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Hydrostatic Bearings-An Introduction
Hydrostatic Bearings-An Introduction
1
Features of Hydrostatic support
• Surfaces can be separated by full fluid film even at
zero speed.
– No problem with micro roughness and waviness.
• Zero friction at zero speed.
– Useful feature for large size telescopes and radars.
• High stiffness
– Oil film thickness varies as cube root of load. h ∝ W 1/ 3
• Why not every bearing is based on Hydrostatic
mechanism
2
Thrust Bearings
• Many loads carried by rotating machinery have
components that act in the direction of the
shaft’s axis of rotation. Bearings supporting
such loads are known as thrust bearings.
3
• Consider a small element of angular extent dθ at
a radius r and radial width dr.
h 3 dp
δq = − .rdθ
• Elemental flow rate: 12η dr
W = ps .π R + i
2
p (rdθ )dr
Ri 0
• Substituting expression
2
of p and rearranging
Ri
1−
(
W = ps . π R 2
o ) Ro
Ro2
W = C1
1 − r12
2. log 2. log 1
Ri r1
4
load vs ratio
22
20
18 C1 = 10
16
14
load
12
10
4
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
ratio
Ro 2π
W = ps .π R + i
2
p (rdθ )dr
Ri 0
πh ps 1 3
1
Q= 0
Q = C2
6η log(1 / r1 ) log(1 / r1 )
1
flow vs ratio Q = C2
240
220
log(1 / r1 )
200
180
160
140
120
flow
100
80
60
40
C2 = 10
20
0
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
ratio
5
Power loss
• Power consumption in the hydrostatic bearing
system consists of pumping power and friction
losses. F = ηA
U
h0 Petroff equation
Pt = Ph + Pf ωr
F =η A(r )
Ph = Q.Ps h0
4 R0
π R04 R ω2
Pf = η 1− i ω2 Pf = Fωr Pf = η 2πr 3dr
2 h0 R0 h0 Ri
4
1 1 πh03 1 π R04 R
Pt = Ps +
2
η 1− i ω2
η1 6η log( R0 / Ri ) η2 2 h0 R0
Ri2
Pt = C1h03 + C2
1−
(
W = ps . π Ro2 ) Ro
Ro2
h0
2. log
Ri
6
Power loss vs film thickness
45000
40000
35000
30000
Power loss
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
0
.0004 .0006 .0008 .001 .0012 .0014 .0016 .0018 .002
Film thickness
Pt = 353.5
log(1 / r )
+ 478.7 * 1 − r 4( )
(1 − r )
2 2
800
750
700
Power loss
650
600
550
500
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
ratio
7
Power loss vs ratio
500
480
460
440
speed = 2500 rpm
420
Power loss
400
380
360
340
320
300
280
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
ratio
450
425
400
375
Power loss
350
Speed = 1250 rpm
325
300
275
250
225
200
.1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
ratio
8
Restrictor
• In earlier slides, it was assumed that recess pressure
was equal to supply pressure. Ri2
1−
(
W = ps . π Ro2 ) Ro2
Ro
2. log
Ri
• This means change in load requires change in
performance of pump.
• Pump performance can be regulated:
– Manually
– Automatically
• To automat the pump performance one needs
sensor, amplifier, controller, etc.
• To reduce cost, often self regulating called restrictor
is used.
Restrictor
πh03 ps 1
Q=
• Constant flow restrictor 6η log(1 / r1 )
– If flow is constant, recess pressure and film thickness
are related.
– Increase in load, is balanced by increase in recess
pressure and corresponding decrease in film
thickness.
• Constant supply pressure restrictor
– Recess pressure is kept lower than supply pressure
– Drop in pressure, from supply pressure to recess
pressure, depends is controlled by the fixed restrictor
placed between supply manifold and the bearing.
– Increase in load, reduces the flow by decreasing film
thickness, recess pressure increases and equilibrium
is restored.
9
Constant supply pressure
restrictors
• Most commonly used restrictors
are “capillary” and “orifice”. ∆PπRc4
– Capillary is relatively long and Qc =
narrow opposed to and orifice which 8ηlc
is short in the direction of flow.
– In a capillary, flow occurs due to πd o2
QO = C D 2.∆P / ρ
shearing and is dependent on 4
viscosity of fluid, whereas flow in
orifice is due to inertia and depends
on density. A smaller flow
– Flow in capillary is directly produces a
proportional to pressure difference
and that in an orifice is dependent on smaller pressure
square root of pressure difference. drop.
