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"The Governors": by Zaynud-Din Muhammad Ibn Bir Ali Al-Birgivi
"The Governors": by Zaynud-Din Muhammad Ibn Bir Ali Al-Birgivi
ِ وا
َ ع
َ ال
“The Governors”
By
Zaynud-Din Muhammad ibn Bir Ali
al-Birgivi
Translated
by
Amienoellah Abderoef
بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم
In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful
All Praise be to Allah, the Lord and Cherisher of the worlds. Blessings and
Peace be upon our Master Muhammad and all of his family (and companions).
I will explain to you – with Allah’s Permission – these three (categories) briefly
in three sections:
2
Section One: The Governor
()العامل
ُ
َ ْ َلب
ّ َ عث
"ن ه
ِ ِ وب
ِ ،ه
ِ ت ِبالل
ُ ْ من
َ "آ
(I believe in Allah and, By Him! I will be raised)
2) ن
ْ م
ِ (from, of), like:
ٍ ْ ذَن
"ب ّ ُن ك
ل ْ م
ِ ت
ُ ْ "ت ُب
(I repented from every sin)
َ َ عا
"لى َ َت ِ ت إ َِلى الل
ه ُ ْ "ت ُب
(I turn to Allah – Most High – in repentance)
4) ن
ْ ع
َ (from, about, of), like:
5) عَلى
َ (on, on top), like:
3
6) ّ ال
لم (for, belonging to, to), like:
َ عا
"لى َ َت ه ُ "أ ََنا
ِ عب َي ْدٌ لل
(I am a small and insignificant servant of Allah – Most High)
7) ي
ْ ف
ِ (in, at), like:
"ة َ ْ ال
ِ ّ جن في
ِ ع ُ ْ "ال
ُ ْ مطِي
(The obedient one is in Paradise)
8) َ ْ ال
كاف (like, same as), like:
9) حّتى
َ (until, up to including), like:
"ت
ِ و َ ْ ال
ْ م حّتى
َ ه ْ َ "أ
َ عب ُدُ الل
(I will worship Allah until death)
10) ب
ّ ( ُرperhaps, sometimes), like:
"ن ُ ْ ال
ُ قْرآ ه َ ْ ل ي َل
ُ ُ عن ٍ ب َتا
ّ "ُر
(Perhaps there is a reader whom the Qur’an curses)
َ ِ ل ال ْك ََبائ
"ر ُ ع ْ َ ل َ أ،ه
َ ف ِ واللَ "
(By Allah, I will never perform major / grave sins)
َ حا
13) شا َ (except, excluding), like:
َ ْ ال
"ِ عال ِم َ حا
شا َ س َ َ هل
ُ ك الّنا َ "
4
(All the people are doomed except the learned person)
ْ م
14) ذ ُ (since, from the time), like:
"غ ْ ُ ال ْب ُل
ِ و ْ َ مذْ ي
ِ وم ُ ُ عل ْت
ُ ه َ ب
َ ف ّ ُن ك
ٍ ْ ل ذَن ْ م
ِ ت
ُ ْ "ت ُب
(I repented from every sin I performed since puberty)
ُ ْ من
15) ذ ُ (since, from the time), like:
"غ ْ ُ ال ْب ُل
ِ و ِ وم ُ ُصل َة
ْ َ من ْذُ ي ّ ب ال
ُ ج
ِ َ "ت
(Ritual prayer is compulsory since the day of puberty)
16) َ خل
َ (except, excluding), like:
"ه ِ ْ عل
ِ م ِ ِب ل
ِ م َ ْ خل َ ال
ِ عا َ ن
َ و
ْ م َ ْ ك ال
ُ ِ عال َ َ هل
َ "
(The learned people are doomed except the one who acts in accordance with
his knowledge)
17) دا
َ ع
َ (except, excluding), like:
"ص
ِ ِ خل ُ ْ ال
ْ م دا
َ ع
َ ن ْ ُ مل
َ و َ ْ ك ال
ِ عا َ َ هل
َ "
[All those who act (in accordance with their knowledge) are doomed except the
sincere person]
ْ َ ( لhad it not been for, if it was not for, was it not for), like:
18) َ ول
"س
ُ الّنا َ َ هل
ك َ َه – ل
ِ ة الل
َ م
َ ح
ْ ك – َيا َر ْ َ "ل
ِ َ ول
(Had it not been for You – O Mercy of Allah – then all the people would have
been doomed)
ْ َ ( كfor), like:
19) ي
"ت
َ ْ صي
َ ع
َ ه َ ْ "ك َي
ْ م
(For what i.e. Why did you disobey?)
