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Behavior and Splice Length of Deformed Bars Lapping in Spirally Confined Grout Filled Corrugated Duct
Behavior and Splice Length of Deformed Bars Lapping in Spirally Confined Grout Filled Corrugated Duct
Behavior and Splice Length of Deformed Bars Lapping in Spirally Confined Grout Filled Corrugated Duct
Research Article
Behavior and Splice Length of Deformed Bars Lapping in Spirally
Confined Grout-Filled Corrugated Duct
1
Key Laboratory of Building Structural Retrofitting and Underground Space Engineering (Shandong Jianzhu University),
Ministry of Education, Jinan, Shandong 250101, China
2
College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211816, China
3
School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
4
School of Civil Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410075, China
Correspondence should be addressed to Yongfeng Zheng; zhyf-fb@163.com and Peng Liu; lop868@163.com
Copyright © 2019 Yongfeng Zheng et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is
properly cited.
This paper discusses the behavior of grouted noncontact lap splices under monotonic tension load. Deformed bars lapped through
a grout-filled corrugated duct, and a spiral reinforcement was preembedded in the connection to improve tensile strength of the
splice. The experimental results show that bond failure splices are always failed by the pullout of the preembedded bar other than
the grouted bar. As the spiral pitch distance is not greater than 75 mm, the tensile strength generally improves with the increment
of volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio due to the higher confinement provided by the spiral bar. Compared with the spiral bar
diameter, the spiral pitch distance provides more dominant effect on the tensile strength of the connection. Based on the
experimental results and the development length specified in ACI 318-14, a revised equation with a reduction factor of 0.76 was
proposed to predict the required minimum lap length of spirally confined lap splice.
2. Experimental Program
Corrugated
2.1. Test Specimens. Experimental parameters include lap-
steel conduit ping bar diameter, lap length, spiral bar diameter, and spiral
pitch distance. The specimens were named with a five
component ID according to their variables. Take C40-16-
Grout inlet 0.8-6-75 for example; the first part denotes the concrete type
Upper precast (C40), and the second component is the nominal diameter of
component lapping bar (db � 16 or 18 mm), and the third component
Shim and
denotes the ratio (0.8, 1.0 or 1.2) of the lap length (ll,exp) to
In-situ the basic development length (laE). The value of laE can be
Grout bed
Protruding concrete defined by GB 50010-2010 [12], as follows:
bar
fby
laE � ζ aE ζ a α d ≈ 30db , (1)
ft b
Lower precast where ζ aE is a correction factor reflecting the building
component
aseismic grade, ζ aE � 1.05; ζ a is a factor reflecting the effects
of reinforcement size, epoxy coating, concrete cover, etc,
ζ a � 1.00; α is the reinforcement shape factor, α � 0.14; fby is
Figure 1: Rebar lapping by corrugated steel duct. the design tensile strength of reinforcement, fby � 360 MPa; ft
is the design tensile strength of concrete, ft � 1.71 MPa. The
seismic response (capacity, hysteretic responses, energy fourth part in the specimen ID illustrates the nominal bar
dissipation, etc.) of the precast units. However, for the time diameter of spiral reinforcement (dsb � 4 or 6 mm). The last
being, fewer references exist dealing specifically with the lap part indicates the pitch distance of the spiral (sv � 50, 75 or
length of grouted corrugated duct connection and a cal- 100 mm). For each test type, three identical specimens were
culation method for the required lap length which not only prepared.
can promise sufficient strength in plastic hinge region, but Configuration and dimensions of the test specimens are
also is economical, reasonable, and urgently needed. Even shown in Figure 2. Each specimen consisted of a concrete
so, the following papers could give some enlightenment for block having a rectangular cross section of 120 × 150 mm. To
the study of this paper. Tullini and Minghini [6] performed prevent any additional restraints, an unbonded length of
an experimental program concerning full-scale tests on 25 mm was provided at the end of the block using a plastic
precast reinforced concrete column-to-column connec- tube. The spiral diameters (Ds) used in the specimens for
tions made with the grouted splices. The direct tension test 16 mm and 18 mm bar splices were 65 mm and 70 mm,
results highlighted the effectiveness of the stress transfer respectively. All the reserved conduits were formed by
along the splice region, and failure took place outside the corrugated metal ducts with the same diameter of 40 mm.
