Ena Da Enobrivi Nishani PDF

Tamaz gamyreliZe
22 Bolinger, Dwight. 1950. Rime, assonance, and morpheme analysis. Word 6.117-36.
Buačidze, Manana. 1984. Iskaženie otnošenij meždu «označajuščim» «označaemym» v
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1984, t.116, №2, gv. 429-432).
Büchner, K. 1936. Platons Kratylos und die moderne Sprachphifosophie. Berlin.
Chastaing, M. 1964. Nouvelles recherches sur le symbolisme des voyelles. Journal de
Psychologie Normale et Pathologique 1.75-88.
Cherry, Colin. 1957. On human communication: A review, a survey, and a criticism.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Čikobava, Arnold. 1959. Problema jazyka kak predmeta jazykoznanija. Moscow.
Coseriu, Eugenio. 1967. L’arbitraire du signe: Zur Spätgeschichte eines aristolelischen
Begriffcs. Archiv für das Studium der Neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 204.81-112.
Davis, R. 1961. The fitness of names to drawings: A cross-cultural study in Tanganyika.
British Journal of Psychology 52.259-68.
Deeters, Gerhard. 1955. Gab es Nominalklassen in allen kaukasischcnt Sprachen? Corolla
Linguistica, Festschrift Ferdinand Sommer, ed. by H. Krahe, 26-33. Wiesbaden:
Harrassowitz.
Engler, Rudolf. 1962. Théorie et critique d’un principe saussurien: l’arbitraire du signe.
Cahiers Ferdinand de Saussure 19.5-66. 1964. Complements à l’arbitraire. Cahiers
Ferdinand de Saussure 21.25-32.
Godel, Robert. 1957. Les sources manuscrits du Cours de linguistique générale de F. de
Saussure. Genève.
Greonberg, Joseph H. 1963a. Universals of language, ed. by ... Cambridge, Mass: MIT
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meaningful elements. In Greenberg, 1963a: 58-90.
Gudava, Togo. 1958. Ob odnom vide zvukopodražanija v megrel’skom dialekte zanskogo
jazyka. Tezisy Dokladov XVI Naucnoj Sessii Instituta Jazykoznanija AN GSSR. Tbilisi.
Hockett, Charles F. 1963. The problem of universals in language. In Greenberg, 1963a:1-22.
Jakobson, Roman. 1965. A la recherche de I’essence du langage. Diogène 51.22-38. 1970a.
Language in relation to other communication systems. Linguaggi nella Società e nella
Tecnica, 3-16. Milano (Reprinted in Jakobson’s Selected Writings 2.697-708, 1971.).
1970b. Linguistics. Main trends of research in the social and human sciences, 1: Social
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psychology. New York.
Koerner, E. F. K. 1972. Contribution au débat post-saussurien sur le signe linguistique:
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Mel’čuk, Igor’. 1968. Stroenie jazykovyx znakov i vozmožnye formal’no-smyslovye
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38.
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Peirce, Charles Sanders. 1931-35. Collected Papers. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
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Robins, R. H. 1967. A short history of linguistics. London: Longmans.
Sapir, Edward. 1929. A study in phonetic symbolism. Journal of Experimental Psychology
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Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1967-68. Cours.de lingnistique générale. Edition critique par Rudolf
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79.
Spang-Hanssen, Henning. 1954. Recent theories on the nature of the language sign. Travaux
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Syromjatnikov, N. A. 1972. Opredelenie rodstvennosti kornej. Voprosy Jazykoznanija, 2,
109-23.
Ullmann, Stephen. 1963. Semantic univerals. In Grecnberg 1963a: 172-207.
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vols. Berlin.
23
Tamaz gamyreliZe
24
Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da

qarTveluri enebi∗
e naTmecnierebis istoriaSi XX saukunis meore naxevar-

Si SeiniSneboda mometebuli interesi diaqroniuli
lingvistikis sakiTxebis mimarT, erTgvari Semobrune-
ba indoevropuli SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebisaken, ramac Tavisi
zegavlena iqonia zogadlingvisturi azris ganviTarebaze, ker-
Zod: bolo aTwleulSi sinqroniul da diaqroniul lingvis-
tikebs Soris sosiuriseuli antonimiis daZlevis Sedegad
yalibdeba imgvari lingvisturi Teoria, romelsac meti amx-
snelobiTi Zala aqvs, vidre empiriul enobriv monacemebze
dafuZnebuli aRweriTi taqsonomiuri gramatikebis wminda
sinqroniul Teorias.
∗
pirvelad gamoqveynda 1971 wels: Т.В.Гамкрелидзе, Современная диахроническая
лингвистика и картвельские языки («Вопросы Языкознания», 1971, №2: стр. 19_30).
Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da qarTveluri enebi
Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis mTavari Tavisebureba is aris,

