Revised 2005

GOVERNMENT OF PAKISTAN
PLANNING COMMISSION

PC-II FORM

1. Name of the project

Construction Of Zaireen Residentail Complex, Car Parking,

Garages and Mini Market At Hazara Town Quetta.

2. Administrative Authority

i. Sponsoring
Planning & Development Department, Government of Balochistan,
Quetta.

ii. Execution
Communication & Works Department, Government of Balochistan,
Quetta.

iii. Operation & Maintenance

iv. Communication & Works Department, Government of Balochistan,
Quetta.

3. Detail of survey / feasibility study

a) General description and justification of the survey Study.

The project is included in the current PSDP for the financial year 2018-19 vides
PSDP No. 632 with an estimated cost of Rs. 300.00 million and Rs. 150.00 millions
have been allocated for C.F.Y.

The project has been envisaged in the light growing life security threats to the Shia
Muslims of the country in general and of Quetta city particularly who regularly travel
to the neighboring Iran to visit holy places / shrines there. Quetta was established for
a population of 50,000 people. However, being the capital city of the province and the
only urbananized city with center of all educational, official health and business
activities, the population of city has grown rapidly over the last couple of decades.
The censuses carried up till 1998 reflect a consistent pattern in the population growth
rate of District Quetta. Between the censuses of 1961 and 1972 population increased
by 77.5%, between 1972 and 1981 it increased by 51.6% and between 1981 and
1998 it increased immensely by 99%. Reported growth rate in 1998 (4.13%) was in
accordance with the NIPS projection for 1995, i.e. 4.2%. according to population
census 2017, the population of Quetta city has reached to a figure of 1,726,199. The
growth of city has increased due to various factors:-

(i) The influx of Afghan refugees

(ii) Exaggeration for political benefits
(iii) Concealing of actual female number in rural areas
(iv) Psychological effects due to illiteracy and lack of proper birth and death
registration system.

Hazara Town & Mariabad are located to the west & east of Quetta city where
majority of people belonging to Hazara tribes are settled. Being belonging to a
particular sect of Shia, they have been victim of serious of sectarianism in which
many people have lost their lives in the events of targets killings and bomb
explosions. Due to this act of terrorism, the movement of Hazara has restricted to
their own communities. As a result besides lost of lives, the community has also
suffered economic opportunities for them. Hazar town is located in the Kirani area of
Quetta Tehsil. According to population census 2017, a population of 194, 697 people
are living in this area, majority of which belong to Hazara community. The area of
Hazara town starts from Bolan Medical Complex Quetta and extends to killi
Qambrani in the south of Quetta. It is well established area with both commercial and
residential area. New commercial avenues are coming under construction due to fear
factor of target killings of Hazara community. Mariabad on the otherhand is located to
the east of city and is heavllly populated with shia muslims, majority of them are
Hazaras.

The proposed project is aimed at construction Zareen Complex in Hazara Town

Quetta comprising of Residential Complex with provision of facilities of Car parking,
Auto Repairing Garages and commercial Market. The proposed project is aimed at to
pacify the security risks to the visiting Zaierrns to Iran for offering religious duties and
also envisaged to counter traffic congestions within the town resulting from
movement of such Zaireens within the city.

The proposed facility shall be rented out on yearly basis and revenue shall be
deposited in the public treasury / exchequer.

ii) Existing Facilities

Presently, no well planned and organized proposed facility is available in the
Hazara town.

1
iv) Scope of Work

the proposed study is aimed at completion of two activities-:

A) Designing

In order to complete the assignment the Consultant shall carry out extensive
consultations/survey with the line department, and layout the plan in order to
construct the buildings under well planned manner. Following is the scope of Work
required to be completed by the consultant:-

i) Topographic Survey
After having detailed understanding of the client’s requirements, the consultant will
proceed on the topographic survey of site. Detailed topographic survey of the site will
be performed on suitable scales at appropriate contour intervals depending upon the
general topography of the area. A scale of 1:100 will be adopted for the topographic
and physical survey. Contouring of the site will be prepared at a contour interval of 5
feet with the help of Eagle Point surface modeling software. In addition the 3D
surface model of the Residential college area will be developed with the surface
modeling, site analysis and design modules of the software.