ْ ِ ذَن ْب
"ي فُر ْ َ عاَلى – ي
ِ غ َ َه – ت
ِ ل الل َ َ "ل
ّ ع
5
(Hopefully, Allah – Most High – will forgive my sin)
1) ن
ّ ِإ (indeed, truly, definitely), like:
"ء
ٍ ي َ
ْ ش ّ ُم ك
ل َ – عاَلى
ُ ِ عال َ َه – ت
َ ن الل
ّ ِ "إ
(Indeed, Allah – the Most High – knows everything)
ن َ
2) ّ أ (that, to), like:
"ء
ٍ ي َ ّ ُ عَلى ك َ – عاَلى َ َ َ عت
ْ ش ل َ قاِدٌر َ َه – ت
َ ن الل
ّ تأّ قد ْ "ا
(I believe that Allah – Most High – has power over everything)
َ
3) ّ ك َأ
ن (as if), like:
َ
"ر
ٌ َنا م َ ْ ن ال
َ حَرا ّ "ك َأ
(As if the unlawful is fire)
4) ّ ِ ل َك
ن (but), like:
"ز َ
ٌ ِ فائ م َ ْ ن ال
َ ِ عال ّ ِ ل ل َك
ُ ه َ ْ فاَز ال
ِ جا َ ما
َ "
(The ignorant person is not victorious but the learned person is victorious)
6) ل َ َل
ّ ع (hopefully), like:
ْ ِ ذَن ْب
"ي فُر َ ه
ِ غا َ ل الل َ َ "ل
ّ ع
(Hopefully Allah – Most High – will forgive my sin)
6
7) "ّ ع ] "إ ِل
ِ قطِج ُ ْ ء ال
َ ْ من ِ سجت ِث َْنا
ْ فججي ال ّ ِ "إ
ِ "ل (i.e. but) used in a
sentence where the object is different in kind from the whole from which it is
excluded], like:
"ها
َ ْ من ة َ م
ٌ َ قّرب ُ ة
َ ع ّ ة إ ِل ّ ال
َ طا َ ْ ن ال
ِ ّ جن َ ْ "ال
ِ ِ ع
َ ٌعدَة
ِ ْ مب
ُ ة
ُ َ صي
ِ ع
ْ م
[Disobedience distances from Paradise but obedience brings (one) close to it]
"ز َ
ٌ ِ فائ َ ل
شّر َ ع َ َ "ل
ِ فا
(No doer of evil is victorious)
"ن َ م
ٍ كا َ ِب ً كنا
ّ م ُ – عاَلى
َ َ مت َ َه – ت
ُ ما الل
َ "
(Allah – Most High – is not firmly located/positioned in a place)
َ َتعا
"لى ِ شاِبها ً لل
–ه َ م
ُ ٌ يء َ َ "ل
ْ ش
(Nothing resembles Allah –Most High)
2) ْ َل
ن (will / shall never), like:
7
"ن
َ ْ ري
ِ ف َ ْ ل ِل
ِ كا – عاَلى
َ َه – ت
ُ فَر الل
ِ غ ْ َ "ل
ْ َن ي
(Allah – Most High – will never forgive the unbelievers)
3) ْ َك
ي [(in order) to, that], like:
ُ ِ ُ "أ
َ ْ عل
"م ِ ْ ال َ ص
ل ّ ح
َ يأْ َر ك
ِ م ُ ْ ل ال
ُ ع ْ ُب ط
َ و ّ ح
(I love long life in order that I may acquire knowledge)
4) ْ َإ ِذ
ن (In that case), like when you say:
"ة َ ْ ال
َ ّ جن َ خ
ل ْ َ"إ ِذ
ُ ْن ت َد
(In that case you will enter Paradise)
َ عا
"لى
ُ
َ َت –ه
َ ع الل
ُ ْ "أطِي
(I obey Allah – Most High)
ْ َ ول
[ د ْ َ ول
ْ ُم ي ْ َ ل
َ ْم ي َل ِد
(He does not give birth nor was He given birth to)
2) ّ َل
ما (did not yet, has / have not yet), like:
"ي
ْ ر
ِ م
ْ ع
ُ ع
ْ ف ّ َ "ل
َ ْ ما ي َن
(My life has not been of benefit yet)
"ً لحا
ِ صا
َ ً مل
َ ع ْ م
َ ل َ ع
ْ َ "ل ِي
(Let him do righteous deeds)
4) "ي
ِ ه
ْ ّ الن في َ
ِ "ل (the "َ "لused for prohibition), like:
ْ ِ ت ُذْن
"ب َ "ل
8
(Do not sin)
6) ما
َ ه
ْ مَ (whatever …... , ……), like:
"ه
ُ ْ عن
َ ل ْ َ سأ ْ ع
