Mathematical definition and computation

The geometry of a set of atoms can be described by a vector, r, whose elements

represent the atom positions. The vector r could be the set of the Cartesian
coordinates of the atoms, or could also be a set of inter-atomic distances and
angles.

Given r, the energy as a function of the positions, E(r), is the value of E(r) for
all r of interest. Using the landscape analogy from the introduction, E gives the
height on the "energy landscape" so that the concept of a potential energy surface
arises.

To study a chemical reaction using the PES as a function of atomic positions, it is

necessary to calculate the energy for every atomic arrangement of interest. Methods
of calculating the energy of a particular atomic arrangement of atoms are well
described in the computational chemistry article, and the emphasis here will be on
finding approximations of E(r) to yield fine-grained energy-position information.

For very simple chemical systems or when simplifying approximations are made about
inter-atomic interactions, it is sometimes possible to use an analytically derived
expression for the energy as a function of the atomic positions. An example is the
London-Eyring-Polanyi-Sato potential[2][3][4] for the system H + H2 as a function
of the three H-H distances.

For more complicated systems, calculation of the energy of a particular arrangement

of atoms is often too computationally expensive for large scale representations of
the surface to be feasible. For these systems a possible approach is to calculate
only a reduced set of points on the PES and then use a computationally cheaper
interpolation method, for example Shepard interpolation, to fill in the gaps.[5]

After a review of his dissertation, Princeton University recruited Eyring as an

instructor in 1931. He would continue his work at Princeton until 1946[2] when he
was offered a position as dean of the graduate school at the University of Utah.
The chemistry building on the University of Utah campus is now named in his honor.

A Not to be confused with mining geology.

Surface gold mine with haul truck in foreground

Mining in the engineering discipline is the extraction of minerals from underneath,

above or on the ground. Mining engineering is associated with many other
disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, and
metallurgy, geotechnical engineering and surveying. A mining engineer may manage
any phase of mining operations,from exploration and discovery of the mineral
resources, through feasibility study, mine design, development of plans, production
and operations to mine closure.

With the process of Mineral extraction, some amount of waste and uneconomic
material are generated which are the primary source of pollution in the vicinity of
mines. Mining activities by their nature cause a disturbance of the natural
environment in and around which the minerals are located. Mining engineers must
therefore be concerned not only with the production and processing of mineral
commodities, but also with the mitigation of damage to the environment both during
and after mining as a result of the change in the mining area. Such Industries go
through stringent laws to control the pollution and damage caused to the
environment and are periodically governed by the concerned departments.
writer, he authored more than 600 scientific articles, ten scientific books, and a
few books on the subject of science and religion.
 He received the Wolf Prize in Chemistry in 1980 and the National Medal of Science
in 1966 for developing the Absolute Rate
Theory or Transition state theory of chemical reactions, one of the most important
developments of 20th-century chemistry.
Several other chemists later received the Nobel Prize for work based on it, and his
failure to receive the Nobel was a matt

er of surprise to many.[3] The Nobel Prize organization admitted that "Strangely,

Eyring never received a Nobel Prize";
the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences apparently did not understand Eyring's
theory until it was too late to award him the Nobel. The academy awarded him the
Berzelius Medal in 1977 as partial compensation.[4] Sterling M. McMurrin believed
Eyring should have received the Nobel Prize but was not awarded it because of his
religion.[5]

The fate of Banská Štiavnica has been closely linked to the exploitation of its
abundant resources of silver ore. According to evidence from excavations, the site
was settled during the Neolithic period.

The first mining settlement was founded by Celts in the 3rd century BC. It was
probably occupied by the Celtic Cotini tribe. Roman authors mentioned mining
activities of the Cotini, who had lived in present-day central Slovakia until they
were deported to Pannonia within the Marcomannic Wars by Rome. The site was also
settled by early Slavs and an old Slovak fortified settlement was situated here in
the 10th and 11th century. The site was called “terra banensium” (the land of
miners) as early as 1156. The local population gave the name „Štiavnica“ (acidic
stream) to the settlement in the valley, and the settlement on the hill above
(Ligotavá hora, or Glanzenberg – the shiny mountain) came to be called „Bana“ (the
mine). The single common name „Schebnyzbana“ was documented for the first time in
1255.[2] The local Slavic population was joined by skilled German settlers who
started arriving in the 13th century. They adapted the local name to the German
"Schemnitz". Banská Štiavnica gained the status of a royal town in 1238, as one of
the first towns in the Kingdom of Hungary.

In the High and Late Middle Ages, the town was the main producer of silver and gold
in the Kingdom of Hungary. During the Ottoman Wars, the Turks made concerted
efforts to conquer rich mining towns in Upper Hungary (Banská Štiavnica, Banská
Bystrica, and Kremnica). This new threat led Banská Štiavnica to build powerful
fortifications, including two castles, in the 16th century. As one of the most
important centers of the Protestant Reformation in the country, the town belonged
to the Protestant "League of Seven Mining Towns" together with Banská Belá, Banská
Bystrica, Kremnica, Ľubietová, Nová Baňa, and Pukanec.