All the physical surface and ground features and structures will be superimposed on
the contour map. Reference level will be taken from the nearest interest level
established or from an arbitrary datum, value of which will be fixed with reference
GPS. Horizontal control will be established in a similar way. Total station will be
used to carry out the required survey work.

ii) Preliminary & Detailed Engineering Design

Preliminary engineering design will be produced in sufficient detail to enable the full
technical and economic feasibility of the project. During this stage the consultant will
determine design criteria of the proposed facility in line with standards of car parking.
The preliminary design will be based on established design criteria covering the
Architectural design, structural design, electrification and utilities etc.

This activity will comprise of the following components.

1. Study of Building materials

Building material can be classified as construction materials (load bearing and non
load bearing), finishes and insulation materials

a) Construction Materials:
2
 The main types of construction materials are:

i) Brick Masonry:
It is mainly a load bearing material. Following considerations should be taken
while using bricks.

 Strength of individual bricks.

 Properties of binding mortar.
 Type of construction i-e which bond is adopted.
 Size, Shape and Regularity of the bricks.

The finishing of locally available bricks is not as good as other materials. It also
emits salts giving rise to efflorescence.

ii) Blocks:
Concrete blocks of the ratio 1:3:6 with smallest size crush is widely used as a
partition wall element in a frame structure building.

Though blocks are expensive as compared to bricks but it requires thin

plaster for finish. It does not emit salts.

Cavity blocks are also available. These are light weight and good thermal
insulators.

iii) Water Proofing:

The leakage through roofs and their joints is a common defect in most of the
roofs which appears through passage of time. Polythene, chemical and
additives are available as a remedy.

iv) Thermal Properties:

The primary intention behind modern construction practice is to use
technology to keep the cost of construction as low as possible.

The amount of heat penetrating a building depends largely on the nature of

roofs and walls, in the hot period of the day heat flows through these
elements into the building. When appropriate technology and material are
chosen it is possible to achieve and maintain comfortable internal
temperature over a wide range of external conditions.

3
 The different materials will be studied in the preceding perspectives and
materials for different requirements subsequently selected.

b) Finishes:
Different finishing materials are available which have different price ranges. The
main characteristics of a finishing material are that these should be durable, relate
to the surrounding environment and cost effective.

c) Insulating Materials:
There are mainly two types of insulating materials which are also easily available i)
Thermo pore and ii) glass wool.

Though glass wool has more density than Thermo pore yet Thermo pore can be
easily installed in walls. Glass wool can be effectively used for roof insulation.

Fiber glass insulation is available in the form of semi rigid formed sections, board
and sheets of various densities.

The next step will be the schematic design stage in which the information collected
will be utilized to come up with the architectural, Utilities design and adoption of
structure type.

Based on the information collected during the preceding activity schematic

architectural/ structural design and the proposals for services like water supply/
plumbing, electrical systems, gas systems and fitting, sewerage and drainage
systems and landscaping will be prepared. During this phase the specialists from
different disciplines will collaborate with each other and contribute to the devising of
a cost effective, environmentally friendly, functional, seismic/ earthquake resistant
building, meeting the demands of the clients. The details of the works to be carried
out are as follows:

b) Schematic Architectural Design:

The following considerations will employed for the schematic design of the buildings.

i. Structural Considerations:
The seismic design of the building is accomplished through structural and
architectural means. The building architecture must permit as effective a seismic
structural design as possible; at the same time the structure must permit the
functional and aesthetic aims of the building to be realized. The architect, structural

4
Engineer and the specialist should therefore work from planning to design to
implementation stage.

The architectural design decisions that influence the building's seismic performance
can be grouped into three categories. The categories are:

ii. The Building Configuration:

This means the building shape, size and the proportion of three-dimensional
form of the building. I n addition configuration also includes the location, shape and
approximate size of the major structural elements, because these are often
determined by the architectural concept of the building. The configuration is further
classified as regular and irregular. The regular configuration is the most effective and
optimum with respect to dealing with seismic/ lateral forces. In case of regular
configuration, the lateral forces can be computed using the Equivalent Static Lateral
Force Method (ELF) established in typical seismic codes, which involves estimating a
base shear and then distributing the resultant forces through the structural elements
of the building. However in case of irregular buildings the design requires extra
analysis and dynamic considerations.