ْ ُل ت ْ َ ما ت
َ ف َ ه
ْ م
َ "
(Whatever you do, you will be asked about)
7) ما
َ (whatever …… , ……), like:
"ه
ِ الل َعن ْد
ِ ُجدْه
ِ َر ت
ٍ ْ خي
َ ن
ْ م ْ ع
ِ ل ْ َ ما ت
َ ف َ "
(Whatever you do of good you will find it with Allah)
8) "ن
ْ م
َ " (whoever …… , ……), like:
"ً جيا
ِ َنا ْ ُ صاِلحا ً ي َك
ن َ ً مل
َ ع ْ م
َ ل َ ع
ْ َن ي
ْ م
َ "
(Whosoever does righteous works will be successful)
9) "ن
َ
َ ْ ( "أيwherever …… , ……), like:
َ
"ت
ُ و َ ْ ال
ْ م َ ْ رك
ك ْ ُ ن ت َك
ِ ْن ي ُد َ ْ "أي
10) تى
َ م
َ (whenever …… , ……), like:
ْ ِ هل
"ك ْ َت ْسد
ُ ح
ْ َ مَتى ت
َ "
(Whenever you show jealousy you will be doomed)
11) نى
َ
ّ ( أwherever …… , ……), like:
َ عا َ
"لى َ َت –ه
ُ ك الل ْ َ عل
َ م ْ ِ "أّنى ت ُذْن
ْ َب ي
9
(Wherever you sin, Allah knows you – Most High)
12) ي
َ
ّ ( أwhichever …… , ……), like:
َ عا
"لى ِ ْ عال ِم ٍ ي َت َك َب ّْر ي ُب َ
َ َت –ه
ُ ه الل
ُ ض
ْ غ َ ي
ّ "أ
(Whichever scholar is arrogant, Allah – Most High – hates him)
َ ُ حي ْث
13) ما َ (wherever …… , ……), like:
َ ُ عل
"ك ْ ف
ِ ْ َ ل ي ُك ْت
ب ْ ع ْ َ ما ت
َ ف َ ُ حي ْث
َ "
(Wherever you do something your action will recorded)
َ ُ وب َت
"ك ْ َل ت ْ ُت
ْ َ قب ب َ ْ( "إ ِذWhenever you repent, your repentance will be
ْ ُ ما ت َت
accepted)
"ً ول
ْ ن ُُز ن ُ ْ ل ال
ُ قْرآ َ "ن ََز
(The Qur’an came down definitely)
10
َ عا
"لى َ َت –ه
ُ م الل
َ ِ عل
َ "
(Allah – Most High – knows)
and if the sentence is not complete with it but instead requires a خَبر
َ that is
وب
ْ ص
ُ ْ من
َ , it (i.e. the عل ِ ْ ال
ْ ف ) is called "قص
ِ َنا عل
ْ ف
ِ " (an incomplete
verb), like:
"ً يما
ْ ِ حك
َ ً عل ِْيما
َ – عاَلى
َ َه – ت
ُ ن الل َ "
َ كا
(Allah – Most High – is All-knowing, All-wise)
"ب َ ْ ل ِل
َ ع
ِ ذا ّ حقا
ِ َ ست
ْ م
ُ ي
ْ ص َ ْ صاَر ال
ِ عا َ "
(The disobedient one has become deserving of punishment)
َ عا
"لى َ َت –ه
ِ ن الل ِ ً عْيدا
َ م ِ َب ب ُ ْ ل ال
ُ ِ مذْن َ ما َزا
َ "
(The sinner continues to be distant from Allah – Most High)
ِ َال ْب َد
"ن ِ ً خل
في ِ دا
َ ح
ُ و
ْ م الّر
َ دا
َ ما
َ ة
ُ َ وب
ْ ّ ل الت ْ ُ "ت
ُ َ قب
(Repentance is accepted for as long as the soul is inside the body)
"ً سما
ْ ج
ِ – عاَلى
َ َه – ت َ ْ "ل َي
ُ س الل
(Allah – Most High – is not a body)
ُ َ مل
"ه َ ع
َ ُسدُه
َ ح
َ ٌرق
ِ ح
ْ م
ُ وٍد
ْ س
ُ ح ّ ُ "ك
َ ل
(Every jealous person ‘s jealousy burns down his action)
3) The ل
ِ وْ عُ ف َ ْ سم ال
ْ م ْ ( اPassive Participle); for it performs the مل َ ْ ال
َ ع of
its علْ فِ ْ الwhich is ولْ ه
ُ ج
ْ م
َ , like:
"ه
ُ ُ وب َت
ْ َت ٌ و
ل ْ م
ْ ُ قب َ ب ّ ُ "ك
ٍ ِ ل َتائ
(Every one that repents his repentance is accepted)
11
