Chapter 2

Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations

1. The identifiable roots of modern-day testing can be found

a. as early as 2200 B.C.
b. in the fifteenth century.
c. in the seventeenth century.
*d. in the nineteenth century.
Topic: A historical perspective

2. The Chinese testing program between 1115 B.C. and 1905 B.C. is most similar to which of
the following modern-day practices?
*a. civil service testing
b. college aptitude testing
c. achievement testing
d. programs designed to detect drug abuse
Topic: A historical perspective: Antiquity to the nineteenth century

3. “Psychometrics” refers to which of the following?

a. psychological measurement using metric system units
*b. the science of psychological measurement
c. the science of precision in assessment
d. b and c
Topic: A historical perspective: Antiquity to the nineteenth century

4. Which of the following describes the historical significance of the ancient testing program
in China?
a. Testing was big business thousands of years ago.
b. Thousands of years ago, administering tests took about as much time as it does
today.
*c. Issues relating to tests and assessment procedures transcend centuries.
d. all of the above
Topic: A historical perspective: Antiquity to the nineteenth century

5. During the Middle Ages, the focus of early “diagnostic techniques” was on identifying
a. slow learners.
b. those who had scurvy.
*c. witches.
d. competent civil service workers.
Topic: A historical perspective: Antiquity to the nineteenth century

6. Which of the following positions would Galton argue in favor of?

*a. Genius runs in families.
b. Environment is the most important determinant of genius.
c. All sperm banks should be closed.
d. Darwin’s theory was overstated.
Topic: A historical perspective: Antiquity to the nineteenth century
 7. How did the work of Wundt differ from that of Galton, Binet, and James McKeen Cattell?
a. Wundt used standardized psychological tests.
b. Wundt utilized humans and not animal research subjects.
*c. Wundt focused on how individuals were the same rather than different.
d. Wundt focused on how individuals were different rather than the same.
Topic: A historical perspective

8. Who is credited with being the originator of the psychometric concept of test reliability?
*a. Spearman
b. Pearson
c. Kraeplin
d. Tichener
Topic: The twentieth century

9. Who coined the term mental test in 1890?

a. Binet
*b. Cattell
c. Wundt
d. Galton
Topic: The nineteenth century

10. Much of nineteenth-century psychological measurement focused on

a. intelligence.
b. ethics and values.
*c. sensory abilities.
d. personality traits.
Topic: The nineteenth century

11. The mental ability evaluations conducted at Ellis Island were an example of
*a. psychological testing.
b. psychological assessment.
c. case-study techniques.
d. interviewing.
Topic: The measurement of intelligence

12. The beginning of the group intelligence testing movement is best associated with
a. the need to identify slow learners in school.
b. the need to identify the best applicant for a job.
*c. the military’s need to screen the intellectual ability of recruits.
d. the civil service system’s need to identify qualified postal workers.
Topic: The measurement of intelligence

13. In the 1930s, clinical psychology was synonymous with

a. personality testing.
*b. mental testing.
c. vocational testing.
d. educational testing.
Topic: The measurement of intelligence
 14. Which of the following represents a problem unique to self-report personality tests?
*a. Respondents might be unwilling to reveal something negative about themselves.
b. Respondents may be too “low” on the construct being measured to register on the
test.
c. The reading ability of respondents may prevent them from responding accurately to
items.
d. all of the above
Topic: The measurement of personality

15. Personality measures that do not employ self-report are referred to as

a. reflective methods.
*b. projective methods.
c. factorial methods.
d. empirical methods.
Topic: The measurement of personality

16. History records which of the following as the first personality test developed after World
War I?
a. Bernreuter Personality Inventory
b. Mooney Problem Checklist
*c. The Personal Data Sheet
d. Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
Topic: The measurement of personality

17. Henry A. Murray is the author of a “personology” theory of personality and is perhaps
best associated with
a. the Rorschach Inkblot Test.
*b. the Thematic Apperception Test.
c. the Draw-A-Person Technique.
d. the Mooney Problem Checklist.
Topic: The measurement of personality