rom moxda im upiratesobis daZleva, romelic sinqroniul
lingvistikas eniWeboda diaqroniul lingvistikasTan Sedar-
ebiT (rac de sosiuris `Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis kursma~
daamkvidra), gadalaxuli iqna XX saukunis 30-iani wlebidan
enaTmecnierebaSi gabatonebuli tendenciebi, SesaZlebeli
gaxda sinqroniuli da diaqroniuli lingvistikis sinTezi
sinqroniuli lingvistikis cnebebis, meTodebisa da opera-
ciebis diaqroniul lingvistikaSi gadataniT. Tanamedrove
diaqroniuli lingvistika warmoadgens axali cnebebiT,
lingvisturi analizis axali xerxebiTa da meTodebiT (rac
Tavis droze sinqroniul lingvistikaSi iyo SemuSavebuli)
gamdidrebul Teorias droSi mimdinare enobrivi cvlilebeb-
is Sesaxeb1. am azriT, sinqroniuli lingvistikis ganviTare-
bam, sinqroniuli lingvisturi analizis meTodologiis sru-
lyofam mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula Tanamedrove diaqro-
niuli lingvistikis formirebaSi, erTgvarad ganapiroba maTi
Serwyma da erTiani, gamTlianebuli lingvisturi Teoriis
Camoyalibeba, romelic enas ganixilavs rogorc sinqroniul,
ise diaqroniul aspeqtSi2.
daiqroniuli lingvistikis saboloo amocanas warmoad-
gens adreul enobriv mdgomareobaTa rekonstruqcia, raTa
SesaZlebeli gaxdes istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTe-
save enobrivi sistemebis Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis gzis
1
W.P.Lehmann, Saussure’s dichotomy between descriptive and historical linguistics
(«Directions for Historical Linguistics. A Symposium», Austin – London, 1968, gv. 12 da
Smd.); U.Weinreich, W.Labov, M.J.Herzog, A theory of language change. _ iqve, gv.126 da
Smd.; “Empirical foundations for a theory of language change”. _ iqve; O.Szemérényi,
Trends and tasks in comparative philology, London, 1962, gv. 6 da Smd.
2
A.Martinet, The unity of linguistics («Word», vol. 10, № 2-3, 1954); misive: Linguistique
structurale et grammaire comparée [«Travaux de l’Institut de linguistique. Faculté des
lettres de l’Université de Paris» (1956), 1957, gv. 9].
25
Tamaz gamyreliZe
26
dadgena. enebi iTvleba monaTesaved, anu erTi da imave wina-
pari enisagan momdinared (romelsac fuZe-enas uwodeben) ma-
Sin da mxolod maSin, roca SesaZlebeli xdeba regularuli
fonetikuri Sesatyvisobebis dadgena am enaTa rogorc Zireul,
ise afiqsalur morfemebs Soris, rac, Tavis mxriv, fonemur
gardaqmnaTa regularul xasiaTs asaxavs. `fonetikur
gardaqmnaTa regularobis proncipi~, romelsac XIX sauku-
nis SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba aRiarebs, lingvis-
turi mecnierebis WeSmaritad mniSvnelovan miRwevad iTvle-
ba, romelmac xeli Seuwyo istoriuli enaTmecnierebis
Semdgom aqtiur ganviTarebas3. fonetikur gardaqmnaTa regu-
larobis principisa da aRniSnuli principiT gansazRvruli
lingvisturi analizis meTodebis wyalobiT `mecniereba enis
Sesaxeb~ (rac im droisaTvis upiratesad istoriul lingvis-
tikas gulisxmobda) gadaiqca erT-erT zust mecnierul dis-
ciplinad humanitarul da socialur mecnierebaTa Soris.
fonetikur gardaqmnaTa regularobis principi da masze
dafuZnebuli regularuli fonetikuri Sesatyvisobani
monaTesave enebs Soris, rac XIX saukunis SedarebiT enaT-
mecnierebaSi ZiriTadad Zveli indoevropuli enebis masalebis
mixedviT iqna dadgenili, rogorc Semdgomma gamokvlevebma
gviCvena, ZalaSia ara mxolod damwerlobis xangrZlivi
tradiciis mqone enebis mimarT, aramed im enebis mimarTac,
romelTac damwerloba an axlad Seqmnili aqvT, an saerTod
ar gaaCniaT.
indoevropul SedarebiT enaTmecnierebaSi sakmaod didxans
arsebobda skeptikuri damokidebuleba im enebis winare is-
toriis aRdgenis mimarT, romlTa Zveli werilobiTi Zeglebi
ar iyo Semonaxuli. Sesabamisad, SedarebiTi meTodis gamoye-
nebis areali Semoifargleboda uZvelesi damwerlobis mqone
3
Ch.F.Hockett, Sound change («Language», vol. 41, №2, 1965, gv. 186 da Smd).
enebiT da, amdenad, aRniSnuli meTodi iseT kerZo meTodad

iqca, romlis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobas sakvlev enaTa kul-
turuli tradiciebi gansazRvravda.
SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebis areali mniSvnelovnad ga-
farTovda da SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis Studi-
aTa kvlevis sferoSi moeqca mravali gansxvavebuli sistemis
werilobiTi istoriis armqone ena, ris Sedegadac cxadi Seiqna
regularul fonetikur SesatyvisobaTa universaluri xasi-
aTi. am kuTxiT, gadamwyveti mniSvnelobisa aRmoCnda
l.blumfildis Sromebi protoalgonkinuri enis Sesaxeb,
romlis rekonstruqcia SesaZlebeli gaxda damwerlobis
armqone Crdiloamerikul enaTa jgufebis urTierTSedarebi-
sa da Sepirispirebis safuZvelze. blumfildis gamokvleveb-
ma faqtobrivad uaryo indoevropul SedarebiT enaTmecniere-
baSi gabatonebuli azri, rom enaTa Sedareba da rekonstruq-
cia araefeqturia am enaTa ganviTarebis adreuli safexure-
bis amsaxveli werilobiTi Zeglebis gareSe4. metad Rirebu-
li aRmoCnda, aseve, n.trubeckois Sromebi, romlebSic
mocemulia Crdilokavkasiur enaTa fonologiuri sistemeb-
is SedarebiTi analizi da dadgenilia regularuli Sesatyvi-
sobani damwerlobis tradiciis armqone enaTa (mxolod zo-
gierT maTgans aqvs axlad Seqmnili damwerloba) Tanxmovan
fonemebs Soris5.
Teoriuli SedarebiTi gramatikisaTvis metad Rirebulia
qarTvelur (samxreTkavkasiur) enaTa monacemebi, romelTa-
gan mxolod qarTuli gvevlineba uZvelesi werilobiTi
tradiciis mqoned (istoriulad dasturdeba Cv. w. me-5 sauku-
4
ix.:Э.Бенвенист, Классификация языков («Новое в Лингвистике», III, M., 1963);
M.R.Haas, The prehistory of languages, The Hague_Paris,1969, gv.21 da Smd.
5
ix.:N.S.Trubetzkoy, Studien auf dem Gebiete der vergleichenden Lautlehre der
nordkaukasischen Sprachen («Caucasica», Fasz. 3, 1926).
27
Tamaz gamyreliZe
28
nidan); qarTvelur enaTa jgufs erTgvari gardamavali pozi-
cia uWiravs indoevropuli tipis enebsa (romelTa Sedarebi-
Ti gramatika upiratesad uZveles werilobiT Zeglebs em-
yareba) da damwerlobis armqone algonkinuri tipis enebs
(romelTa Tanamedrove enobriv mdgomreobaTa Sedareba-Sepir-
ispireba xorcieldeba saerTo amosavali enobrivi sistemis
rekonstruqciis mizniT) Soris.
ukanaskneli tipis enebisaTvis amosavali enobrivi siste-
mis rekonstruqcia miiRweva istoriulad dadasturebuli
monaTesave enobrivi sistemebis Sepirispirebis gziT da,
amavdroulad, retrospeqtuli moZraobiT erTi enobrivi mdgo-
mareobidan meore, ufro adreuli mdgomareobisaken, rasac
Tan axlavs TiToeuli mdgomareobis struqturuli verifika-
cia tipologiuri monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT6. aRniSnuli
retrospeqtuli moZraoba erTi enobrivi mdgomareobidan me-
orisaken grZeldeba manam, vidre ar miiRweva is enobrivi mdgo-
mareoba, romlisganac gamoiyvaneba istoriulad dadasture-
buli yvela enobrivi sistema Tanmimdevruli da ti-
pologiurad gamarTlebuli transformaciebis daSvebiT. amg-
vari transformaciebis meSveobiT SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT
amosavali enobrivi sistemis gadasvla Semdgom enobriv mdgo-
mareobaSi, romelic amosavali sistemis struqturul
gardaqmnaTa Sedegs warmoadgens.
zemoT postulirebuli struqturuli transformaciebi
SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc `vertikaluri~ an `diaqro-
niuli~ (`horizontaluri transformaciebisagan~ gansxvave-
biT, romlebic axal konstruqciebs warmoqmnian imave siste-
mis farglebSi). swored maTi meSveobiT deducirdeba monaTe-
save enaTa gansxvavebuli sistemebi Teoriulad postulire-
6
ix.:Р.Якобсон, Типологические исследования и их вклад в сравнительно-историческое
языкознание («Новое в Лингвистике», III, M., 1963).
buli amosavali struqturuli modelebidan; es ukanasknelni