The consultants are fully acquainted with the static as well as dynamic
analysis of three dimensional buildings and have successfully employed the SAP
2000 Structural Analysis for this purpose on a number of projects in the country.

c). Structurally Restrictive Detailed Architectural Design:

This refers to the architectural design of building details such as columns or
walls, which may affect the structural detailing in ways that are detrimental to good
seismic design practice. This problem is depicted by situations like tapering or
insertion of recess in columns and any other case in which the load is not transferred
directly.
The consultants are fully aware of the negative implications and will avoid
these problems.

i). Hazardous Non Structural Elements:

The design of non structural components is the architects responsibility and if
inadequately designed present a hazard to life. These include partition walls, exterior
wall panels, suspended ceiling, mechanical and electrical equipment etc. These
components have to be seismically designed separately and also their impact on the
structure as a whole should also be minimized.

5
a). Site Characteristics:
i. Topography:
The topography of a specific site influences the work of a designer in many
ways. The main consideration taken is that of contours and levels. If the site
topography is irregular and undulating different planning measures are to be taken
and these level differences are to be utilized to the functional and aesthetic beauty of
the building.

However if the site is leveled then these considerations are not necessary
and one can concentrate on any planning.

ii. Site Location:

Special considerations would be taken while planning like environmental
factors, social aspects etc. Different zones are to be created like keeping some
activities away for example housing and putting some function ahead like auditorium
and administration as specific conditions demand.
iii. Pollution (Noise and Air)
There are many ways to deals with this kind of problem like creating barriers,
interferences either by landscaping or other means. The building can be shifted back
so that it is affected to the minimum by pollution. Other ways and means will also be
utilized to minimize the effect.

iv. Services:
The basic services include electricity, sewerage, gas, water supply and
telephone. These services play a major role in developing a site.

If any of the above mentioned services is missing or lacking in capacity as required

by the project, then special consideration should be taken to accommodate the
missing service.

v. Views:
Keeping in mind the social and cultural aspects (purdah and privacy) views in
the building from outside should be obstructed by providing less openings and
louvers to the windows. While view from the site and internal spaces of the city's
skyline and mountains should be allowed.

b). Environmental Considerations:

i) Weather (Temperature, Humidity, rain and wind):

6
 The weather of the Project area is severe in both winters and summers. The
cold north wind during the winter season increases the chill factor. The summer
evenings are cool and the diurnal temperature (difference between day and night
temperatures) is more than 10oC during most of the times. The average humidity is
below 80% to 90% and is even below in summers.

The principal climatic elements, when human comfort and building design is
considered, are solar radiations, temperature, humidity, wind, precipitation and
special characteristics, earthquake, dust storms and so on. A certain amount of
climatic data for the given location should be collected and analyzed, besides the
velocity and direction of prevailing wind.

The modifying affect of micro climatic conditions must also be considered

during the design stage. Some knowledge of the character and abundance of
vegetation for example is also essential because, although it is generally regarded as
a function of climate, it can influence the local or micro climate.

ii) Sun Path:

It is necessary to know, at any given moment, the sun's position in the sky. This
information is necessary to estimate solar heat gain and to locate the building,
outdoor spaces, internal planning, windows shading devices (shades and louvers)
and vegetation.

The position of the sun with respect to any point on the earth surface is defined by
the angle of azimuth and the angle of altitude.

The azimuth is simply the angle measured horizontally from the North Meridian. The
altitude is the angle, measured vertically between the sun and the horizontal plane of
the horizon.

Keeping in mind the path of the sun during different times a building can be designed
and located on the site in such a way that maximum advantage is taken of the sun

7
during winters when it is required by internal spaces and to avoid it during summers
when it is not needed.

For example, in Pishin, the solar radiation is needed from September to April so the
window shade will be projected to such a length that it does not obstruct the incoming
solar radiation.

During summer it will be required to be obstructed by shades.

As the sun tilts to the south during winter, the openings can be used to allow it in.
Similarly in the summer, sun which goes over the top of the building will be avoided.

iii) Solar Energy Systems:

There are mainly two systems namely Active Solar System and Passive Solar
Systems. These systems are discussed in detail below:

Active Solar System:

In active solar system the energy is gained by panels and mechanical
equipments to collect and transport heat. Focusing collector usually mounted on the
roof of a building and a separate heat storage unit is often the major elements of the
system. This system is expensive and difficult to install and therefore will not be
considered.

