group (WG) C4.47 “Power System Resilience“ has formulated a
de nition of resilience that captures and re ects the behaviour and response of a
power system exposed to severe stress and extreme events. The CIGRE WG C4.47
de ned resilience as “the ability to limit the extent, severity, and duration of system
degradation following an extreme event.” This de nition is achieved through a set of
key actionable measures to be taken before (anticipation and preparation), during
(absorption) and after (sustainment of critical system operations, rapid recovery and
adaptation) the event. These actionable measures could only be achieved by well-
planned, executed interventions to preserve and enhance power system resilience at
all phases of extreme events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic that is being
experienced worldwide.

This de nition, as the more generic understanding and interpretation of resilience in
the wider power system community (at least in the pre-COVID-19 era), has been
mainly related to infrastructure resilience, referring to the physical strength and
robustness of the system to withstand the impacts of an event, and to operational
resilience, referring to the operational strength of the system to ensure
uninterrupted supply to customers and the rapid and exible restoration. However,
this pandemic has clearly demonstrated that business continuity is as important
(many will argue even more important) as infrastructure and operational resilience.
Having in place ef cient pandemic planning ensures the secure and uninterrupted
continuity of the key functionalities, helping the network operator to ride through the
crisis and keep the lights on at a 24/7 basis.
This emphasizes the need to consider organizational resilience as a key dimension of

power system resilience if we were to effectively respond to such large-scale crises
as the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak. In terms of COVID-19 response efforts,
organizational resilience is essential in having key staff available, and in swiftly
mobilising measures to support, protect and empower this staff to sustain rapid
response and recovery and limit exposure to the virus. Such provision is imperative
to ensure the smooth, safe and secure execution of operations, maintenance and
construction activities to ensure electricity provision.
Hence, the CIGRE WG C4.47 is proposing to expand the de nition to include these
important aspects and provide a more holistic approach of the de nition of power
system resilience, namely organizational, infrastructure and operational.
Expanding the de nition and recognizing the importance of organizational resilience

as a key element in surviving a crisis that does not directly and physically affect or
stress the assets of the infrastructure but the underlying mechanisms and strategies
keeping the infrastructure together, is a fundamental step towards achieving the
three essential capabilities of a resilient system, namely absorptive, adaptive and
restorative capacities.
Looking ahead to a more resilient future

It is important to keep in mind that a hazard does not develop to a disaster if the
appropriate measures are in place and rapidly activated. However, this is only
possible through effective multi-discipline management and strategic planning over
the years to predict and effectively manage the impacts of disruptive incidents to the
continuity of mission critical operations. This requires risk-averse or risk informed
decision-making and proactive rather than reactive thinking to develop holistic
resilience enhancement frameworks, which would proactively enhance the
infrastructure, operational and organisational resilience to be able to withstand and
rapidly recover form large-scale, disruptive incidents.
The coronavirus pandemic is testing the leadership in every sector around the world
and its consequences could last for longer and present greater dif culties than
anyone anticipates. These challenge calls for a conscious and resilient leadership
through COVID-19 lessons learnt. However, the industry is rising to the challenge, co-
ordinating effectively with government partners and taking aggressive steps to
confront these threats to the reliability and resilience of the power system.

Safety measures have been instituted to safeguard utility employees, contractors,
and the public at all times from infections. Electricity utility’s contribution to the
COVID-19 ght is to sustain electricity provision, especially to critical and essential
sites, and to residents under the national lockdown period. When returning back to
workplace, utilities must have COVID-19 risk assessments and plans in place and
must conduct worker education on COVID-19 protection measures. These safety
measures must be monitored to ensure that compliance and effectiveness with the
safety protocols and identi cation of new infections among employees.
Although the wider electricity industry has reacted quickly and ef ciently to this
threat without any major problems so far, it is becoming increasingly imperative to
develop a more in-depth understanding of the impacts of such events on the
operation and planning of a power system, market mechanisms and business
continuity. Such an understanding would help put in place those measures that
would provide the exibility and absorptive capacity to deal with similar events in
the future. As these impacts are multi-dimensional and propagate across different
interdependent infrastructures, collective response from organizations and
stakeholders across multiple sectors (moving away from in silo planning and
operation) is of paramount importance for building resilient and sustainable
infrastructures and business continuity mechanisms.

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
Utility 3.0: Japan’s Utility of the Future

Five megatrends (5Ds) will bring about changes to the Japanese
power/energy business. These changes are inevitable and
irreversible. We call them the 5Ds and they are: Deregulation,
Decentralization, Decarbonization, Digitalization and Depopulation.
Depopulation is the trend that Japan will likely face earlier than the
rest of the world, while the other 4Ds are global megatrends.
by Dr. Hiroshi Okamoto, EVP, TEPCO Power Grid Inc.
Transition of the electricity business (utility

X.0)
The electricity business has existed for over a century. During that time, it
transitioned from Utility 1.0 to Utility 2.0.
Utility 1.0 was the mainstream business model until about 20 years ago. It pursues
the economies of scale via a legal monopoly and has supported vigorous economic
growth – as in many countries - due to aggressive investment.
When the economy shifted to low growth, Utility 1.0 shifted to Utility 2.0. The
facilities tend to be surplus under the legal monopoly, so have been switched to an
ef ciency model based on market principles.
During Utility 1.0, the entire electric power system was thought to be a singular
monopoly. To allow for fair competition in the wholesale and retail businesses during
Utility 2.0, we unbundled the transmission and distribution businesses to ensure
competitive neutrality. Japan is now at this stage.
Utility 2.0 is not the nal stage. Electricity businesses will shift to Utility 3.0 driven
by the 5Ds. During that process we will experience (1) technology shifts from
centralized to decentralized systems accelerating electri cation of
transportation/heat and (2) new integration to improve productivity and create new
value.
What are 5DS?
Decentralization

Exponential price declines are taking place in distributed energy resources
(DERs[1]). DERs are 1) CO2 free, 2) zero marginal cost, and 3) not dispatchable. PV and
EV combined with energy storage are shown as the next technologies that will enter
the market. The ‘tipping point’ will occur at some time before 2050.
Decarbonization
Based on the Paris Agreement, many countries have set targets to signi cantly
reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 2050 (e.g. net-zero emission or 80% reduction).
The Japanese government has stated that, ‘as a long-term goal, we aim to reduce
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 80% by 2050’, in the Global Warming
Countermeasure Plan (May 2016 Cabinet decision).
Deregulation
Deregulation has brought a shift from Utility 1.0 to Utility 2.0. Now, decentralization
is calling for changes in deregulation.
Conventional power plants were able to provide energy (kWh), capacity (kW), and
exibility (DkW – lling the gaps between supply and demand) simultaneously
through the wholesale market. Renewable resources such as PV and windfarms have
zero marginal costs and but not dispatchable. DERs can supply energy cheaply, but
their ability to provide capacity and exibility are limited unless a massive number
of diversi ed energy devices are used in a coordinated manner.
We need re-powering of the power market so that every customer and every energy
device can participate in the energy marketplace. This means democratization of the
energy marketplace beyond deregulation.
Digitalization
Digitalization is a trend seen in the entire economy, including the energy eld. Many
‘things’ loaded with sensors are connected to the Internet, and business is rede ned
through the interaction and convergence between the digital and physical world.
A business that provides ‘things’ will transform into a business that provides a value-
added user experiences (UX) by utilizing ‘connected things’ as interfaces. Prices for
various technologies declined rapidly. This leads to enhanced connectivity and
digitalization which accelerates the move of enterprises to the ‘X-as-a-Service’
business model utilizing data obtained from sensors.
Depopulation
The total population of Japan is predicted to decrease 20% by 2050. In addition, the
non-urban population is expected to be reduced to less than half in 60% of the
country, primarily in the countryside.

All infrastructure services will face sustainability challenges in Japan’s countryside,
including power, gas, telecommunications, logistics, public transportation, water
supply, road/bridges, and medical services.
What do the 5DS bring?
Electri cation is the key

Exponential DER penetration due to price limitations means that electricity will have
a competitive advantage against other energy sources. Decentralization will
inevitably promote electri cation. Since DER is CO2 free, the high carbon prices that
decarbonization brings will also promote electri cation.
TEPCO Holdings conducted a preliminary simulation-based study of the long-term

energy portfolio in Japan through optimization of the suppy and the demand sides
considering the DER price drop and GHG emission restrictions.
As seen in Fig.1, the sector-coupling by expansion of renewable energy integration

and electri cation on the demand side (heat / transportation) will have progressed
and CO2 reduction of 80% will be achieved in 2050.
As fossil energy consumption will decrease sharply, the overall cost to the consumer
will decrease due to the combined effect of cost reduction and renewable energy
expansion. This has the potential to be 40 trillion yen per year in 2050, which is
more than 10 trillion yen below 53 trillion yen in 2030.
This simulation does not consider capital investment related to grid enhancement
and initial cost for electri cation. However, it shows that the bene ts may be able to
recover the investment in grid and electri cation. In addition, an electri ed heating
process will improve the manufacturing productivity, product quality control, and
the working environment.

From this preliminary study, we obtained the following observations on the future
utility’s role:
1. Renewable energy alone cannot keep up with Japan's increasing electricity

demand due to electri cation, and it is necessary to build a portfolio of carbon-
neutral power sources including next-generation nuclear power, CCS, and on-
demand gas to power.
2. As shown in Fig. 2, we need to invest in a balance between the inter-regional
transmission grids of the regions which have a huge surplus of renewable energy
and who might share with those which have a shortage of renewable energy.
3. Fig. 3 shows that pumped storage and EV batteries will be key players for
providing exibility required for the huge amount of intermittent DER integration.
It will be important to create a mechanism that can utilise a massive number of EV
storage batteries to respond to a demand-supply gap during power system grid
congestions.
4. As shown in Fig. 3, even in the peak season, we will see over-generation during the
daytime and control of DER is indispensable. On the other hand, conventional
power generation is required for backup when renewable energy generation is
insuf cient.

Towards integrated infrastructures
Focusing on the creation of value in the community where depopulation is
progressing, network infrastructure operators will cooperate to form a consortium
and become a new public service provider, namely Utility 3.0.
Since a large amount of EVs and drones will become mobile storage batteries, the
interdependence between the transportation network and the power grid will be
strengthened. In addition, in order to develop a massive number of base stations for
next-generation wireless communications, it will be necessary to share
infrastructure such as transmission towers and poles.

Therefore, it is important to share these network infrastructures with each other and
to consider the optimization of their layout so that we will be able to minimize the
total amount of infrastructure in the community.
In order to respond to the future decrease in the number of maintenance personnel,

it is effective to share digital solutions such as automated drones and EVs for smart
maintenance, and maintenance personnel. Furthermore, by sharing various data
including energy usage, it will be possible to provide new value and services to local
customers.
Conclusions
As mentioned in this article, the utility’s future role is expected to increase. In order
to solve social issues facing communities, such as improving energy resilience and
decarbonization, it is necessary to collaborate with many other infrastructure owners
and service providers. Utility 3.0 will continue to contribute to the sustainable
development of society as an integrated infrastructure service provider.
References
S. Takeuchi, T. Ito, H. Okamoto, and N. Toda, (2017): Energy industry in 2050 -
Game change to Utility3.0, written in Japanese.
IEA (2017): Digitalization & Energy.
WEF (World Economic Forum) (2017): The Future of Electricity: New Technologies
Transforming the Grid Edge.
[1] In this article, DER means renewable resources such as PV and wind power.

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
Q&A with Andrey Murov

First Deputy General Director – Executive Director, Rosseti PJSC, and
Chairman of the Russian National Committee of CIGRE
1) What are the key tasks for the development of

transmission grids and the Russian energy sector as a
whole necessary to ensure sustainable power supply to
consumers?
T oday, Russia is witnessing implementation of multiple macroprojects aimed at
promoting social and economic growth of the regions, launching new mining and
processing enterprises, increasing the throughput capacity of the North-South and
West-East international transport corridors, including the Trans-Siberian and Baikal-
Amur railways. To address these issues, the government has developed a
comprehensive plan for upgrading and expanding the infrastructure. As Rosseti FGC
UES (the Federal Grid Company – part of Rosseti Group) makes a substantial
contribution to this campaign, this is our absolute priority for the upcoming years.
Eventually, we are determined to ensure the guaranteed supply of affordable
electricity to consumers.
We have already completed some of the projects. For example, in 2019, we

commissioned two new power hubs in Eastern Siberia making it possible to close the
3.3 thousand km long energy ring. The project involved energy, industrial and

transport companies. Thus, Rosseti FGC UES commissioned a total of 918 MVA of
capacity and 791 km of transmission lines. All these efforts provided favorable
conditions for the development of regions, launch of new petrochemical, gold mining
and gas production facilities, as well as enabled improving the reliability of power
supply to railway facilities and the Eastern Siberia–Paci c Ocean oil export pipeline.
Like many other countries, Russia is becoming increasingly environmentally

conscious, which stimulates the development of renewable energy generation and
related technologies. These processes have not changed the market very much so far,
but still there is some progress that cannot be ignored. Speci cally, within the
previous investment cycle, Rosseti FGC UES focused on building a network
infrastructure for the delivery of power from thermal, nuclear and hydroelectric
power plants, whereas our plans for the next ve years include many projects related
to connecting renewable energy facilities to backbone grids in various regions up to
the Far North.
We are committed to securing reliable power supply and optimizing costs, which
allows us to keep our services competitive. Digital transformation is the key element
of our strategy. We expect it to pay off in the short run by improving the quality of
electricity supply while reducing the operating costs. In this area, as far as
transmission grids are concerned, our priority is to increase the proportion of low-
maintenance, yet resilient digital energy facilities. By 2025, we plan to implement
more than 30 complex digital projects (substations) and bring over 100 substations
under remote control. By then, the infrastructure of the Uni ed National Power Grid
will be 100% digitally accessible, and all energy facilities will be monitored remotely
from single control centers.
In addition, we have a number of initiatives to reduce the environmental impact of

the fuel and energy complex. One of them is the “Energy-Ef cient Substation” project
that we have developed and are now introducing. It provides for the implementation
of technical solutions that will enable reducing internal energy consumption up to
50% at the existing energy facilities.
2) Looking into the future, how do you see the industry in

the mid-century? What new technologies do you think will
be used?
As I have already said, today we see the prerequisites for a change in the structure of
generation, such as the lowering cost of energy from renewable sources, and the new
emerging class of consumer producers, prosumers, who themselves become part of
generating capacities. The emergence of effective energy storage systems will
further enhance these processes.
This raises a question: what will happen to centralized power supply systems? Are
they likely to ‘scatter’ into dozens or even hundreds of microsystems that are ‘bound’
to speci c consumers?
I don’t think that such a scenario would be the best option for Russia, a vast and
geographically diverse country with a robust nuclear and hydro power generation,
and numerous energy consumers of epic proportions, such as megacities, industrial
clusters, and transport hubs. A compromise development model is most likely to be
worked out, with the new generation models and accumulation systems phased into

the existing power supply system wherever reasonable. This process can be
optimized by introducing smart meters, digitalizing power management systems,
and boosting the capacity of communication channels.
3) What about your human resources strategy? Any

changes?
We have always considered professional development to be one of the top priorities.
Today, its importance is greater than ever, because there’s a growing need for
multidisciplinary specialists, I mean, power engineers, who also possess expertise in
IT, communications, cybersecurity, and a good command of foreign languages to
adopt the world’s cutting-edge practices.
The company has been developing new training programs and upgrading its own
training facilities to keep pace with the latest digital technologies and equipment.
Besides, we offer our employees retraining courses to acquire new professional
competencies.
Moreover, we have been willingly taking part in staff training for the future energy
industry, while enhancing the cooperation with other energy companies, universities
and the international industry community. The Rosseti company teams up with
industry-speci c universities and colleges to design the new and update the existing
curriculums, as well as to arrange training labs and digital equipment testing
facilities. We give much emphasis to engaging undergraduates and postgraduates in
research activities, and to carrying out the Young Professional program allowing the
young talents to harness their potential, together with RNC CIGRE Youth Section.
4) How can CIGRE contribute?

The main advantage of participating in the CIGRE activities is making the
international expertise and mechanisms for forming the power industry regulatory
framework accessible to Russian specialists. By scaling up scienti c and technical
collaboration, we more than strengthen the reliability and add to the ef ciency of
national energy sector – we open up new opportunities for international cooperation.
To illustrate the point, we have the agreements signed on the sidelines of the 47th
CIGRE Session: on the transfer of innovative technologies from Russia to India and
Portugal; on the implementation of joint projects with our partners in the United
States and the Netherlands; on cooperation with our Chinese colleagues in the eld
of certi cation of product compliance with IEC and other regulatory documents.
Besides, as I have already noted, we have been keenly engaged in the RNC CIGRE
Youth Section activities. This is where Russia plays a leading role, by having
arranged the world's largest agenda of youth events that involved about 7 thousand
people in 2019 alone. Apart from enthusiastic participation in global scienti c
cooperation, the young bloods of Russian power engineers become inspired
protagonists of the new ideas in international projects. This paves a promising way
for the industry to keep evolving further, well into the future.
About Rosseti FGC UES

Rosseti is one of the world’s largest
power transmission system operators. It
runs 2.37 mn km of power lines, 517
thousand substations with a total
transformer capacity of over 802 GVA.
In 2019, the company supplied 763 bn
kWh of usable energy to end consumers.
Rosseti is the parent company of 88

subsidiaries that are active in 80
regions of Russia. The group
incorporates, among others, Rosseti FGC
UES that operates a transmission
system comprising 148.3 thousand km
of power lines, 951 substations with a
total capacity of 352.9 GVA.
About Andrey Murov

Doctor of Economics, Andrey Murov began his career in the electric power industry in
2012 as Deputy General Director of IDGC Holding JSC (currently Rosseti PJSC).
Previously, he worked in telecommunications and pharmaceutical industries. For a
few years, he was in charge of one of the Russia’s largest international airports,
Pulkovo in St. Petersburg. In 2013, Andrey Murov took over as Chairman of the
Management Board of FGC UES, PJSC and in 2015 he headed the Russian National
Committee of CIGRE.
In 2020, Andrey Murov was appointed to the post of First Deputy General Director –
Executive Director of Rosseti PJSC. Within his new métier, he coordinates the
holding’s operations, including those of Rosseti FGC UES.