18. “Never shoot ‘em in the back,” “Do not fudge data,” and “A captain goes down with his
ship” are all examples of
a. laws.
*b. ethics.
c. rules.
d. traditions.
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations

19. The body of principles of “right,” “proper,” or “good” conduct is referred to as a body of
a. laws.
*b. ethics.
c. traditions.
d. rules.
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations

20. Which term best characterizes the relationship between the enterprise of psychological
testing and the public during the twentieth century?
a. a love affair
b. cordial
c. frank
*d. stormy
Topic: The concerns of the public
21. Which historical event was the impetus for the awarding of federal funds to schools in an
effort to identify gifted and talented students?

a. World War I
b. World War II
*c. the launch of Sputnik
d. the SAT scores of American youth during the 1950s
Topic: The concerns of the public

22. Which of the following laws might require having an interpreter available to provide job
training or job selection testing?
*a. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
b. English as a Second Language Act of 1992
c. The Hobson and Hansen Amendment of 1991
d. none of the above
Topic: The concerns of the public

23. Which famous article first directed public and professional attention to the nature-versus-
nurture issue regarding intelligence?
a. “The Tyranny of Testing”
b. “What Tests Do Not Measure”
*c. “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?”
d. “Mind Over Matters: Genes, the Environment, and IQ”
Topic: The concerns of the public

24. Tests relevant primarily to white middle-class students produce inaccurate and misleading
test scores when given to lower-class black students. This was the conclusion in what case?
a. Diana v. State Board of Education (1970)
*b. Hobson v. Hansen (1967)
c. Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
d. Debra v. Turlington (1981)
Topic: The concerns of the public: Legislation, administrative regulations, and litigation

25. In which case was it ruled that all IQ tests used for placement in special education classes
for the mentally retarded must be administered in the language the student is most fluent
in?
*a. Diana v. State Board of Education (1970)
b. Hobson v. Hansen (1967)
c. Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
d. Smith v. School District of Montgomery County (1951)
Topic: The concerns of the public: Legislation, administrative regulations, and litigation

26. In which case was it ruled that IQ tests cannot be administered to African American
students for the purpose of placement in special education classes?
a. Diana v. State Board of Education (1970)
b. Hobson v. Hansen (1967)
*c. Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
d. Smith v. Board of Education (1981)
Topic: The concerns of the public: Legislation, administrative regulations, and litigation
 27. In which case was it ruled that employment tests must measure the person for the specific
job for which he or she is applying?
a. Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody (1976)
b. Debra v. Turlington (1981)
*c. Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971)
d. Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
Topic: The concerns of the public: Legislation, administrative regulations, and litigation

28. Griggs v. Duke Power Company and Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody had what issue in
common?
*a. the use of tests that discriminate against minorities because they do not measure the
specific skills required for the job
b. the use of tests that discriminate against minorities in that they are unfairly used for
termination from employment
c. the use of tests that discriminate against minorities because examiners that
administer the tests are frequently of a different race from the examinee
d. the use of tests that discriminate against minorities because they are used unfairly for
determining promotions
Topic: The concerns of the public: Legislation, administrative regulations, and litigation

29. Which case involved the use of minimal competency exams?

a. Diana v. State Board of Education (1970)
b. Hobson v. Hansen (1967)
c. Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
*d. Debra v. Turlington (1981)
Topic: The concerns of the public: Legislation, administrative regulations, and litigation

30. What publication presents standards for constructing and using fair and
nondiscriminative employment tests?
a. Ethical Standards of Psychologists
b. Guidelines for Fair and Non-discriminative Employment Testing
*c. Uniform Guidelines on Employee Selection Procedures
d. Specialty Guidelines in Administering and Interpreting Employment Tests
Topic: The concerns of the profession