bar splice region. The behavior of spirally confined lap
splice was investigated by Einea et al. [7] and Hosseini and
Rahman [8]. Their investigation shows that the spiral 2.2. Test Setup. Different from butt splice, the lap splice is
confinement can result in significant reduction of the re- eccentrically loaded when tested on a traditional mechanical
quired lap length. The spiral diameter provides more testing machine due to the eccentric position of the lapping
dominant confining effect compared to the spiral pitch bar in the concrete block and consequently affects the ac-
distance [8]. For the conventional lap splice used in cast-in- curacy of test values inevitably. Therefore, a tension test
place concrete structure, Hassan et al. [9] found that the setup was specially developed, as shown in Figure 3. The
ACI318-08 Building Code provided more conservative support frame is mainly composed of four screws of 45 mm
bond strength predictions for regular bars compared to in diameter and three steel plates of 16 mm in thickness.
larger diameter bars. Three plates are welded to each other and formed into a
Despite the available studies and even the existence of trough structure used for placing the test specimen.
design guidelines that include recommendations for the use Meanwhile, there are steel plates of 40 mm in thickness at
of grouted lap splice [10, 11], comprehensive experimental each side of the frame, and an eccentric hole was drilled in
characterization of the grouted connection is still scarce, and the plate to be passed through by the lapping bar. As the bar
further work needs to be conducted to provide the test data loaded, the 40 mm thick plate can provide enough reaction
on which confidence in the design and application of this force to ensure the lapping bar fractured. In order to reduce
connection could be built. In response to this, 30 sets of 90 friction between the inner wall of the frame and the concrete
lap splices were prepared, and spiral reinforcement was block, PTFE plates were placed on both sides and bottom of
preembedded in the connected region to improve the bond the steel trough. Two hydraulic centre hole jacks were used
behavior of the splice. Through monotonic tension test, the to provide monotonic tension load. Before test, the jacks and
effects of spiral configuration on tensile strength were in- load cell were calibrated on a universal material testing
vestigated as well as the calculation of the required lap machine. After curing for 28 days, all the specimens were
length. tested under incremental tensile load at a rate of 2 MPa/s.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 3
c2
Pu
Pu Grouted bar
Ds
150
Grout Spiral
c2
Corrugated reinforcement
steel duct 20 Sv 20 40
ll + 40 120
3. Experimental Results
Figure 3: Test setup.
3.1. Failure Mode. Two failure modes were observed,
namely, bar fracture failure and bar pullout failure. In
During the test, the tension load was recorded by the comparison with the bond failure of bar pullout, specimen
pressure value of the oil pressure gauge and the readings of failed by bar fracture is the desired failure mode for the
the load cell. better reliability. Taking C40-18-1.0-6-75 as an example, the
cracking pattern is described as follows: first transverse crack
occurred in the middle of concrete block when the specimen
2.3. Material. The concrete was supplied by a commercial was loaded to about 60 kN; as the tension load increased to
ready mixing plant. The concrete type was C40 (that is, with about 100 kN, two cracks were observed at both ends of the
a specified 28-day cubic and prism compressive strength block; at approximately 107 kN, the bar yielded, and sub-
greater than 40.0 MPa and 26.8 MPa, respectively). The test sequently more and more splitting cracks initiated from the
compressive strength, which was determined at the day of corner of the block; as the load increased to about 156 kN,
testing the lap splice specimens using 100 × 100 × 300 mm the lapping bar fractured or pulled out accompanied with
prisms cast at the same time as the specimens and cured spalling of the corner concrete, as shown in Figure 4(a). For
alongside the specimens, is 27.2 MPa. the pullout failure specimens of 18 mm bar, in addition to
4 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
Grouted bar
(a) (b)
Grouted bar
Splitting crack
(c)
Figure 4: Typical cracking after load. (a) C40-18-1.0-6-75. (b) C40-18-0.8-4-50. (c) C40-18-1.2-6-100.