GLOBAL CONNECTIONS
Hydrogen, Power to Gas (P2G) and Gas to

Power (G2P): Interesting technologies
which need additional R&D and analyses
within a system approach
The current use of wind and photovoltaic generation pose several
challenges to their increasingly strong penetration. The use of energy
resources that do not generate CO2 emissions is becoming
increasingly important. The idea of green hydrogen, produced by
electrolyzers fed with electricity from renewable sources, which by
burning generates water, is more compelling today considering the
new needs of the electrical power systems with the explosion of wind
and solar generation, taking care of its possible multi-sector uses as
well.
by Alessandro Clerici, Honorary Chairman WEC Italy, IEEE Life Fellow
Hydrogen was discussed a great deal in the session “Hydrogen: Bridging sectors
and regions” as part of the September 2019 World Energy Congress in Abu Dhabi. [1]
The great technological potential of hydrogen has clearly emerged (Figure 1 [2]), both
to replace fossil fuels in current hydrogen production (and here the emphasis has
been on electrolysis) and for the use of hydrogen instead of fossil fuels in various

domestic, transport and industrial energy uses. Hydrogen for storage of electricity
has also been highlighted and its possible use as feedstock to produce synthetic
methane.
Current and future scenarios of production and

consumption of H2
The data presented in Abu Dhabi showed current annual H2 production values
ranging from 80 to 110 million tons; something more than 40% comes from methane
(STM process, Steam Methane Recovery), 30% from hydrocarbons, 18% from coal
and only about 4% from water electrolysis. Current production involves signi cant
emission of greenhouse gases (with the STM process, 1 kg of hydrogen corresponds
to 8 – 9 kg of CO2) and is therefore referred to as “black hydrogen.”
From IRENA data, 33% of hydrogen is now used in re neries, 27% in ammonia
manufacturing, 10% to produce methanol, 4% in steel and the remaining in various
industrial processes [3]. The future use of hydrogen varies with the Hydrogen Council
estimating an increase of 5.5 times by 2050 with IRENA estimating a little more than
doubling. The shares in end-use sectors are quite different: IRENA considers 66%
industry, 20% buildings and 14% transport while Hydrogen Council sees 45%
industry, 29% transport,14% buildings and 12% power generation (not considered
by IRENA)
To achieve a strong demand for green hydrogen, the following key factors emerged in
the presentations and discussions for a production concentrated on electrolysis: a
low cost of producing electricity from "close" and dedicated renewable sources, the
investment cost (CAPEX) of electrolyzes and their lifespan, the hours of annual use
(not so high in many locations due to photovoltaic or wind plants). and the costs of
O&M. including spare parts which do not seem negligible in some cases.
The cost of the current “black hydrogen” assessed at site of production, is in the
range of 1.25 - 2.5 $/kg. The present cost of “green hydrogen” produced by
renewables according to Hydrogen Europe around 7.8 €/kg.
IRENA assumes that in 2050 hydrogen at the exit of the electrolyzer would cost 1.4
$/kg with the following assumptions; CAPEX of electrolysis plant at 200 $/kW and
cost of electricity of 20 $/MWh with renewables load factor of 4,200 hours per year
(combined values for electricity dif cult to be considered for Central and Western
Europe).
Hydrogen Europe is predicting a cost of hydrogen in Germany at around 3 €/kg in the

mid-2030s, with a CAPEX of electrolyzer more than halved to 500 €/kW (present
value), ef ciency 66% with 100 MW electrolyzers and 50 €/MWh for renewable
energy (offshore wind with load factor of 4,500 hours per year).
Considerations on power to gas and gas to

power
The three main alternatives for use of hydrogen at present with priority of
involvement are all starting with the production of green hydrogen via electrolysis of
water and they are:

1. Direct use of hydrogen for a variety of applications and possible
storage/reconversion to electricity.
2. Hydrogen as feedstock with CO2 to produce methane (according to the exothermic
reaction 𝐶𝑂2 + 4𝐻2 → 𝐶𝐻4 + 2 𝐻20 + heat) with all the present well known and
reliable facilities for CH4 transportation/distribution/utilization and electricity
generation, and
3. Hydrogen to add CH4 content to bio-methane transforming its CO2 and CO by
products to methane with H2.
All are clearly dependent on the cost of H2 production and for B) and C) for
transportation to the “factory“ for production of methane if not coincident with the
electrolyzer facility.
Conclusion
The relatively low cost of black hydrogen is inhibiting the widespread development
of green hydrogen. To lower the price of the green H2 from electrolysis a drastic
reduction in the costs of electrolyzers and the production of renewable electricity
with an increase in its equivalent operating hours (load factor) is required.
The direct transformation of H2 to electricity, assuming in the medium term cost at 3

€/kg, with a transformation into electricity with ef ciency of around 50%, the pure
fuel costs results are 180 €/MWh (to which capital charges and O&M costs of a GTP
plant tailor made for H2 use must be added taking care the utilization factor). This is
compared to around 25 €/MWh for the component of fuel cost in EU in a natural gas
CCGT plant (to which capital charges and O&M costs of a conventional and well
experienced plant must be added taking care the utilization factor).
Considering the low speci c energy content of H2 per liter with respect to CH4 (less
than 1/3) both in the gaseous and liquid state (apart from safety standards), the
transportation of hydrogen is more expensive with respect to methane. The
transportation of H2 in the liquid state (-253°C) would require about 1/3 of the
energy contained in 1 kg of hydrogen for liquefaction alone and the energy needed to
keep the low temperature.
A 5% in volume blending of H2 with CH4 in existing pipelines provides an energy

content per unit volume of around 1.6% with a reduction of 3.4% in the calori c
value of the mixture, and an extreme blending of 20% (6.5% in energy), this would
reduce the energy content of the mixture of 13.5% (with impossibility of
interconnection of the speci c pipeline in the gas grid). This blending does not
appear a strategic choice.
More technical and economic analysis is required with long term experiments to
predict the best option between massive sectorial use of H2 and a spread use of
synthetic methane from H2 as a feedstock with CO2 and making use of present gas
infrastructures. It is recommended we proceed thoughfully.
Note
This article is an extended version and translation into English of the Italian paper of
A.Clerici: “Idrogeno, tecnologia interessante ma adelante con juicio” published by
Nuova Energia Vol 1-2020

[1] (a) A.Clerici:”Energy transition with holistic, pragmatic and sustainable
approaches. PART 1: Global energy resources and outstanding development of wind
and solar” - No.304 - June 2019 ELECTRA (b) A.Clerici:”Energy transition with
holistic, pragmatic and sustainable approaches. PART 2: Challenges for integration in
electricity systems of variable renewable energy resources” - No.305 - August 2019
ELECTRA
[2] Manuel Kuehn, Siemens UAE: ”Hydrogen – Bridging Sectors and Regions” - Paper
presented at the “Hydrogen: Bridging Sectors and Regions” event in Abu Dhabi 20
September 2019 during 24th World Energy Congress
[3] Asami Miketa, IRENA: ”Hydrogen from Renewable Power Technology Outlook for
the Energy Transition” - Paper presented at the “Hydrogen: Bridging Sectors and
Regions” event in Abu Dhabi 20 September 2019 during 24th World Energy Congress

The creation of CIGRE
A century ago, as if history were repeating itself, the world was
battling the Spanish Flu pandemic, but European nations were also
recovering from the damages caused by World War I.
T he economic situation in the post-World War I period was still dif cult for the
electricity industry in 1920-1921. The development of energy transmission was seen
as a way to reduce local shortages and, in Western Europe, the years 1920 and 1921
were exceptionally dry years so the supply from several hydraulic regions was
severely affected. ‘High voltage’ technology was already advancing enough to allow
connections over quite long distances, and technology was progressing rapidly: 120
kV was quite developed in Europe, 132 kV and 150 kV were developed in America,
and California was planning a switch up to 220 kV.
The strengthened post-war union between the European Allies and the United States
fostered a more open eld of cooperation on many issues, notably electri cation and
electrical engineering, was extended.
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) – established in 1906 and with

clearly de ned objectives – had a speci c role to play but many believed a different
organization, more clearly on electrical transmission, was needed but
complementary to IEC. This new organization to study electrical transmission was
clearly set in the context of a new economic and technological governance.
There were three prime factors leading to the creation of a new organization. The
rst factor was clearly related to the international cooperation presented above.
The second factor was the shortage of equipment and facilities, or even energy, in the
post-war economic situation. Many localized power stations were damaged or
destroyed during the war, or inoperable due to a lack of maintenance. The theory was
that it would be faster and more ef cient to develop regional transmission networks
than build new power stations.
However, the third and most important factor was probably the necessity of a
resolutely systemic approach to power systems, their technological development
and their economy, in the original sense of the term.
The interconnection of previously separate networks was conceivable though there

was concern over dif culties that might arise in the simultaneous operation of
multiple generators. Controlling and adjusting what was then considered very
extensive interconnections was the biggest concern. Not only were basic theories
still insuf cient to clearly shed light on these complex questions, but very little had
been published on the subject during the war.
Thus, in 1921, the wish was to develop an experienced and professional community
dealing with networks and systems as a whole. The new organization was to include
industrial, entrepreneurial, and economic aspects, as well as the socio-cultural
repercussions of the expansion of electricity.

In late 1920, Mr. Bauer, Director of the Société Suisse pour le Transport et la
Distribution de l’Electricité in Berne, met in Paris with René Legouez, Chairman of
the Union des Syndicats de l’Electricité (USE). Both men believed the pooling of ideas
and experience would aid the growth of interconnections.
The IEC had, by this time, succeeded in setting up an international system of

electrical units. The IEC had sponsored several previous electricity congresses so it
was a natural move for M. Bauer and René Legouez to turn to the IEC President, who,
at the time, was Mr. C.O. Mailloux, from the United States.
C.O. Mailloux, and Charles Le Maistre, IEC Secretary General, recommended the
formation of a specialised body of a technical, scienti c, and applied technology
character. Like the IEC, the new body was to be open to electrical engineering
teachers and researchers and network operators, manufacturers, and entrepreneurs.
Their desire was to have a somewhat ‘private club’ character and it was not to
directly question or challenge governments, nor spill over into the of cial area of
regulations.
The contacts established in various countries con rmed these aims and led to the
organization of the rst conference in Paris in the Autumn of 1921. This meeting was
considered as the inaugural conference of a new international electrical engineering
organization. Jean Tribot-Laspière, who was then Secretary General of USE, was
entrusted with the practical organization of this rst conference, and also, more
generally, with the study and de nition of the conference’s administrative structure.
He was assisted by the Delegate General of the Syndicat des Producteurs
Distributeurs d’Electricité, Emile Brylinski, for his in-depth knowledge of technical
issues.
The birth of CIGRE - Paris International

Congress in November 1921
USE of France took charge of organising this rst Congress called Conférence
Internationale des Grands Réseaux Électriques à Haute Tension - International
Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems (CIGRE), under the impetus of its
President René Legouez and its Secretary General Jean Tribot-Laspière. It is
noteworthy that all the illustrious technicians of electric energy from the attending
countries were present at the Paris Congress. They represented the “elite” of the
world’s electrical engineers, as shown by the historic photograph of the participants
posing for posterity.

231 high voltage electrical engineers and technicians, 167 of whom were from
France and 64 participants from eleven other countries (Belgium, Denmark, Spain,
United States, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan, Norway, Netherlands, Sweden and
Switzerland) met from November 21 – 28, 1921 at 7 Rue de Madrid, where the USE’s
headquarters were located at the time. At the opening ceremony, C.O. Mailloux and A.
Blondel (France) were appointed Honorary Presidents, while R. Legouez was
appointed President and J. Tribot-Laspière Secretary General of the conference.
Having been founded under the auspices of the IEC, CIGRE adopted two languages
from its creation: English and French.
Two major features of CIGRE were established from the outset:
It would be organised as biennial Sessions, which were its fundamental raison

d’être and its core activities; the Sessions were to always be held in the same city:
Paris, the City of Light.
The vital relations between CIGRE and the IEC were of cially de ned by the
following resolution at the end of this founding Session in November 1921:
“CIGRE: Considering that its work is of a nature that provides

very interesting and useful indications to the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for its standardisation work
and for facilitating this work, asks the Secretary General of the
Conference to forward the result of its works to the IEC”.
Therefore, the major link with the IEC remained one of CIGRE’s natural functions.

With this “club” of pioneers, CIGRE aimed to provide an international setting for the
discussion and the study of technical questions concerning the generation,
transmission and distribution of electric energy and to disseminate the progress
made by experts from all over the world in these elds. Concretely, the Conference
enabled renowned specialists to meet in order to address questions and problems in
the following areas:
1. The manufacture of machines for the generation, transformation and interruption

of electric current;
2. The design, construction and the maintenance of overhead and underground
lines;
3. The operation, protection and interconnection of transmission systems.

André-Marie Ampère and the two hundred
years of electrodynamics
by Philippe Ponchon, SEE and SAAMA, Georges Delorme, SEE

and SAAMA, Bernard Pallandre, SAAMA, Curator of the
Electricity Museum
Electrodynamics discovery
On September 18, 1820, the French scientist André-Marie Ampère presented his
rst re ections on the equivalence between magnets and currents at the Paris
Academy of Sciences.
This intervention followed the reproduction in front of this same academy, a week
earlier, of the Danish scientist Hans Christian Oersted’s famous experiment during
which the compass needle de ected when approaching a conducting wire connected
to a Volta-type battery. At the time there was still no discussion of ‘electric current’
and it was André-Marie Ampère who rst clearly distinguished between the notions
of current and voltage.
While Oersted was content to observe the phenomenon, Ampère devoted all of his
time and energy between 1820 and 1826 to the experimental demonstration of his
intuitions and mathematical electrodynamics modelling; at least all the time he had
considering professional duties as Professor of Analysis at the Ecole Polytechnique
de Paris and the university’s General Inspector, as well as his family and his health
permitted.
André-Marie develops incredibly ingenious experiments. He invented several

devices of magnetized needles (called astatic needles) that could cancel the
in uence of terrestrial magnetism, allowing him to show that the interaction force
due to the current is perpendicular to the conducting wire in the absence of
terrestrial magnetic eld. It highlights the forces of attraction between two
conductors carrying currents in the same direction and the forces of repulsion when
carried by currents in opposite directions.

He de ned the conventional direction of the current outside the battery and
invented the observer's rule on the wire to predict the magnetic needle’s direction of
de ection, now known as the "man-of-Ampere" rule.

It showed that turns, spirals, and helixes of conducting wire connected to a battery
behaved exactly like magnets, orienting themselves in the earth's magnetic eld and
attracting or repelling each other. This con rmed his intuition of the unity between
magnetic phenomena and electric currents. He attributed the existence of magnetic
phenomena to the existence of currents inside magnets, including terrestrial
magnetism. The foundations of electromagnetism had been laid. By placing, with the
physicist Arago, a soft iron core in the centre of a helix, which he baptised solenoid,
he invented the temporary magnetisation that is the basis for the electromagnet. It
rotated a permanent magnet through which a current would ow pre guring the
electric motor.

Ampère, a great mathematician, de ned the mathematical expression of the force
between two elementary parts of conductors and deduced the force between
macroscopic conductors in many arrangements.
In 1881, the rst international congress of electricians held in Paris honoured

Ampère by naming ‘Ampère’ the international unit of electric current. In November
2018, at the 26th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM), the Ampere
was con rmed as the unit of electric current and one of the seven fundamental units
of the international system. Its de nition has changed and is now based, as with all
other fundamental units, on universal constants. After having been, until May 20,
2019, based on the electrodynamic forces between conductors, the Ampere is now
distinctly de ned from the de nition of the elementary charge of one electron and
the second. This new de nition makes it possible to implement new realization
methods, including quantum technologies, and to achieve accuracies approximately
10 times more precise.

The new Ampere de ntion

This de nition is written: e = 1,602 176 634 x 10–19 A s.
As a result, one Ampere is the electric current corresponding to the ow of 1/(1,602

176 634 x 10–19) elementary charges per second.
But if the Ampere unit is universally known and used daily, who knows the man
Ampere?
L’homme Ampère
Ampère was born in 1775 into a bourgeois family from Lyon (France). His father
worked in the silk trade. An erudite follower of Rousseau's ideas on education, he
educated André-Marie in complete freedom, without school or tutor. In 1782, the

family settled in the countryside in the Poleymieux estate on the Mont d'Or, about
ten kilometres from Lyon.
Ampère took advantage of his father's library, in particular the Encyclopaedia of

Diderot and Alembert, to acquire all the knowledge of the time.
His curiosity, his exceptional memory, and his gift for mathematics allowed him to
become a teacher of physics, chemistry, and mathematics without ever having gone
to school! Appointed to the Ecole Centrale de Bourg en Bresse in 1802, then in 1803
to the Lycée de Lyon, he became a teacher of mathematics at the Ecole
Polytechnique in Paris in 1804, and nally professor at the Collège de France in
1824. He was also Inspector General of Education until his death in Marseilles in
1836 during an inspection tour.
André-Marie's youth, free, happy, and carefree, had ended however in 1793 with the
death of his father. When he became justice of the peace in Lyon, he was guillotined,
a victim of the Terror.
This misfortune was followed by the premature death of his wife in 1803, shortly
after the birth of their child Jean-Jacques. Afterwards, and until his death in 1836,
André-Marie's sentimental life was a succession of misfortunes, overcome by his
friendly relations, both in Lyon and Paris, a deep spirituality, and an intense
philosophical and scienti c intellectual activity.
In addition to his work as a teacher and his work in mathematics, he was passionate
about philosophy until his last day, with the un nished project of establishing an
orderly classi cation of all knowledge, literary, philosophical, and scienti c. For this
purpose he created new terms, such as ethnology, cybernetics, kinematics,
solenoid,...
A renowned mathematician, but an enlightened amateur of chemistry, from 1804 to

1814, he contributed to the discovery of the simple elements (chlorine, uorine, etc.),
as well as to the "molecular" theory (Avogadro-Ampere number).
From 1814 onwards, he again devoted himself to research in mathematics, in

particular the resolution of partial differential equations, with a view to his
admission to the Academy of Sciences, obtained in 1814.
Ampère's house and the electricity museum

The Ampère family home, where André-Marie spent his childhood, had an
exceptional destiny. The Poleymieux estate on the Mont d'Or, some twenty
kilometres from Lyon, was sequestered for the bene t of the Nation in 1793, at the
time when the French Revolution sentenced the father of the future scientist to
death. Restored to the family two years later, it was passed down - in 1812 - to
Ampère, after his mother’s death. He sold the property about ten years later when he
settled permanently in Paris.