im enobriv sistemas asaxaven, romelic istoriulad dadas-
turebul monaTesave enaTa saerTo winapar enad miiCneva.
`vertikaluri~ anu `diaqroniuli transformaciebi~,
romelTa meSveobiT istoriulad dadasturebuli enobrivi
formebi Teoriulad konstruirebuli garkveuli formebidan
gamoiyvaneba (es ukanasknelni qronologiurad adreul safe-
xurebad _ àrqetipebad~ miiCneva istoriuli formebis mi-
marT), Tavisi amxsnelobiTi ZaliT SeiZleba SevadaroT trans-
formaciul-warmomSobi gramatikis `horizontalur trans-
formaciebs~, romelTa meSveobiT enis zedapiruli struq-
turis realurad arsebuli konstruqciebi gamoiyvaneba Teo-
riulad postulirebuli bazisuri konstruqciebidan, rom-
lebic enis siRrmiseul struqturas qmnian7.
e.w. gadaweris wesebis terminebSi formulirebul `diaqro-
niuli transformaciebSi~, romelTa rigs gansazRvravs aRwe-
ris simartive da arawinaaRmdegobrioba, aisaxeba aRwerili
diaqroniuli procesebis Tanamimdevroba droSi (relatiuri
qronologia)8.
2. diaqroniuli analizis zemoT warmodgenili princi-

pebis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli xdeba rogorc qarTvelur ena-
Ta uZvelesi struqturebis rekonstruireba, aseve am enaTa
Camoyalibebisa da istoriuli ganviTarebis gzis aRdgena.
qarTvelur (samxreTkavkasiur) enaTa _ qarTuls, megruls,
lazursa da svanurs _ Soris dadgenili fonemuri Sesatyvi-
7
ix.: Th.V.Gamkrelidze, A typology of Common Kartvelian («Language», vol. 42, № I,
1966, gv. 69 da Smd.; siRrmiseuli da zedapiruli struqturebis Sesaxeb ix.:
N.Chomsky, Deep structure, surface structure and semantic interpretation («Studies in
General and Oriental Linguistics presented to Shirô Hattori», Tokyo, 1970, gv. 52 da
Smd).
8
Sdr.:M.Halle, Phonology in generative grammar («Word», vol. 18, № 1_2,1962, gv.54).
29
Tamaz gamyreliZe
30
sobani im safuZvels warmoadgens, romelic saSualebas gva-
Zlevs es enebi ganvixiloT rogorc monaTesaveni, momdinareni
saerTo winapari enisagan, romelsac pirobiTad saerTo-qarTve-
lurs vuwodebT.
Tavad saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi sistema, romlis
daSlisa da diferenciaciis Sedegad Camoyalibda calkeuli
istoriuli qarTveluri ena, ar ganekuTvneba istoriulad
dadasturebul enaTa rigs. igi warmogvidgeba rogorc erTgva-
ri struqturul-Teoriuli odenoba, rogorc istoriul
qarTvelur enaTa sxvadasxva doneebs Soris formalur-fun-
qcionaluri Sesatyvisobebis safuZvelze agebuli garkveu-
li enobrivi modeli; aRniSnuli Sesatyvisobani saSualebas
iZleva SedarebiTi da Sinagani rekonstruqciis meTodebis
gamoyenebiT aRvadginoT tipologiurad verificirebadi eno-
brivi struqturebi. ivaraudeba, rom es struqturuli mod-
elebi pirveladi miaxloebiT asaxaven sivrcesa da droSi
odesRac arsebuli saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enis sistemas,
romlis daSlac damoukidebel erTeulebad gaxda dasawyisi
istoriuli qarTveluri enebis Camoyalibebisa da formireb-
isa.
saerTo-qarTvelur enaSi gamoiyofa fonemaTa garkveuli
klasebi, romlebic paradigmatul opoziciaTa specifikur
rigebs qmnian. Tuki sistemaSi fonemaTa klasifikaciis safuZ-
vlad aviRebT marcvlis warmoqmnis unars, maSin saerTo-
qarTveluri enis fonologiur sistemaSi fonemaTa sami Zir-
iTadi klasi gamoiyofa: 1) im fonemaTa klasi, romlebic sin-
tagmaturad funqcionireben rogorc mxolod marcvlovani
elementebi (sakuTriv xmovnebi); 2) im fonemaTa klasi, rom-
lebic sintagmaturad funqcionireben rogorc mxolod ara-
marcvlovani elementebi (sakuTriv Tanxmovnebi); 3) im fone-
maTa klasi, romlebic sintagmaturad funqcionireben xan
rogorc marcvlovani, xan rogorc aramarcvlovani elemen-

tebi fonetikuri garemocvis Sesabamisad, e.i. garkveul
poziciebSi isini qmnian marcvals, sxva poziciebSi ki _ ara
(sonantebi). sonantebi saerTo-qarTvelur fonologiur
sistemaSi fonemaTa gansakuTrebul klass Seadgens, romel-
ic distribuciuli TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba da am mxriv
sakuTriv xmovanTa da TanxmovanTa klasebs upirispirdeba.
fonemaTa qvemoT warmodgenili cxrili asaxavs saerTo-
qarTveluri enis fonologiur sistemas diferenciaciis uSu-
alod wina periodSi:
Tanxmovnebi: b f d T Z c j C g q (Ã) -
p t w W k y
z s (J) S R x h
xmovnebi: e œ a À o ž
sonantebi: Á – r l m n
xSul-mskdomTa da afrikatTa yovel sameulSi Sedis mJRe-