the transverse splitting cracks, longitudinal cracks also can fracture specimen is determined by the strength of the
be observed after the bar yielding in the side concrete surface lapping bar, which cannot reflect the effects of the lap length,
(Figure 4(b)). only bond failure specimens are presented. From Figure 5,
It is important to stress that all the bond failure speci- nonlinear increment of the tensile strength with the increase
mens failed by the pullout of preembedded bar other than of lap length can be noted. As the lap length increases from
the grouted bar. This indicates a higher bond strength of 0.8laE to 1.0laE, the tensile strength increases significantly and
grouted bar and can be attributed to the following: (i) the averagely by 10.9%. However, as the length increases from
strength of filler grout in metal corrugated duct is greatly 1.0laE to 1.2laE, the strength increases slightly only by 2.3%.
higher than the surrounding concrete and (ii) the steel duct On the other hand, different from the variation of the tensile
provides uniform confining stresses on the grout splitting strength, the bond strength of lapping bar decreases aver-
dilation. Therefore, the tensile strength of lap splice is agely by 24.3% as the lap length increases from 0.8laE to
controlled by the bond strength of the preembedded bar, and 1.2laE, as shown in Figure 6. By virtue of more ribs on the bar
the grouted bar, filler grout, and corrugated duct can be engaged to interlock with surrounding concrete, the tensile
assumed as a single body. Consequently, more splitting strength increases with the lap length. But due to the
cracks are generated on the side of grouted bar due to the nonuniform distribution of the bond stress at bar-concrete
relatively smaller concrete cover, as shown in Figure 4(c). interface, the tensile strength does not increase linearly.
Table 2 summarizes the test results of all the specimens. Meanwhile, longer bonded length creates a more apparent
With the exception of specimens C40-18-0.8-6-100, all uneven bond stress distribution [13, 14] and a larger number
specimens sustained maximum axial stresses, higher than of primary cracks within the lap length [15], and hence,
125 percent of the specified strength fbyk of lapping bars and, lower bond strength is generated.
in most cases, no less than 150 percent of fbyk. As the bar
diameter increases from 16 mm to 18 mm, the number of Pu,exp 0.25fu db
τb � � . (2)
pullout failure specimens increases from 33.3% to 73.3%, πdb ll ll
and a more significant effect of the spiral reinforcement on
the tensile strength of the splice can be observed. The In addition, Figure 5 also illustrates the effects of con-
minimum lap lengths to ensure bar fracture are 24db and figurations of the spiral reinforcement on the tensile strength
30db, respectively, for the 16 mm and 18 mm bar splices with of the splice. The specimens with the spiral of d6@75 give the
the spiral bar diameter (dsb) of 6 mm and pitch distance (sv) highest strength, and followed by d4@50, d4@75, and d6@
of 50 (hereafter denoted as d6@50 and similarly to the other 100, in turn decrease. In order to see the effects of the spiral
spiral configuration). For the specimens with the spiral of configuration graphically, the variation of tensile strength
d4@75, however, the minimum lap lengths are 36db and with different volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio (ρsv) is
>36db, respectively. plotted in Figure 7. The ratio can be used to appraise the
amount of spiral reinforcement, which is calculated by
equation (3) [2, 12]. Results show that increasing the vol-
3.2. Strength of Lap Splice. Figures 5 and 6 show the tensile umetric ratio can generally improve the bond strength, and
strength (fu) and bond strength (τ b) versus lap length (ll), more apparent influence can be observed by the specimens
respectively. The average bond strength can be calculated by with greater bar diameter and shorter lap length. For ex-
equation (2). Considering that the tensile strength of the bar ample, in the case of splice with bar diameter of 18 mm and
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 5
598.0 1.50 BF
C40-16-1.2-4-50 603.6 600.6 1.51 BF 570
600.3 1.50 BF
509.8 1.27 BP
540
C40-18-0.8-6-100 495.4 495.7 1.24 BP
481.8 1.20 BP
561.9 1.40 BP 510
C40-18-0.8-6-75 598.0 575.8 1.50 BP
567.6 1.42 BP
480
613.1 1.53 BF 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
C40-18-0.8-6-50 601.9 604.0 1.50 BP ll/laE
598.1 1.50 BP
518.2 1.30 BP C40-18-x-6-75 C40-18-x-4-50
C40-18-0.8-4-75 523.1 520.6 1.31 BP C40-18-x-6-100 C40-18-x-4-75
520.6 1.30 BP Figure 5: Tensile strength-lap length relationship.
