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Effect of Long-Term Vinasse Application on

Physico-chemical Properties of Sugarcane Field
Soils

ARTICLE in SUGAR TECH · DECEMBER 2012

Impact Factor: 0.58 · DOI: 10.1007/s12355-012-0174-9

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Sugar Tech (Oct-Dec 2012) 14(4):412–417
DOI 10.1007/s12355-012-0174-9
RESEARCH ARTICLE
Effect of Long-Term Vinasse Application on Physico-chemical
Properties of Sugarcane Field Soils
Ze-Pu Jiang • Yang-Rui Li • Guang-Po Wei • Qing Liao • Tian-Ming Su
Yan-Cheng Meng • Hai-Ying Zhang • Chang-Yan Lu
Received: 30 May 2012 / Accepted: 16 July 2012 / Published online: 2 August 2012
Ó Society for Sugar Research & Promotion 2012
Abstract The present experiment was conducted to study
the effects of vinasse application on physico-chemical prop-
erties of soil. Different treatments, viz., (i) spraying water at
105.0 t/ha (CK), (ii) conventional fertilization ? spraying
water at 105.0 t/ha (CF) and (iii) soil application of vinasse at
75.0 t/ha ? spraying water at 30.0 t/ha, have been applied in
two sugarcane fields in Fusui County, Guangxi, during
2005–2006 and 2006–2007, respectively. The results showed
that, after 2–3 years of continuous vinasse application to
sugarcane fields, the soil bulk density declined, while the total
porosity and capillary porosity increased in the plow layer of
soil. The soil water stable aggregate content enhanced, but the
soil clay content decreased. Soil K content increased, and soil
did not showed the phenomenon of acidification. The vinasse
application in sugarcane fields resulted in improved physico-
chemical properties of soil, and soil hardening and soil acid-
ification were not detected in the field. The present study not
only provides the basis of using vinasse as a liquid fertilizer in
Z.-P. Jiang  G.-P. Wei  Q. Liao  T.-M. Su  Y.-C. Meng
Agricultural Resources and Environment Research Institute,
Guangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning 530007,
Guangxi, China
Y.-R. Li (&)
Sugarcane Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Sciences; Guangxi Crop Genetic Improvement and
Biotechnology Laboratory; Key Laboratory of Sugarcane
Biotechnology and Genetic Improvement (Guangxi), Ministry of
Agriculture, Nanning, Guangxi, China
e-mail: liyr@gxaas.net
Y.-R. Li
Guangxi Key Laboratory of Sugarcane Genetic Improvement,
Nanning 530007, Guangxi, China
H.-Y. Zhang  C.-Y. Lu
Fusui Sugar Bureau, Fusui 532100, Guangxi, China
123
•
agriculture fields but also help in reducing the environmental
pollution imposed due to disposal of non-treated sugar
industry effluents.
Keywords Vinasse  Soil  Physico-chemical properties 
Sugarcane field
Introduction
Vinasse is a byproduct of the sugar industry (Hidalgo 2009).
Sugarcane is processed to produce crystalline sugar, pulp and
molasses. The latter are further processed by fermentation to
ethanol, ascorbic acid or other products. After the removal of
the desired product (alcohol, ascorbic acid, etc.), the
remaining material is called vinasse. In terms of volume,
approximately 13 L of vinasse is produced in processing of
one liter alcohol from cane (Anonymous 1986). In China,
Guangxi is the largest producer of sugarcane and its prod-
ucts. Approximately 2.55–2.8 million tons of vinasse is
produced every year by the Guangxi sugar industry (Ou et al.
2002). Although the vinasse is considered as a kind of green
energy, its large volume of effluent and the perspective of
growing fuel production generate environmental concerns
mainly because of its impact on soil and groundwater
resources. Studies have pointed out that the main impact
caused by vinasse infiltration in soil and groundwater
resources is soil hardening, soil acidification, salinization
and growing concentration of inorganic salts and organic
carbon (Pereira 2008).
Vinasse has high levels of potassium, calcium and
organic matter in its chemical composition as well as
moderate amounts of nitrogen and other nutrients (Gloria
1985) and could represent an alternative to supply nutrients
for crop production (Gloria 1985; Garcı́a 1994). Various
Sugar Tech (Oct-Dec 2012) 14(4):412–417
research works have been carried out in other countries
where it has been reported that vinasse increases sugarcane
productivity (Anonymous 1986; Gloria 1985; Anonymous
1980; Orlando 1984). Studies also demonstrated that under
controlled conditions, vinasse can partially replace some
mineral fertilization.
During recent years, application of vinasse and sugar
industry effluents gaining more importance due to the
presence of great quantities of mineral nutrients and
organic matter content, which not only improved the
crop productivity but also solved the problem of effluent