31. Which of the following agencies/organizations develop ethical standards regarding the
sound and ethical practice in the field of psychological testing and assessment?
a. government agencies
b. schools
*c. professional organizations
d. all of the above
Topic: The concerns of the profession

32. Public concern about various aspects of psychological testing reached a peak in
a. the 1940s.
b. the 1950s.
*c. the 1960s.
d. the 1970s.
Topic: The concerns of the public

33. The Family Rights and Privacy Act mandates that

a. parents and students have an opportunity to review their school records.
b. all children, regardless of disabling condition, have a right to a public education.
c. parents and students have a right to challenge the contents of school records.
*d. a and c
Topic: The rights of testtakers: The right to have findings held confidential

34. The “truth in testing” laws relate to tests typically administered in

a. elementary and secondary school.
b. preschool testing for admission to kindergarten.
*c. postsecondary and professional school.
d. all of the above
Topic: The concerns of the public: Legislation, administrative regulations, and litigation

35. Which of the following represents one of the provisions of “truth in testing” legislation?
a. Only tests with acceptable reliability and validity levels may be published.
b. Answers keyed “correct” must indeed be correct.
c. Two proofs of identification are required to sit for federal examinations.
*d. Test questions and answers must be revealed to all testtakers.
Topic: The concerns of the public: Legislation, administrative regulations, and litigation

36. How are tests categorized in regard to determining qualifications of the test user?
a. in levels of 1, 2, and 3 relating to the difficulty level of administering the test
*b. in levels of A, B, and C relating to how much knowledge of testing is necessary
c. in the number of areas the test assesses and the test user’s prior training in those
areas
d. all of the above
Topic: Test-user qualifications

37. According to the Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests and Manuals, the
responsibility for the use of psychological tests should lie with
a. professionals with the highest academic degree in psychology.
*b. professionals with the necessary training and experience.
c. professionals who have state certification to administer a particular test.
d. all of the above
Topic: The concerns of the profession

38. The Code of Fair Testing Practices in Education was developed and endorsed by
a. test publishers.
b. professional organizations.
c. Congress.
*d. a and b
Topic: The rights of testtakers

39. What assumption can reasonably be made when a valid, reliable test is translated into
another language?
a. The test will likely be reliable and valid for non-English-speaking testtakers.
b. The test will be equivalent in content when translated into the other language.
c. The translated test will be as reliable and valid as its original version.
*d. none of the above
Topic: Evolving interest in culture-related issues

40. Goddard was an important figure in this history of mental testing for all of the following
reasons EXCEPT:
a. He raised questions about how meaningful intelligence tests were for people of
diverse backgrounds.
b. He used intelligence tests to argue against capital punishment for the
“feebleminded.”
c. He advocated institutionalization or sterilization of the mentally retarded to prevent
future generations from having low intelligence.
 *d. He developed some of the first “culturally sensitive” intelligence tests that measured
culturally specific aspects of intelligence common to East Asian immigrants.
Topic: Evolving interest in culture-related issues

41. A client tells his psychologist that he is planning to kill his girlfriend, and the psychologist
has reason to believe that the client will act on this plan. In this situation, the psychologist
a. has a duty to keep the information privileged and address the problem in therapy.
b. has a duty to keep the information confidential and address the problem in therapy.
*c. has a duty to warn the endangered third party or call the police.
d. has a duty to contact the Ethics Committee of the American Psychological
Association.
Topic: The rights of testtakers: The right not to have privacy invaded

42. Testtakers have the right

a. to know why they are being tested.
b. to know the results of the test they took.
c. to know how the test data will be used.
*d. all of the above
Topic: The rights of testtakers

43. The “privilege” referred to in the term privileged communication actually belongs to
a. the test developer.
b. the test user.
*c. the testtaker.
d. the test publisher.
Topic: The rights of testtakers: The right not to have privacy invaded