ri /b, d, Z.../, yru (aspirirebuli) /f, T, q.../ da glotalize-
buli /p, t, k.../ fonemebi. afrikatebsa da spirant fonemebSi
lokaluri rigis mixedviT gamoiyofa fonemaTa Semdegi rige-
bi: wina rigi _ /Z, c, w, z, s/; Sua rigi _ /Z1, c1, w1, z1, s1 / da
ukana rigi _ /j, C, W, (J), S/. fuZe-enis epoqaSive Sua rigis
fonemebma (`sisin-SiSinebma~) Semdegi cvlilebebi ganicades:
saerTo-qarTveluris dasavlur dialeqtur arealSi
(megrul-lazursa da svanurSi) moxda maTi gadaweva ukana
rigis fonemebSi (`SiSinebSi~), xolo aRmosavlur dialeq-
tur arealSi (qarTulSi) ganxorcielda maTi Serwyma wina
rigis fonemebTan (`sisinebTan~).
rac Seexeba sonantebs, maTi manifestacia xdeba erT-erTi
alofonis saxiT: marcvlovan [i, u, è...] bgerebad an umarcv-
31
Tamaz gamyreliZe
32
lo [Á, –, r...] bgerebis saxiT, morfemaSi saTanado sonantis
poziciis Sesabamisad. sonantTa marcvlovani alofonebi das-
turdeba Semdeg poziciebSi: #−C, C−#; xolo umarcvlo alo-
fonebi _ SemdegSi: #−V, V−C, V−V, V−#. alofonTa dis-
tribuciul modelSi SeiniSneba erTgvari dialeqturi
meryeoba C−V poziciasTan dakavSirebiT, sonantTa marcvlo-
vani Tu umarcvlo alofonis gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT.
marcvlovani sonantebis vokalizaciis Sedegad istoriul
qarTvelur enebSi (gansakuTrebiT ki megrul-lazurSi) Camoya-
libda mimdevroba V+Cs, anu xmovani (rogorc wesi, esaa rome-
lime mokle xmovani:o, u an i) da momdevno sonori (aramarcv-
lovani) Tanxmovani: r, l, m an n. svanurSi marcvlovani sonan-
tebis adgilas gaCnda sruli xmovani, romlis tembrs gan-
sazRvravda fuZis pirveladi gaxmovaneba. rig SemTxvevebSi
(gansakuTrebiT ki qarTulSi) marcvlovanma sonantebma dakar-
ges marcvlis warmoqmnis unari da moxda maTi Tanxvedra Se-
sabamis umarcvlo elementebTan.
yvela am procesis Sedegad istoriul qarTvelur enebSi
moiSala poziciuri dapirispireba marcvlovan da Sesabamis
umarcvlo elementebs Soris, ris gamoc calkeul qarTve-
lur dialeqtebSi sonantTa klasi, rogorc gansakuTrebuli
klasi fonemebisa, ukve aRar arsebobda da saerTo-qarTve-
luridan momdinare Sesabamisi fonemuri erTeulebi danar-
Cen klasebSi gadanawildnen.
saerTo-qarTvelur enobriv sistemaSi sonantTa marcvlo-
vani da umarcvlo alofonebis monacvleoba mWidrod iyo
dakavSirebuli xmovanTa morfonologiuri monacvleobis
meqanizmTan, e.w. ablautur monacvleobasTan anu apofonia-
sTan. morfemebSi sonantTa alofonuri monacvleoba gan-
pirobebuli iyo xmovanTa raodenobrivi monacvleobiT, romel-
ic, Tavis mxriv, mTlianad gansazRvravda saerTo-qarTvelur
sintagmatur struqturas. xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleo-

ba, afiqsaciasTan erTad, awarmoebda saerTo-qarTvelurSi
sxvadasxva gramatikul Tu leqsikur formas. xmovanTa rTul
mimdevrobaSi ra formiT iqneboda esa Tu is morfema warmod-
genili, ganisazRvreboda xmovanTa monacvleobis garkveuli
wesiT.
qarTvelur formaTa uZvelesi tipebis Sinagani da Sedare-
biTi rekonstruqciis safuZvelze aRdgenili saxeluri da
zmnuri fuZeebis struqturuli analizi saSualebas iZleva
aRiweros saerTo-qarTveluris is ZiriTadi modelebi, rom-
lebic gansazRvraven Zireuli da sufiqsuri morfemebis stru-
qturasa da maT sintagmatur SeTavsebadobas.
qarTveluri Zireuli morfemis ZiriTadi kanonikuri forma
gamoixateba formuliT CVC-, sadac sakuTriv Tanxmovnis
aRmniSvneli simbolo C SeiZleba CavanacvloT S simboloTi,
romelic aRniSnavs sonants aramarcvlovani funqciiT. maSasa-
dame, Zireul morfemaSi SesaZlebelia warmodgenili iyos
fonemaTa Semdegi mimdevrobani:CVC-, CVS-, SVC-, SVS- mok-
le V xmovniT (romelmac SeiZleba miiRos erT-erTi am mniS-
vnelobaTagan: e, a, o) C da S elementebs Soris:
⎧C C⎫
⎪ ⎪
R→⎨ V ⎬
⎪S S ⎪
⎩ ⎭
qarTveluri Zireuli morfemis specifikur tips Seadgenen

Zirebi, romlebSic cali Tanxmovnis an sonantis nacvlad war-
modgenilia decesiuri rigis e.w. harmoniuli kompleqsebi.
Ziris struqturis TvalsazrisiT, TanxmovanTa aRniSnuli ko-
mpleqsebi warmogvidgeba rogorc homogenuri erTeuli,
romelic cali Tanxmovnis identuria Ziris struqturaSi.
33
Tamaz gamyreliZe
34
sufiqsuri morfemis struqtura gamoixateba kanonikuri
formiT -VC da -VS, agreTve –V:
C⎫
Suff.→ −V ⎬
S⎭
xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleoba warmogvidgeba saerTo-

qarTveluri sityva-formebis erT-erT ZiriTad maxasiaTeblad.
saerTo-qarTvelurSi yoveli morfema _ Zireuli Tu afiq-
suri _ gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli alomorfebis saxiT, romleb-
sac ablautis saTanado safexurebi gansazRvravs. imis mixed-
viT, Tu ra morfologiuri tipis warmonaqmnia, morfema Sei-
Zleba warmodgenili iyos rogorc xmovniani, ise uxmovno
alomorfis saxiT. Sesabamisad, ganirCeva morfemis variante-
bi (alomorfebi) gaxmovanebis sruli da nulovani safexu-
riT.
morfemaTa ablauturi safexurebi, romlebic ganapirobe-
ben alomorful monacvleobas erTi fleqsiuri an derivaci-
uli paradigmis farglebSi, ganisazRvreba wrfiv mimdevrobaSi
morfemaTa ganlagebis sintagmaturi wesiT.
rodesac Zirs erTvis derivaciuli sufiqsi, miiReba fuZe,
romelic ori ZiriTadi ablauturi mdgomareobiT xasiaTde-
ba: I mdgomareoba _ Zireul morfemas, gaxmovanebis normalur
safexurze, erTvis sufiqsuri morfema gaxmovanebis nulovan
safexurze; II mdgomareoba _ sufiqsuri morfema, gaxmovanebis
normalur safexurze, erTvis Zireul morfemas gaxmovanebis
nulovan safexurze:
I mdgomareoba II mdgomareoba
*der-k ‘dreka’ (gardauvali) *dr-ek ‘dreka’(gardamavali)
*Ser-t ‘Sreta’(gardauvali) *Sr-et ‘Sreta’(gardamavali)
*ker-b ‘Sekreba’ (gardauvali) *kr-eb ‘Sekreba’ (gardamavali)
Tuki fuZes I an II mdgomareobaSi erTvis srulxmovniani