Passive System:
The system collects and transfers heat by non mechanical means. In this
system the thermal energy flows by natural means such as radiation, conduction and
natural convection. The system makes use of the energy available in its environment.

8
 The passive system is further divided into two namely direct gain and indirect
gain systems.

Direct Gain
This is the simplest approach to the passive solar system. In this, direct use of
sunlight is applied to the internal spaces in winters and wind in summers. This
system works throughout the year by using solar energy in winter and wind in
summer. It absorbs heat during a day time in winter by stones in the floors and
uses it for the night.

Glazing is needed on the South side and enough thermal mass (masonry wall) for
the absorption and storage. It is designed in such a way that there is maximum
exposure of the glazing to the sun in winter and minimum in summers. The material
used in this system has the ability to store heat.

In this approach there is a provision of south facing glass and enough thermal mass,
strategically located in a space for heat absorption and storage. Today the most
common material used for heat storage is masonry and water. Masonry is easily
available in Quetta and can be utilized to the full.

In a well designed direct gain building, the inside temperature during a winter
day usually ranges between 15o to 20oF (0o to 11oC)

Indirect Gain:
Other approach to passive solar heating/ cooling is the concept of indirect
gain. In this the sunlight first strikes a thermal mass which is located between the
sun and the space. The sun light absorbed by the mass is converted to thermal
energy and transferred to interior. The system which suits us well and for which
material is easily available is a direct gain one.

Thermal Storage Walls (Cavity Wall):

In this the south facing is glazed area for maximum winter solar gain. There
is a cavity of about 2" to 4" between the two layers of wall. The cavity present
between the walls prevents the heat loss from the interior and the heat gain from the
exterior.

c). Building Design Considerations:

i) Architectural Design Considerations

9
 Cluster planning will be proposed with areas like administration, Academic,
Labs etc. These will be designed in clusters which will have open spaces and
covered areas and would be linked by passages, covered/ semi-covered pathways
with shrubs and fountains, pavements with seating arrangements, platforms for
gathering, terraces for small functions and courtyard for the cooling effect in
summers. All these will contribute to the creation of environmentally friendly
conditions.

The design considerations are as given below:

ii) Building openings:

There are limits to the opening to be given in a building. Openings are not
only effective for cooling during summers but also heating in winter.

Passive ventilation can be achieved in several ways. The important things in

all cases are to properly size and locate each vent to allow every space within the
building to adopt various seasonal demands.

In short proper placement of openings is more important than the number and
size. To the extent possible, windows should be located so that there is an easy path
for breeze to pass in summers and used to trap incoming sun radiations in winters to
heat the spaces.

10
iii) Natural lighting (Sky lights):
Natural lights can be used to cut down on the cost of electricity in the building.
The best natural light source for a working environment is from the North, because it
is diffused and its intensity throughout the day remains the same with no glare effect.
Sky light is the best source of natural lighting and if open able it helps in cross
ventilation and in exit of the rising hot air.

iv) Building Shape:

The optimum shape of the building is one which loses minimum amount of
heat in winters and gains minimum amount of heat in summers.

1) The square building is not the optimum form in any location.

2) All shapes elongated on the North-South axis work both in winters and in
summers with less efficiency that the square ones.
3) The optimum shapes in all climates lies in a building elongated towards East-
West axis.

Hence whatever is the site orientation, the building shape and orientation
should be towards the East-West axis.

During the summers the situation is reversed and the South side receives
much less radiation in comparison to the roof and the East and West sides of the
building. Both in summers and in winters the North side of the building receives very
little radiation. Major collecting areas (glazing) of the building oriented to the South
will intercept the maximum amount of solar radiation available during the winter
months.

11
v) Adjusting Building Levels:
As the heat loss in winters and the heat gain in summers are very little
beneath the earth surface, so underground level can be used for the purpose except
for the laboratories. Therefore split levels should be employed so that openings are
given for natural light and ventilation.

vi) Use of Courtyard and Verandah:

Courtyard and Verandah are the spaces for hot arid climatic zone but if used
wisely helps in areas like Quetta and Mastung Districts of Balochistan province. The
courtyard should be covered by open able glass or fiber glass, so that it is covered in
winters to trap heat and open in summer for ventilation. Semi covered verandah can
be used to link different spaces within the site.

vii) Building Materials:

The different building materials will be adopted by considering the conditions
as mentioned above.