4) The ل
ِ عج ِ فا َ ْ سججم الْ هة )ِباَ ّ ش جب ُ ْ فة ال
َ م َ صج
ّ ( )الDescriptive noun
resembling the ل ِ ع َ ْ سم ال
ِ فا ْ ) ا, for it also performs the مل َ ْ ال
َ ع of its
عل ِ ْ ال, like:
ْ ف
"ها َ َث
َ ُ واب ن
ٌ س
َ ح ِ ْ "ال
َ ُعَبادَة
(Worship has a good reward)
َ
َ ْ ال
"ِ عال ِم في
ِ ه
ُ ْ من ُ ْ حل
ِ م ِ ْ ه ال
ِ ْ في
ِ ن
َ س
َ ح
ْ لأٍ ج
ُ ن َر
ْ م
ِ ما
َ "
(There is no man in whom clemency is better than the scholar)
6) The در
َ صْ م َ ْ ( الInfinitive / Verbal Noun), for it also performs the مل َ ْ ال
َ ع
of its علْ فِ ْ ال, like:
"ً هما
َ ِدْر ُعب ْدُه ُ َ طاءً ل
َ ه َ ع
ْ ِ عاَلى – إ
َ َه – ت
ُ ب الل
ّ ح
ِ ُ "ي
(Allah – Most High – loves his servant to give a dirham for His Sake)
7) The ضاف َ مُ ْ ال (Annexed Noun), for it also performs the مل َ ْ ال
َ ع of
َ ْ ال, like:
جّر
"ر
ٌ ْ خي
َ – عاَلى
َ َه – ت
ِ عَبادَةُ الل
ِ "
(Worshiping Allah – Most High – is good)
8) The م
ّ هججم الت ّججا ُ ْ سم ال
َ ْ مب ْ ال (Complete Vague Noun), for it also
performs the مل َ ْ الof صب
َ ع ْ ّ الن , like:
"ة َ ْ َرك
ً ع ن
َ و ْ ع
ْ شُر ِ ح
ُ ْ وي
ِ "الت َّرا
(Tarawih is twenty bowings)
9) ل
ِ ع ِ ْ عَنى ال
ْ ف ْ م
َ (Verbal Meaning), that is, every word from which the
meaning of a عل ْ ف
ِ is understood, like:
َ عا
"لى َ َت –ه
ِ ن الل
َ م
ِ ب ُ ْ ت ال
ُ ِ مذْن َ ها
َ ْ هي
َ "
(Distant is the sinner from the Mercy of Allah – Most High)
"ً نبا
ْ َذ ك
ِ "ت ََرا
12
(Abandon sinning)
"ة
ٌ ح
َ َرا في الدّن َْيا
ِ ما
َ "
(There is no peace of mind in this Life)
ُ ُ خل ّ ديا َ
"ه
ُ ق ُ ِ م
ّ ح
َ م
ُ ن ْ ُ ن ي َك
َ و َ ْ ي ل ِل
ْ عال ِم ِ أ ْ غ
ِ َ "ي َن ْب
(It is necessary for the scholar to be Muhammadi / Muhammad-like in his
character
2. The ي
ّ و
ِ َ عن َ ْ الis of two (types):
ْ م
2.1 The ر َ ْ وال
ِ َ خب َ دإ ُ ْ فع ال
َ َ مب ْت ِ َرا (that which causes the دأ ُ ْ ال
َ َ مب ْت and
َ ْ الto be وع
خَبر ْ فُ مْرَ ), like:
"ه
ِ الل ُ و
ل ْ س َ ّ سل
ُ م( َر َ و ِ ْ عل َي
َ ه ُ صّلى الل
َ ه َ ) ٌمد
ّ ح
َ م
ُ "
[Muhammad (Peace and Blessings be upon him) is the Messenger of Allah]
13
∗ Section Two: The Governed / Governee
()المعمول
ِ َ صال
ة َ
It is of two kinds: َ ول ِبال
ْ م
ُ ع
ْ م
َ (governed directly) and ول
ْ م
ُ ع
ْ م
َ
ة
ِ ّ عي
ِ َ ِبالت ّب (governed by succession), that is, its declension is the same as the
declension of its وع
ْ ُ مت ْب
َ (the noun which it follows).
ِ َ صال َ
The first kind (i.e. theة َ ول ِبال ْ مُ عْ م َ ْ ) الis of four types: , وع ُ مْر
ْ ف َ
ور
ْ جُرْ مَ , وب ْ ص
ُ ْ من
َ – (the latter of) which is specific to the سم ْ ال, and
ومْ جُزْ مَ – which is specific to the عل ْ فِ ْ ال.