44. Which of the following is TRUE of the psychologists’ “duty to warn” involving HIV-
positive clients/testtakers?
a. Most states have enacted legislation to protect mental health professionals from
liability for “good faith” disclosure to an at-risk third party.
b. This issue has not been addressed in the courts or in the legislature.
*c. Most states have enacted legislation that provides limits to confidentiality of one’s
HIV-positive diagnosis.
d. None of the above are TRUE.
Topic: The rights of testtakers: The right to the least stigmatizing labels

45. The right to have test findings held confidential by psychologists can be found in
a. professional ethics.
b. case law.
c. licensing regulations.
*d. all of the above
Topic: The rights of testtakers: The right to have findings held confidential

46. Which of the following is TRUE of Oregon’s Death with Dignity Act (ODDA)?
a. A psychologist or psychiatrist must evaluate the patient to ensure competency to
make a life-ending decision and to rule out impaired judgment due to psychiatric
disorder.
b. The patient must have less than a year to live to be covered by this Act.
*c. A psychologist or psychiatrist may be requested to evaluate the patient for “impaired
judgment” and presence of psychopathology.
d. All of the above are TRUE.
Topic: Close-Up: Life or death psychological assessment
 47. What represents a reason why many psychologists may turn down a referral to evaluate a
dying patient?
a. Most codes of ethics require the prevention of suicide.
b. It is outside the scope of practice of many clinical psychologists.
c. According to Oregon law, if you are a state licensed psychologist, you cannot turn
down a referral for such an evaluation.
*d. Both a and b represent possible reasons.
Topic: Close-Up: Life or death psychological assessment

48. What is a psychologist’s or psychiatrist’s role in the psychological assessment of a dying

patient who is requesting “death with dignity” assistance?
a. to evaluate a patient’s pain sensitivity
b. to evaluate a patient’s competency to make such a decision and if a psychological
disorder exists impairing judgment
c. to evaluate a patient’s family support system
*d. all of the above represent a role for the psychologist or psychiatrist
Topic: Close-Up: Life or death psychological assessment

49. For over three thousand years, open and competitive examinations were administered in
China. These examinations tested
a. integrity.
b. personality.
c. motivation.
*d. proficiency.
Topic: A historical perspective: Antiquity to the nineteenth century

50. Which scientist viewed individual differences as a source of error in experimentation?

a. Cattell
b. Darwin
*c. Wundt
d. Witmer
Topic: A historical perspective: Antiquity to the nineteenth century

51. Who coined the term “mental test”?

a. Alfred Binet
*b. James Cattell
c. Victor Henri
d. Charles Spearman
Topic: A historical perspective: The nineteenth century

52. During World War I, Robert Woodsworth and his committee were assigned the task of
developing a measure of
a. attitudes toward war.
*b. emotional stability.
c. intelligence.
d. reaction time.
Topic: A historical perspective: The twentieth century
 53. Which of the following is a satisfactory way to minimize language effects of a written,
standardized test in English when administering the test to members of a Japanese-
speaking group who speak English as a second language?
a. Have a professional translator read the test to the group, simultaneously translating
the items word for word.
b. Have a member of the group who is fluent in English and Japanese read the test to
the group, simultaneously translating the items word for word.
c. Prior to formal test administration, have the examiner conduct a brief tutorial in
English, specifically answering questions about the meanings of words in the test
items.
*d. none of the above
Topic: Culture and assessment: Verbal communication

54. Which of the following is the term used for a variant of an official language that has its
own rules of structure, meaning, and pronunciation?
a. parallel language
b. alternate language
*c. spoken dialect
d. regional accent
Topic: Culture and assessment: Verbal communication

55. Nonverbal communication or “body language” does not

a. exist in all cultures.
b. have a great impact on the perceptions of others.
*c. convey the same meaning across cultures.
d. have great influence.
Topic: Culture and assessment: Nonverbal communication and behavior

56. Freud believed that nonverbal behaviors provided clues regarding

a. intelligence.
b. achievement.
c. ethnicity.
*d. motivation.
Topic: Culture and assessment: Nonverbal communication and behavior