6 Advances in Materials Science and Engineering
6.0
5.2
4.8
4.4
4.0
0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
ll/ldE
C40-18-x-6-75 C40-18-x-4-50
C40-18-x-6-100 C40-18-x-4-75
Figure 6: Bond strength-lap length relationship.
620 640
d4@75 d4@50 d6@75 d6@50 d4@75 d4@50 d6@75 d6@50
Tensile strength, fu (MPa)
600 600
d6@100 d6@100
540 480
0.8 1.2 1.6 2.0 2.4 2.8 3.2 3.6 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
Volume-stirrup ratio, ρsv (%) Volume-stirrup ratio, ρsv (%)
C40-16-0.8-x-x C40-18-0.8-x-x
C40-16-1.0-x-x C40-18-1.0-x-x
C40-18-1.2-x-x
(a) (b)
Figure 7: Tensile strength-volume stirrup ratio relationship: (a) d16; (b) d18.
lap length of 0.8ld, by increasing the ratio of ρsv from 0.96% through reducing the pitch distance. The following sections
(d4@75) to 3.23% (d6@50), the tensile strength improves will make further analysis on the effect of the spiral
dramatically from 520.6 MPa to 604.0 MPa. configuration.
It should be noted that all the family curves have a
distinct turning point at the abscissa value of 1.74% for 0.25πd2sb · πDs πd2sb
ρsv � � . (3)
16 mm bar splices and 1.62% for 18 mm bar splices. The two 0.25πD2s · sv Ds sv
troughs represent the spiral configuration of d6@100. Spiral
pitch distance taken as 100 mm seems too be great to be used
for application in practice. Meanwhile, comparing d4@50 4. Confining Mechanism of Spirally Confined
with d6@75, although the ratio of ρsv increases by 45%, no Lap Splice
significant improvement in tensile strength can be observed.
For the 18 mm bar splices, the tensile strength is only The effect of spiral reinforcement on the bond strength can
improved by an average of 3.1%, and for the 16 mm one, the be explained by a free body diagram shown in Figure 8.
tensile strength even slightly decreases. These results may Considering that all the bond failure splices failed by pullout
infer that compared to increasing the diameter of the spiral of the preembedded bars, the interactions between the
bar, it is more effective to improve the tensile strength grouted bar, filler grout, and metal corrugated duct are
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 7
α1 σ1 ftk
c
τ1
σs
σ1
db
τ1 Pu
Pu
150
Ds
σ2
dc
τ2
σs
τ2
σ2 α2
c
(a) (b)
Figure 8: Free body diagram. (a) Axial forces equilibrium. (b) Hoop forces equilibrium.
ignored, and the three components are deemed as a single that all the calculated stresses of σ s are less than the specified
body in the figure. yield strength of 300 MPa.
Under direct tension load, the bar rib bearing actions As the lap length increases, dramatic decrease in the
against the concrete occur, as seen in Figure 8(a). These spiral bar stress can be observed. Taking the splices of C40-
bearing actions can be divided into tangential stress (τ1) and 18-x-4-75 series as an example, as the lap length increases
normal stress (σ1), similarly to the interaction between the from 0.8laE to 1.2laE, the σ s decreases by 61.6%, from
corrugated duct and the concrete. The normal stresses which 226.0 MPa to 86.8 MPa. Meanwhile, for the 18 mm bar
cause radial cracks in concrete have been confined effectively splices, comparing d6@100 splices with d4@50 splices, it can
by the spiral reinforcement, and consequently creates tensile be found that by reducing the volumetric stirrup ratio from
stress in the spiral, as seen in Figure 8(b). The following 1.62% to 1.44%, the spiral bar stress and the tensile strength
equations can be driven from the equilibrium of axial and of lapping bar increase averagely 35.1% and 5.4%, re-
hoop forces: spectively. This indicates a more effective confinement
provided by the spiral of d4@50. In general, it can be
Pu � 0.25fu πd2b � πτ 1 db ll , (4)
concluded that (i) as the lap length increases, the effect of
spiral reinforcement declines and (ii) under the premise of
ftk csv + 0.5πσ s d2sb � σ 1 db + σ 2 dc sv , (5) similar volumetric stirrup ratios, smaller spiral bar and pitch
distance can improve the material utilization of the spiral
τ 1 db � τ 2 dc , (6) and achieve a higher tensile strength.