As for the وع
ْ ف َ ْ الit comprises nine (things):
ُ مْر
2. The ل
ِ ع َ ْ ال
ِ فا َناِئب (Agent of the Doer), like:
"ب
ُ ِ م الّتائ
َ ح
ِ ( "ُرThe one who repented was shown mercy to / May the one
who repents be shown mercy to)
The ها
َ َ " سم َ " and its Sisters), like:
5. َ ِ وات
َ خ
َ وأ
َ "ن
َ كا ْ ا (Noun of "ن
َ كا
"ً يما
ْ ِ حك
َ ً عل ِْيما
َ – عاَلى
َ َه – ت
ُ ن الل َ "
َ كا
(Allah – Most High – is All-knowing and All-wise)
14
The ها
َ
6. َ ِ وات
َ خ
َ وأ
َ "ن
ّ ِ خَبر "إ
َ (Predicate of "ن
ّ ِ "إand its Sisters), like:
"ق
ّ ح
َ ث ْ َ ن ال ْب
َ ع ّ ِ "إ
(The Resurrection is real)
ٌ و
"ل ْ م
ْ ُ قب َ ء
ٍ مَرا َ م
ُ ل َ َ "ل
َ ع
(The deeds of the show-off will not be accepted)
"ً وحا
ْ ص
ُ َن ة
ً َ وب
ْ َت ت
ُ ْ "ت ُب
(I made sincere repentance)
2. The ه
ِ ِب
ولْ ع ْ م
ُ ف َ ْ ال (Direct Object), like:
َ عا
"لى َ َه – ت ْ َ "أ
َ عب ُدُ الل
15
(I worship Allah – Most High)
3. The ه
ِ ْ في
ِ ول
ْ ع
ُ ف َ ْ ال
ْ م (Adverbial Object), like:
"ن
َ ضا
َ م
َ َر هَر َ م
ْ ش ْ ص
ُ "
(Fast the month of Ramadhan)
4. ُ َل
The ه ول
ْ ع
ُ ف َ ْ ال
ْ م (Object of Purpose / Reason), like:
َ عا
"لى َ َت –ه
ِ ة الل
ِ ضا َ ِ ل طََلبا ً ل
َ مْر ْ م
َ ع
ْ ِ "ا
(Do deeds seeking the pleasure of Allah – Most High)
5. The ه
ُ ع
َ م
َ ول
ْ ع
ُ ف َ ْ ال
ْ م (Object of Accompaniment), like:
َ َ مل
"ك َ ع
َ و
َ َ ْ وت َب
قى َ ل َ ْ فَنى ال
ُ ما ْ َ "ي
(Wealth will perish and you will remain with your deeds)
"ً جيا
ِ َرا ً خاِئفا
َ – عاَلى
َ َه – ت
َ د الل ْ ُ "ا
ِ ُ عب
(Worship Allah Most High – fearing and hoping)
7. The يز
ْ ِ مي
ْ ّ ( التSpecification), like:
"ة
ً َعَباد
ِ م َ ْ ب ال
ُ ِ عال َ "
َ طا
(The scholar is good in ‘ibadah)
8. َ ْ ست َث
The نى ُ ْ ( الExceptive / Noun Excluded), like:
ْ م
"ر
َ ف َ ْ ال
ِ كا ّ س إ ِل
ُ ة الّنا َ ْ ل ال
َ ّ جن ُ خ
ُ ْ"ي َد
(The people will enter Paradise except the unbeliever)
16
"ق
ّ ح
َ ل َ س
َ ؤا ّ ن ال
ّ ِ "إ
[Truly, the questioning (on the Day of Judgment) is real]
ٌ َ ول
"ة ْ م
ْ ُ قب َ ب
ٍ غَتا
ْ م
ُ ة
َ ع َ َ "ل
َ طا
(The obedience of the backbiter is not accepted)
"ة
ً جائ َِز
َ ة
ٌ م ِ َ "ل َ ن
َ ْ مي
(Slandering is not permissible)
13. The بِ صجِ وا َ ّ دى النَ حج ِ ْ عل َي
ْ ِه إ َ خ
َ ل َ َي د ِ ّ رع ال
ْ ذ ِ ضا
َ م ُ ْ عل ال ِ ْ ال
ْ ف
(the رعِ ضا ُ ْ عل ال
َ م ْ فِ ْ الthat has one of the صب ِ وا َ ّ النpreceding
and governing it), like:
َ غ َ ِ ُ "أ
"ي ْ ُ ذُن
ْ ِ وب فَر ْ ُن ت
ْ بأّ ح
(I love that my sins would be forgiven)
ٍ َ خل
"ص ْ ِ ب ِإ ْ م
ل َ ع
ْ ِ "ا
(Do deeds with sincerity)
ُ َ قل ْب
"ه َ ُود
ّ س
َ ُد ي َ ْ ب ال
ِ ْ عب ُ ْ "ذَن
17