It took a century for the Poleymieux estate to regain the memory of its prestigious
owner; on the advice of Paul Janet, a member of the French Academy of Sciences and
then director of the Ecole Supérieure d'Electricité, that two wealthy American
industrialists, Hernand and Sosthène Behn, founders of ITT, bought the estate in
1928 to donate it to the Société Française des Electriens, which entrusted it to the
Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère, created to perpetuate the memory of the
illustrious Lyonnais. The Museum of Electricity was inaugurated on July 1, 1931 in
the presence of President Edouard Herriot and Louis Lumière, the rst President of
the Société des amis d'André-Marie Ampère.
For more information

Readers will be interested in the bulletins of the Société des Amis d'André-Marie
Ampère: SAAMA website (in french) 
See also the website of the Ampère Museum 
And the bicentennial site 
More references

Ampere and the Creation of
Electrodynamics by Christine Blondel
(CHHTS Bibliothèque Nationale,
1982)
Le génial bonhomme Ampère: Le
roman de sa vie by Pierre Marion
(Mémoire Des Arts, 1999)
André-Marie Ampère, encyclopedist
and metaphysicist by Robert
Locqueneux (EDP Sciences, 2008)
SEE : Société de l’électricité de
l’électronique et des techniques de
l’information et de la communication
SAAMA : Société des Amis d’André-
Marie Ampère

LIFE OF THE ASSOCIATION
CIGRE General Assemblies 2020

In accordance with the French Legislation on French Associations,
every year in the rst semester, CIGRE must hold an annual Ordinary
General Assembly to approve the accounts of the previous year.
Article disponible en français ici .
The Article 7 of the CIGRE Statutes also states that the Ordinary and Extraordinary
General Assemblies may take place by correspondence, and may be undertaken
electronically, or by other conventional or modern means.
The Secretary General of CIGRE, on behalf of the Administrative Council invited the
members of the Association to take part in an electronic vote for the Ordinary and
Extraordinary General Assemblies organized by the CIGRE Association in June 2020.
Both Assemblies were grouped on the electronic voting form.
The agenda of the Ordinary General Assembly was:
Resolution 1: Approval of CIGRE annual 2019 accounts and allocation of CIGRE

annual 2019 result;
Resolution 2: Approval of the Administrative Council membership;
Resolution 3: Appointment of the Statutory Auditor;
Resolution 4: Approval of the membership fees for 2021-2022.
The agenda of the Extraordinary General Assembly was:
Resolution 5: Modi cations in CIGRE Statutes.
The vote was closed on June 30th, 2020 at 5:00 p.m. CEST.
The results of the General Assemblies are as follows:

Invited members
5669
Individual members I (incl. Honorary)
359
Individual members II
756
Collective members I
111
Collective members II
10 717.5
Equivalent member number
Participation
Individual members I (incl. Honorary)
563
9.93%
Individual members II
18
5.01%
Collective members I
44
5.82%
Collective members II
5.41%

Equivalent member number
854
7.97%
Results (% Invited members)
Equivalent votes
Yes
No
Abstention
Number
Number
Number

Resolution 1
827
7.72%
0.5
0.00%
26.5
0.25%
Resolution 2
829
7.74%
2.5
0.02%
22.5
0.21%

Resolution 3
820
7.65%
0.03%
31
0.29%
Resolution 4
792
7.39%
24
0.22%
38
0.35%

Resolution 5
801.5
7.48%
6.5
0.06%
46
0.43%
Results (% Expressed votes)
Equivalent votes
Yes
No
Abstention

Number
Number
Number
Resolution 1
827
96.84%
0.5
0.06%
26.5
3.10%

Resolution 2
829
97.07%
2.5
0.29%
22.5
2.63%
Resolution 3
820
96.02%
0.35%
31
3.63%

Resolution 4
792
92.74%
24
2.81%
38
4.45%
Resolution 5
801.5
93.85%
6.5
0.76%
46
5.39%
The results were elaborated and checked under the scrutiny of CIGRE statutory
auditor and CIGRE Central Of ce staff.

Next Generation Network Signi cant

Contribution Award 2020
The 2020 CIGRE Awards recipients are:
Ste e CRAY (Germany)
Stanislav EROSHENKO (The Russian Federation)
Andreas KUBIS (Germany)
Tara-Lee McARTHUR (Australia)
Amanda OLSON (The United States of America)
CIGRE grants 7 kinds of distinctions in recognition of the services rendered by

members. More information on cigre.org 

CIGRE Honorary Members 2020

Every Session year the "Honorary Member" award is granted to
maximum ten members who have proven participation in CIGRE
technical activities in a leadership role of CIGRE, and for members
whose service of CIGRE has been judged exceptional.
The CIGRE Honorary Members 2020 are:
Doug ABERLE
Australia
Former Steering Committee member
Thani AL-KHUSAIBI
Oman
Josias MATOS de ARAUJO
Brazil
Susana DE GRAAFF
The Netherlands
Former Study Committee C2 Chair
Ole GJERDE
Norway
Former Norwegian National Committee Chair, and Convener of SC C2 Working Groups
Mohamed RASHWAN
Canada
Former Study Committee B4 Chair

Simon RYDER
United Kingdom
Former Study Committee A2 Chair
Henk SANDERS
The Netherlands
Nicolas SMIT
New Zealand
Former Study Committee A1 Chair
Konstantin STASCHUS
Germany


CIGRE Medal 2020 Recipients

Every Session year, the "CIGRE Medal" is granted to maximum two
members of CIGRE, in recognition of an oustanding contribution to
the development of CIGRE (either administrative or technical
achievement).
Konstantin O. Papailiou has spent his

entire career of more than 40 years in
Power Systems. Ηe holds a Ph.D. degree
from the Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology (ETH) Zurich and a post-
doctoral quali cation as lecturer (Dr.-
Ing. habil.) from the Technical
University of Dresden. Until his
retirement at the end of 2011, he was
CEO of the P sterer Group of companies.
He has held leading positions in a
number of international technical
societies and standardization bodies
and has published more than 100
papers in professional journals as well
as co-authored a monography on
“Silicone Composite Insulators” and the
EPRI Transmission Line Reference Book
“Wind-induced Conductor Motion”. In
addition he is the Editor of the CIGRE
Green Book “Overhead Lines” and the
“Springer Handbook of Power Systems”.
Professor Papailiou is also active in
power engineering education, teaching
Master level courses at the University of
Stuttgart and TU Dresden. Since more
than 40 years he is strongly involved
with CIGRE and has served from 2010 to
2016 as Chairman of CIGRE Study
Committee B2 “Overhead Lines”. He is
presently the Editor-in-Chief of the
CIGRE Science & Engineering Journal.

Mark Waldron graduated in Electrical
Engineering in 1988 and joined the
Research Division of the Central
Electricity Generating Board and then,
following privatization, National Grid in
the UK by whom he is still employed. He
has been involved in all aspects of
lifetime management of switchgear and
substation equipment, including
research and development,
speci cation, assessment, maintenance
and monitoring, condition assessment,
and end-of-life management. He
presently holds the position of
Switchgear Technical Leader in addition
to his role as the Technical Council
Chairman of CIGRE. His involvement in
CIGRE spans over 20 years, during
which he has been a participant in
several working groups, working group
convener, and Study Committee
Chairman of Study Committee A3 and
has led the Technical Committee project
on Ultra High Voltage Transmission.
C IGRE grants 7 kinds of distinctions in recognition of the services rendered by


CIGRE Fellows 2020 Recipients

The "CIGRE Fellow" award is attributed for active participation in the
activities of the technical work of the study committees and for
providing a lead technical role in the study committees (maximum
ve awards every two years).
The Recipients 2020 are:
Dhananjay Kumar CHATURVEDI
India
2020
Convener of Working Groups A1.46 (TB 724 : Guide on Use of Premium Ef ciency Motors in Existing Plant and
Industry & Determining bene ts of CO2 Emission Reduction), A1/C4.66 (Guide on the Assessment, Speci cation
and Design of Synchronous Condenser for Power System with Predominance of Low or Zero Inertia Generators),
and main contributor to TB 558 (Guide on Diagnostics, Monitoring and Prognosis of Large Motors).
Masoud FARZANEH
Canada
2020
Convener of Working Groups B2.28, B2.44 and B2.69, and main contributor to TB 438, TB 631, TB 179, TB 645.
Maks BABUDER
Slovenia
2020
Chair of the CIGRE International Colloquium on Lightning and Power Systems in 2017 in Ljubljana. Chair of the
Technical Advisory Committee of the 1st and 3rd CIGRE SEERC Conferences in 2014 (Portoroz) and 2018 (Kyiv).

Paulo GOMEZ
Brazil
2020
Special Reporter in 2008 and 2014 CIGRE Sessions, Secretary of Working Groups C2.21 (TB 608 : Lessons learnt
from recent Emergencies and Blackout Incidents) and C2.23 (TB 712 : System Restoration Procedure and
Practices), Speaker at Large Disturbances Workshops in Sessions 2000, 2002 and 2014.
Pouyan POURBEIK
United States
2020
Chair of Study Committee C4 "System technical performances" from 2012 to 2018, Convener of Working Groups
C4.601 and TF 38.02.25


In Memoriam - Árni Björn Jónasson

1946 - 31 May 2020
Árni Björn Jónasson, born 1946 in Iceland, passed away on May 31 st 2020.

Arni was a very active member in the CIGRE Study Committee B2 “Overhead Lines”.
He was convener of B2.61 “Transmission Line Structures with Fibre Reinforced
Polymer (FRP) Composites”, a very timely and modern subject, and nished the
brochure recently. He unfortunately did not survive to see the publication and fruit
of his hard work. His enthusiasm and speed with which he undertook this task was
an example to all. He was so dedicated that he wanted to continue with another WG
and just shortly before he died he has been nominated as Convenor of B2.81
“Increasing the Strength Capacity of Existing Overhead Transmission Line
Structures”. He told us in a mail how much he was looking forward starting the new
challenge.
Arni Björn Jonasson was a dedicated technician. He obtained his BSc in Civil
Engineering at the University of Iceland and his MSc in Civil and Structural
Engineering at the DTH Copenhagen.With additional training he became an expert
for overhead lines, for conductor vibration and galloping, loads from wind and ice,
avalanche protection, environmental tower design, maintenance and many other
areas.
Arni was full of life, ideas and positive energy to everyone around him. He founded
approximately ten companies in Iceland, Norway, Turkey, France, Poland, Russia,
mainly working in the eld of engineering and constructing for overhead line
structures in the voltage range from 33kV to 500kV, telecommunication masts,
buildings, and was also involved in hydro power projects. He and his companies had
more than 120 projects, among them concerning e.g. mechanical design,
international tendering, Expert witness and supervision, strengthening of structures,
studies, in many European countries, in Turkey, Tanzania, Ghana, Uganda, Burkina
Faso, Ivory Coast, Syria and Saud-Arabia.
Arni was not only a very competent structural engineer, but at the same time a very
successful company manager, a very rare combination.
In spite of all his knowledge and success, Arni was a humble person and could be
approached for any advice. Speaking to him you would not expect him to be a person
of such stature. His humility increased the respect others had for him.
Arni was an exceptional wine connoisseur. It is reported, that his legendary wine
cellar is the largest in Iceland. Arni was also a devoted sportsman and nobody and
nothing could move him to postpone his salmon shing. He died during shing
holidays in the region of his favourite river in North Iceland.
Our deepest condolences are with his family, and wishes to overcome this dif cult
and sad situation.
We all will remember Arni with his typical whimsical smile.
Study Committee B2

Extraordinary found beyond boundaries

through CIGRE SA WiE & NGN involvement
As a professional engineer, some of the special phrases I have ever
heard from other leaders were “being an engineer is a calling” and
“engineers are a passionate breed”. I began my career as an engineer
for investigating failures of substations’ equipment and also
branched into substations refurbishment planning environment for a
year.
by Keneilwe Seleme
My career journey started in a (then) newly established section in the Plant

Management department 7 years ago. In the rst few months of arrival I was warmly
welcomed by failures of at least 2 distribution power transformers, which absolutely
depended on the guidance of the experienced mentors.
Investigating failed equipment knowledge and skill expanded into investigating high
voltage complex network interruptions, testing of tower footing resistance,
substation earth grid, publishing papers with colleagues and assisting functional
departments in the maintenance and operations space with training.
I am frequently involved in technical investigations with original equipment

manufacturers. I participate in Switchgear and Medium Voltage lines Study
Committees and form part of the technical change forum for the utility. I am from

South Africa, Pretoria and I am employed by Eskom Distribution division in
Mpumalanga Province. I was introduced to CIGRE 3 years ago as an observer in
CIGRE SA combined feedback session. I was later appointed as a representative for
the Transformer Reliability Working Group “WG A2.62” as a Next Generation
Network member.
The global chairperson Khayakazi Dioka of Women in Engineering forum introduced

me to the CIGRE Next Generation Network. I was of cially introduced to WIE forum’s
purpose and intention in December 2018.
Women in Engineering forum’s goal is to globally in uence the development of

women’s careers, enable female engineers to participate in CIGRE Working Groups
by sharing their acquired skills and technical knowledge with colleagues and to
eventually become global in uencers.
The engineering industry was previously male dominated and currently the number
of women engineers does not reach 50%. WiE has afforded me the opportunity to be
part of the percentage that contributes towards CIGRE activities. As part of its
developmental strategy, WiE has ensured its members’ exposure to functions of
diverse engineering companies through arranged quarterly factory tours.
Through WiE factory tours I have been acquainted with latest products and
technologies introduced to Eskom. I have visited high voltage cable local factory, CBI
and ester oil factory M&I Material in the last two quarters. It was also through the
WiE forum that I was able to attend the South African CIGRE session in October 2019
as part of the NGN and WiE forum. I have had the opportunity to interact with
professionals from companies and utilities who are part of CIGRE. It was a great
experience to serve as both a WiE and NGN member in one of the important events
in the engineering industry.
My contribution to the CIGRE Transformer Reliability Working Group WG A2.62 is

based on collecting transformer failures data, populating data onto a questionnaire
and analyzing it. This is in line with my daily tasks and adding to my knowledge. I am
learning about different transformer applications and combined factors resulting in
failures. I collect data from different provinces in South Africa with the assistance of
respective custodians.
With all that being said, I developed a better understanding of the two special
phrases mentioned in beginning. Being a female engineer in such a busy industry is
indeed a calling and it surely requires a passionate breed. To all women who may be
feeling stagnant in repetitive daily tasks, I would say “there is a better world out
there named “WIE”. Let us be busy with achieving set goals and give the industry
what it deserves and that is; our positive energy, skill and acquired knowledge we
received from great mentors. I would like to thank the WiE forum for all provided
opportunities.

What excites me about the future of WiE?
I am excited about the fact that we are at the beginning stages of WiE and so much
has been achieved. I am one of the blessed female engineers that was trained and
supported by good male mentors; I would like to encourage our male colleagues to
continue in the support of female engineers. I am excited that female engineers will
be given opportunities to display their skill and competence with the rest of the
world. I look forward to the uplifting of fellow women engineers and increasing
con dence by participating in Working Groups and future CIGRE events.
I quote another phrase from a book I have read,
“Exceptionalists began as ordinary people”.
This is where WiE is heading in the career of women globally.

Embracing diversity
On the 1st of October 2019, CIGRE Southern Africa hosted its rst
Women in Engineering Forum at the 9th Southern African Regional
Conference held in Johannesburg. With this being the rst of many
sessions to come, a crucial task was in choosing a theme that would
be the fundamental topic in opening this forum and starting the
conversation of women in the engineering industry. “Embracing
diversity” to me has always been more than just simply accepting
differences, but rather celebrating them. Nevertheless, as amazing
and beautiful as this ideology is, there are always challenges faced
when implementing it into our societies and into our workspaces to
realise this dream.
by Nadia Mahomed
Electrical Engineer, Siemens Energy
Pty (Ltd)
J ohannesburg, South Africa

1st October 2019
The engineering industry is still primarily male dominated and women are often
overlooked due to unconscious bias that has been embedded deep in our minds over
decades. However, the message that was emphasised on this day was the idea of
embracing diversity in the workplace to remove barriers and create opportunities. It
was to create an understanding that to solve challenging problems we need people
with different ideas, different approaches and different perspectives. These stem
from who we are as individuals, our genders, our cultures, our religions, our races,
where we come from and our life experiences. It is important to understand that by
embracing these differences, we are unlocking great potential in individuals and
organisations that will bene t us as a nation with a workforce that re ects South
Africa as a whole.

The Chairman of CIGRE SA and the President of CIGRE International, Mr. Prince Moyo
and Dr. Rob Stephen (in absentia), welcomed all those who attended the session with
great words of encouragement, motivation and appraisal for the work and intention
of the CIGRE Women in Engineering Forum here in Southern Africa. What better way
to have begun a session with such powerful women than an opening address by Mrs.
Khayakazi Dioka, who was introduced as the CIGRE International Chair for CIGRE
Women in Engineering (WiE). She is one of our very own women in engineering at the
forefront of introducing the CIGRE WiE vision and among those implementing
changes in support of women engineers.

It was such a great opportunity for me to chair this session with a group of
astounding women from the different sectors who are making waves in the industry
and educational institutes. My panel on that day included Ms. Kehinde Awodele, a
senior lecturer in the department of electrical engineering at the University of Cape
Town; Ms. Re lwe Mokgosi, an executive director at Emfuleni Municipality and
President for the Association of Municipal Electricity Utilities (AMEU), Ms. Bertha
Dlamini, the founding president of African Women in Energy and Power and Dr. Britta
Buchholz (video message), the Vice President Active Distribution Grids of ABB Power
Grids. Each of these dynamic women gave their insight into the conversation of what

embracing diversity means to them and the initiatives they are involved in to turn
this dream into a reality. This experience for me, as both a CIGRE Next Generation
Network and a CIGRE WiE member, was a real eye opening moment in realising the
opportunities available and the number of women here who have the expertise and
experience to provide guidance, support and inspiration in developing my own
career as an engineer and as a woman.
The purpose of this session was realised through the energy of the audience and the
abundant networking and interactions that took place throughout the session. This
made me believe that the message of “Embracing Diversity” was one well received.
The session was then concluded by the CIGRE SA executive board member who was
the Chair of the organising committee for this regional conference, Ms. Sharon
Mushabe.
A key point that was raised during the session was the need to increase the number
of actively participating women in CIGRE Study Committees and Working Groups.
This would give female engineers the opportunity to prepare contributions and
present at such committees. The statistics of female representation in CIGRE
Southern Africa at the time of this conference stood at: 20% of the National
Committee members, 12% of the Executive Board, 23% of the Technical Board, 44%
of the 2019 Regional Conference Organizing Committee and 60% of the Conference
Session Chairs. We, as CIGRE WiE want to drive the growth of these numbers through
creating awareness of such opportunities within CIGRE and through building
technically strong individuals who will make substantial contributions towards the
engineering industry. This will take time, but we believe there is change coming.
Platforms, like the CIGRE WiE forum, enable us to build agile individuals. Through
coaching, mentoring, network opportunities with role model and senior leaders, an
individual is provided with the opportunity to build both technical and non-technical
skills, create clear goals, and develop a career path within the eld of electrical

engineering right from University level. It also provides a space to discuss
challenges faced in the working environment and can inspire and motivate young
women entering the industry both as a professional in their career as well as a
woman in society raising the next generation.
It is so crucial for women to realise how much we need each other and to realise the
potential we have by building one another. This next generation of women have the
power to push boundaries and impact the generations to come. Dr. Buchholz said, “…
it has always been women taking care of the basic needs of their families. Electricity
is such a basic need, so for me it’s most natural that it’s women shaping the power
system, and especially women shaping the sustainable power system of the future”.