sufiqsi, maSin im morfonologiuri wesis Tanaxmad, romlis
mixedviTac mravalmorfemian mimdevrobaSi dauSvebelia gax-
movanebis normalur safexurze iyos erTze meti morfema
(monovokalurobis principi), fuZe Seicvleba da warmodge-
nili iqneba gaxmovanebis nulovan an reduqciis safexurze:
I mdgomareoba II mdgomareoba
*der-k → ∗dè-k-a *dr-ek →*dr-ik-e
*Ser-t → *Sè-t-a *Sr-et → *Sr-it-e
*ker-b → *kè-b-a *kr-eb → *kr-ib-e
Sinagani da SedarebiTi rekonstruqciiT aRdgenili saer-

To-qarTveluri ablauturi modelebi asaxaven im enobriv
mdgomareobas, romelic uSualod win uswrebda saerTo-
qarTveluri enis calkeul dialeqtebad danawevrebisa da
istoriuli qarTveluri enebis saxiT dadasturebuli
damoukidebeli enobrivi erTeulebis formirebis periods.
35
Tamaz gamyreliZe
36
saerTo-qarTveluri enis fonologiuri da morfologiuri
sistemis amsaxveli am struqturuli modelidan tipolo-
giurad verificirebadi struqturuli gardaqmnebis anu
transformaciebis meSveobiT pirdapir gamoiyvaneba istori-
uli qarTveluri enebis Sesabamisi modelebi.
3. saerTo-qarTveluri enis savaraudo sistema da isto-

riul qarTvelur enebad misi gardaqmnis gzebi dawvrilebi-
Taa ganxiluli Cvens erTobliv naSromSi, g.maWavarianTan
TanaavtorobiT: `sonanatTa sistema da ablauti qarTvelur
enebSi. saerTo-qarTveluri sistemis tipologia~9. aRniSnu-
li naSromi warmoadgens istoriul qarTvelur enebSi mkac-
ri fonemuri Sesatyvisobebis dadgenisa da detaluri Se-
darebiTi analizis Sedegs.
rogorc cnobilia, qarTvelma enaTmecnierebma _ i.yifSiZe,
a.SaniZe, g.axvlediani, a.Ciqobava, v.Tofuria da sxv. _ war-
matebiT Seiswavles da gaanalizes calkeuli qarTveluri
enebi, aRweres maTi fonetikuri sistemebi da gramatikuli
struqturebi (gansakuTrebiT qarTulisa, agreTve megrulisa,
lazurisa da svanurisa). miuxedavad amisa, qarTveluri eneb-
is SedarebiT-istoriuli Seswavla _ maT Soris formalur-
funqciuri Sesatyvisobebis dadgena, maTi diaqroniuli in-
terpretacia da uZvelesi enobrivi struqturebis rekonstru-
qcia _ jer kidev CamorCeboda diaqroniuli lingvistikis
imdroindel saerTaSoriso dones.
ukanasknel dromde qarTvelologiaSi saTanado yuradReba
ar eTmoboda qarTvelur enebs Soris bgeriTi Sesatyvisobe-
bis gamovlenas. mas Semdeg, rac al.cagarelma da n.marma
9
Tbilisi, 1965 (Semdgom teqstSi _ ‘sonantTa sistema...~).
daadgines bgeriT SesatyvisobaTa pirveli sqemebi10, qarTve-

lur enaTa SedarebiT SeswavlaSi progresi TiTqmis ar SeiniS-
neboda da diaqroniuli analizisas ZiriTadad operirebdnen
qarTvelologiis pionerebis mier SemoTavazebuli sqemebiT.
qarTvelur enebSi aRniSnuli sqemebidan dadasturebuli
gadaxrebi, romlebic, erTi SexedviT, SemTxveviTi da arasiste-
muri Canda, iZleoda safuZvels hipotezisaTvis qarTveluri
enebis TiTqosda `Sereuli bunebis~ Sesaxeb11; aseve imis Sesa-
xeb, rom TiTqos specifikuri da mravalmniSvnelovania Sesa-
tyvisobani qarTvelur da sxva kavkasiur enebs Soris, romelTa
kvlevis meTodika unda gansxvavdebodes indoevropuli Tu
semituri enebis SedarebiTi analizis meTodebisagan.
Tvalsazrisma svanuri enis `Sereuli bunebisa~ da megrul-
lazuris (`zanuris~) Sesaxeb, rom es ukanaskneli warmoad-
gens uZvelesi qarTulis (an Zveli iberiulis) erT-erTi di-
aleqtis transformaciis Sedegs12, Tavis mxriv, ganapiroba
Semdegi koncefciis gaCena: rom bgeriTi Sesatyvisobani war-
moadgens Sesabamisobas `diferencirebul masalaSi~, xolo
10
ix.: Ал.Цагарели, Мингрельские этюды. II – Опыт фонетики мингрельского языка,
СПб.,1880; Н.Я.Марр, Тубал-кайнский вклад в сванском («Известия Имп. АН», IV
серия, № 18, СПб., 1912); misive: Из поездок в Сванетию («Христианский Восток»,
II, вып. I, СПб., 1914); misive: Определение языка второй категории Ахеменидских
клинообразных надписей по данным яфетического языкознания (ЗВОРАО, XXII, 1_2,
СПб.,1914).
11
Sdr. Tvalsazrisi svanuris, rogorc qarTveluri da afxazur-adiReuri enebis
(resp. dialeqtebis) Sejvarebis rTuli istoriuli procesis Sedegad
warmoqmnili enis, Sesaxeb; svanuri ena ganxilulia rogorc garkveuli àgregati~,
romelic Sedgeba heterogenuli komponentebisagan: zanuris (SiSinebi),
qarTulisa da afxazur-adiReuri danaSrevebisagan. amiT aixsneba ‘svanur
SesatyvisobaTa sporaduloba~ (arn.Ciqobava, qarTveluri enebi, maTi istoriuli
Sedgeniloba da uZvelesi lingvisturi saxe. _ ìberiul-kavkasiuri
enaTmecniereba~, II, Tbilisi, 1948, gv. 261_262, rus. enaze).
12
ix.: arn. Ciqobava, dasax. naSr., gv. 261.
37
Tamaz gamyreliZe
38
fonetikurad identuri erTeulebi ganixileba rogorc Tanx-
vedra, rogorc àradiferencirebuli masala~13.
amgvari warmodgenebi Sesatyvisobebis Sesaxeb, romlebsac
g.wereTeli samarTlinad uwodebda `prerelativisturs~14,
kidev ufro aRrmavebda STabeWdilebas qarTul da sxva kavkasi-
iur enebs Soris SesatyvisobaTa araregularobisa da spo-
radulobis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi TiTqos irRveoda Sesa-
tyvisobaTa regularuli xasiaTi da mecnierebi moiTxovdnen
aRniSnuli movlenis gaTvaliswinebas (bgeriT Sesatyvisoba-
Ta monacemebis ganzogadebisas) da enis SedarebiT-istoriu-
li analizis meTodikis srulyofas15.
rogorc Semdgomma gamokvlevebma gviCvena16, indoevropul
enebTan SedarebiT, qarTvelur enebSi SesatyvisobaTa `speci-
fikurobisa~ da ùfro rTuli bunebis~ qveS imaleboda qarTve-
luri SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis faqtobrivad aradamakma-
yofilebeli mdgomareoba, qarTveluri enobrivi masalis Ses-
wavlis dabali done da analizis mkacri meTodebis ararse-
boba enobriv erTeulebs Soris SesatyvisobaTa dadgenisas.
gasagebia, rom amgvar pirobebSi ver Seiqmneboda qarTvelur
enaTa SedarebiTi gramatikis met-naklebad damakmayofilebe-
li sistema, romelic garkveul erTianobamde daiyvanda is-
toriuli struqturebis mravalferovnebas da Tavisi gama-
13
ix.: arn. Ciqobava, Wanur-megrul-qarTuli SedarebiTi leqsikoni, Tbilisi,
1938: gv. 10 da Smd.
14
g.wereTeli, О теории сонантов и аблаута в картвельских языках, wignSi: `sonantTa
sistema...~, gv. 035.
15
К.В.Ломтатидзе, Некоторые вопросы иберийско-кавказского языкознания,
«Вопросы Языкoзнания», 1955, № 4, gv. 80).
16
ix. T.gamyreliZe, sibilantTa Sesatyvisobani da qarTvelur enaTa uZvelesi
struqturis zogi sakiTxi, Tbilisi, 1959; Г.Мачавариани, О трех рядах
сибилянтных спирантов и аффрикат в картвельских языках, М.,1960 («XXV
Международный конгресс востоковедов. Доклады делегации СССР»); K.H.Schmidt,
Studien zur Rekonstruktion des Lautstandes der südkaukasischen Grundsprache, Wiesbaden,
1962; Г.А.Климов, Этимологический словарь картвельских языков, М., 1964.
rTulobiT odnav mainc dauaxlovdeboda indoevropuli Tu