disposal in the open environment. The researches carried
out in past decade in China showed the positive effects
of vinasse application on growth and development of
sugarcane, as well as the improvement in soil properties
(Li et al. 2008; Zhou et al. 2008; Zhou et al. 2009; Ao
et al. 2009; Mo et al. 2009; Meng et al. 2009). Li et al.
(2008) find out that the vinasse obtained from sugar
industry can be utilized as a complete fertilizer for the
growth of sugarcane, and they also showed that the
application of fresh vinasse in the fields, without any
dilution or pretreatment, could significantly increases the
cane tonnage and sucrose percent cane and reduce the
chemical fertilizer application and production cost. The
direct rational application of fresh vinasse in sugarcane
fields is practically possible through a set of technical
measures. You et al. (2009) reported that applying vin-
asse as base fertilization in sugarcane field could
enhance the soil fertility, increase the cane and sugar
yield, and had no bad effects on ground water contents.
Su et al. (2009) reported that total N, Cl-, organic
matter (OM) and humic acid (HA) content of the soil
improved under vinasse treatments (45, 75 and 105 t/ha)
in sugarcane field. Zhou et al. (2009) reported significant
economic gains in sugarcane production by the use of
distillery effluent as a basal manure. The sugarcane and
sugar yield increased from 2.5 to 47.3 and 1.6 to 69.3 %,
respectively on application of 45–75 t/ha distillery
effluent as basal manure. The sugarcane yield and eco-
nomic income increased by 4.2 % and 675 Yuan/ha,
respectively, after the foliar spray of vinasse at 2,250 kg/
ha, which also helped in significant reduction of cottony
aphid and mealy bug incidences. Ao et al. (2009)
reported that pH value and bulk density of the test soil
decreased with the application of vinasse, and the
available N, K, Mg and organic matter content of the
soil significantly increased. Application of the vinasse to
soil can reduce the environmental pollution and change it
from waste to wealth.
In the present study, the vinasse was applied to sugar-
cane field for 2–3 continuous years to investigate its effect
on physical and some chemical properties of the sugarcane
soil.
413
Materials and Methods
Sugarcane variety ROC22 was used as experimental
material. Two sugarcane field locations were selected
at the base of Changping, Fusui County, Guangxi
(P.R. China). At first location (A), the experiment was
carried out from 2005 to 2007 and at the second location
(B) from 2006 to 2007. The physico-chemical properties of
the soils at both locations have been summarized in
Table 1. Both locations A and B had the same treatments
as follows: (i) Spraying water at 105.0 t/ha (CK); (ii)
Conventional fertilization ? Spraying water at 105.0 t/ha
(CF) and (iii) Soil application of vinasse (pH 4.35,
OM 71.9 g/L) at 75.0 t/ha ? Spraying water 30.0 t/ha
(vinasse). The experiment was carried out in completely
randomized block design with each plot area of 60.0 m2,
and each treatment was given in three replications. For the
CF treatment, the N, P2O5 and K2O were applied at 450.0,
165.0 and 450.0 kg/ha, respectively. The fused calcium-
magnesium phosphate, 30 % of the urea and potassium
chloride were given as the basal fertilizer, the rest amount
of urea was sprayed at the elongation stage of sugarcane
growth. The seedcanes were covered with the soil and the
planting rows were further covered by the plastic film after
applying the vinasse to the soil. The normal cultural
practices were followed during the full growth of sugar-
cane crop.
Soil samples were collected from 30.0 cm depth of
vinasse applied sugarcane fields in 2007. Analysis of soil
physico-chemical properties was conducted according to
standard methods as described by Lu (2000). Soil pH value
was measured with electronic pH meter and soil organic
matter content was determined by the titration method
using potassium dichromate. Bulk density was measured
by ring shear method and particle composition was ana-
lyzed by hydrometer method.
Ratio of aggregate destruction (RAD) was calculated by
using the following formula:
RAD ð%) ¼ ða  bÞ=a  100;
where ‘a’ is the percentage of dry-sieved soil aggregates,
and ‘b’ is percentage of wet-sieved soil aggregates.
Results and Discussion
Influence of Vinasse Application on Soil Bulk Density
and Porosity in Sugarcane Fields
Soil bulk density and porosity gives out the status of soil
compaction (Sun et al. 1999). After continuously applying
vinasse to the sugarcane field during the course of exper-
iment, the soil bulk density decreased significantly by 0.07
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414 Sugar Tech (Oct-Dec 2012) 14(4):412–417