12
d)) Engineering Design Consideration:
i) Proposal for Electrical System:
Based on the architectural schematic design, client’s requirements, proposed
heating, ventilation and air conditioning requirements and level of illumination
adopted for the building, the demand will be estimated and the proposal for
implementation subsequently prepared.

ii) Proposal for Sewerage/ Drainage System:

The flow to be generated in respect of the sewage and surface drainage will
be estimated and the sewerage system subsequently sized. As assessed from the
site analysis the different disposal points will be located and subsequently marked.
In case of the absence of such disposal points some alternative arrangements will be
made like soak pits etc.

iii) Adoption of Structure Type:

Based on the schematic plan and seismic codes, the structural expert will
recommend the type of the structure for the purpose.

iv) Landscape Design Consideration:

Landscaping is not only important in emphasizing architecture quality of the
building but also helps in energy efficiency. The hierarchy of plant life offers an
extensive palette for the landscape designer to draw from. The various types of
vegetation can be used in effective ways to modify the micro climate of the site.

The landscaping of the building should be so designed to take the best

advantage of the prevailing winds by directing it in to the building for natural cooling
in the summer and away from the building to keep it warm in winters.

Landscape can be used to funnel cool breeze into the building and rooms in
the summers and a barrier to cold winds in the winter. To shade roofs, wall and coats
to lower air temperature through the evaporation of water from the leaves, and to
reduce the back radiation from the ground and the paved areas.

13
v) Social aspects:
The social factors will specially be considered and a building with inward
looking planning will be preferred which will give privacy from the surroundings and
will also save the space from being over exposed to the harshness of summers and
winters.

Based on the above aspects, schematic design of the building will be and required to
be prepared and approved by the client.

iii) Rough Cost Estimate:

Rough cost estimate of the building will be prepared with the help of the schematic
architectural plans. Rough Analysis of the building will be carried out to estimate the
14
sizes of different structural elements like, footings, columns, beams, walls, slabs etc
and their quantities estimated. The weight of steel will be calculated as some
percentage of concrete in foundation, beam, slabs etc. Based on the experience of
the consultants and some rudimentary rate analysis the construction cost of the
building will subsequently be made.

The cost estimate of the utilities and other facilities will similarly be prepared from the
rough design of the respective utilities.

iv) Final Design and Preparation of Drawings

Based on the recommendations/ suggestion of the client on the schematic
design of the buildings and the proposals for different allied systems the actual
design will be carried out in close conformity. During this stage the use of computer
software will be used to carry out the structural analysis and design. Similarly the
detailed preliminary design of the other systems like water supply, electrical and
sewerage etc. will be carried out. Subsequently the computer aided submission
drawings will be prepared on Auto Cad/ Architectural Drafting Packages and plotted
on the Plotter.

The details of the different parameters considered will be as follows.

a. Architectural Design and Structural Design/ Submission Drawings

The architectural design will be evolved according to the observations of the
client on the schematic design during the Design Development Phase and keeping
due considerations to the structural implications in collaboration with the structural
engineer. Designing a building to resist the expected loadings is generally aimed at
satisfying established or prescribed safety and serviceability criteria. The process
thus consists of determining the expected demands and providing the necessary
capacity to meet these demands for a specific structure. Adjustment to the initial
design may likely be indicated on the basis of results of the analysis-design-
evaluation sequence characterizing the iterative process that eventually converges to
the final design. Successful experience of the consultants in dealing with similar
projects will increase the efficiency of the design process.

Earthquake resistant design of building necessitated estimation of lateral

forces and the gravity loads. To calculate the lateral forces use will be made of
dynamic analysis and code specified Equivalent Static Force Procedure depending
on the configuration of the structure. The main steps in the design will involve:

i. Determination of design "earthquake" forces;

15
  Calculation of base shear;
 Distribution of the base shear over the height of the building.

ii. Analysis of the structure under the static lateral forces calculated in step 1
above, as well as under gravity and wind loads, to obtain the member design forces.