semituri enebis SedarebiTi gramatikis sistemebs.
qarTvelur enebs Soris regularuli Sesatyvisobebis dad-
genas garkveulwilad xels uSlida qarTvelologiaSi sak-
maod didxans damkvidrebuli debuleba qarTveluri enebis
`Sereuli bunebis~ Sesaxeb da agreTve _ Tezisi `zanuri
srulxmovnobis~ Sesaxeb. aRniSnuli Tezisis Tanaxmad, iseT
SesatyvisobebSi, rogoricaa:
qarT. ZaRl- ~ megr.-laz. joRor-

qarT. klde ~ megr.-laz. kirde ~ svan. koj
qarT. drk-a ~ megr. drik-u ~ laz. druk-u-n
da sxv., megrul-lazuri da svanuri srulxmovniani formebi

warmoiSva umaxvilo xmovnis sinkopes Sedegad17.
qarTvelur enebSi sonantTa sistemis postulireba ganxor-
cielda swored zemoT aRniSnuli Tezisis sapirispirod, Tez-
isisa, romelic erTgvar dogmad iqca da sakmaod didxans xels
uSlida qarTveluri enebis SedarebiT-istoriuli kvlevis
ganviTarebas, xmovanTa uZvelesi sistemis gansazRvrasa da is-
toriul qarTvelur enaTa formebis saerTo amosaval arqeti-
pebamde dayvanas. sonantTa daSvebiT (romelTagan TiToeuli,
morfemaSi poziciis Sesabamisad, vlindeba marcvlovani an
umarcvlo alofonis saxiT), megrul-lazuri da svanuri
formebi ganixileba rogorc SedarebiT axali warmonaqmni,
miRebuli sonantTa marcvlovani alofonebis vokalizaciisa
da anaptiqsuri xmovnebis fonologizaciis Sedegad. amgvari
17
koncefcia `zanuri srulxmovnobis pirveladobis~ Sesaxeb sruladaa
warmodgenili SromebSi: arn.Ciqobava, saxelis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba
qarTvelur enebSi, Tbilisi, 1942; misive: maxvilis sakiTxisaTvis Zvel qarTulSi,
werili I da II («saq. ssr mecn. akademiis moambe», t. III, №2,3, 1942).
39
Tamaz gamyreliZe
40
midgomiT SesaZlebeli gaxda rogorc xmovnebs, ise sonor
Tanxmovnebs Soris SesatyvisobaTa mkacri sistemis dadgena
da ukve erTgvarovani axsna mieca SesatyvisobaTa mTel rigs,
romlebic manamde ganixileboda rogorc araregularuli da
sporaduli; aseve, SesaZlebeli gaxda istoriul qarTvelur
formaTa mravalferovnebis dayvana amosaval saerTo-qarTve-
lur struqturebamde.
meore faqtori, romelic xels uSlida qarTveluri eneb-
is SedarebiTi Studiebis ganviTarebasa da am enebs Soris Sesa-
tyvisobaTa sruli sistemis dadgenas, iyo qarTvelur enebsa
da Crdilokavkasiur enebs Soris genetikuri naTesaobis Teo-
ria.
Tavis droze, qarTveluri da Crdilokavkasiuri enebis
struqturaTa Sepirispirebis safuZvelze, gamoiTqva varau-
di am enebs Soris genetikuri kavSirebis arsebobis Sesaxeb18,
romelic Semdgom ukve uryev postulatad iqca da ìberi-
ul-kavkasiur enaTa~ saxeli ewoda im ojaxs, romelic aRniS-
nul enebs aerTianebda. qarTvelur da mTis kavkasiur enaTa
SedarebiTi Studiebi mowodebuli iyo moepovebina konkretu-
li enobrivi masala ìberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis~
am ZiriTadi Tezisis sailustraciod, romelic, Tavis mxriv,
gvevlineboda rogorc ganmsazRvreli Teoriuli debulebeb-
isa da meTodologiuri principebisa19.
debulebam ìberiul-kavkasiuri~ enebis genetikuri er-
Tianobis Sesaxeb da qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiT StudiebSi
gabatonebulma mimarTulebam _ daedgina aRniSnuli naTe-
18
ix.: i.javaxiSvili, qarTveli eris istoriis Sesavali, wg. II, Tbilisi 1937.
kavkasiur enaTa genetikuri erTianobis Sesaxeb varaudi gamoTqva jer kidev
p.uslarma (ix. П.К.Услар, «Этнография Кавказа. Языкознание», II, Тифлис, 1888,
gv. 35), SemdgomSi ki n.marma.
19
ix.: arn.Ciqobava, qarTveluri enebi, maTi istoriuli Sedgeniloba da uZvelesi
lingvisturi saxe («iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecniereba», II, Tbilisi 1948, gv.
261_261).
saoba, rac TviT am debulebiT iyo gansazRvruli, gamoiwvia