ANNUAL REPORT
SC C3
Power system environmental performance

by Henk Sanders, Chair & Mercedes Vázquez, Secretary
and Flavia Serran, new Chair, & César Batista, new Secretary since
August 2020
Overview of the Study Committee C3

SC C3 was created in 2002, with the main mission to present unbiased positions
and produce approaches on power system environmental performances and impacts
and their implications for management, construction, operation and investment
decisions. Since 2018, SC3 developed a new Strategic Plan. The nal version has
been approved in the last SC meeting, in Aalborg (2019). Main modi cation was the
inclusion of a focus on “Sustainability”, that is now included in one of our Technical
Directions (TD). This new focus shows the aim of the SC3 to focus on sustainability
aspects and the increasing relevance of the concept within CIGRE.
Including Sustainability as one of the focus brings to light broader aspects regarding
social aspects. Sustainable Developments Goals de ned by the United Nations,
include Affordable and Clean Energy (SDS#7) as one of the goals to be achieved by
2030. Therefore, the work conducted by CIGRE SC C3 members involves the
environmental and social issues related to power system planning and to
components and sub-system design and operation, focusing on “system” aspects.
This work can only be developed with good communication and co-operation with the
other SCs.
2019 Highlights
The SC C3 continues to improve its presence and activity within CIGRE. As
environmental and social issues have interactions with almost all aspects of power
systems, SC C3 is constantly developing efforts to maintain and increase good
communication and co-operation with the other SCs. The highlights of this year are
the following:

SC C3 has been involved in two Green Books: green book about asset management
and green book about the electricity supply systems of the future;
SC3 is involved in the Africa project (collaboration between CIGRE and the
WorldBank);
C3.01 has formally changed into Advisory Group EMF SC C3.01: Electromagnetic
elds and health;
SC C3 has collaboration with SC B1, B2 and B3 through designated ambassadors.
This experience has been observed to work quite well increasing interaction
among SCs;
SC C3 launched its second tutorial, about the work of JWG C3/B1/B2
“Environmental issues of high voltage lines in urban and rural areas”. This was
presented by the Convenor of this JWG, Hector Pearson for the rst time in
Aalborg Symposium 2019;
Webinar about the work of C3.19: Responsible management of the electric and
magnetic eld issue was given by the convenor James Hart.
Due to the COVID19 pandemic and the need for everyone to take care of each other
and be safe, some of our 2020 activities had to be adapted. The Paris session 2020
was modi ed to a digital meeting and the physical meeting was transferred to 2021
when will have our Centennial meeting in Paris. Our next SC C3 meeting will be held
on line and we are developing efforts to organize everything to have a fruitful
meeting.
With the same objective, the ERIAC meeting that was going to be held in Argentina in
2021 was also postponed for 2023. Therefore, SC C3 will not meet in Argentina in
2021 as planned. Our 2021 meeting will be during the Centennial Session, in Paris,
in 2021.
Workstreams
SC C3 has 28 regular members (including the Chairman and the Secretary) and 11
observers representing 30 countries. Since last annual report, SC C3 increase the
presence of different countries from 24 to 30.
Currently SC C3 has the Strategic Advisory Group (SAG) in place, comprising six
professionals aiming to represent the diversity of C3 members, including gender,
continents and type of institutions. There are also 12 active Working Groups, three of
them approved in 2019 (WG C3.21, WG C3.22 & WG C3-23).
The aim of the SC C3 is to start new Wrking Groups every year.
New Working Groups

New Working Groups, approved in 2019 that will begin in 2020 are:
C3.21: Including stakeholders in the investment planning process (Renewed TOR

of former JWGC1/C3.31)
C3.22: Vegetation management in substations
C3.23: Eco-design methods for TSOs/DSOs under environmental transition
Ongoing Working Groups

C3.09A: Corridor management
This WG was disbanded for a few years but TB or articles had not been published.
With the aim to nish the publications, the TOR of the group has been reviewed and a
new version of the group (C3.09A) has started to work, with some old and new
members. The intention of the WG is to collect information and compare regulation,
procedures, methods and best practices from different countries that apply to
relations with landowners and environmental aspects of corridor management.
WG C3.14: Impact of Environmental liability on

transmission and distribution activities
The aim of the WG is to create a reference document to enable T&D utilities to
understand the possible impact (practical and nancial) of environmental liability
and to have a view on best practices regarding prevention, investigation and
remediation of environmental damage. The works are expected to be nished soon.
WG C3.15: Best environmental and socio-economic

practices for improving public acceptance of high voltage
substations
The Working Group aims to make an inventory of the best practices, options, and
boundary conditions for the integration of substations in their environment. The
resulting Brochure intends to be an international reference document to be used in
the discussion with other stakeholders. It shall help to identify workable solutions
from environmental and socio-economic perspectives and increase acceptance by
local authorities.
WG C3.16: Interactions between electrical infrastructure

(overhead lines and substations) and wildlife
The objective of the Working Group is to gather knowledge and best practices about
interactions between electrical infrastructure and wildlife. The scope is so broad that
a new group has been created and WG C3.17: Interactions between wildlife and
emerging renewable energy sources and submarine cables. WG C3.16 is focused in
OHL and substations dealing with all the aspects of the grid lifetime and WG C3-17
will address renewable projects and associated transmission systems, focusing on
operational aspects, though construction impacts will also be considered.
WG C3.18 Eco-friendly approaches in transmission and

distribution
The scope of the work is to focus on eco-friendly approaches in electricity
transmission and distribution that require extra funds. It will identify the incentives
and disincentives for such approaches faced by companies for such approaches,
related to regulatory and other drivers as well as good practices in dealing with
external in uences.

WG C3.19: Responsible management of the Electric and
Magnetic Field Issue
In 2017, the CIGRE Working Group C3.01 concluded that considering that electric
and magnetic elds have been extensively studied worldwide, a causal relationship
with any health outcome is very unlikely. Nevertheless, while the evidence falls short
of establishing any adverse health effects, EMF can be signi cant in uencing factor
for new projects. The subject requires consistent, open and responsible management
in order to avoid serious implications for business. The goal of the group is to provide
accurate, consistent, industry-wide information for guidance to the electricity
distribution and transmission industry to address the EMF issue. This Technical
Brochure is conclude and it is already published on e-cigre .
WG C3.20: Sustainable development goals in the electric

power sector
Approved in 2018, the general aim of the WG is to develop recommendations on how
the electric power sector should implement SDGs within their business strategies in
order to reach a maximum contribution to the achievement of these goals.
Ongoing Working Groups as per the Technical

directions
And nally, WG C3.12A : Greenhouse Gas Emissions inventory and report for
transmission system operators (Re-start), that is currently in the approval process.
The purpose of the WG was to review and recommend harmonized procedures and
methods for accounting and reporting GHG emissions that can be used by TSO’s
worldwide.

worldwide.
worldwide.
Events
In 2019 SC C3 participate in the organization, in June 2019, jointly with the CIGRE
Danish National Committee, SC C4, SC C1, SC C2, SC C6, SC B2, SC B4 and the Aalborg
University the Symposium “Going offshore – challenge of the future power grid".
The Tutorial Line Routing in Urban and Rural Areas was presented. The SC C3
Session discussed the Eco-design and environmental concerns, the social aspects
(people). Five main issues were presented and discussed comprising new design for
structures, recommended practices for safety, environmental regulations regarding
new electrical installations, how to improve public participation and an experience in
how to create a safety culture of “better together” and cooperation among employers,
contractors and subcontractors. SC C3 was also involved in a discussion meeting with
very interesting papers. The lessons learned from this event can be summarised as
follows:
Engagement of people (externally and internally) is crucial for being successful in

all the challenges that the power sector is facing;
Objectives from public is still one of the major problems our sector faces. Today we
saw several ideas to improve public acceptance: from taking care of safety of all
our workers to measurements for improving visual impact and from new methods
for reducing environmental effects to the use of modern communication
techniques;
The importance of sharing also the failures/bad examples;
Shortage of accurate data (bird collision and mammals);
Working with SDG’s is helping on organizing and structuring the approach from
the sector;
The objectives that is set by national plans is creating pressure in the sector, there
is a gap between the politics want and what the sector can deliver;
Sharing is a major key factor for our future work (e.g. Information with
stakeholders in early stage, multipurpose platforms).
Conclusions
SC C3 will continue working to improve and increase its contribution to CIGRE
activities, with the aim to include the electric systems in the contemporary
challenges of the ef cient use of the planet natural resources, taking into account a
balance of economic, social and ecological functions. If, in the past, these challenges
were considered as ideals or abstract goals for a distant future, the international
community nowadays considers these goals as concrete and immediate concerns.
The nancial sector is increasingly considers environmental and social criteria and
standards in their investment strategies. Therefore, the environmental and social

performance, the focus of SC C3 work, contributes in a way that its members,
companies and other professionals involved with the electric systems to insert its
daily and routine activities in an overall context of challenges and achievements of
our society.
We are very grateful for all SC C3 members work and for the partnership and support
of other SC and CIGRE. Thanks!

ANNUAL REPORT
SC C2
Power system operations and control

by Dr. Susana Almeida de Graaff, Chair & Vinay Sewdien, Secretary
Introduction
E lectrical power systems keep on increasing the level of renewable energy sources
(RES) penetration, while the environmental and political goals are driving a
discussion of energy system integration by coupling different energy sectors. There
are initiatives to produce green hydrogen from RES, resulting in decreasing CO2
emissions and an increase of the available exibility in the network. Distribution
systems are becoming producers and exibility providers, making information
exchange and coordination crucial to keep the system security of supply. In 2019,
during the Climate Action Summit the EU succeeded to call the attention of world
leaders, from government, the private sector and civil society, on the urgency for
action to address the climate emergency, and on increasing climate action with
concrete, realistic plans in line with reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 45 per
cent over the next decade, and to net zero emissions by 2050. This brings enormous
challenges to power systems, and consequently, for system operators that need to
keep the lights on with the same level of reliability as we have today. Therefore it is
important to develop innovative concepts, methods and technology for system
operations, increasing not only the observability but also the controllability and
intelligence of the power system. System restoration and system resilience
enhancement are part of current activities, to be able to recover and restore the
system adequacy when facing high impact and low probability events, which seems
have become more likely with global warming.
With the increasing complexity of the power system, which is becoming more
dynamic and volatile, system operators need to develop new tools, new training
philosophies, including power system dynamics and stability analysis, in order to
increase the knowledge and skills of their staff. System operators need to be
prepared to operate a low-carbon power system now and in the future, and SC C2 is
engaged in supporting system operators with this challenging task. In addition, when
re ecting on the abovementioned challenges and looking at the focus of the current
activities of SC C2, we recognise a trend of knowledge integration, where the
cooperation and sharing knowledge among CIGRE SCs is becoming essential to
correctly address the complexity that we are facing.
In the end of 2019, beginning of 2020, system operators were confronted with a
worldwide pandemic with a major socio-economic impact, especially after the
beginning of March when the extraordinary containment measures were taken by
Member State governments. All TSOs have as one of the main priorities to keep their
personnel safe and healthy, especially control room operators and eld personnel, in
addition with their permanent goal of ensuring security of supply. Power systems
seem to be operating in a secure manner during this pandemic period. There was an
impact on the load magnitude and shape in some more than others depending on the

extension of the con nement measures, but Covid-19 extraordinary measures may
not be the sole factor responsible for the load decrease. Weather conditions,
especially solar irradiation, also play a role, boosting the electricity generation of
RES. SC C2 is starting initiatives to capture the Covid-19 impact world-wide.
SC C2 Mission and scope

The scope of the SC C2 covers the technical, human resource and institutional
aspects and conditions for a secure and economic system operation of power
systems in a way that is in compliance with requirements for network security,
against system disintegration, equipment damages and human injuries, and security
of electricity supply.
Unbiased and high-quality knowledge dissemination to the power systems

community by CIGRE Study Committees is a strong pillar for the development and
performance of power systems, especially in the increasingly integrated
environment. This applies not only to current but also to future power systems. SC C2
therefore needs to understand, use and integrate results from other Study
Committees to assure that technical concepts can be applied in real-time in various
contexts and implemented by the System Operators. An area which is unique for C2
is however the dependence on good performance of human resources in performing
operational planning and real-time system operation. In these respects SC C2
embraces a wide range of competence areas and interfaces to other disciplines.
The mission of SC C2 can be summarised in the following four points:
1. To facilitate and promote knowledge dissemination and worldwide collaboration in

the eld of system operation and control, providing adequate conditions for
progress of engineering.
2. To facilitate unbiased technical information exchange, integrating solutions and
recommendations for system operations issues and problems. These rst two
points are achieved among others by the publication of Technical Brochures and
papers, delivering tutorials, and participating in conferences, symposia and
colloquia.
3. To prepare for the foreseen future challenges by integrating and consolidating
available knowledge, and taking into account the usage of new and proven
technologies. For example, the joint effort of several Study Committees in
establishing Joint Working Groups, where different expertise and knowledge is
combined, as well as in writing multi-disciplinary Reference Papers.
4. To engage and encourage young members in order to increase their involvement
in the SC activities. By integrating them into Working Groups, a bridge between
the young experts and experienced members can be built. SC C2 aims to connect,
when possible, a young member to a mentor from the same SC and NC. This gives
the opportunity to support the young member's development in a supervised way.
Structure
An overview of the structure of SC C2 is given in Figure 1. The SC has 27 regular
members (incl. 3 from distribution) and 15 observer members, 8 active Working
Groups of which 2 are Joint Working Groups with other CIGRE SCs, and 3 Advisory
Groups.

The Strategic Advisory Group, consisting of the SC Chair, Secretary and other SC C2
experts, deals with SC strategy and updates the scope of the Technical Directions.
The Publication Advisory Group is responsible for the revision of synopses and
papers for CIGRE activities where SC C2 plays a role. The Tutorial Advisory Group
(TAG) coordinates the development, planning, quality assurance and delivery of
tutorials for conferences, symposia, colloquia and webinars. There are around 170
experts from 39 countries actively involved in SC C2 activities.
Figure 2 gives an overview of the geographical distribution of SC C2 members.
Main technical directions

SC C2 has de ned three Technical Directions (TD) to address important emerging
factors that will in uence and de ne new requirements on the System Operation
performance.

TD 1: Real-time System Operation and Control
Wide area control, supervision and increased coordination: integration of regional
and national grids into large control areas
Operation and control of new technologies and system protection schemes
Increased power system controllability, observability, exibility and exchange of
information, both at transmission and distribution level: e.g. voltage control,
frequency control
Interaction between market mechanisms and power system operation, e.g.
ancillary services and congestion management
Operational real-time security and risk assessment
Maintaining Security of Supply, Emergency control and restoration procedures
and tools
Information and data exchange in real-time operation
The Working Groups C2.17 and C2/B4.38 address topics in this TD 1.
TD 2: System Operational Planning and Performance

Analysis
Impact on system operation from new generation mix, storage and changes in
electrical load behaviour
Close to real-time operation, crucial for a successful and secure real-time
operation, performed both by operational planners and control room operators
Security assessment in Operational Planning, including coordinated activities
Assessment of monitoring, control and protection functionalities, including
development of new operational strategies
Emerging Operational Issues for Transmission and Distribution Interaction
Impact assessment on integration of new technologies
Blackout integral analysis, defence plans, resilience schemes and restoration
strategy considering the evolving environment
Reliability, network security principles and generation and transmission adequacy
Operational requirements in Grid Codes
Information and data exchange in the operational planning timeframes
The Working Groups C2.24, C2.25, C2.26 and C2/C4.41 address topics in this TD 2.
TD 3: Control Centre Infrastructure and Human Resources

for System Operation
Knowledge management and Operator training
Operator training simulator and other training tools
Control Centres processes, methods, tools and organisation development
Tools for decision support and situational awareness
Integration and exchange of information in system operations and data
management
EMS/SCADA systems, speci cations and experiences
WAMS system requirements and their integration within CC
Control Centre reliability and resilience
Information, cyber-security and other vulnerability aspects on control centres
The Working Groups C2.39 and C2.40 address topics in TD 3.