57. Across cultures, decisions regarding mental health/illness are most influenced by
a. assessment-related outcomes.
b. the intelligence of the testtaker.
*c. societal standards.
d. the background of the test user.
Topic: Culture and assessment: Evaluative standards

58. Which organization published Technical Recommendations for Psychological and Diagnostic
Tests?
*a. The American Psychological Association
b. The American Educational Research Association
c. The National Council on Measurement in Education
d. The Council for Exceptional Children
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The concerns of the profession

59. When assessing people with disabling conditions, it is necessary for the examiner to do all
of the following EXCEPT
a. create an appropriate setting for the test administration.
b. transform the test into a form that can be taken.
c. transform the responses so they are scorable.
 *d. obtain certification in administering the test to members of a particular group.
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The concerns of the profession

60. Under certain experimental conditions, informed consent for testing does not have to
include
a. an explanation of the general purpose of testing.
b. a complete disclosure prior to testing.
c. a debriefing after the testing.
*d. informing the testtaker how the data will be used.
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

61. Feedback to testtakers that is consistent with professional ethics will

a. avoid information that may arouse anxiety.
b. focus on only “positive” findings.
*c. be accurate and understandable.
d. avoid use of diagnostic labels.
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

62. Which of the following court cases found that professionals have to breach confidentiality
based on predictions of violent behavior, even if no threat of violence has been made?
a. Peck v. Counseling Services of Addison County
*b. Jablonski v. United States
c. Tarasoff v. Regents of University of California
d. White v. United States
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

63. Which of the following is NOT included in the precautions for safeguarding test records?
a. determining when records will be found outdated
b. determining when records will be used only for educational purposes
c. locking the file cabinet
*d. arranging for the storage of records in perpetuity
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

64. One of the results of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
(HIPAA) is that:
a. people should be able to sue mental health professionals for charging too much per
session.
*b. psychotherapy notes now require more stringent protection than most other types of
records.
c. mental health professionals can no longer bill for time spent on documenting
sessions.
d. health insurance providers can only deny payment for services if the mental health
professional agrees that the service was not necessary.
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

65. Which legislation ruled that employment testing materials and procedures must be
essential to the job and not discriminate against persons with disabilities?
a. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
b. Civil Rights Act of 1964
c. Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
*d. Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers
 66. Which legislation ruled that all children with suspected mental or physical disabilities
must be evaluated periodically by a professional team?
a. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
b. Civil Rights Act of 1964
c. Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
*d. Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

67. Which legislation ruled that parents and eligible students be given access to school
records?
a. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
b. Civil Rights Act of 1964
*c. Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
d. Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

68 Which legislation ruled that employers, when making employment decisions with ability
tests, cannot use different cutoff scores on the basis of race, religion, sex, or national
origin?
a. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
*b. Civil Rights Act of 1964
c. Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
d. Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

69. Which legislation enhanced the privacy standards that limit the way that mental health
providers can use patients’ personal information?
a. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
b. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997
c. Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
*d. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

70. Which legislation encouraged accommodation of existing test instruments and other
alternate means of assessment for the purpose of gauging the progress of special education
students as measured by state- and district-wide assessments?
a. Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990
*b. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1997
c. Family Education Rights and Privacy Act of 1974
d. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

71. Which case resulted in the ruling that ability tests developed on whites could not be used to
track black students in the school system?
*a. Hobson v. Hanson (1967)
b. Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
c. Debra P. v. Turlington (1981)
d. Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971)
e. Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody (1976)
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

72. Which case resulted in the ruling that intelligence tests could not be used to place black
children in special classes in California?
a. Hobson v. Hanson (1967)
*b. Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
 c. Debra P. v. Turlington (1981)
d. Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971)
e. Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody (1976)
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

73. Which case resulted in the ruling that minimum competency testing for high school
graduation in Florida was unconstitutional because it pertuated the effects of past
discrimination?
a. Hobson v. Hanson (1967)
b. Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
*c. Debra P. v. Turlington (1981)
d. Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971)
e. Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody (1976)
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