is, rom sakuTriv qarTveluri enebis Sedarebis nacvlad yura-
dReba gadatanili iqna Crdilokavkasiur enebTan maT garegan
Sedarebaze.
am mimarTulebis naSromTa Soris gamoirCeva a.Ciqobavas
mravalmxriv saintereso da originaluri monografia `saxe-
lis fuZis uZvelesi agebuleba qarTvelur enebSi~, romel-
mac dadebiTi roli iTamaSa samamulo qarTvelologiaSi, ram-
denadac igi erTgvari stimuli gaxda SedarebiT-istoriuli
StudiebisaTvis. TumcaRa, igive naSromi, Tavisi gansakuTre-
buli samecniero avtoritetisa da TviT avtoris zegavlenis
wyalobiT, erTgvarad xelisSemSleli faqtori gaxda
qarTvelologiis Semdgomi ganviTarebisaTvis, ramdenadac
monografiaSi warmodgenil SexedulebaTagan gansxvavebuli
Tvalsazrisebi da axali ideebi faqtobrivad aRar Cndeboda;
mTeli Semdgomi muSaoba am mimarTulebiT ZiriTadad warmoeb-
da mxolod naSromSi formulirebul SexedulebaTa dazuste-
bisa da maTi konkretuli enobrivi masaliT ilustrirebis
mizniT.
a.Ciqobavas zemoT dasaxelebulma naSromma gansazRvra
qarTveluri SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebis mimarTuleba: daed-
gina qarTvelur enaTa is struqturuli maxasiaTeblebi, rom-
lebic am enebs Crdilokavkasiur enebTan daaaxloebda da
romlebic, TiTqosda, samxreTkavkasiuri da Crdilokavkasi-
uri enebis naTesaobis safuZvels warmoadgenda. monografi-
is ZiriTadi nawili eZRvneba qarTvelur enebSi gramatikul
klasTa niSnebis gamoyofas da calTanxmovniani qarTveluri
Ziris postulirebas imis xarjze, rom fuZis sawyisi Tanxmo-
vani gamoiyofoda rogorc gramatikuli klasis niSani, xolo
bolokiduri Tanxmovani _ rogorc sufiqsi-determinanti.
41
Tamaz gamyreliZe
42
monografiaSi gatarebuli iyo principi, romlis mixedvi-
Tac qarTvelur enaTa Sesadarebel formaTa Soris dginde-
boda gramatikuli ekvivalentoba, fonologiur doneze maTi
winaswari analizis gareSe. aRniSnuli principis Tanaxmad,
naSromis avtori qarTvelur Zireul morfemaSi gamoyofda
elementebs (a.Ciqobava maT gramatikul klasTa eqsponente-
bad miiCnevda), romlebic upirispirdeboda Crdilokavkasi-
ur enebSi Sesabamis klasTa niSnebs20. am TvalsazrisiT, gan-
sakuTrebiT sayuradReboa d- elementis, rogorc gramatiku-
li klasis uZvelesi formantis, gamoyofis meTodi. aRniSnu-
li elementi, romelic TiTqos Seesabameboda Crdilokavka-
siur enebSi nivTTa klasis -d niSans, gamoiyofoda Semdegi
qarTveluri formebis Sepirispirebis safuZvelze:
qarT. cacxv-i ~ laz. ducxu

qarT. cecxl-i ~ megr. daCxir-i ~ laz. daCxur-i
qarT. sisxl-i ~ laz. dicxir-i
qarT. jinWvel-i ~ laz. dimWku
am da sxva qarTveluri formebis fonologiurma analiz-

ma aCvena aRniSnuli interpretaciis mcdaroba; Sesatyvis
qarTvelur formebSi dadasturebuli gansxvaveba da /d/-s
gamoCena megrul-lazurSi ganapiroba sawyisi afrikatis di-
similaciam21. amgvarad, qarTvelur enebSi klasis niSanTa Teo-
rias gamoecala mTeli rigi `sayrdeni formebisa~.
20
naSromSi warmodgenili analizis principisa da qarTvelur formaTa dayofis
kritikisaTvis ix.:K.H.Schmidt, dasax. naSr., gv.18 da Smd.; Sdr. agreTve: H.Vogt,
Contribution à la reconstruction du phonétisme du kartvélien commun («Bedi Kartlisa.
Revue de Kartvélologie», vol. XV-XVI, № 43-44, Paris,1963, gv. 33 (SemdgomSi
SemoklebiT _ RK).
21
ix.: t.gudava, regresuli dezafrikatizaciis erTi SemTxveva zanurSi (megrul-
WanurSi), (`saq. ssr mecn. akademiis moambe~, t. XXXIII, №2, 1964). Sdr.:
Г.В.Церетели, dasax. naSr.. gv. 032.
warmodgenil monografiaSi qarTuli prefiqsebis ganxil-