However, it is relevant to point out that some of the WGs actually touch upon more
than one technical direction.
Working Groups Report

Below a short update of the Working Groups active in 2019-2020 is provided.
WG C2.17 Wide Area Monitoring Systems - Support for Control Room

Applications
The Working Group will restart to draft an additional Technical Brochure, which will
continue the work already published in TB 750 by going one step forward in
extending the monitoring to system protection and control. Therefore, after
identifying the current experience and control room practice it is planned to
describe a exible and scalable system architecture, identity possibilities for
standardisation in event recording and analysis. Further on the process of WAMPAC
implementation up to recommendations for control room measures will be
addressed. Possibilities for the use of PMUs for special protection schemes (SIPS) and
usage for interactions with HVDC links or inverter-based generation will be
addressed as well.
WG C2.24 Mitigating the risk of re starts and the consequences of

res near overhead lines for system operations
The WG C2.24 is made up of representatives utility representatives, consultants and

academics, from 10 countries. The substantive work of the group has been in
completion of a survey of transmission and distribution utilities on wild re (bush re)
risk management practices. The group received 24 responses, some of which are
from utilities with both transmission and distribution assets. Of these, 16 utility
responses will be used to produce the Technical Brochure. Topics to be included in
the brochure include wild re modelling, technologies for wild re risk mitigation,
classi cation of wild re risk areas and coordination of utilities with emergency
services ( rst responders). The TB is expected in Q1-2021.
WG C2.25 Operating strategies and preparedness for system

operational resilience
The Working Group was approved in June 2018. In the meantime WG members are
working in different work streams on the common understanding of operational
resilience as well as identifying the most relevant high impact low frequency (HILF)
events. In 2019, WG C2.25 performed a survey collecting information in relation to
system operational resilience. 38 responses were received and analysed. The
information will be included in the further work and provide relevant information for
the TB. A short follow-up questionnaire is planned for summer 2020. As an outcome
of the survey and as next steps a list of conditions and the associated operating
strategies and procedures that have been developed to help system operators to
systematically manage and restore disrupted systems to their normal or pre-
disturbed state will be prepared. A CSE paper providing rst glance on the WG

ndings was published in June 2020. The nal aim of this WG is to identify and
provide possibilities to enhance and improve current existing operational resilience.
The TB is expected in Q1-2021.
WG C2.26 Power system restoration accounting for a rapidly changing

power system and generation mix
This Working Group, approved in March 2019, aims to identify and manage emerging
risks on system restoration, investigate opportunities for increased utilisation of new
and emerging technologies during system restoration, and enable system operators
and network owners to continue to execute a successful system restart when
required despite the rapidly changing generation mix. The work carried out so far in
this WG includes discussion on system restoration practices and challenges in more
than 10 countries from those represented in the WG, the role of inverter-based
resources in system restoration either as a black starter or to support system
restoration, tools and techniques for analysing system restoration including real-
time and of ine electromagnetic transient simulation and fast decision support tools,
and physical testing demonstrating the capability of VSC HVDC during restoration.
Emerging areas recently started include system restoration subject to cyber-
security, loss of control centres, and pandemic situations. Other immediate areas of
work include power system modelling and physical testing to better understand the
roles and limitations of various types of inverter-based resources during system
restoration. The TB is planned to be published in Q4 2021, however, a delay of up to a
maximum of six month may occur due to the impact of COVID-19. The TB is planned
to be published in Q4 2021.
WG C2.39 Operator Training in Electricity Grids at Different Control

Levels and for Different Participants/Actors in the New Environment
The Working Group started its work in August 2018. A rst task was based on a basic
ve-item questionnaire answered by all members of the group, whose analyses and
conclusions resulted in Document No.1 that clari es the existing situation on the
topic based on the scenarios presented by the 16 companies surveyed. This
document has its nal version ready by the end of 2019. During the preparation of
this document, the group chose 9 items that were considered important for further
details on training based on simulator exercises, including the processes and
resources available and to be developed. These 9 items generated a new
questionnaire answered by the group members. The responses received will be
available to members and the new material that will complete the nal Technical
Brochure will be prepared. The TB is expected in Q1-2021.
WG C2.40 TSO-DSO Co-Operation – Control Centre Tools

Requirements
The paradigm shift in the con guration of the power system with a high penetration
of distributed renewable generation connected at the DSO level creates a new
dimension in TSO-DSO coordination practices and procedures. The role of this WG,
approved in June 2018, is to specify a set of control centre tools and related IT
platforms for both the TSO and DSO to manage and operate this newly evolved power
system. A critical aspect that must be addressed is that the tools must enable a high
level of cooperation between the TSO and DSO. Interoperability between the tools

should be developed taking into account different time-horizons (at least real-time
and short-term operational planning) and different services. The Working Group will
publish its rst paper at the next Paris session. The Working Group has 25 experts
from 12 different countries and expects to publish its TB in Q4-2020.
JWG C2/B4.38 Capabilities and requirements de nition for Power

Electronics based technology for secure and ef cient system
operation and control
The JWG worked in two parallel streams, one to identify the operational challenges
that are expected with increasing levels of power electronics and one preparing an
overview of the capabilities of power electronic devices. The JWG published its
nding on the operational challenges in the CSE Journal, Volume 17. Next, the JWG
made a mapping of the capabilities of the power electronics that can help to solve
some of the challenges. The focus was then shifted to develop an overview of
examples and best practices, while the last part will describe how to prepare system
operations for the expected large amounts of power electronics interfaced devices.
Doing this, the synergy between the system operation experts and the power
electronics technology experts in the JWG showed to be very bene cial. The TB is
planned to be published in Q4-2020.
JWG C2/C4.41 Impact of high penetration of inverter-based

generation on system inertia of networks
The rapid increase in integration of renewable generation globally has led to

concerns around the depletion of power system inertia more especially when large
eets of static renewable generation displaces the conventional synchronous
generation. The objective of this JWG is to study the impact of depleting power
system inertia and to advice and formulate philosophies for system operations in
order to prepare for the ongoing energy transition. This JWG has produced two
papers to date and has conducted a survey about industry experience on FCR, FFR
requirements and minimum inertia levels. The JWG comprises 31 experts from 17
countries. The TB is planned to be published in December 2020 and a webinar is
scheduled around the same time. Overall TB progress to date is at around 75%. The
TB is planned to be published in Q4-2020.
Past Tutorials & Webinars

During the Aalborg Symposium, a tutorial was delivered on behalf of SC C2 on
Tuesday 4 June 2019. During the tutorial the main results of the work conducted
under Working Group C2.17 "Wide Area Monitoring Systems - Support for Control

Room Applications" was presented.
Furthermore, on 5 September 2019, the rst webinar of SC C2 was organized. In this

webinar, the main contents of the Technical Brochure (TB) 742 was presented. This
TB sets forth a systematic basis for the classi cation, integration and coordination of
stability control from a global perspective. The proposed framework integrates
preventive, event-based, response-based, restorative controls with online DSA to
enhance control adaptability and coordination. The webinar is available free of
charge on e-cigre:
WBN009 - A proposed framework for


coordinated power system stability control
Joint Technical Activities

The SC also participates in other Working Groups that are being led by other SCs. SC
C2 is part of Joint Working Groups C6/C2.34 and D2/C2.48 and C4/C2.58/IEEE. The SC
has active liaisons in the Working Groups A1.65, C5.27, C1/C4.36, C6.36 and C6.40.
Reference Paper
The electric power system industry is becoming increasingly aware of the potential
adverse impact of extreme events and physical and cybersecurity attacks on the
power system operations. The High Impact, Low Frequency events and increased
frequency of system disturbances caused by natural phenomena results in a shift of
focus of the energy industry from purely developing preventive measures, towards
providing and enhancing resilience of the power system. Working Group C2.25
produced a Reference Paper titled “Power System Operational Resilience – What It
Means and Where We Stand”, in which a framework for quantifying resiliency is
introduced, which captures the step by step assessment of resiliency in the process
to achieve a desired strategy. The Reference Paper is published on e-cigre, available
for free:
CSE Journal N.18 - Power system


operational resilience – What it means and
where we stand - WG C2.25
Green Books
SC C2 contributed to two Green Books. For the Green Book "FACTS" of SC B4, SC C2
contributed with a chapter on the operational practices of FACTS devices.
Furthermore, SC C2 wrote a chapter for the Green Book on Future Power Systems. In
this chapter, an overview is given of the current state of the art, including
implemented processes in the system operation time frame (capacity calculation,
security analysis, coordination, operator training, etc.), as well as expected
operational challenges, trends and solutions to address these challenges.
Both Green Books are expected to be published in August 2020.
Publications

The following publications have been made since August 2019 as a result of work
carried out by SC C2 Working Groups:
Technical Brochure 778 - Reliability CSE Journal N.17 - System operational

 
standards and market rules related to challenges from the energy transition -
maintaining reliability and market JWG C2/B4.38
ef ciency - JWG C2/C5.05
JWG C2/B4.38 is nalizing its Technical Brochure, to be published in Q4-2020. The

WGs C2.24, C2.25, C2.39, C2.40 and C2/C4.41 are also nalising their Technical
Brochures for publication in Q1-2021.
Awards
The following SC C2 members received CIGRE Awards in 2020:
Paulo Gomez (Brasil) was awarded the CIGRE Fellow Award;

Susana de Graaff (Netherlands) and Ole Gjerde (Norway) were awarded the
Honorary Member Award;
Renuka Chatterjee (USA) was awarded the 2020 Technical Council Award;
Enrico Carlini (Italy) and Rick Spyker (Canada) were awarded the Distinguished
Member Award.
Workshops, Conferences and Seminars

From August 2019 onwards, the following SC C2 members took part in events:
Jan van Putten, convener of JWG C2/B4.38, delivered a keynote speech on 5

December 2019 during the IEEE workshop on Representation of Power Electronics
for Grid Dynamics in London;
Vinay Sewdien, Technical Secretary of SC C2, delivered a keynote speech on
system operational challenges due to the energy transition for CIGRE Colombia on
13 March 2020;
Walter Sattinger, convener of WG C2.17, together with several WG members had
planned presentations during a Joint CIGRE SC C2/IEEE WAMS workshop in
Arnhem on 18 May 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this workshop
is postponed until further notice.
Future Activities
The next events for SC C2 are:
2020 CIGRE e-Session: The Large Disturbances Workshop, organised jointly with
SC C5, will take place on Monday 24 August 2020. The following presentations are
con rmed for the workshop:
Topic
Region

UK power cut (9/8/2019) – SO & Market aspects
UK
Day ahead market coupling failure in Europe (7/9/2019 and 4/2/2020) – SO & Market aspects
Europe
Blackout Argentina (16/6/2019)
Argentina
Hokkaido whole area blackout in September 2018
Japan
Proliferation of shale gas in the US
USA
August 2018 System Separation Events in Australia – SO & Market Aspects
Australia
Massive System Imbalance Situations in Germany in June 2019 – SO & Market Aspects
Germany
Giorgio Giannuzzi and Cosimo Pisani will give a tutorial, titled “Wide Area
Monitoring – Control Room Applications”, planned for 24 November 2020 during
the CIGRE South East European Regional Council conference in Vienna.
A Webinar of JWG C2/B4.38 is planned for Thursday 29 October 2020. During the
webinar operational challenges due to the energy transition will be presented.
Then, insights will be given in the technical capabilities of and requirements for
the integration of power electronics based devices in the power system, with the
focus on the usage of these technologies for system operation. The participation in
the webinar is free of charge, but registration  is compulsory;
A Webinar of JWG C2/C4.41 is planned for Thursday 10 December 2020. During
the webinar the presenters will discuss the impact of inverter-based generation
on system inertia. The participation is free of charge, but registration  is
compulsory.
Incoming Team
After the 2020 CIGRE Session, Jayme Darriba Macedo (jayme(@)ons.org.br) and
Flavio Alves (frma(@)cepel.br) will take of ce as the next Chair, respectively
Technical Secretary of SC C2.
Conclusions

In the future the integration of energy system will have an impact on system
operations, and SC C2 will undoubtedly contribute to the developments of the future
power system. System operation is at the heart of the power system and has a crucial
role in "keeping the lights on". This is re ected by all the activities and active
Working Groups in the Study Committee. As well as by welcoming and integrating
distribution system operators, and in the more integrated and increased cooperation
with other SCs, facilitating multi-disciplinary discussions, and opening the potential
to provide excellent contributions to the CIGRE community.
I would like to say that the four years in the driving seat of SC C2 have been a very
rich and rewarding personal experience that I take in my heart. I would also like to
acknowledge and thank with gratitude the active participation and support of all
dedicated individuals that contributed to the above mentioned achievements,
respectively Vinay Sewdien, all convenors, advisors, and members. I believe we have
and will continue to make a real difference by improving and developing system
operations further. Finally, I extend my best wishes to Jayme Darriba Macedo and
Flavio Alves, as respectively the incoming Chair and Technical Secretary of SC C2.

TECHNICAL BROCHURE
TB 804 WG B4.72
DC grid benchmark models for system

studies
HVDC technology is an increasingly important power system
technology and the concept of HVDC grids has evolved rapidly,
receiving increasing attention internationally. As more complex,
multi-terminal systems are being built and planned, and even more
complex grid systems are in discussion. To help achieve generally
accepted standards, aid equipment interoperability, and support R&D
in this important and emerging eld, a common set of HVDC grid
benchmark models to allow communication, standardization and
training is required to achieve collaboration in research and
comparison of results. This Technical Brochure has developed, and
provides benchmark models of seven candidate multi-terminal HVDC
grids/systems. Reviews of the built and planned HVDC systems
around the globe, and R&D literature, underpins the selection of these
models. The models are described, sample results are provided, and
the les for the benchmark models are given in a variety of offline and
RT simulation packages/platforms.
Convenor (CN) Secretary (CA) Secretary (CA)

T. AN R. AZAR M. EL-CHEHALY
M. BARNES (UK), S. AZAD (CA), J. JARDINI (BR), S. ELIMBAN (CA), H. YE (CN), C. D. HAN
(CN), J. SERRANO (ES), A. MORALES (ES), S. DENNETIERE (FR), W. X. LI (CA), S. SANTO
(BR), T. DOBBIN (BR), W. LIN (CN), H. SAAD (FR), J. LIANG (UK), R. T. PINTO (DE), M.
OHRSTROM (SE), I. BELANGER (CA), H. DING (CA), P. YANG (CN)
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS: R. FERRER SAN JOSÉ (ES), C. MUSSI (IT), B. SILVA (PT),
E. GALVAN (ES), M. SZECHTMAN (BR), Z. Y. HE (CN), J. AWODOLA (GB), J. Z. XU (CN)
Introduction
HVDC Grids are today considered to be the most effective and promising technical
solution for the connection of renewable onshore and offshore wind generation,
remote energy resources, ocean power supply, sharing of energy storage including

hydro plants, as well as interconnection of AC systems perhaps even on a global
scale.
The concept of HVDC Grids accordingly is evolving rapidly, Nan’ao, Zhoushan and
Zhangbei are good examples of multi-terminal systems/grid in China. The Luxi back-
to-back system and the Skagerrak 3 and 4 mixed VSC-LCC bipole demonstrate how
LCC and VSC systems may be combined. For their continued development, the use of
common benchmark models, with publicly available baseline study results, is
extremely important, essential and necessary. This allows collaboration in research,
comparison of results directly and effectively, and ultimately the formulation of
common standards of DC grid equipment and operating standards. It allows the
rapid training of engineers with public models that have been checked by a wide
group of engineers. It also serves as a useful tool for the development of modelling of
new control systems.
Existing HVDC benchmark models have largely been point-to-point, with the notable
exception of the HVDC grid test system produced by Cigre WGs B4-57, published in
Technical Brochure 604, which has been widely used. This multi-terminal test
system was largely created at a time when rapid development of offshore wind in
Europe meant that multi-terminal VSC-HVDC was becoming an important topic, and
the HVDC grid test system re ected this. Since then a number of other topics have
emerged, such as collection, integration and transmissions of onshore renewable
power generation over long distances, integration of the previous LCC point-to-point
systems to form LCC-HVDC grids, the development of mixed LCC-VSC hybrid HVDC
grids, AC system interconnections via DC grids, etc.
The required modelling is discussed and various of ‘benchmark’ models are

proposed in this brochure. The models have been modelled in a number of of ine
and real time (RT) simulation packages and example results are illustrated in the
brochure. Full models are also available online. While it is not the intention of this
brochure to offer models for every possible case, there are suf cient variations to
serve as starting points for many common con gurations under investigation at
present.
Scope
The scope of work for the Working Group was to establish HVDC grid benchmark
models to cover most of the different HVDC grid applications for different types of
studies. This was based on the output of WGs B4-52, B4-57, B4- 58 and B4-59, and
the test models developed and published by Global Energy Interconnection
Research Institute (GEIRI). Both VSC and LCC HVDC grids were to be considered, and
the possibility and limitations for LCC HVDC grid were to be addressed.
Methodology
The Working Group examined the various worldwide applications of LCC-based and
VSC-based HVDC technologies, with the objectives of providing several HVDC grid
models for most applications of DC grids. To do so, the following activities were
performed by the Working Group:
A global survey was conducted, the goal of this was to outline the background
context in the wider framework of electricity systems; the basic information of
existing HVDC systems; the potential applications of DC grids in most continents.