Table 1 The soil physico-chemical properties at two different sugarcane field locations
Location Bulk density Total porosity Capillary porosity Non-capillary Clay \0.02 mm Water stable aggregate (%)
(g/cm3) (%) (%) porosity (%) (%)
[1 mm [0.25 mm

A 1.22 53.96 44.34 9.62 71.66 23.20 48.46

B 1.25 53.01 43.25 9.76 82.56 23.21 59.35
Location pH Organic matter Total N Total P Total K Avail. N Avail. P Avail. K
(g/kg) or (g/L) (mg/kg)

A 4.36 30.8 0.91 0.93 5.4 140 17 126

B 4.56 28.4 0.88 0.90 6.4 122 16 113
Vinasse 4.35 71.9 5.3 0. 2 11.4

continuous years in sugarcane field, instead the vinasse

Table 2 Changes in bulk density and porosity of soils at two dif- treatment maintained and even increased the soil porosity.
ferent sugarcane field locations
Location Treatment Bulk Total Capillary Non- Effect of Vinasse Application on Soil Aggregates
density porosity porosity capillary of Sugarcane Fields
(g/cm3) (%) (%) porosity (%)

A CK 1.26 a 52.63 a 43.60 a 9.03 a Status of soil aggregate and water stable aggregate are
CF 1.26 a 52.63 a 42.60 a 10.03 a important for determination of soil fertility conditions, and
Vinasse 1.19 b 55.26 a 42.50 a 12.76 a they influence the capacity of soil to resist from the erosion
B CK 1.31 a 51.49 a 45.21 a 6.29 a and to maintain soil aeration up to a great extent (Sun et al.
CF 1.31 a 50.75 a 44.50 a 6.25 a 1999). Big soil aggregates contain more C and N (organic
Vinasse 1.25 a 53.20 a 44.42 a 8.80 a as well as inorganic) than micro-aggregates, and they
contain more unstable organic matter and biodegradable
Note: Different small alphabets in same column represents significant
difference at 0.05 P level components (Elliott 1986; Puget et al. 1999; Cambardella
and Elliott 1992). Big soil aggregate, especially the ones
measuring more than 1.00 mm can practically regulate the
and 0.06 g/cm3 at the locations A and B, respectively, soil aeration, water holding capacity and ion exchange
compared to the CK as well as CF (Table 2). While the characteristics, which makes the basis for proper growth
total soil porosity in third treatment (vinasse application), and development of plants (Yao and Yu 1966). Conse-
as compared to the CK and CF treatments, increased quently the contents of these aggregates might be closely
2.63 % at location A and 1.71 and 2.45 % at location B, related with the soil fertility level. The results showed in
respectively. Further, the non-capillary porosity of soils Table 3 indicated that the percentage of big soil aggregate
with vinasse treatment increased to a certain degree, while (wet-sieved) at vinasse treated location increased signifi-
the capillary porosity in the same treatment soil did not cantly as compared to CK. This increase in soil aggregates
differed. These results indicated that soil of plow layer measuring more than 1.00 mm was significant. The results
did not showed any hardening after using vinasse for 3 at two different locations did not differed significantly.

