Basics of Control

Components
INC 100 Electrotechnology
Assist. Prof. Pakorn Kaewtrakulpong, Ph.D.
INC, KMUTT
 Objectives
„ State the purpose and general principles of control
components and circuits
„ Identify various symbols which represent control
components
„ Read a basic line diagram
„ Describe the construction and operating principles of
magnetic contactors and control relays
 Control Loads and
Control Devices
„ The control load is an electrical device that uses
electrical power. E.g.
„ Pilot lights,
„ relays, and
„ Contactors.
„ Control devices are used to activate the control load.
E.g.
„ Pushbuttons and
„ switches.
 Electrical Symbols
„ Contact
„ Switch
„ Pushbutton
„ Coil
„ Overload Relay
„ Pilot Light
„ etc
 Contact
„ used to indicate an open or closed path of
current flow.
„ require an action to change their state.
„ can be
„ Normally Open (NO) or
„ Normally Closed (NC).
 Switch
„ also used to indicate an open or closed path of
current flow.
„ require another device or action to change their
state.
„ can be
„ Normally Open (NO) or
„ Normally Closed (NC).
 Selector Switch
„ Two-position
„ Three-position
„ Etc.
 Switch (cont.)
„ Variations of this symbol are used to represent
„ limit switches,
„ foot switches,
„ pressure switches,
„ level switches,
„ temperature-actuated switches,
„ flow switches, and
„ selector switches.
Pushbutton
 Pushbutton (cont.)
„ 2 basic types of pushbuttons:
„ momentary
„ maintained (latches in place when the button is
pressed.)
„ can be
„ Normally Open (NO) or
„ Normally Closed (NC).
Pilot Lights
 Pilot Light
„ a small electric light used to indicate a specific
condition of a circuit.
„ E.g., a red light might be used to indicate a motor is
running.
„ The letter in the center of the pilot light symbol
indicates the color of the light.
Control Relays
 Control Relays (cont.)
„ Relays are widely used in control circuits.
„ They are used
„ for switching multiple control circuits and
„ for controlling light loads e.g. starting coils, pilot
lights, and audible alarms.
Relay Operation
 Coil
„ used in electromagnetic starters, contactors, and
relays.
„ The purpose of contactors and relays is to open
and close associated contacts.
„ A letter is used to designate the coil; the
associated contacts have the same identifying
letter.
 Coil (cont.)
„ Associated contacts can be
„ Normally Open (NO) or
„ Normally Closed (NC).
Coil Example
Magnetic Contactors
Basic Contactor Operation
Magnetic Contactors: Interior
Control Transformers
Timing Relays
On-Delay, Time Closed
Off-Delay, Timed Open
 Line Diagrams
„ also referred to as a ladder diagrams.
„ show the functional relationship of
components and devices in an electrical circuit,
not the physical relationship.
„ made up of 2 circuits,
„ the control circuit and
„ the power circuit.
 Line Diagrams (cont.)
„ Electrical wires in a line diagram are represented by
lines.
„ Control-circuit wiring is represented by a lighter-weight
line and power-circuit wiring is represented by a heavier-
weight line.
„ A small dot or node at the intersection of 2 or more
wires indicates an electrical connection.
„ Line diagrams are read from left to right.
Example: Power Circuit and Control
Circuit
 Connecting Loads and
Control Devices
„ Control circuits are made up of control loads
and control devices.
Line Numbering
 Two-Wire Control
„ A two-wire control circuit provides low-voltage
release but not low-voltage protection.
„ low-voltage release
„ In the event of a power loss the contactor will
deenergize, stopping the motor.
„ However, when power is restored, the motor will
restart without warning if the control device is still
closed.
 Two-Wire Control (cont.)
„ This type of control scheme is used for remote
or inaccessible installations such as water-
treatment plants or pumping stations. In these
applications it is desirable to have an immediate
return to service when power is restored.
Two-Wire Control (cont.)
 Holding Circuit
Three-Wire Control
„ low-voltage protection.
„ If an overload causes the “OL” contacts in the control
circuit to open,
„ the “M” coil is deenergized and
„ the motor shut down.
„ When the overload is cleared,
„ the motor will not suddenly restart on its own.
„ An operator must depress the “Start” button to restart the
motor.
 Holding Circuit
Three-Wire Control (cont.)
 Interposing a Relay
„ A 24 VAC coil may not be strong enough to
operate a large starter. E.g.
„ the electromagnetic coil of the “M” contactor
selected is rated for 460 VAC.
„ The electromagnetic coil of the control relay (CR)
selected is 24 VAC.
Interposing a Relay (cont.)
Schematic Diagram
Wiring Diagram
 Some Simple Motor Control
Applications
„ Forward-Reverse Motor Control
„ Star-Delta Motor-Starting Control
 Forward-Reverse Motor Control
e.g.
„ Jogging circuits

„ Reversing-after-stop
circuits
 Jogging Circuits

using selector without short- with short-

switch circuit protection circuit protection
 Reversing-After-Stop Circuits

without short- with short-

circuit protection circuit protection
Star-Delta Motor-Starting Control