74. Which case resulted in the ruling that employers must use tests that measure the
knowledge and skills required by a particular job instead of general ability tests?
a. Hobson v. Hanson (1967)
b. Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
c. Debra P. v. Turlington (1981)
*d. Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971)
e. Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody (1976)
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

75. Which case involved a situation in which a general ability test predicted job performance
but was found to be discriminatory because whites scored better on it than blacks on
average?
a. Hobson v. Hanson (1967)
b. Larry P. v. Riles (1979)
c. Debra P. v. Turlington (1981)
d. Griggs v. Duke Power Company (1971)
*e. Albemarle Paper Company v. Moody (1976)
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

76. Which case resulted in the ruling that a city fire department could use a test of specific
firefighting abilities to make promotion decisions even if whites tended to outscore blacks?
*a. Allen v. District of Columbia (1993)
b. Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena et al. (1995)
c. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
d. Jaffee v. Redmond (1996)
e. Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

77. Which case resulted in the ruling that the federal government cannot use Affirmative
Action in awarding federal contracts to companies unless there is a compelling reason to
do so?
a. Allen v. District of Columbia (1993)
*b. Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena et al. (1995)
c. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
d. Jaffee v. Redmond (1996)
e. Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

78. Which case resulted in the ruling for the first time that diversity considerations can be used
in university admissions decisions?
 a. Allen v. District of Columbia (1993)
b. Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena et al. (1995)
*c. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
d. Jaffee v. Redmond (1996)
e. Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1974)
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

79. Which case resulted in the ruling that the communication between a psychotherapist and a
patient is privileged in federal courts?
a. Allen v. District of Columbia (1993)
b. Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena et al. (1995)
c. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
*d. Jaffee v. Redmond (1996)
e. Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

80. Which case resulted in the ruling that psychotherapists must reveal privileged information
if a third party is endangered?
a. Allen v. District of Columbia (1993)
b. Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena et al. (1995)
c. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)
d. Jaffee v. Redmond (1996)
*e. Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1974)

Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

81. Which case reaffirmed the rights of universities to use race in admissions decisions to
further the educational benefits that flow from a diverse student body?
a. Allen v. District of Columbia (1993)
b. Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena et al. (1995)
*c. Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)
d. Jaffee v. Redmond (1996)
e. Tarasoff v. Regents of the University of California (1974)

Topic: Legal and ethical considerations: The rights of testtakers

82. In the courtroom, psychologists are involved in conducting psychological assessments for
all of the following types of cases EXCEPT
a. child abuse.
b. parental custody.
c. the legitimacy of defendants’ insanity defenses.
*d. All of the above represent types of cases in which psychologists are involved.
Topic: Psychological tests in the courtroom

83. If it can be demonstrated that a psychologist did not act in a way that any other person in
the profession would have acted given similar circumstances, the psychologist may be
found liable for
a. deception.
b. fraud.
c. incompetency.
*d. malpractice.
Topic: Psychological tests in the courtroom

84. Which testtaker variable is too often overlooked in everyday assessment practices?
a. age
b. height
 *c. language
d. intelligence
Topic: Culture and assessment: Verbal communication

85. How are questions about proficiency in the English language determined?
a. based on years of education
b. based on family background
*c. on a case-by-case basis
d. none of the above
Topic: Culture and assessment: Verbal communication

86. Which of the following are affected by cultural factors?

a. verbal communication
b. nonverbal communication
c. equal protection under the law
*d. a and b
Topic: Culture and assessment

87. Black English has which of the following characteristics?

a. structure
b. meaning
c. pronunciation
*d. all of the above
Topic: Culture and assessment: Verbal communication

88. Black English is best characterized as

*a. a dialect.
b. a language.
c. a code.
d. all of the above
Topic: Culture and assessment: Verbal communication