Table 3 Changes in soil aggregates (%) at two different sugarcane fields locations
Location Treatment [1.00 mm Aggregate [0.25 mm Aggregate Ratio of aggregate destruction (RAD)
Dry-sieved Wet-sieved Dry-sieved Wet-sieved [1.00 mm [0.25 mm

A CK 69.66 a 17.78 A 89.37 a 62.86 a 74.48 A 29.66 a

CF 70.39 a 32.15 B 90.18 a 70.14 b 54.33 B 22.22 b
Vinasse 69.19 a 34.05 B 90.20 a 71.67 b 50.79 B 20.54 b
B CK 77.03 a 17.13 A 92.82 a 60.54 a 77.76 A 34.78 a
CF 84.27 a 22.48 A 96.36 a 63.73 a 73.32 A 33.86 a
Vinasse 81.29 a 36.09 B 94.09 a 74.03 b 55.60 B 21.32 b
Note: Different small and capital alphabets in same column represents significant difference at 0.05 and 0.01 P level, respectively

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Sugar Tech (Oct-Dec 2012) 14(4):412–417 415

Table 4 Changes in soil particle composition (%) at two different sugarcane field locations
Location Treatment 2.00–0.02 mm 0.02–0.002 mm \0.002 mm Silt/clay ratio \0.02 mm
Sand Silt Clay P clay

A CK 14.74 a 13.54 a 71.72 a 0.19 a 85.26 a

CF 12.71 a 13.86 a 73.43 a 0.19 a 87.30 a
Vinasse 15.91 a 17.77 b 66.32 b 0.27 b 84.10 a
B CK 14.33 a 17.05 a 68.62 a 0.25 a 85.67 a
CF 14.76 a 11.96 a 73.28 a 0.16 a 85.24 a
Vinasse 15.98 a 15.99 a 68.03 a 0.24 a 84.03 a

The RAD indicates the degree of soil aggregate obliter-
ation in water. RAD of soil aggregates in different treatments
differed at two different locations (Table 3). A 74–78 %
obliteration of soil aggregate measuring more than 1.00 mm
and 29–35 % in the soil aggregates measuring more than
0.25 mm has been observed in control treatment. However,
in the soils treated with vinasse, the obliteration of soil
aggregates was only 50–56 and 20–22 % of soil aggregate
measuring more than 1.00 mm and more than 0.25 mm,
respectively. The differences between vinasse treatment and
CK were found significant at 0.01 level in the size group of
[1.00 mm and 0.05 level in the size group of [0.25 mm.
The percentage of water stable large soil aggregates
increased significantly after continuous application of vin-
asse, which might be related to the availability of enough soil
moisture and organic matter content due to vinasse appli-
cation. In an experiment, Li et al. (2002) showed that
increase in organic matter content resulted in significantly
increased stability of soil aggregates, and also it resulted in
reduction of soil clay dispersion. Increase in water stable soil
aggregates, not only improved the soil moisture content,
porosity and nutrient availability, but also increased the
water holding capacity and ion exchange characteristics, and
enhanced the soil fertility.
Changes in Soil Particle Composition After Application
of Vinasse in Sugarcane Fields
In Guangxi province, 70 % sugarcane fields belong to the
soil developed from quaternary red soil parental material
(Wu et al. 1998), this kind of soil has more clay fractions and
becomes easily hardened, resulting in improper aeration and
moisture scarcity, which affects the growth and development
and therefore, the silt to clay ratio of soil also increased
significantly. All these factors resulted in enhanced soil
fertility.
Change in Soil pH Values After Application of Vinasse
in Sugarcane Fields
Long-term application of vinasse whether to cause soil
acidification in sugarcane fields, is the problem that people
are most concerned about, and also is the key whether
vinasse application can be practical in commercial pro-
duction. Changes in soil pH value after 2–3 years of con-
tinuous vinasse application in sugarcane fields are shown in
Fig. 1. After 2–3 years of continuous vinasse application in
sugarcane fields, soil pH value of location A and B were
recorded as 4.93 and 4.89, respectively, which were 0.07
and 0.25 unit higher than CK. This indicated that 2–3 year
continuous application of vinasse did not caused the soil
acidification. No significant differences have been
observed with amongst the vinasse and CF treatments at
plot A, however, pH value at plot B decreased significantly
in CF treated soils, which may be the effect of long term
application of conventional fertilizer in sugarcane fields.
Effects of Vinasse Application on Nutrient Contents
of Sugarcane Field Soils
Effect of 2–3 years continuous vinasse application in
sugarcane fields on soil nutrients contents have been shown
6 CK CF Vinasse
5
4
pH value