It also intended to summarize the documented proposed con gurations and
topologies of HVDC grids for regional, long distance and other HVDC grid
applications.
A literature review of the existing HVDC grid models proposed by researchers for
different types of studies and for different HVDC grid applications. as well as
various small-scale laboratory demonstrations of multi-terminal HVDC systems
that are available around the world was undertaken. This was based on the review
of the HVDC grid related papers published mainly in IEEE transaction journals,
IET journals, ELSEVIER journals and Cigre conference proceedings between 2012
and 2018.
Based on the outcomes of the above two activities, seven HVDC grid benchmark
models (six new and one existing Cigre B4 HVDC grid test system) were developed
to provide uni ed study platforms to meet the needs for most different HVDC grid
studies and applications.
The modelling methodology and models of the key components (i.e. AC/DC
converters, DC/DC converters, DC circuits breakers, renewable generation, and
conventional AC equipment) of the benchmarks for load ow (LF) and
electromagnetic transient (EMT) studies are introduced.
The of ine modelling and veri cation of all seven benchmark models was
undertaken by building their LF and EMT types of models with different types of
software (i.e. MATLAB, DigSilent, PSCAD and/or EMTP) and the corresponding
dynamic simulation results of two dynamic disturbances were conducted.
Finally, the general details of models used to achieve real time simulation were
provided followed by the real time EMT simulation models for BM1 to BM7
(excluding BM6) built on RTDS NovaCor simulator (BM1 to BM4) and Hypersim
(BM1 to BM7 excluding BM6), and veri ed by two dynamic simulations.
Survey and literature review

As a rst step, a survey of global HVDC installations was conducted to assess the
existing, planned and proposed (potential) HVDC schemes around the globe, along
with their con gurations and applications. The global survey revealed that DC grids
could potentially be formed in any continent, especially in Asia, northern Europe and
North America, due to the growing penetration and integration of renewables, as well
as the increasing necessity of power exchange between neighbouring networks and
high-power transmission over long distances. It also identi ed the presence of multi-
terminal HVDC systems that are currently operating or in planning in China, USA and
Europe.
Potential DC grids are expected to be developed gradually from small scale multi-
terminal systems, of three to ve terminals, towards larger scale grids with more
terminals. Such grids will comprise both underground/undersea and overhead lines
with different con gurations and voltage levels. Thus, appropriate modelling of
different potential con gurations is particularly important because there is unlikely
to be a single formal ‘system architect’ of the whole eventual grid. For each region,
the potential applications of DC grids were compiled as well as the characteristic
requirements for modelling these applications. This was followed by a literature
review of existing DC grid models and their applications, as well as of laboratory
hardware test-systems around the globe.
The literature review examines the existing HVDC test system from Cigre B4 and
GEIRI models and their applications, the most common DC grid models used by
researchers for different types of studies and for different DC grid applications, as
well as various small-scale laboratory demonstrators of multi-terminal HVDC

systems that are available around the world. This demonstrated that a set of
benchmark systems will be required to facilitate comparison of results from various
DC grid related studies – the range of applications means that a ‘one-size- ts-all’
approach would be insuf cient. The applications of the Benchmark models (BMs)
should include, but are not limited to the following:
1. Offshore/onshore renewable integration;

2. Feasibility study of Multi-Terminal DC (MTDC) network;
3. Interconnection of DC grids with different voltage levels;
4. Key DC equipment and components;
5. Load ow and electromagnetic transient (EMT) studies;
6. Protection and control;
7. Dynamic performance analysis and control;
8. Real time simulation of multi-terminal DC systems.
HVDC Grid benchmark models developed

The Technical Brochure has developed Seven (7) BMs as summarized below.
BM1 - HVDC grid model for the integration of large scale

onshore renewable generation
This model represents a ±500 kV Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC grid for the
integration of large scale onshore renewable generation. A number of countries
including the USA, China and Australia are actively studying the widespread roll-out
of largescale onshore renewables, and HVDC transmission becomes economically
attractive at distances of several hundred kilometers.
The literature review carried out in the Technical Brochure indicated that the most
common DC grid models used for the EMT studies are of three to ve DC terminals
with one mesh and one voltage level. Thus, the model is designed for one DC mesh
formed by the minimum three DC buses, but with additional DC terminals and
including major different types of largescale renewables (i.e. wind, solar and hydro)
connected to the DC grid (Figure 1).
The model has also two AC/DC hybrid meshes and this, together with the DC mesh, is
able to provide redundancies to the system. As it has different types of renewables
connected together, generation has temporal and spatial complementarities that are
useful in balancing the power ow, increasing the availability and reliability of the
system. Moreover, the reason why the DC grid is connected to two AC systems (750
kV and 220 kV) is to increase the exibility of the integration of a local VSC DC grid to
increase the practicability of the model.
The model is suitable for (but not limited to) feasibility studies of HVDC grids for
integration of renewables; EMT studies with the converters modelled in detail for
designing and verifying the control functions of HVDC grids; impact studies of AC
system strength.

BM2 - ±800 kV Line Commutated Converter (LCC) HVDC
grid model
This system is formed by interconnecting two existing point-to-point LCC-HVDC
schemes. The interconnection of the two schemes is achieved by installing two DC
lines at the both ends on the DC links, highlighted as dashed lines on Figure 2. If the
power ow is kept in one direction (e.g. from left to right) the requirement of DC
voltage reversal can be avoided. A number of countries have LCC systems connected
in close proximity, not least China, and the need to study converter interactions or
the interconnection of links is pressing.
This model is suitable for (but not limited to) carrying out LCC-HVDC grid feasibility
studies and studies on the different converter control schemes.

BM3 – MTDC system model for integration of small
onshore renewables
This model is complementary to BM1 and models a smaller-scale integration of
onshore renewables with a ±320 kV system. It is suitable for (but not limited to) the
same studies as listed for BM1 above. The model has an AC/DC hybrid mesh only to
provide redundancy to the system – in contrast to BM1’s DC plus AC/DC mesh (Figure
3).
BM4 - HVDC grid model for offshore wind power and

offshore oil/gas platform connection
Offshore wind power integration using HVDC is well-establish in Germany and is
being planned elsewhere in Europe. This model was rst developed by Cigre Working
Groups B4-57 and B4-58, and is already widely used. It covers a point-to-point HVDC
link, a multi-terminal HVDC system and a meshed HVDC grid. It has two voltage
levels and two DC/DC converters (one for different voltage level interconnection and
the other for power ow control only) (Figure 4).
Some potential for interactions of different lines types (i.e. overhead line and cable)
has been considered in the BM by connecting overhead lines and cables in series. It
is suitable for (but not limited to) for electromagnetic transient (EMT) and
electromechanical transient (i.e. RMS dynamic) studies; offshore HVDC grid studies;
design and veri cation of offshore HVDC grid system coordination control functions.

BM5 - LCC/VSC hybrid HVDC grid model
This system is made of two interconnected small-scale models (BM1 and BM2), for
the integration and transmission of renewables. If the LCC terminals are replaced by
VSC terminals, BM5 is also a medium sized VSC HVDC system set for integration of
local renewables and transmission of surplus power to a faraway load centre over
long distances. The two HVDC systems (rated ±800 kV and ±500 kV) link two
asynchronous networks. The model is suitable for (but not limited to) EMT and RMS
studies; feasibility studies for VSC/LCC hybrid HVDC grids; studies on different
converter control schemes; assessment of the transient performance of LCC/VSC
hybrid systems.

BM6 - HVDC grid model for parallel interconnection of two
AC power systems
The BM6 system considers AC two systems interconnected by a multi-terminal grid
in parallel with and HVDC point-to-point system (Figure 6).
The DC grid in the middle is of 10 AC/DC converters, three DC/DC converters to

interconnect three different DC voltage levels (±400 kV, ±500 kV and ±800 kV). A
parallel top route is formed by three buses and is independent from the other routes.
The DC grid is formed by three different DC systems, i.e. two local DC systems at both
ends highlighted in blue (rated at ±400 kV and ±500 kV) and a DC interconnection
system highlighted in green (±800 kV), providing multiple DC power transmission
routes between the two AC/DC hybrid systems.
Such a system might be a regional interconnection between two AC systems having a

high degree of HVDC interconnectivity. A particular focus for the model is to study
the use of DC circuit breakers plus the associated AC breakers to divide the DC grid
into different zones and to clear many of the DC side faults. Although DC breakers
have been tested by several manufacturers, the commercial availability of DC
breakers is still a bottleneck in the development of DC grids due to the large size and
expense of DC breakers at present. In order to provide a platform for researchers to
study different arrangements of DC breakers to protect the DC system under
different con gurations, the benchmark model is designed such that different DC
system con gurations are included with a low requirement for the DC breakers to
divide the DC grid into different DC zones.

BM7 – Large comprehensive HVDC grid model
This model is comprised of BM1, BM2, BM3 and BM4 interconnected. BM7 is
designed as a large comprehensive DC grid with more than 20 terminals, multiple DC
voltage levels interconnected by DC/DC converters, multiple energy resources, to
cover most different applications of DC grids and to meet the needs of most different
research purposes. Due to its large size and complexity, it is not suitable for EMT
studies which model all components. Some studies may wish to use detailed EMT
representation for parts of the model, and simpli ed models for other sections – this
was partly behind the thinking of forming this model from smaller sub-systems. It
can be used for RMS dynamic studies, with part of the system modelled in detail;
hybrid electromagnetic and electromechanical transient studies, with part of the
system modelled in detail; DC grid planning studies; design and veri cation of power
ow controllers; design and veri cation of DC grid system coordination control
functions.

Modelling and veri cation of the benchmark
models
The load ow and EMT models of the seven benchmark models were built with
common used of ine and RT simulation software packages/platforms named Matlab,
PSCAD, EMTP, DigSilent, RTDS and Opal-RT Hypersim. The power components of the
models are built based on previous Cigre brochures or on the most standard/general
model available in the literature and the corresponding software packages. These
are brie y described in the Technical Brochure, with references to literature
providing more detailed coverage. They include AC/DC converters, DC/DC converters,
DC circuits (both OHL and cables), renewable generation, and conventional AC
equipment. It should be noted that some benchmark parameters are generic and will
need adjusting for speci c studies. In particular this Technical Brochure makes no
recommendations on protection strategies.
In total, there are seven (7) model le folders containing 38 model les (i.e. 9 LF
models under normal operating conditions, 9 load ow models under (N-1) operating
conditions, 10 EMT of ine models and 10 real time simulation models), and one (1)
le folder containing one excel spreadsheet le for (N-1) remedial action schemes
and the complete (N-1) study results. The descriptions, software and sample results
to allow users to undertake research and development in a common framework are
provided in the Technical Brochure. This should aid innovation in this increasingly
important eld.
The speci c model les attached to the Technical Brochure are:

Load ow models under normal conditions for all models, in Matlab;
Load ow modes under N-1 contingency conditions for all models, in DigSilent
PowerFactory;
EMT simulation models in PSCAD for BMs 1 to 5;
EMT simulation models in DigSilent PowerFactory for BM 6;
EMT simulation model in EMTP for BMs 4 and 7;
EMT real-time simulation models for the RTDS platform for BMs 1 to 4;
EMT real-time simulation models for the Opal-RT platform (Hypersim) for BMs 1 to
5 and 7.
Conclusions
The Technical Brochure has been prepared to help the engineering community study
the important emerging eld of multi-terminal and grid systems utilizing HVDC. It
provides a wide-ranging study of HVDC systems around the world, and literature on
multi-terminal and grid systems. It summaries the present system models for HVDC
systems and grids. It develops seven benchmark models, with justi cation for their
choice and summaries the key results, as well as online models across a variety of
off-line simulation and real-time simulation platforms. It will provide a substantial
resource to help users, researchers and developers of HVDC systems across a variety
of study areas.

TECHNICAL BROCHURE
TB 805 WG B3.46
Guidelines for safe work methods in

substations
This Technical Brochure provides guidance for working safely during
construction, inspection, maintenance and operation. The research by
the WG discovered that despite intense efforts and improvements by
utilities and contractors in recent years, accidents still happen. The
TB provides a collection of examples and best utility practices from
around the world. The key to a safer substation workplace is a design
that can control the outcome plus empowering and supporting
everyone when identifying unsafe activities.
Convenor (US) Secretary (GB)

M. MCVEY J. NIXON
K KAWAKITA (JP), T. ABE (SG), E. BURT (CA), G. BUCHS (CH), A. CALAZANS (BR), J.
CAMDEN (US), A. CHEANG (SG), F. FRAGA (BR), M. FURUYA (JP), J. HUISMAN (NL), A.
ILO (AT), M. KATSUMATA (JP), L. KORPINEN (FI), J. MEEHAN (CA), A. OKADA (JP), S.
RUNGKHWUNMUANG (TH), D. QUINN (IE), J. RANDOLPH (US), I. ROHLEDER (CH), S.
SAMEK (PL), S. SHOVAL (IS), G. TREMOUILLE (FR), I. ULLMAN (CZ), A. WILSON (GB)
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS: H. CUNNINGHAM (IE), J. FINN (GB), T. KRIEG (AU), K.
WILLIAMS (AU)
Introduction
T here have been many books, seminars and utility programmes about a safe work
environment. Safety manuals are full of rules that represent insight from the past
performance of personnel that have been injured or killed. It is important to learn
from the mistakes of the past, but trending and analytics will only take an
organisation so far. In the last thirty years great strides have been made in safety
performance and personal safety in substation work, but the struggle to move to zero
accidents for most utilities has hit a plateau. The TB focuses not only on what the
industry views as the best practise but also discusses human factors on attitude and
performance.
A questionnaire was distributed globally to known experts in utilities, engineering

companies, consultants and academia, see Figure 1 for details. A workshop was also
held at the CIGRE Paris session in 2018 were 84 global experts collaborated on

“Safety Culture” tasks. The information gained from both have been incorporated
into the TB.
The scope of the TB should provide ideas and topics that the participants in CIGRE
across the world view as important for any safety performance. The goal of this TB is
to provide guidance on ways of approaching an accident free environment. Design
plays an important role in achieving this. Substation design is not just a function of
correct electrical clearance but should be about providing a safe work environment.
This TB addresses human factors in work and design, and shares a philosophy for the
betterment of all, to have a safe working environment for substation construction
and operation that ensures safety and wellbeing for all who interact with it.
Guidance is included on concepts of good engineering and safety practices. All

phases in the life of a substation are considered, not only when workers are on the
substation site carrying out their duties but before anyone ever sets foot on the site.
The TB also considers other people, potentially with limited knowledge of the
electrical dangers present, who are likely to be on or near the substation during, and
post, construction.
Every worker at every level should have

the right to say “STOP” when something
has changed or is not understood.
Management inside and outside the
organisation of the party instigating the
stop work should be supportive, as
continuing beyond this point has the
potential to end badly for all concerned.
Structure and content of the Technical Brochure

The structure of the TB, see Figure 2, follows the lifecycle of a project and that of the
substation:

Before we begin any site work
Looking after the public and the substation workers, no matter what their training or
knowledge, is of paramount importance. So before undertaking any physical work,
businesses within our electricity supply industry set out their stall; this is what we
say we are going to do.
Safety should be a consideration at all stages of a project, not just whilst the work is
being carried out but from project inception through to design implementation.
Safety aspects can be addressed before the site work stage thus ensuring hazards do
not present themselves to site workers. The TB message is not just to reduce risk but
also to consider mitigation measures that reduce the potential impact of an accident.
Thoughtful focused work is how designers can in uence the safety of those who
build, operate and maintain the substation. Utilities should employ a “Safety by
Design” process for developing the safe design of its substations. The safety by
design process should consider all possible scenarios and at all stages. Figure 3
shows types of examples that safety by design considers.

Carrying out the site work safely
In order to implement sitework safely, all workers on site and utilities should
acknowledge the risks of the work and remove or mitigate the risks before the work
starts. A regular inspection programme is necessary to document the current
condition of the substation. The TB provides examples of guidance on important
work practices for safe operation and maintenance activities for the life of the
substation.
Ensuring we have the right people

Any plan or project that is intended to be safe and successful must have a test for
success. An accredited process to train personnel has proven to be instrumental
worldwide. Professional preparation has signi cantly reduced accidents on and off
the work site. The process should be rigorous and continuously updated and
examined. The TB outlines a process followed by many countries and utilities to
train, examine and record worker capability. Safe workers need experience and tools
to perform. Skills and methods training must also involve attitude training. A list of
activities is presented and should be discussed by utility workers and supervisors to
share the best approach to ensure the maintenance process works and data is
available to verify results.
Learning lessons and preventing reoccurance

At the end of each project or at the end of each phase of the works all utilities and
contractors should go through a “lessons learned” process to evaluate what went well
and what should be improved for the next project. It is important to include all
stakeholders in the process to capture as much information as possible. Data and
KPI’s generated during the works are useful to feed into the lessons learned process.
Actions that result in unsafe work should be targeted and eliminated to ensure they
are never repeated. Making actual changes can be dif cult. It is the most
problematic part of the overall lessons-learned process and, therefore implementing
change is the most important part which will require energy, determination and
management support to be successful.
Conclusion
The WG believes having safety as the number one priority is essential to ensure the
lowest levels of incidents and accidents. This belief has been validated by the
answers and feedback received from the survey and the workshop. The WG
recognises there is no hazard-free environment. Every work day, wherever we are,
we are subjected to hazards that are surrounding us. How we complete the day with
no injuries largely depends on our own awareness and taking necessary precautions.
It is not just the management of the organisations that are responsible for the health
and safety of everyone, but it must be emphasised that it is every individual who has
the responsibility of ensuring he or she is safe whilst ensuring their colleagues
around them also remain safe when carrying out their duties. Designers have the
ability and duty to eliminate hazards, where possible, preventing them from ever
appearing at site.

Adopting a great safety culture needs to become second nature. “Stop work” is a
recent introduction to try and promote safer work and to prevent a potential incident
occurring. This human performance objective must be supported at all levels of the
utility, contractor organisation and the supply chain. At any level within the project
organisation, if something looks unsafe or risky, the people involved should ‘stop
work’. It must be recognised that intervening and requesting someone or a team to
stop work takes courage as it can be intimidating.
The management team in all organisations must be fully supportive of the safe way
of working as a core value. It is not good enough to pay lip service to such an
important subject. If we truly believe people who come to work each day, should go
home in the same physical condition, then it is up to the management organisations
to walk the talk and enforce the message that safety is the number one priority.
When we have incidents our rst reaction is to amend existing, or introduce

additional, procedures. These are “objective” elements. From the endeavours
undertaken by the WG evidence would suggest we need to focus more on the
“subjective” as incidents are more associated with individuals rather than the
systems they follow. Feedback from the Paris workshop members was very “people”
biased and not totally “process” driven.
Change, whenever it occurs, can be problematic. When change occurs after the work
has started then this can be a potential for an incident. “Change” does not
necessarily mean something signi cant but can be subtle enough to make a real
difference to working conditions such as; morning to afternoon, yesterday to today,
etc.
Life is precious, the consequence of an accident in a substation can be extreme for

ourselves, colleagues, friends and families. Therefore, we all must take care of each
other to ensure they do not happen, whether at the worksite or elsewhere. It is down
to all of us individually to take ownership of the health and safety of ourselves and
others. This TB strives to ensure the welfare of us all.

TECHNICAL BROCHURE
TB 806 WG C3.19
Responsible management of electric and

magnetic elds (EMF)
This brochure provides information to assist the electricity utility
industry in managing the electric and magnetic eld (EMF) issue. It
discusses known health effects from exposure to EMF, the associated
authoritative guidelines and how to asses compliance with the limits
in those guidelines. There is a discussion on possible effects at levels
below the guidelines, including the positions of key health authorities
and guidance on how to effectively manage public concerns. The
brochure also provides guidance on managing the risk of interference
with implanted medical devices and details measures that can be
used to reduce EMF where this is required.
Convenor (AU)
J. HART
M. PLANTE (CA), F. DESCHAMPS (FR), S. NAKASONO (JP), C. WALL (AR), P. FERNANDES
(PT), A. WOLLNY (DE), R. GRASS (US), A. DABIN (BE), R. ARTHUR (IE)
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS: H. TRIPP (GB), J. SWANSON (GB), X. VERGARA (US), B.
BAILEY (US), L. KORPINEN (FI), J. VARELA (PT), P. GAJŠEK (SI), L. DOMINGUES (BR), M.
SOUQUES (FR), M. WALKER (NZ), T. SHIGEMITSU (JP), R. SAN MILLÁN (ES), D. GOULET
(CA), K. GANESAN (IN), V. HØRLYCK (DK), D. LIEBHABER (US), G. OSTIGUY (CA)
Background
Both electric and magnetic elds occur naturally. Electric elds are produced by
the local build-up of electric charges in the atmosphere associated with
thunderstorms. Magnetic elds are caused by the movement of molten iron in the
Earth’s core.
EMF are also produced wherever electricity or electrical equipment is in use.