– Although the pumping power losses
are higher for these types of
compensation devices, the initial
cost is much less.
Ri2 Q Q
W = 3η.Ro2 1 − 2 3 * 0.01* (0.1) 2 * (1 − 0.52 ) *
R
o h03 ho3
dW 3W
Stiffness K1 = =−
dh0 h0
If W is doubled, and Q is kept constant, what will be
relative change in film thickness?
10
Load vs film thickness
2250
2000
1750
Blue line --> 0.0001 flow
1500
Red line --> 0.001 flow
1250 Green line --> 0.01 flow
load, N
1000
750
500
250
0
.001 .002 .003 .004 .005 .006 .007 .008 .009 .01
film thickness, mm
Capillary Compensation
πh03 Pr 1
Q= Q = Bho3 Pr - - > B = 174
6η log( Ro / Ri )
(P − P )πR 4 Q = k ( P − P ) − − > assumeη = 0.01
Qc = s r c c c s r
8ηlc
rc = 0.15mm, lc = 50rc
Q = Qc
Pr k
= 3c
Ps Bho + kc ∂W
= − Aeff Ps
kc 3Bho2
∂ho Bho + kc Bho3 + k c
3
Ri2 ∂W 3W Bho3
1−
Ro2 or, =−
(
W = Pr . π Ro2 ) Ro
Aeff Pr ∂ho ho Bho3 + k c
2. log
Ri
Lower value of kc
kc
W = Aeff Ps
Bho3 + kc
A eff = 0.039 increases stiffness
11
W vs h
1.6
1.4
1.2
.8
.6
.4
.2
0
.001 .002 .003 .004 .005 .006 .007 .008 .009
film thickness, m
W vs h
1400
1200
1000
800
Load, N
600
400
200
0
.001 .002 .003 .004 .005 .006 .007 .008 .009
film thickness, m
12
Orifice Compensation
πd o2
QO = C D 2.( Ps − Pr ) / ρ QO = k o ( Ps − Pr )
4
πh P 3
1
Q= 0 r
Q = Bho3 Pr
6η log(Ro / Ri )
Q = Qo
Pr k2
= 2 6 o
Ps B ho Pr + ko2
Ri2
1−
(
W = Pr . π R 2
o ) R
Ro2
Aeff Pr
2. log o
Ri
Hydrostatic Lift
• Useful to avoid metal to metal
contact under heavy static load
conditions. Ex. Synchronous
condenser, rolling mills, etc.
• How to estimate load capacity ?
Elemental flow rate
h 3 dp
• Trial and error method δq = − .b
12η rdθ
• Good for first of its kind.
h = C r − e cos θ
• Numerical modeling and simulation
• Assume a shaft of radius r being floated in a bearing of radius R by
oil pumped through a slot at pressure PS
13
Hydrostatic lift………………..
h = C r − e cos θ → h = C r (1 − ε cos θ )
Elementalflow rate ε = e / Cr
Cr .(1 − ε cosθ ) dp
3 3
δq = − .b
12η rdθ
Elemental pressure rise
12rηq1 dθ
dp = −
bCr (1 − ε cosθ )3
3
Generalsolution
P=−
(
12rηq1 ε .sinθ . 4 - ε 2 − 3ε cosθ
+
2+ε 2
cos−1
)
ε − cosθ
+D
bCr3 2
(
2. 1 − ε .(1 − ε cosθ )
2 2
) 2. 1 − ε 2 2.5 1 − ε cosθ ( )
constant of integration, D, can be evaluated using P = 0 at θ = 900
ε .(4 - ε 2 ) 2+ε2
D=− + cos −1 (ε )
(
2. 1 − ε 2 )
2
(
2. 1 − ε 2 )2.5
Ps =
12rηq1 ε . 4 - ε 2
+
( 2+ε2 )
cos −1 (ε )
3
bCr 2. 1 − ε 2 2
(2. 1 − ε 2 2.5
) ( )
Pressure versus eccentricity ratio
220
200
180
160
140
Supply pressure
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
-1 -.8 -.6 -.4 -.2 0 .2 .4 .6
eccentricity ratio
14
Load Carrying Capacity
Pressure p acts on area rdθ .b and vertical component of force prdθ .b.cosθ
will balance the applied load W
π
2
∴ W = 2 br pcosθ .dθ
0
12ηr 2 q1 2 − ε
→W =
Cr3 (1 − ε )2
160
140
120
100
Load
80
60
40
20
0
-1 -.8 -.6 -.4 -.2 0 .2 .4 .6
eccentricity ratio
15