of plant crops. After continuous application of vinasse, the 3

sand fraction of soil (2.00–0.02 mm) increased, while the 2
clay fraction (\0.02 mm) decreased. The results at two dif- 1
ferent locations did not differed significantly. The clay
0
fraction of soil in conventional fertilization (CF) treatment A B
location
enhanced after 3 years of practicing the crop cultivation
(Table 4). The results showed 4.23 % increase in silt fraction Fig. 1 Changes of soil pH values at two different sugarcane field
of soil treated with vinasse, as compared to CK at location A locations

123
416
Table 5 Effects of vinasse application on nutrient contents of sugarcane field soils at two different locations
Location Treatment Total N (g/kg) Avail. N (mg/kg)
A CK 0.92 a 133 a
CF 0.55 b 84 b
Vinasse 0.91 a 119 a
B CK 0.90 a 119 a
CF 0.87 a 112 a
Vinasse 0.89 a 56 b
in Table 5. Total and available N contents in vinasse
treated soils at plot A were at par with the control, how-
ever, they declined significantly in CF treated soils. At plot
B available N content declined in vinasse treated soils
compared to CF as well as control.
Total P content amongst three treatment at the location
A did not showed any significant differences, however, it
was found significantly higher in CF treated soils compared
to CK as well as vinasse treatment at location B. Available
P content in CF treated soils at both locations was signif-
icantly higher than CK as well as vinasse treatments.
K content in vinasse treated soils were significantly
higher than CK and CF at both the locations, which clearly
indicated that vinasse application in sugarcane fields can
enhance the soil K content significantly. The soils in
Guangxi, specially in the southern part, are generally
deficient in K content. High concentration of K in vinasse
makes its application worth for this kind of soil. After
application of right amount of vinasse in sugarcane fields,
there is no need to apply K fertilizer, which will reduce the
production cost and increase farmers’ income, and also
help in reducing the environmental pollution imposed due
to disposal of non-treated sugar industry effluents.
Conclusions
The present study showed a significant decrease in bulk
density and increase in porosity of the soils treated with
vinasse, compared to the other treatments. Further, the non-
capillary porosity in vinasse treated soils also increased to a
certain degree, while the capillary porosity of soil in the
same treatment did not differ. These results indicated that
soil of plough layer did not show any hardening effects
after using vinasse for 2–3 continuous years in sugarcane
field, instead the vinasse treatment maintained and even
increased the soil porosity.
The percentage of water stable large soil aggregates
increased significantly after continuous application of
vinasse, which might be related to the availability of
enough soil moisture and organic matter content due
to vinasse application. Increase in water stable soil
123
Sugar Tech (Oct-Dec 2012) 14(4):412–417
Total P (g/kg) Avail. P (mg/kg) Total K (g/kg) Avail. K (mg/kg)
0.93 a 16 ab 5.41 ab 162 B
0.93 a 19 a 5.20 b 173 B
0.84 a 14 b 5.91 a 383 A
0.86 b 16 b 5.17 c 64 C
1.08 a 21 a 6.19 b 163 B
0.94 b 16 b 7.11 a 607 A
aggregates, not only improved the soil moisture content,
porosity and nutrient availability, but also increased the
water holding capacity and ion exchange characteristics,
and enhanced the soil fertility.
Further, it has been observed that after continuous
application of vinasse, the sand fraction of soil increased,
while the clay fraction decreased. The results also showed
increase in silt fraction of soil treated with vinasse, as
compared to CK and the silt to clay ratio of soil also
increased significantly that restricted the soils to be hard-
ened. Soil pH values after continuous application of vin-
asse did not alter significantly, due to which the soils
remained unacidified, and high in soil K content. Our
results clearly revealed that continuous application of the
vinasse in sugarcane fields resulted in good soil environ-
ment for sustaining growth and productivity of the sugar-
cane crop.
Acknowledgments The present study was supported by National
Technology Support Project (2007BAD30B03), Guangxi Environ-
mental Protection Special Fund (No. 81 GHJ2005), Guangxi Science
and Technology Key Project (0782004-3) and Guangxi Science and
Technology Project (GKN05112001-5B2).
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