Powerlines, electrical wiring, household appliances and electrical equipment all
produce EMF.
Guidelines based on scienti c evidence have been developed to protect workers and
the general public from known adverse acute health effects. The requirements to
comply with speci c guidelines vary between countries, regions and companies.

In most cases, EMF associated with the operation of electricity assets will be well
below the guideline limits and compliance with the limits can be assumed.
Exceptions could include speci c occupational activities near assets such as very
highly loaded conductors, air cored reactors or air cored Transformers (Figure 1).
There are also important safety precautions to consider in relation to workers with
active implanted medical devices (AIMDs). This area requires appropriate policies,
procedures and control measures within power utilities to appropriately manage the
potential risk posed from high exposure to EMF in speci c areas of distribution and
transmission utility work environments.
Regarding possible health effects of exposure to EMF at levels below these

guidelines, extensive research has been conducted since the 1960s. This includes
over 450 epidemiology studies and over 1,600 laboratory studies. Based on the
ndings of independent authoritative public health authorities, the body of scienti c
research on EMF does not establish that exposure to EMF at levels below the
recognised guidelines cause or contribute to any adverse long-term health effects.
However, the possibility cannot be completely ruled out.
In 2001 the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classi ed power-
frequency magnetic elds as “possibly carcinogenic” and that classi cation remains.
Given the high standing of IARC, this classi cation often forms the main argument of
opponents.While the phrase “possibly carcinogenic” can be interpreted in a manner
that triggers concern, the underlying reasons for selecting this classi cation are
more reassuring and consistent with the conclusions reached by other authoritative
reviews.
Concerns are also ampli ed by the way people perceive risks and the amount of
publicly available information (much of it incorrect) freely available on the internet.

Several countries and regions have adopted precautionary policies and, in some
cases, arbitrary limits below the recognised guideline limits. The World Health
Organization’s advice in relation to such practices is that policies based on the
adoption of arbitrary low exposure limits are not warranted. However, there are
times when EMF mitigation measures may be required (Figure 2). Examples include
complying with guideline limits or local laws, responding to concerns from the public
and facilitating public acceptance of new installations.
Adopting EMF mitigation measures in the name of prudence or precaution should be

carefully considered and supported by effective risk communication. Such measures
should not unduly compromise other issues and it cannot be said that they will
result in any demonstrable health bene t. If not managed effectively, the application
of prudence or precaution may be seen by the public as con rmation that the utility
believes that EMF are likely to be harmful.
Regardless of the extensive research and numerous authoritative assessments,

some members of the public have genuine concerns about potential effects of EMF
on their families’ health and potential environmental effects.Dealing with these
concerns requires a genuine acknowledgement of the concerns and a factual, open
and honest approach.
Purpose and scope

The purpose of the new technical brochure is to provide common, industry-wide
information related to electricity distribution and transmission utility infrastructure
to assist in managing the EMF issue.

The technical brochure is aimed at engineers and professionals within the industry
who understand electricity transmission and distribution engineering principles.
The content is industry speci c, and at times can be technically complex. It is not
intended as a brochure for the general public.
The brochure is applicable to power-frequency (50/60 Hz) EMF from AC sources and
static EMF (0 Hz) from DC sources. It is focused on sources owned or operated by the
electricity distribution and transmission industry. The brochure applies to both
general public and occupational exposure situations associated with electricity
infrastructure.
Section 2 of the brochure provides background information about EMF and examples
of typical exposure situations from electricity infrastructure (Figure 3) and other
sources.
Sections 3, 4 and 5 discuss the scienti c research on EMF, international guidelines

and limits and methods for assessing compliance with those exposure limits.
Sections 6 addresses managing potential interference with medical implants.
Section 7 covers topics of public concern, precaution, key position statements and
effective communication with the public.
Section 8 provides options for reducing magnetic elds from both powerlines and
substations.
The brochure is not intended to cover Radio Frequency (RF) sources or sources
within industrial, commercial and residential premises such as industrial
equipment, electrical appliances or metering.

As EMF rules and regulations vary in different regions, the guidance provided within
this brochure should be considered as appropriate based on local circumstances.
Conclusion
The electricity industry has been responsibly managing the EMF issue since the
early 1980s. However, many key industry personnel have retired or moved on. This
combined with the worldwide trend for downsizing and increased staff turnover has
resulted in a reduction of knowledge and expertise around responsible EMF
management.
The issue of EMF remains an important issue for industry in terms of actual risks,
possible risks and misinformation. The continued responsible management of the
EMF issue is critical for ensuring the safe, reliable and cost-effective supply of
electricity and maintaining the trustworthiness of the utility and the electricity
industry as a whole.
The brochure pulls together and builds on the work of many industry experts over
the years, capturing lessons learnt and information accumulated. It provides a
comprehensive and valuable resource for those responsible for managing the EMF
issue, both today and into the future.

TECHNICAL BROCHURE
TB 807 WG B3.47
Application of robotics in substations

The application of robots could improve personal safety, enhance
operation and maintenance ef ciency, and provide comprehensive
information for asset management. This TB provides an overview of
the existing applications of robotics in substations for construction,
inspection, maintenance, and operation. It also presents the current
and expected future trends in the development of new robot systems,
pointing to the need for further research and standardization.
Convenor (CN) Secretary (US)

J. FAN S. SAGARELI
L. LI (CN), T. SUGIMOTO (JP), R. ISHINO (JP), S. MONTAMBAULT (CA), A. RENTON (NZ),

J. BEAUDRY (CA), P. PATEL (US), M.M. GONZALEZ (ES), X. JI (CN), R. GUO (CN)
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS: G. MOTA (PT), A. SHAH (US), J.F. ALLAN (CA), Y. LI (AU)
Introduction
T raditional life-cycle management of substations requires signi cant manpower
and is typically hindered by issues pertaining to ef ciency, consistency, quality, and
safety (especially in high voltage environments), which can be further compromised
by severe climate conditions and at dif cult to access locations. Substation owners,
asset managers, and engineers are always looking for ways to achieve highest levels
of safety and minimizing the costs of substation construction, operations, and
maintenance. These goals can be achieved by employing robots. Rapid
advancements in arti cial intelligence and sensor technologies lead to development
of robotics, which could replace or assist people in substation operations and
management. Some of these robots are already used in substations, with excellent
results.
This Technical Brochure (TB) provides an overview of the existing applications of

robotics in substations. It also presents the current and future trends in the
development of new robot systems.
Scope and Methodology

To gain a thorough understanding of the current state of research on substation
robots and their applications, and thus promote the effective application in
substations, the Working Group (WG) B3.47 was set up in November 2016 and was

tasked with the following responsibilities:
Investigate and research worldwide requirements for the application of robotics in

substations;
De ne main application scenarios;
Identify key technical requirements and challenges;
Conduct case studies describing best practices;
Identify standardization requirements and provide suggestions for the follow-up
work.
In order to get more information, a survey was designed for utilities and research
institutes & manufacturers, mainly covering application scenarios, functional
requirements, key technologies, current applications, and standardization
requirements. The survey was conducted in 15 countries, focusing on those where
substation robotics research is most advanced.
Description of TB
Historical overview
Historical overview of the developments in the eld of robotics in general, and in
substation robotics is provided in Chapter 1.
Survey and categories of robotics in substations

Chapter 2 presents results of the questionnaire that consisted of 54 questions,
mainly covering application scenarios, functional requirements, key technologies,
current applications, and standardization requirements. Based on the survey
statistical data, we could nd the current application situation, functions and key
technologies of existing substation robots, technological demands and development
trends.
To facilitate better understanding of robotics, a de nition of substation robots was

proposed, based on the survey ndings and analyses of the robotic systems
presently used in substations. Classi cations based on different criteria are
presented to show the technical features that distinguish different robot types. See
Figure 1.

Substation construction robots
Chapter 3 is designated for in-depth examination of existing and emerging
substation construction robots, as well as their key functions and technologies,
bene ts and challenges.
Construction using robotics requires precise three-dimensional data. As a result,

after the construction work is nished, three-dimensional data is obtained as a by-
product. Three-dimensional data is useful for maintenance, planning and design
when managing facilities and planning the replacement of facilities. Therefore, it is
essential to be aware of the state of development of unmanned construction methods
using robotics.
Robots often carry out tedious and simple tasks. For example, a robot can be used for
treating concrete walls and another for binding steel reinforcement rods.
Substation inspection robots

Chapter 4 is dedicated to inspection and patrol robots, including general
architecture of robotic systems, current functionalities, and key technologies used in
inspection robots.
In ten years of recent technology improvement, UGV-based patrol robots have been
developed and deployed in outdoor substations. Robots now utilize GPS localization
and 2D laser localization, which considerably extends their navigation capabilities.
Moreover, their inspection scope has been extended from visible-light and infrared
monitoring to partial discharge detection based on ultrasonic and transient earth
voltage detection. Thus far, over 1,000 outdoor patrol robots have been put into full
operation worldwide

Substation operation robots
Many other types of inspection robots have been developed in the last decade, as
well, such as indoor rail-mounted patrol robots, valve hall patrol robots, PD
inspection robots, and transformer internal inspection robots – see Figure 2.
Many of these robots are capable of self-localization and fully autonomous navigation
within substations, which makes them suited for autonomous patrol or inspection, as
appropriate.
Substation maintenance robots

In Chapter 5, maintenance robots are discussed, including those employed for live
washing and cleaning and other substation maintenance tasks. System composition,
functions, performance, bene ts, and challenges of live line working robots are also
presented.
A live maintenance robot has been used to complete the post insulator cleaning, dry
ice blasting, removal of foreign objects, repair of broken conductors, and other live
work.
Substation operation robots

Chapter 6 provides information on existing and emerging operation robotics, such as
breaker racking robots and robots capable of performing switching operations in
remote unattended substations. Certain re ghting robot systems are also
introduced.

A circuit breaker racking robot prototype has been tested, which could lift breakers
exceeding 400 kg in the switchgear room by being manually driven in the control
room. The robot can be commanded to automatically align with and pick up a
breaker from the oor. A tele-operated patrol robot with a robotic arm has been
developed to carry out visible and infrared inspection of substation equipment
under a snow cover at -30 °C and operate a disconnect switch and other substation
equipment by means of a mechanical arm.
A prototype of an intelligent re ghting robot can operate in extremely high

temperatures, as well as in toxic and anoxic environments affected by heavy smoke,
to substitute manual re ghting operations. Fire ghting robot systems for large-
scale facilities consist of ying type reconnaissance & surveillance robots, ground
reconnaissance & surveillance robots, water cannon robots, hose extension
equipment, and command systems, all of which is transported in one vehicle. Figure
3 shows a conceptual image of their operation.
Standardization analysis
Chapter 7 provides speci c references to relevant IEC, ISO, IEEE, etc. standards,
followed by national standards adopted in several countries. Based on these
ndings, a standard system framework for robotics applied in substations is
proposed, as shown in Figure 4.
The standards for robots used in substations may include some general standards, in
addition to those for individual robots of various types. Based on the lifecycle of
robots, standards can be formulated to include requirements on system design,
functions and performance, testing, commissioning and acceptance, operation and
maintenance, as well as discarding and recycling. Priority should be given to
standardization for robots with proven technology and clear user requirements, such
as patrol robot systems used outdoors, to aid in more widespread application of such
robots on a global scale.

Conclusion
Readers of this TB will gain a comprehensive understanding of the current state of
the art and research on substation robots and their applications. Bene ts,
development trends, and proposals for standardization of substation robots are
analyzed and presented.
Robotics for substation being currently used and developed, include full spectrum of
applications that cover whole lifecycle of substation from design to construction to
inspections, operations and maintenance. In construction, their functionalities
include taking measurements, 3D scanning, design, construction, and inspection, as
these are the main activities targeted for automation in countries facing labor
shortages and population aging. Substation inspection robots have been put into full
operation for patrol and inspection equipment in outdoor and indoor environments,
as well as in valve halls and inside the transformers. GIS inspection robots are being
developed, and UAV-based inspection systems are presently being tested.
Prototypes of robots performing water washing, dry ice blasting, brush cleaning, and
replacement of drop-out fuses have been built and tested. Robots for autonomous
breaker racking and disconnect switch operations are designed to eliminate the need
for direct contact between humans and equipment. Fire ghting robots are developed
to minimize hazards and losses caused by re.
The bene ts of application of substation robots include improving personal safety,

enhancing operation and maintenance ef ciency, and providing information for asset
management. Deployment of robots in substations also provides an effective solution
to the problems pertaining to safety, labor shortages, workplace hazards, and
unattended operation.
To improve product and service quality and promote global application of substation
robots, international consensus standards should be developed through the IEC ISO,
IEEE, etc. They should cover technical requirements for robot systems, and
interfaces between robots and utilities’ infrastructure. This will ensure more reliable
services, eliminate repeated development, lower the initial and maintenance costs.

TECHNICAL BROCHURE
TB 808 WG C5.27
Short-term flexibility in power systems:

drivers and solutions
The Technical Brochure "Short-term flexibility in power systems:
drivers and solutions" explores the need for flexibility in the time
frame between real time and up to 12 hours ahead in the future
power system. First drivers are discussed, followed by a range of
solutions. The main contribution of the report is based on a survey
that was answered by 22 countries across the globe, about drivers for
the need for flexibility, expected future providers as well as future
market arrangements. The increased penetration of wind and solar
PV are clearly seen as the main driver, while hydro and batteries are
expected to give the most important contributions, however with
some variation between continents.
Convenor (NO) Secretary (SE)

G. DOORMAN R. SCHARFF
G. THORPE (AU), G. VERBIC (AU), C. DORNELLAS (BR), P. VALENZUELA (CL), C.

CORREA (CO), L. RAMIREZ (CO), M. LAASRI (FR), C. HEWICKER (DE), J. RICHSTEIN (DE),
K. PAWAN KUMAR (IN), J. GING (IE), I. ARONOVICH (IL), K. FURUSAWA (JP), Y.
TAKAMIZAWA (JP), P. GIESBERTZ (NL), P. RODILLA (ES), T. PIYATERAVONG (TH), J.
BLADEN (US), J. FRASIER (US), A. KEECH (US), J. LIN (US), A. TUOHY (US), C. WANG
(US)
The continuing increase of non-dispatchable generation such as solar and wind

presents challenges for handling the real-time balance between production and
demand. The growing deviations between forecast and actual generation ask for a
broader range of solutions to ensure that there is enough exibility in the system to
continue to meet that real-time balance.
Flexibility is a characteristic of capacity. If we view capacity as the possibility (or

option) to either consume or produce electrical energy, then exibility is the
capability to use this capacity freely and to adapt the capacity responding to price
signals. The more exible the capacity (in terms of lack of constraints), the better its
ability to serve the short-term needs of the power market.

This report is about "short-term" exibility. It divides exibility into four time
horizons inspired by (but not restricted to) the European TSOs' mechanisms for
system balancing (from frequency containment reserve to replacement reserve) and
ranging from real time to "short-term", de ned as being between 15 minutes and 12
hours. Flexibility aspects beyond 12 hours are not considered. Primarily through a
survey, this report identi es future solutions.
The need for more exibility is driven by a number of factors:
The increase in variable renewable energy source, primarily wind and solar PV,
including forecast errors and lack of observability
Distributed generation and storage
Decommissioning of conventional generation
In exible dispatch of power plants
Electri cation of transport and industry processes
Outages
Allocation of cross-border capacity
While most of these factors are intuitive, a few require explanation. While storage
clearly is a source to deliver exibility, it can also work in the opposite way if the
dispatch is not aligned with the system needs. Allocation of cross-border capacity
refers to how such capacity is allocated between time horizons – this is relevant
where cross-border capacity is allocated rather than free owing in dispatch. If all
corss-border capacity is allocated ahead of the delivery e.g. to the day-ahead market
without the possibility to update scheduled exchanges close to real time, it is dif cult
to use it for exibility purposes, which implies a local need for more exibility from
other resources. Both these factor indicate the importance of market design. Outages
have always created the need for handling sudden reductions of injections. This is
not expected to change in the future, but large scale deployment of renewable
generation with small unit sizes may reduce the probability of large single outages.
On the other hand, large interconnectors between countries or to offshore wind parks
may draw in the opposite direction.
A number of resources to provide future exibility are identi ed in the report. These
are characterized by their speed, technology scale (before aggregation), direction
(up-down-both), duration and the need for time shifting. The report brie y discusses
the various types of generation, being thermal, nuclear and hydro and also wind and
solar PV. Subsequently it describes storage technologies: batteries, pumped storage
hydro, "power-to-x" ("x" being e.g. gas, heat) and electric vehicles, the latter being
basically batteries but with different characteristics. Another relevant resources is
demand response, while transmission, although not being exibility resources in
their own right, gives access to exible resources over larger areas.The gure below
given an overview over the characteristics of the various resources.

A survey was answered by 22 respondents from ve continents, representing a wide
range of power system and market characteristics. In the following, we brie y
summarise the results of this survey with regards to drivers for the need for short-
term exibility, providers of future short-term exibility and arrangements to
increase future short-term exibility.
Drivers for the need for short-term flexibility

The table below shows the respondents' views on the causes for the need for more
short-term exibility, differentiated between the continents. The table show an
average across all time horizons; detailed response per time horizon are shown in
the full report.