89. Which of the following resulted from the Larry P. v. Riles court case?
a. No black child in California can be placed in a classroom for students with mild
mental retardation.
b. No black child in California will be subjected to random locker searches.
*c. No black child in California can be administered an IQ test.
d. No black child in California can receive a psychoeducational evaluation.
Topic: Psychological tests in the courtroom

90. Which of the following best summarizes the court cases involving hiring and promotion?
a. Tests that provide scores that produce racial differences cannot be used for hiring.
*b. Courts do not agree on the use of valid tests.
c. Tests that can predict job success can be used.
d. Tests that can be demonstrated to be valid can be used for hiring and promotion.
Topic: Psychological tests in the courtroom

91. The statement that psychologists must use only those techniques for which they are
qualified by education, training, and experience can be found in
a. Standards for Psychological and Educational Tests.
*b. Ethical Principles of Psychologists.
c. test manuals.
d. marriage manuals.
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations

92. Liability for malpractice can be found in which case?

a. The psychologist was inaccurate in his or her diagnosis.
*b. The psychologist acted differently from the way others in the profession would act
under similar circumstances.
c. The psychologist did not hold a doctorate and administered and interpreted tests
while employed as a school psychologist.
d. all of the above
Topic: Legal and ethical considerations

93. Goddard’s work with the feeble-minded initially raised questions about the importance of
understanding
a. heredity.
b. correct test administration.
*c. cultural factors.
d. none of the above
Topic: Evolving interest in culture-related issues

94. Which of the following is the most important reason why translating a test into another
language is not recommended?
a. It can be extremely costly.
b. It can be extremely time-consuming.
*c. Meanings and difficulty levels of the items may change.
d. Precise translation is never possible.
Topic: Culture and assessment

95. Test developers do which of the following to ensure that a test developed for national use
is indeed suitable for national use?
a. They employ a large number of examiners.
b. They have a panel of experts review items.
c. They try out items, eliminating those that are biased.
*d. b and c
Topic: Evolving interest in culture-related issues

96. Which of the following did NOT represent subjects that Sir Francis Galton studied?
*a. the mental ability of humans
b. genetic inheritance in sweet peas
c. the sitting and standing height of humans
d. the arm strength of humans
Topic: The nineteenth century

97. Which of the following is true of consensus translation?

a. The goal of the translation is to avoid translating the subtle nuances of the language
of directions for administration or item content.
*b. Each item translation is reviewed by at least two other translators.
c. It is important in the administration of tests but less important in the test
development process.
d. All of the above are true of consensus translation.
Topic: Some issues regarding culture and assessment

98. Quickness or facility in performing on timed tests can best be attributed to

a. the influence of living in a large city on test performance.
b. genetic influence on test performance.
*c. cultural influence on test performance.
 d. all of the above
Topic: Culture and assessment: nonverbal communication

99. Legal and ethical mandates related to vocational assessment require which of the
following?
a. that performance on vocational tests reflect important cultural factors
*b. that performance on vocational tests reflect only job-related variables
c. that performance on vocational tests reflect only unobtrusive variables
d. all of the above
Topic: Tests and group membership

100. The development and use of vocational tests is based on the principle of equal
opportunity. Which of the following might be most likely to deviate from this principle?
a. case law
*b. test users
c. legislation
d. test developers
Topic: Tests and group membership

101. Which of the following must provide the guidance for determining what represents the
fair use of tests in the hiring process?
a. test publishers
b. test users
*c. society at large
d. test developers
Topic: Tests and group membership

102. Which of the following best summarizes the authors’ position on the fair use of tests in the
employment process?
a. Tests are unfairly criticized for creating discriminatory hiring practices.
b. Inherent in any test is discrimination against groups.
*c. To protect the public it is important for society to enact laws and pursue court cases
that ensure that discrimination based on tests does not occur.
d. Systematic exclusion of members of a religious or cultural group from a job due to
their performance on a test represents illegal discrimination.
Topic: Psychology, tests, and public policy

