BASIC CONCEPTS-I

(Terminology)
System
Quantity of matter or a region in space chosen for study
Surroundings
Mass or region outside the system

Boundary
Real or imaginary surface –separates the system from surroundings. Fixed or
movable-zero thickness
Contact surface-shared
Types of system
Closed or open ???
-depends on fixed M/V in space is chosen for study.

Closed system (CS)/Control mass:

-Consists of fixed amt of mass
-No mass can cross its boundaries (i.e no mass can enter or leave a CS)
-Energy (heat or work) can cross the boundary.
Open system (OS)/Control Volume
-mass and energy can cross – boundaries
-mass can enter or leave a CV
-Energy (heat or work) can cross the boundary.
Isolated system
-Neither energy nor matter through the boundaries with its surroundings
-Fixed mass & energy
-Not influenced /affected by changes in environment/ surroundings
Example for Isolated system
-System – thermally insulated from surroundings
-Does not give Q to surroundings nor receive
-No heat interaction of system with surroundings
-e.g: flask
Summary
1) Closed system/control mass
2) Open system/control volume
3) Isolated system
NOTE
 CV encloses a device that involves mass flow
-e.g compressor, turbine, nozzle, water heater

 Should be analyzed CV instead of CM

 Flow through devices-selecting region within as CV

 Mass & energy (H & W) cross the boundary like CS

 Boundary of CV is control surface- real or imaginary

 e.g. Nozzle- no physical surface
 inner surface forms real part of boundary
 Entrance/exit→ imaginary part
 CV –fixed in size & shape

 May involves moving boundary (rarely) & Q,W (closed)

 e.g: open system (CV) -water heater.

Hot & cold stream as mass leaving &

entering the CV. Mass crosses the CV

 Aim: hw much Q to supply to cold water to get hot?

 Not convenient to choose fixed mass as system

 Attention : on V formed by interior surface of tank & it form CS.

Remark-2
In Engg analysis-system under study must be defined carefully.
Thermodynamic properties of system
Every system -characteristics by which its physical condition –described :
properties of system
e.g.Vol, T, P etc…

Macroscopic & describes state, state variables of system

2 Types
-Intensive properties
-Extensive properties
Intensive properties (IP)
Independent of mass of the system
-e.g: T, P, ρ ,color, odor, ductility, hardness, melting / freezing point
-physical properties of substances

Extensive properties (EP)

Depends on size or extend of the system
-e.g: total mass, total volume, total momentum, weight, length
Criterion to differentiate IP & EP
Divide the system into 2 equal parts with imaginary partition

Each part has same value of intensive properties as the original

=> but half the value of the extensive properties