Use of dynamic analysis to estimate the seismic design forces in members will take
the place of step 1 and 2 above provided the design forces obtained from a dynamic
analysis should not be less than 90% of the corresponding forces obtained using the
equivalent static procedure.

iii. Designing the members and joints for the most unfavorable combination of
gravity and lateral loads. The emphasis will be to on the design and detailing of
members and their connections to ensure their ductile behavior.

iv. Designing of Non structural components like partition walls, heavy

mechanical, electrical and plumbing fixtures/ equipments, exterior and interior
ornamentation, and appendages, chimneys, stacks, tanks and access floor systems
etc. wherever provided.

The architectural and structural submission drawings will subsequently be prepared.

b. Electrical Systems:
During this phase the detailed designing in respect of interior lighting, exterior
lighting and other allied systems will be carried out. This will be done by employing
different illumination levels required according to standard codes and estimating the
demand.

Parallel circuits will be adopted for electrical distribution in buildings. Service

equipment will consist of circuit breaker of switch and fuses and their accessories
located near the point of entrance of supply conductors to the building and intended
to constitute the main control and means of cut-off and supply.

All conductors will be sized for the sum of loads, in kilowatt, for lighting,
motors and appliances.

The layout plans will subsequently be prepared and the lighting method
suggested.

c. Sewerage/ Drainage Design.

16
 Preliminary detailed design will be carried out in this phase. The demand will
be estimated using the environmental, occupancy and other factors and
subsequently the system will be designed. The layout of these points and the
disposal points, if any, will be marked on the submission drawings. If no disposal
points are found then alternate points will be evaluated and incorporated in the
design/ drawings.

d. Landscaping:
The following main considerations will be adopted for designing the landscape of the
building.

a) Use of water elements/ fountains

b) Use of landscape as noise buffer and visual barrier.
c) Use of moisture creating shrubs near the building openings.
d) Use of evergreen trees along pathways.
e) Use of levels and contours to create aesthetic features.

Subsequently landscape submission drawings will be prepared.

v) Preparation of Detailed Design Report

Subsequently the detailed architecture, structural, services, landscaping and others
mentioned in the preceding section will be prepared in AutoCAD. The computer
aided design calculations will be submitted. The BOQ based on the actual quantities
will be prepared and rate analysis carried out. Subsequently. PC-I, Tender
documents and Engineers Estimate will be prepared.

vi) Preparation of Tender Documents

The consultant will prepare detailed tender documents for the construction of the
project. These will comprise:

 Invitation for the Bidders

 The General Conditions
 The Particular Conditions
 Technical Specifications
 Tender Drawings
 Bill of Quantities
 The Bank Insurance
 Engineers Cost Estimate

The assignment shall be outsourced to the Consultant who shall engage highly
skilled and professional staff with proven past experience of work for the survey and

17
designing of similar buildings. The team shall comprise of team leader, civil engineer,
architect, topographic survey, geologist, quantity surveyors, GIS specialist, electrical
engineer, helper etc.

4. Implementation period: the assignment shall be required to be completed

within a period of three (4) months. The assignment is likely to be started in the
current financial year 2018-19 and shall be completed in a period of six months in the
same financial year.

5. Capital Cost of assignment

The proposed study is estimated to be completed at a cost of Rs. 6,000,000/-
i.e. (Rs. 60 Million) based on prevailing market rates as effective in August 2018. The
detail of cost of assignment with TORs of the consultant can be seen at Annexure-A.

6. Deliverables
1. Master Plan Zaierren Complex;
2. Preliminary Drawings and Designs of different components of projects;
3. Schematic and Architectural Design of Complex;
4. Structure Design of Building;
5. Preparation of detailed BOQs, drawings of the project;
6. Preparation of PC-I, BOQs, Engineer Estimates, Tender Documents;

7. Certified that the project proposal has been prepared on the basis of
instructions provided by the Planning Commission for the preparation
of PC-II.

18
 CONSTRUCTION OF ZAIREEN COMPLES/CAR PARKING /
GARAGES/MINI MARKET AT HAZARA TOWN QUETTA
Prepared By: Allah Muhammad
Executive Engineer
Project Division-II
Quetta

Checked By: Allah Muhammad

Superintending Engineer
Project Circle
Quetta

Forwarded By: Zafarullah Khan Ghichki

Chief Engineer
Quetta Zone,
Communication and Works Department
Government of Balochistan

Approved By: Ali Akbar Baloch

Secretary
Communication and Works Department
Government of Balochistan

(Total Cost Rs. 6.00 Million)

19