(The sin of the servant blackens his heart)
َ ُ مل
"ك َ ع
َ ل ْ ُص ي
ْ َ قب ْ ِ خل
ْ ُن ت
ْ ِ "إ
(If you are sincere your deeds will be accepted)
َ ص
The first is the فة ّ ( الattributive adjective), like:
"م َ ْ ال
َ ْ عظِي ه
َ د الل ْ ُ ( "اWorship Allah, the Magnifecent)
ِ ُ عب
The second is ْ ع
طف َ ْ ال (conjunction) by means of one of the ten وف ُ ْ ال
ْ حُر
:
1. َ ْ ( الand), like:
the واو
َ و
"ل
َ
ْ س
ُ والّر
َ ه
َ ع الل
ِ ِ"أط
(Obey Allah and the Messenger)
"م ِ ْ فال
ُ قَيا َ ح ْ ب ت َك ْب ِي َْرةُ ال
ِ فت َِتا ُ ج
ِ َ "ت
(The Takbirah of Consecration is compulsory, then the standing position)
3. م
ّ ث (after awhile), like:
ُ م
"ل َ ْ ال
َ ع م ُ ْ عل
ّ ُم ث ِ ْ ب ال
ُ ج
ِ َ "ي
(Knowledge is compulsory then action)
4. حّتى
َ (even, until, up to including), like:
ُ َ سل
"م ّ وال ُصل َة
ّ م ال
ُ ه َ َ – ُحّتى ال َن ْب َِياء
َ ِ ْ علي َ س
ُ ت الّنا
َ ما
َ "
18
(People are mortal and will die even the Prophets – May Peace and Blessings
be upon them)
و َ
5. ْ أ (or), like:
"ً نيا
َ َ
َ َث
ِ ما ْ حى أْرَبعا ً أ
و َ ض ّ ص
ّ ل ال َ "
[Prayer the Dawn prayer four or eight (bowings)]
6. ما
ّ ِإ (or), like:
"ّ حبا
َ َ ست
ْ م
ُ ما َ ً جبا
ّ ِ وإ ِ وا
َ ما ْ م
ّ ِل إ َ ع
ْ ِ "ا
(Do either what is compulsory or what is highly recommended)
م َ
7. ْ أ (or), like:
َ َ
ُ َ خط
"ه َ س
َ م
ْ بأُ ُ ه ت َطْل
ِ ضاءَ الل
َ ر
ِ "أ
(Is it the Pleasure of Allah that you seek or His Anger)
9. ْ َب
ل (even better, rather, instead), like:
"ً يبا
ّ َط ْ َ حل َل ً ب
ل ْ ُ "ا ُطْل
َ ب
(Seek what is lawful even better the good things)
10. ْ ِ ل َك
ن (but), like:
ٌ َ خل
"ص ْ ِإ ْ ِ رَياءٌ ل َك
ن ِ ل ِ َ "ل َ ي
ّ ح
(Showing-off is not lawful but sincerity is)
َ َ خل
"ص ْ ِ ال َ َ خل
ص ِ ُ "ا ُطْل
ْ ِ ب ال
(Seek sincerity sincerity)
َ ّ ك ُل
"ها ب
َ و ِ "ا ُت ُْر
ْ ُ ك الذّن
19
(Abandon sin, all of it)
َ َ ( ال ْبSubstitute), like:
The fourth is the دل
َ ّ َرب
"ك ه
َ د الل ْ ُ "ا
ِ ُ عب
(Worship Allah, your Lord and Cherisher)
"م
ْ ه
ُ ْ من
ِ ه
َ صى الل
َ ع
َ ن
ْ م
َ س
َ ض الّنا ُ ْ "ا ُب
ِ غ
(Hate the people, those who disobey Allah amongst them)
"ه ّ ح
ُ ق َ – عاَلى
َ َه – ت
َ ظ الل َ ح
ِ ف ْ ِ "ا
(Protect Allah – Most High – His Right)
ِ ال ْب ََيا
The fifth is the ن ْ ع
طف َ (Explicative / Explanatory Apposition)
ُ َ سل
"م ّ وال
َ ُصل َة ِ ْ عل َي
ّ ه ال َ –د
ٍ م
ّ ح
َ م
ُ مّنا ب ِن َب ِي َّنا
َ "آ
(We believe in our Prophet, Muhammad – Upon him be Peace and Blessings)
20
∗ Section Three: The Governing Effect / Declension
()العمل \ العراب
It is either a َ حَر
كجة َ (vowel), a حجْرف
َ (letter/consonant) or ْ حج
ذف َ
(omission).