103. Who had the vision of a “test-the-tests organization” that would serve as a Consumer
Reports for psychological and educational tests?

a. Francis Galton
*b. Oscar Buros
c. Alfred Binet
d. Karl Pearson
Topic: The concerns of the public

104. Which of the following was NOT included in the 1997 amendments to the Individuals
with Disabilities Act?
*a. extension of the age of protections related to disability up to age 25
b. extension of the age of protections related to disability down to birth
c. required participation of special education students in all state-wide assessments
d. required inclusion of “extra-test information” in assessment
Topic: The concerns of the public: The 1997 IDCA amendment
105. Which of the following is TRUE of the legal action related to psychological testing taken in
1995 by the American Psychological Association?
a. The case involved using psychological tests in schools by non-psychologists.
*b. The case involved preventing a counselor from using tests thought to be restricted to
those trained as psychologists.
c. The case involved preventing a psychologist who was not adequately trained from
using a personality test.
d. The case involved protecting the public from unreliable and invalid psychological
tests.
Topic: Test-user qualifications

106. According to the text, what was the outcome of the Louisiana case involving the American
Psychological Association?
a. The court ruled in favor of APA.
b. The court ruled against APA.
c. A higher court refused to hear the case on appeal.
*d. The case is still in litigation.
Topic: Test-user qualifications

107. Which of the following is true of the Fair Access Coalition on Testing (FACT)?
a. The American Psychological Association supports the efforts of this organization as
they strive for fair use of tests and to restrict the use of psychological tests to
psychologists.
*b. The American Psychological Association supports a position in direct conflict with
FACT.
c. The American Psychological Association would not be expected to be concerned
about issues that are addressed by FACT.
d. Test publishers are not part of FACT.
Topic: Test-user qualifications

108. Which of the following represents a major mission of the American Board of Assessment
Psychology (ABAP)?
a. to develop reliable and valid psychological tests
b. to represent psychologists in litigation regarding test user qualifications
c. to represent test publishers in their efforts to ensure the fair use of psychological tests
*d. to identify highly competent assessment psychologists
Topic: Test-user qualifications

109. Which of the following is TRUE of testing people with disabilities?

a. Test scores administered under standardized and modified conditions are typically
equivalent.
b. General agreement exists on how tests should be modified for people with
disabilities.
*c. There exists a need for a growing body of literature related to the equivalency
between tests administered under standardized and modified conditions.
d. b and c
Topic: Testing people with disabilities

110. Psychologists, utilizing their skills in psychological assessment, fulfill which roles in legal
disputes?
a. expert witnesses for either party in a legal dispute
b. court-appointed experts
c. witnesses commenting on the reliability and validity of particular psychological tests
*d. all of the above
Topic: Everyday psychometrics: Expert testimony
111. Which of the following assessment-related situations represent the most frequently
occurring complaints filed with the APA Ethics Committee?
a. determining insanity in criminal cases
b. the use of psychological tests for employee selection
*c. child custody evaluations
d. cannot be determined, as statistics on types of complaints filed with the APA Ethics
Committee are confidential
Topic: Everyday psychometrics: Expert testimony

112. The Daubert Standard refers to which of the following?

a. the role of psychologists in the admission of psychological test results into evidence
*b. the role of judges in determining what scientific testimony should be admitted into
evidence
c. the role of test publishing companies in developing technically adequate
psychological tests
d. the role of Daubert in the preparation of Standards for Psychological Tests and Measures
Topic: Everyday psychometrics: Expert testimony

113. The Daubert, Joiner, and Kumho court cases are related in which of the following ways?
a. The three relate to the reliability and validity of intelligence test data for use with
individuals who are mentally retarded.
*b. The three relate to the courts only accepting opinions of clinicians supported by
current research.
c. In addition to intelligence testing, the three cases relate to allowing results from
personality tests to be entered into court testimony by clinicians.
d. Both b and c represent ways that the cases are related.
Topic: Everyday psychometrics: Expert testimony