The survey asked to rank drivers as "Low", "Medium" or "High", which in the table is
equivalenced with "1", "2" and "3" and colours green, yellow and red respectively. So,
3.0 / red indicates that all respondents have indicated the actual driver as having
high importance, while 1.0 / green indicates the opposite. The table shows large
regional differences for some drivers (e.g. solar PV generation at the TSO level) but
also regional similarities for other drivers (e.g. in exibility of conventional power
plants). All responses were weighted equally – the answer from Northern Ireland
had the same weight as that of e.g. India or PJM in the US. The values for each region
are the average over the systems within the region and may hide signi cant sub-
regional differences.
Increased wind power at the TSO level and increased solar PV production at the DSO
level clearly stand out as the most important drivers, closely followed by solar PV at
the TSO level and wind at the DSO level. System level forecasting errors and lack of
observability are seen as equally important, and clearly closely related drivers.
Other important drivers are reduced contributions from in exibility of conventional
power plants, as well as reduced contributions from those plants (assumed due to
decommissioning), and increased levels of behind the meter generation.
There are signi cant regional differences. Wind and solar PV at the TSO level were
seen as very important in South America, and slightly less in Europe, but not so
important in Asia & Oceania and the US. DSO level solar PV was seen as important in
all regions. 51 % of all respondents indicate the importance as high and 20 % as
medium. Other answers with high regional variability were "Changes in energy
market design" and "Changing weather patterns", both seen as having high
important in South America but less so in other regions.
Differences across time horizons were not as large, but in general wind and solar PV
are assumed to create most need for exibility in the time horizon beyond 5 minutes.
The same is the case for all other identi ed options, although forecasting errors are
important for all time horizons, especially in South America (but not in the US). A
general conclusion is that the respondents expect the major needs for more
exibility to occur in the time horizons between 5 minutes and 12 hours, and not in
the shortest time horizons. This is probably due to geographical smoothing: although

the variations from individual wind or solar PV plants may vary also in the very
short-term, this will quickly be leveled out over larger areas. In this context it should
be noted that virtually all respondents were TSOs, and none were DSOs. Because the
latter cover smaller geographical areas, they could be more concerned also about
shorter time horizons (e.g. solar insolation variations on a particular feeder).
An overall impression is that respondents in South America and Europe are more
concerned about an increasing need for exibility than those in North America and
Asia and Oceania.
Providers of future short-term flexibility

Table 2 shows the responses on the questions about expected future providers of
short-term exibility.
The highest expectations were to existing and new hydro and batteries, and
somewhat less industrial level demand response and existing conventional fossil
generation. If time horizons are taken into account, batteries stand out as the
unambiguously most important future source for the time horizons below 5 minutes,
with average values of 2.6-2.7 across all regions, see the full report for further
details.
There are signi cant regional differences. Expectations of hydro are high in all
continents, but lower in Europe than in the rest of the world. Also expectations of
conventional fossil generation are lowest in Europe, probably related to the
continent's climate policies that imply decommissioning of large shares of such
generation. On the other hand, expectations of contributions from wind generation,
demand response and DC interconnectors are high in Europe, but less so in the rest
of the world. Asia and Australia have high expectations from increased AC
interconnection, which in Australia's case means between states.

There were generally small expectations of contributions from biomass generation,
power to gas, hybrid exible heating systems and heat(cold) storage. The survey
does not reveal if this is because respondents do not believe these technologies will
generally not reach signi cantly larger penetration in the next 5-10 years, or that
their contributions to exibility will be small despite their level of penetration.
Arrangements to increase future short-term

flexibility
Table 3 shows the responses to questions about arrangements. Note that while
values in the preceding tables were averaged over all time horizons, in the table
below, several of the proposed arrangements are averaged only over relevant time
horizons in order to reveal their real importance. E.g. droop control is not relevant
beyond 5 minutes, and including all time horizons would dilute the real impact.
The overall most important measures for all continents are:
Improve functioning of intraday markets.

Lower barriers for participants in balancing markets, and among these especially
allowing more aggregation.
Establish/enhance cooperation between DSOs and TSOs in order to utilize mutual
resources.
Improving intraday markets has very high interest in North America and Europe.
Note however that there was only one respondent who answered the question in
North America. Establishing intraday markets has a corresponding high interest in

Asia and Oceania (there was only one respondent in Europe)
The lowest interest have increase volumes of droop control and reduction of gate
closure times.
In South America, there is generally little interest for any of the proposed measures,
with the exception of increased volumes of secondary and tertiary reserves and
DSO/TSO cooperation (medium). North America corresponds quite well to the
average for most questions. In Asia/Oceania, there is more interest in new providers
if droop control and secondary reserves, but also increase volume of tertiary
reserves. In Europe, there is clearly more interest for new providers of reserves than
for increased volumes, and there is more focus on increased integration of balancing
markets.

TECHNICAL BROCHURE
TB 809 WG B2.24
Dynamic loading effects on overhead lines:

impact on structures
The Technical Brochure provides an overview of dynamic analysis and
its impact on transmission lines supports. Techniques for dynamic
analyses to obtain line response under time-dependent loads are
presented. The brochure discusses dynamic load events and
transmission line performance. Examples demonstrate the use of
dynamic analysis in predicting the dynamic response of line sections.
The advantage of dynamic analysis is emphasized considering the
perspective of the standard practice of transmission line structural
design.
Convenor, Author (US) Secretary, Author (CA)

L. KEMPNER JR A. HALDAR
F. ALMINHANA (BR), R.C. RAMOS MENEZES (BR), J.B.G.F. DA SILVA (BR), D. RICO (ES), D.
BIEDRZYCKA-PIEGAT (PL), F. LEGERON (CA), G. GHEORGHITA (RO), J.T.F.M. GAIVÃO
(PT), P. MARAIS (US), M.S. ERMOSHINA (RU), V. NUMMINEN (FI), T. OKAMURA (JP)
CORRESPONDING MEMBERS: C. LAUB (CZ), D HUGHES (NZ), C-H. PARK (KR), K. S.

HUN (KR), E. THORSTEINS (IS), M. RAVENA (CL), H. HAWES (AU), N. RIBEIRO (PT), N.
LEMIEUX (CA), R. LAKE (AU), P. CHAPMAN (NZ), S. LANGLOIS (CA), R.P. GUIMARAES
(BR), T. KAMIBAYASHI (JP), X. H. ZHANG (CA)
REVIEWERS: GHYSLAINE MCCLURE (CA) AND ASIF BHANGOR (AU)
Despite time dependent loads being treated in a quasi-static fashion, most of

transmission line loads vary over a period of time, as illustrated in gure 1.
Transmission lines are structural systems that extend over a signi cant distance and
are exposed to a variety of meteorological, topographical, and geographical
conditions. Examples of dynamic loads are wind, and wind-and-ice storms, as well as
earthquakes. In addition to these events, there are other types of dynamic loads
caused by conductor breakage and insulator string failure that can also impact the
performance of transmission lines.

Dynamic analysis requires several parameters to be de ned in addition to the static
structural stiffness. These parameters include component masses, damping
properties, and the time dependent dynamic loads. A simple comparison of these
parameters for a typical linear system is shown in the following two equilibrium
equations for static and dynamic analyses.
Ideally, the responses of all

transmission line systems should be
obtained based on time dependent
loads and dynamic analysis, since this
represents the real-world situation. This
concept is not practical in an of ce
environment in most of the situations,
and therefore, simpli ed approaches
based on equivalent static loads are
used in line design. However, there are
special cases when the designer should
consider a dynamic analysis, such as for
large river-crossings, special long span
con gurations, or for new non-
traditional tower designs. Additionally,
dynamic analysis can be a useful tool for
tower failure investigations to
determine the ultimate limit states of
towers, and to develop the load
magnitudes for simpli ed static analysis
methods.
The transmission tower is part of a system consisting of multiple towers connected

by multiple wire systems. These structural components have unique dynamic
characteristics and can be subjected to different time varying load magnitudes. The
ability to perform advanced dynamic analysis has been improving continuously over
the past decades as numerical methods and computer capabilities are developed.
Figure 2 depicts a ow diagram illustrating the solution types employed in a typical
dynamic analysis. The two basic approaches that are considered in a dynamic
analysis are linear and non-linear. The non-linear analysis can address large
displacement as well inelastic material behavours.

Practically all structural loads applied to transmission line systems can be
considered dynamic. This can be either in the initial state, such as wind, or sometime
during the service life caused by ice drop-off, broken wires, or failed insulators. The
main events generating signi cant time-dependent loads on transmission lines are
presented here. Since wind is the most common source of dynamic loading on line
components, the dynamic loads impacting transmission lines can be grouped into
either wind-induced or wind-independent loads. The structural design of
transmission line components is to a major extent governed by wind loads in most
parts of the world not affected by atmospheric icing. These loads are time dependent,
even though they are assumed as static loads, and their magnitudes vary vertically
on towers and wires as well horizontally along the wire spans (Figure 3).
Figure 4 illustrates time varying member stresses for the main legs of a tower
responding to a wind load event. Traditional transmission line design standards
adopt simpli ed static (quasi-static) wind models based on synoptic boundary layer
winds originated by extended pressure systems (EPS), i.e. extratropical cyclones. EPS
events are responsible for the strongest gust winds in many parts of the world. The
performance of transmission towers designed to the appropriate extreme wind
speed has typically been acceptable. It should be noted that although these models
are widely used, and experience has proved that they produce adequate results in
many situations. However, they cannot adequately either represent all wind events
or capture the full impact on structures.

Most tower failures can be attributed to narrow high wind gusts exceeding the design
wind velocity. A narrow high wind gust can affect a single tower, or both the structure
and its connecting transmission line spans simultaneously. The application of a
narrow high wind gust is further complicated by a lack of understanding of the
characteristics of localized high intensity winds caused by downbursts, also referred
as thunderstorm winds.
In a transmission line system, there can be structures and structural components

that may be sensitive to dynamic wind loads and in this case a full dynamic analysis
should be considerd. Examples are large river-crossings and towers with unique
con gurations. The application of wind loads to very long spans, with or without tall
transmission towers should be carefully reviewed to consider any potential effect
due to the dynamic response of the conductor system, or dynamic interaction with
the “support system” of tall towers. Tower (tubular and lattice) members can also be
subjected to wind induced vortex shedding vibration. In exceptional situations,
fatigue damage has been observed at the tower member connections.

The wire spans can also be subjected to time varying loads and this can cause the
wires to vibrate dynamically. Aeolian vibration is a high frequency low amplitude
motion of the wire that can cause conductor fatigue, which is likely to develop at the
conductor attachment points at the clamp mouth (conductor “take off” point). This
type of vibration can also cause tower members to develop fatigue cracks and loosen
connection bolts if the system is not damped appropriately. Conductor galloping,
unlike aeolian vibration, is a low frequency high amplitude, primarily a vertical
motion induced by a moderately strong steady wind on an asymmetrical ice shaped
conductor. The conductor movement during galloping can result in infringement of
operating clearances between wire phases, failure in insulator assemblies and
ttings, as well damage to structural framing members. Wind induced vibration on
conductor bundles can cause vibration problems that differ from those encountered
in a single conductor. In addition to galloping and aeolian vibrations, conductor
bundles are also affected by low-frequency “sub-span oscillations” induced by wake
effects between the sub-conductors, and this can lead to conductor damage at spacer
damper locations.
Apart from the dynamic wind-induced loads, there are other dynamic loads that are
wind-independent loads, which can impact signi cantly line components and should
be considered in line design. These loads are: ice and snow shedding; conductor and
shield wire breakages; insulator failures and earthquakes.
Ice and snow loading events are typically classi ed as static loads. But after the
ice/snow storm, this loading can become dynamic when the ice/snow sheds from
wires in the full spans or segmented sections of the spans due to change in
temperature. This loading event is called “sleet jump” or “snow jump”. Ice/snow
shedding causes two effects, potentially large wire movements and impact loads. An
ice shedding event can cause unbalanced bending and torsional loads on a tower
that should be considered under these situations.
Conductor breakage can induce large unbalanced impact loads on transmission

towers and is regarded as the most frequent triggering event of severe longitudinal
cascades, progressive failure of the line structures, gure 5. Conductor breakage
produces shock waves that propagate throughout the line system (typically a line
section de ned between two dead end structures).

In the past decades, several systems and strategies have been developed and
implemented by electrical utilities across the globe in alleviating line collapses,
although some of them have shown to have limited success. One cascading
mitigation strategy is called failure containment design philosophy. This strategy is
based on the determination of design longitudinal impact load factors and placement
of towers within a line considering an acceptable number of cascading tower failures
in the line section. Other cascade mitigation devices such as load control sliding
clamps and load-limiting systems protect the supports from excessive loads by
providing additional slack and localized dissipation of energy.
With respect to seismic performance of transmission line systems to earthquakes, a

full dynamic analysis is the only mean to investigate the response of transmission
line systems (towers, conductors and foundation-soil interaction) to earthquake
events. However, earthquake analysis is typically not applied to transmission line
design. Historically, transmission line systems performed adequately to inertia
loading during signi cant seismic events. Line support collapses have occurred, but
these typically have been related to failures of the foundations from liquefaction,
lateral spreading, or earthquake generated landslides. Another earthquake related
failure mode of transmission line towers is earthquake generated rock falls. Although
previous observations may apply to transmission line structures under usual
conditions, it is recommended to carefully consider earthquake events for special
and/or unique transmission line structures, such as large span crossings and/or very
tall and slender towers installed in zones of high seismic activity.
It is important to have a basic understanding of the parameters and modelling

assumptions used in a dynamic analysis. The appropriate mass, damping, and
stiffness of the structural model are critical to obtaining realistic dynamic response
results.
The effects of dynamic loading rate on line component capacity is also a very
important issue. Rapid loading can arise from broken conductor loads, ice shedding,
etc., and the question that needs to be addressed is how a line component (e.g. tower

members, insulator assemblies and foundations) responds to a rapid load event.
Several structural systems and components have been tested to determine the
effects of dynamic loading rate on failure modes. The behaviour of tower foundation
capacity under rapid dynamic loads has also been investigated through full broken
conductor tests on transmission lines (CIGRE TB 788).
There is a signi cant number of published literatures where advanced structural

dynamic analysis has been used to better understand the performance of
transmission line systems. These investigations provide examples on how to carry
out and apply dynamic analysis on overhead lines, and benchmark analysis in some
cases. They have shown that numerical methods can be extremely powerful, i.e. they
can produce highly accurate results when built upon a solid theoretical formulation
and are properly calibrated using experimental tests.
It is important to keep in mind that the equivalent static loads, usually provided in
design codes, are derived to provide a similar component response as it would be
subjected to a real dynamic loading. Hence, these given equivalent static loads are
valid within a range of applications that satisfy the premises from where they were
derived. The boundary between the range where they are valid and where they are
inaccurate depends on the structural con guration and type of loading, and may be
imperceptible by the industry and/or by transmission line engineers, who may not
be familiar with advanced structural analysis concepts. In this context, structural
dynamic analysis capabilities are an important tool to understand the structural
performance of transmission line components when subjected to time-dependent
loads. Structural dynamic analysis demands non-trivial efforts in modelling loads,
member resistance, and structural response.
To review the existing literature, as well as to collect the available information on the
current industry practices around the world on this issue, a Working Group was
created by CIGRE (WG B2.24), aiming to consolidate information in an unique
document that could be a reference on this subject for transmission line engineers.
Working Group members consider that the transmission line design industry will
bene t as investigations and research continue to demonstrate the application of
advance dynamic analysis tools to better understand tower/line system
performance. The current studies clearly showed that a balance should be sought
between impact of transient loading effects (short duration load with rapid rate of
increase) on structural components and the increase in structural capacity. In
conclusion, under the philosophy of the Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD)
methodology, the dynamic characteristic should be simultaneously considered in
both sides of the design equation by using adequate coef cients to achieve a
consistent design practice. Results of full-scale tests, researched by the WG on
several components, strongly support this nding
In this context, a CIGRE Technical Brochure is being issued addressing above

mentioned themes and providing a comprehensive overview of dynamic phenomena
impacting transmission line supports and dynamic analysis techniques employed to
obtain line response under time-dependent loads. The fundamental concepts of
dynamic analysis and modelling are examined. Relevant dynamic events inducing
time-domain dynamic loads acting on transmission line components, especially line
supports, are examined. A brief review of relevant published research employing
advanced structural dynamic analysis techniques is provided to depict the
importance of the dynamic performance of transmission line problems. Examples
employing time domain dynamic analysis in predicting the response of typical line

sections to dynamic loads are also provided. These examples illustrate the usage of
advanced dynamic analysis to transmission line applications. Solution procedures
employed to solve the equations of motion in each example are discussed. The most
signi cant modelling considerations e.g. element types, dynamic loading input
generation, and boundary conditions are indicated as well the main analysis
parameters adopted, such as time step of integration and damping values. The
necessity of dynamic analysis is discussed under the perspective of the standard
practice of transmission line structural design.

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ELECTRA N°311

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 1

Utility 3.0: Japan’s Utility of the Future

Q&A with Andrey Murov

André-Marie Ampère and the two hundred years of electrodynamics

Next Generation Network Signi cant Contribution Award 2020

CIGRE Honorary Members 2020

CIGRE Medal 2020 Recipients

CIGRE Fellows 2020 Recipients

In Memoriam - Árni Björn Jónasson

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 2

SC C2 > Power system operations and control

TB 805 WG B3.46 Guidelines for safe work methods in substations

TB 806 WG C3.19 Responsible management of electric and magnetic elds (EMF)

TB 807 WG B3.47 Application of robotics in substations

TB 808 WG C5.27 Short-term flexibility in power systems: drivers and solutions

TB 809 WG B2.24 Dynamic loading effects on overhead lines: impact on structures

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 3

Welcome to Digital ELECTRA

Rob Stephen, president of CIGRE, introduces the new digital magazine:

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 4

A few nal words from Philippe Adam, Secretary General of CIGRE:

ELECTRA is CIGRE's digital magazine. It is a bi-monthly publication and it brings you

ELECTRA is augmented by newsletters, PowerTalk for events and news, Leadership

ELECTRA is your gateway to a world of end to end power

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 5

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 7

Relating to nancial aspects we decided to ensure we had suf cient funds to

With the immense energy of the Marketing Committee, we expanded our

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 8

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 9

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 10

Operational impact of COVID-19 on

by Sorrell Grogan, Darren Spoor, Ellise Harmer, Babak

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 11

In Victoria, reductions in operational demand were found to compound existing

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 12

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 13

In addition to lower-priority outages being reviewed and, in some cases, delayed, a

The Australian Energy Market

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 14

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 15

Rethinking power grid resilience:

by Mathaios Panteli and Malcolm Van

Multi-dimensional impacts of COVID-19 on

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 16

Staff shortages and complexities in organizational decision-making and prioritization

Are infrastructure and operational resilience

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 17

This emphasizes the need to consider organizational resilience as a key dimension of

Expanding the de nition and recognizing the importance of organizational resilience

Looking ahead to a more resilient future

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 18

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 19

Utility 3.0: Japan’s Utility of the Future

by Dr. Hiroshi Okamoto, EVP, TEPCO Power Grid Inc.

Transition of the electricity business (utility

What are 5DS?

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 20

©2020 - CIGRE ELECTRA N°311 August 2020 21

What do the 5DS bring?

Electri cation is the key

TEPCO Holdings conducted a preliminary simulation-based study of the long-term