1. مة
ّ ض
َ
2. حة َ
َ ْ فت
3. ْ َك
سَرة
3. أ َِلف
4. ون
ْ ُن
ذف َ ْ ال
ْ ح constitutes three (things) that are specific to the al-fi‘l:
3. ن
ِ و ْ ح
ْ ّ ذف الن َ (omission of the ون
ْ ّ ) الن. The sum total is ten.
The types of رب َ ع ُ ْ ( الdeclinable word) – with reference to what they have
ْ م
been afforded of these ten (signs) – are nine, because their declension is either
by means of ضججة َ ح َ ْ كججات ال
ْ م َ ْ ( الi.e. pure vowel-markings), or
َ حَر
ضةَ حْ مَ ْ وف ال ْ حُر ُ ْ ( الi.e. pure letters) – which are specific to the سم ْ ال
– or by means of ِ ْحذ
ف َ ْ ع ال َ م
َ كات َ ْ ( الvowel-markings plus
َ حَر
omission) or ف ِ ْحذ َ ْ ع الَ مَ وف ْ حُر ُ ْ ( الletters plus omission) – which are
specific to the عل ِ ْ ال.
ْ ف
21
The first (i.e. that which is declined by means of ضة
َ ح َ ْ كات ال
ْ م َ ْ ال
َ حَر ) is
either:
• ب
ِ عَرا
ْ ِ م الّ ( َتاcomplete in its declension) by being وع ْ فُ مْر
َ with the
وبْ ص
ُ ْ منَ ,مة ّ ضّ الwith حة َ ْ الand ور
َ ْ فت ْ جُر
ْ مَ with the سَرة ْ َ ال ْك
– and that is the رف ِ ص ُ ْ فَرد ال
َ ْ من ُ ْ ( الfully-declinable
ْ م
singular noun), like:
ُ َ سل
"م ّ ال ِ ْ عل َي
ه ُ و
َ –ل ْ س
ُ جاءََنا الّر
َ "
(The Messenger – Upon him be Peace – came to us)
ُ َ سل
"م ّ ال ِ ْ عل َي
ه َ و
َ –ل ْ س ْ ّصد
ُ قَنا الّر َ "
(We believe the Messenger – Upon him be Peace)
ُ َ سل
"م ّ ال ِ ْ عل َي
ه َ –ل
ِ و
ْ س
ُ مّنا ِبالّر
َ "آ
(We believe in the Messenger – Upon him be Peace)
ٌ ُ ك َت
"ب ء
ِ ما
َ س
ّ ن ال
َ م َ "ن ََز
ِ ل
(Books descended from Heaven)
َ ُ ال ْك ُت
"ب ْ ّصد
قَنا َ "
(We believe the Books)
ِ ُ ِبال ْك ُت
"ب مّنا
َ "آ
(We believe in the Books)
• ب
ِ عَرا
ْ ِ قص ال
ِ َنا (incomplete in its declension), which is of two
groups: a group which is وع ُ مْر
ْ ف َ with the وب
ْ ص
ُ ْ من
َ , مة
ّ ض
ّ ال and
ورْ جُرْ م
َ with the حة َ ْ فتَ ْ ال, like:
َ
ُ َ سل
"م ّ ه الِ ْ عل َي
َ – ُمد َ ح ْ جاءََنا أ َ "
(Ahmad – Upon him be Peace – came to us)
َ
ُ َ سل
"م ّ ال ِ ْ عل َي
ه َ – َمد
َ ح ْ ّصد
ْ قَنا أ َ "
(We believe Ahmad – Upon him be Peace)
َ
ُ َ سل
"م ّ ال ِ ْ عل َي
ه َ – َمد
َ ح
ْ مّنا ب ِأ
َ "آ
22
(We believe in Ahmad – Upon him be Peace)
"ت
ٌ جَزا
ِ ع
ْ م
ُ جاءََنا
َ "
(Miracles came to us)
"ت
ٍ جَزا
ِ ع
ْ م
ُ ْ ّصد
قَنا َ "
(We believe Miracles)
"ت
ٍ جَزا
ِ ع
ْ م
ُ ِب مّنا
َ "آ
(We believe in Miracles)
ُ َ سل
"م ّ ال ِ ْ عل َي
ه َ – ِ سم َ ْ جاءََنا أ َُبو ال
ِ قا َ "
(The Father of Qasim – Upon him be Peace – came to us)
ُ َ سل
"م ّ ال ِ ْ عل َي
ه َ – ِ سم َ ْ قَنا أ ََبا ال
ِ قا ْ ّصد
َ "
(We believe Father of Qasim – Upon him be Peace)