displacement ductility in the connection region and realize a where (c + Ktr)/db should not exceed 4.0. The calculated lap
full-yield strength of the bar, 50 percent increase above the lengths ll,cal are listed in Table 4. The criterion for de-
specified yield strength was selected according to ACI 550.1R termining the experimental minimum lap length ll,exp of the
[10]. Furthermore, because the bars are usually lapped at the specimens with the same spiral configuration in Table 4 is
same section of high tensile stress, the length of ld should be that the tensile strengths of the three specimens are all not
multiplied by 1.3 according to ACI 318-14. As a result, the less than 150% of fbyk. It can be seen that with the exception
lap length ll can be written as of specimens C40-16-x-6-75, all the calculated/experimental
ratios ll,cal/ll,exp are greater than 1.0, which shows an reliable
⎜ 1.95fbyk ⎟ prediction. For the specimens C40-16-0.8-6-75, only one
ll,cal � φ⎛
⎜
⎝ �� ⎞
⎟
⎠db , (10) specimen does not meet the above length adopting criteria
′
1.1 fc c + Ktr /db
with a slightly lower tensile strength, as shown in Table 2.
That means the required lap length may be a little higher than
where φ is a reduction factor. It should be noted that the
384 mm (0.8laE), but less than the value of 480 mm (1.0laE) in
upper limit of 2.5 for the term (c + Ktr)/db seems too con-
the table. Consequently, the predicted ll,cal should be more
servative according to the test results in this paper. For
close to or higher than the actual minimum lap length.
example, the tensile strength of specimen d6@50 is dis-
Moreover, considering that the spirals are inexpensive
tinctively improved compared with that of corresponding
[7], the upper limit of 4.0 for the term (c + Ktr)/db can be used
specimen configured with d4@50 by virtue of the higher
to determine the minimum amount of spiral reinforcement
confinement, although the calculated values of (c + Ktr)/db
for a simplification. And then, evaluation of equation (11)
are greater than 2.5. Consequently, equation (10) may be
results in
used with a recommendation to increase the limit to 4.0
instead of 2.5 [7, 17, 18].
⎜ 0.34f ⎟
The value of φ can be obtained by the statistical method. ll,cal � ⎛
⎝ ��byk ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎠db . (12)
The sequence for adopting the required lap length (ll) and its fc′
frequency (nfl) is outlined in Figure 9. Substituting the lap
length in equation (10), the factor φ and its fitted probability It should be noted that the above equation for estimating
distribution are derived and shown graphically in Figure 10. the required lap length of deformed bar in spirally confined
Assuming that φ is normally distributed, the mean value and connection is based on the bar with 16 mm and 18 mm
standard deviation are 0.645 and 0.073, respectively. As a diameter and additional testing is recommended to confirm
result, a 95% confidence value of 0.76 is adopted, and the performance of spirally confined lap splice for other
equation (10) can be expressed as diameters. It is also important to experimentally evaluate the
performance of the proposed lap splice under cyclic loading
⎜ 1.35fbyk ⎟ and in a full-scale setting (e.g., connecting wall panels) when
ll,cal � ⎛
⎜
⎝�� ⎞
⎟
⎠db , (11) necessary before implementation to ensure adequate per-
fc′ c + Ktr /db
formance based on application requirements.
Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 9
ll,exp = 0.8laE
ll = 0.8laE, fu ≥ 1.5fbyk, N Y
nfl1 = nfl2 nfl1 = 1 or 2
ll,exp = 1.0laE
ll,exp = 1.0laE
All the three specimens ll = 1.0laE,
meet: fu ≥ 1.5fbyk Y nfl1 = 3
ll = 1.0laE, All the three specimens
nfl2 = 3 – nfl1 Y meet: fu ≥ 1.5fbyk N
fu ≥ 1.5ffbyk, ll = 1.0laE,
N nfl1 = 1 or 2 nfl1 = nfl1
Ending
14
12
10
Frequency (nfl)
6 Normal
0
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Reduction factor (φ)
Figure 10: Fitted normal distribution of the reduction factor.
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