ُ َ سل
"م ّ ال ِ ْ عل َي
ه َ – ِ سم َ ْ مّنا ب ِأ َِبي ال
ِ قا َ "آ
(We believe in Father of Qasim – Upon him be Peace)
23
• ب
ِ عَرا
ْ ِ قص ال
ِ َنا (incomplete in its declension), which are two groups:
ُ َ سل
"م ّ ال م
ُ ه َ َ –ن ْ ُ سل ُ ْ جاءََنا ال
ِ ْ علي َ و َ مْر َ "
(The Messengers – Upon them be Peace – came to us)
ُ َ سل
"م ّ ال م
ُ ه َ َ –ن ُ ْ قَنا ال
ْ ّصد
ِ ْ علي َ ْ سل ِي
َ مْر َ "
(We believe the Messengers – Upon them be Peace)
ُ َ سل
"م ّ ال م
ُ ه َ َ –ن ُ ْ مّنا ِبال
ِ ْ علي َ ْ سل ِي
َ مْر َ "آ
(We believe in the Messengers – Upon them be Peace)
وع ُ مْر َ
(b) a group which is ْ ف َ with the وب ْ صج
ُ ْ من
َ , الِلفand
ورْ جُر ْ م َ with the ال َْياء, which is the ( الت ّث ْن َِيةdual) as well as "
ِ "ا ِث َْناand "َ "ك ِلannexed to a مر
ن َ ض
ْ م
ُ (personal pronoun), like:
َ
"ة
ُ ّ سن
ّ وال
َ ُ ي ال ْك ََتا
ب ْ ما" أ ُ َ ن ك ِل
َ ه ِ جاءََنا الث َْنا
َ
(The two, both of them, came), that is, the Book and the Sunnah
َ
"ما
َ ه
ِ ْ ك ِلي ِ ْ عَنا الث ْن َي
ن ْ َ "ا ِت ّب
(We follow the two, both of them)
َ ْ ِ ع
"ما ِ ْ ك َلي
َ ه ِ ْ ملَنا ِبالث ْن َي
ن َ "
(We act according to the two, both of them)
ِ ْحذ
The third (i.e. that which is declined by means of ف َ ْ ع ال
َ م
َ كات َ ْ ال
َ حَر )
is only complete in its declension, and comprises two groups:
24
َ
"م
ْ حَر
ْ ُن ْ َ ول
م َ ع َ ش
َ ف ْ َن ت
ْ بأّ ح
ِ ُ "ن
[We would like that you (O Muhammad) intercede (for us) and that we not be
deprived)
(b) a group which is وعْ فُ مْرَ with the وب ْ صُ ْ منَ , مة ّ ضّ الwith the
حة َ ْ فت ْ
َ الand ومْ جُزْ م
َ with the ر ِ خ ِ ذف ال ْ ح َ (omission of the ending),
which is the لْ ص ْ َي ل
ِ ّ م ي َت ْ ذِ ّ رع الِ ضا َ مُ ْ عل ال ِ ْ ال
ْ ف
ح
ٌ ْ حي
ِ ص َ فٌ حْرَ وَ ه
ُ وَ مي ٌْرِ ض
َ هِ رِ خ ِ ( ِبآi.e. the رع ِ ضا
َ مُ ْ عل ال ِ ْ الthat
ْ ف
does not have a personal pronoun attached at its ending with the latter being a
weak letter), like:
َ
"ر
ِ الّنا في
ِ مَنا ْ َ ول
ِ م ي َْر َ ،عّنا
َ و ُ ع
َ ف ْ عاَلى – أ
ْ َن ي َ َه – ت
َ عو الل
ُ ْ"ن َد
(We beseech Allah – Most High – to pardon us and not cast us in the Fire)
Thereafter, عجَراب
ْ ِ ال (declension) – if it is evident in ْ ّ الل
فجظ (oral
expression) – it is called ي ْ َل
ّ ِ فظ (orally expressed / explicit), like in the case
of the previous examples, and – if it is not evident in ْ ّ الل
فظ but instead is
implied at its ending – it is called ي
ّ ر
ِ ْ دي ْ َ ( تimplied / implicit), like:
ِ ق
"ي
ْ ص َ ْ ال
ِ عا "أ ََنا
(I am the one that is disobedient)
25
End
∗
والحمد لله رب العالمين
26