va gramatikuli klasis uZveles niSnebad meTodologiura-
dac gaumarTlebeli Cans22. upirveles yovlisa, unda dazust-
des: qarTveluri enis romeli epoqisTvis SeiZleba klaso-
vani uRlebis postulireba, romelic SemdgomSi pirovani
uRlebiT Seicvala; es ùZvelesi struqtura~ saerTo-qarTve-
lur epoqas ganekuTvneba Tu calkeuli qarTveluri enis Camo-
yalibebisa da ganviTarebis periods. rogorc cnobilia, enis
ganviTarebis procesSi qronologiuri doneebisa da relati-
uri qronologiis sakiTxebis ugulebelyofa ganapirobebs
imgvari enobrivi Teoriis agebas, romelsac istoriuli per-
speqtiva ar gaaCnia.
eWvs ar unda iwvevdes, rom istoriuli qarTveluri enebis
SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze rekonstruirebuli gviani
periodis (calkeul enobriv erTeulebad dayofis uSualod
wina periodis) saerTo-qarTveluri enis struqtura xasiaT-
deboda zmnis pirovani uRlebis sakmaod rTuli sistemiT, rac
Semdgom memkvidreobiT gadaeca istoriul qarTvelur enebs.
hipoTeza qarTveluri da Crdilokavkasiuri enebis naTe-
saobis Sesaxeb dReisaTvis daumtkicebeli da mecnierulad
dausabuTebelia, ramdenadac SedarebiTi analizis meTodiT
ver moxerxda am enebs Soris regularul fonemur Sesatyvi-
sobaTa sistemis gamovlena, rac erTaderTi racionaluri kri-
teriumia enaTa naTesaobis, maTi saerTo winapari enidan war-
momavlobis dasadgenad23. fonemur SesatyvisobaTa kriteri-
22
ix.:G.Deeters, Gab es Nominalklassen in allen kaukasischen Sprachen? («Corolla
Linguistica», Wiesbaden, 1955, gv. 26 da Smd.).
23
ix. G.Deeters, Die Stellung der Kharthwelsprachen unter den kaukasischen Sprachen. _
RK, 23, Paris 1957, gv. 12 da Smd.; H.Vogt, Remarques sur la préhistorie des langues
khartvéliennes. _ RK, 36-37, Paris 1961, gv. 5; Г.А.Меликишвили, Возникновение
Хеттского царства и проблема древнейшего населения Закавказья и Малой Азии
(«ВДИ», 1965, №1, gv. 17 da Smd.).
43
Tamaz gamyreliZe
44
umis Secvla struqturul-tipologiuri kriteriumiT dauS-
vebelia, ramdenadac Sedegad mcdari enobrivi konstruqciebi
aigeba da amisi naTeli magaliTebi kargadaa cnobili enaT-
mecnierebis istoriidan.
amgvarad, ar arsebobs safuZveli im kategoriuli ganacxa-
disTvis, romlis Sesabamisadac qarTvelur da Crdilokavka-
siur enebs Soris arsebobs genetikuri naTesaoba da kavkasia-
Si gavrcelebuli araindoevropuli da araTurquli enebisgan
gamoiyofa saerTo warmomavlobis mixedviT gaerTianebuli
ìberiul-kavkasiur enaTa~ ojaxi. SeiZleba Seiqmnas STabe-
Wdileba, TiTqos ìberiul-kavkasiuri enebi~ indoevropul,
semitur, finur-ugrul da sxva monaTesave enaTa ojaxebis
analogiur genetur jgufSi erTiandebian, sadac gaerTianebas
safuZvlad udevs mocemul enaTa Soris regularuli fone-
muri Sesatyvisobis principis mkacri dacva. realurad, ìbe-
riul-kavkasiuri enebi~ aerTianebs struqturul-ti-
pologiuri da genetikuri TvalsazrisiT aSkarad determin-
irebul sam enobriv jgufs. esenia:
• samxreTkavkasiuri jgufi, anu qarTveluri enebi;
• Crdilo-dasavluri jgufi, anu afxazur-adiReuri enebi;
• Crdilo-aRmosavluri jgufi, anu naxur-daRestnuri enebi.
struqturul-tipologiur planSi Crdilokavkasiur ena-
Ta orive jgufi (afxazur-adiReuri da naxur-daRestnuri)
polarul rgolebad gvevlineba, romlebic gaSualebulia
qarTveluri lingvisturi tipiT24.
kavkasiur enaTa am sam jgufs Soris geneturi kavSiri ar
SeiZleba gairkves aRniSnuli jgufebis warmomadgenel gan-
sxvavebuli enaTa calkeuli faqtebis Sepirispirebis safuZ-
24
amis Sesaxeb ix.:Г.А.Климов, К типологической характеристике картвельских
языков, М., 1960 («XXV Международный конгресс востоковедов. Доклады делегации
СССР»).
velze (rogorc es, samwuxarod, xdeba rig specialur gamokv-

levebSi qarTvelur da Crdilokavkasiur enebs Soris naTe-
saobis damtkicebis mizniT25); amisaTvis saWiroa ganxor-
cieldes kavkasiur enaTa am sami jgufisaTvis (qarTveluris,
afxazur-adiReurisa da naxur-daRestnurisaTvis) rekon-
struirebul sistemaTa Tanmimdevruli struqturuli Sedar-
eba-Sepirispireba Sesabamis fuZe-enaTa doneze SesaZlo fone-
muri Sesatyvisobebis gamovlenis mizniT. amgvarad, ìberi-
ul-kavkasiur enaTa~ samive jgufis enebs Soris geneturi kav-
Siris arsebobis Sesaxeb Teoriis Camoyalibebas win aucile-
blad unda uswrebdes SedarebiT-istoriuli analizis Catare-
ba da saerTo afxazur-adiReuri, saerTo naxur-daRestnuri
enobrivi sistemebis rekonstruqcia (rogorc es am bolo
xanebSi ganxorcielda saerTo-qarTveluri sistemis mimarT)
enobrivi struqturis yvela doneze maTi Semdgomi sistemuri
Sepirispirebis mizniT. kavkasiur enaTa lingvisturi kvlevis
es programa, romlis Sesaxebac jer kidev n.trubeckoi aRni-
Snavda, samwuxarod, jerjerobiT ar Sesrulebula26.
kavkasiur enaTa gansxvavebul jgufebs Soris damokide-
bulebis problemis saboloo gadawyveta mniSvnelovnadaa
damokidebuli afxazur-adiReuri da naxur-daRestnuri eneb-
is SedarebiTi gramatikis SemuSavebasa da Sesabamisi fuZe-
enis rekonstruqciaze27. amave dros, SedarebiTi analizi da
25
amgvari SepirispirebebisaTvis ix.: G.Deeters, Die Stellung der Kharthwelsprachen
unter den kaukasischen Sprachen. _ RK, 23, Paris 1957, gv. 12 da Smd.; Sdr. agreTve:
«Die Welt des Orients», 3, 1957, gv. 382.
26
ix.: BSLP, 23, 1922, gv.184 da Smd.
27
kavkasiur enaTa Crdilo-dasavlur da Crdilo-aRmosavlur jgufebs Soris
kanonzomier SesabamisobaTa dadgenis pirveli winaswari mcdeloba warmoadgina
n.trubeckoim; ix. misi avtorobiT: «Nordkaukasische Wortgleichungen» («Wiener
Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes» XXXVII, 1_2, gv. 76 da Smd.); misive: Der
Bau der ostkaukasischen Sprachen (aus dem Nachlass des Fürsten N.S.Trubezkoy. _
«Wiener Slavistisches Jahrbuch», 1, 1964, gv.23 da Smd.).
45
Tamaz gamyreliZe
46
Sesabamis fuZe-enaTa rekonstruqcia kavkasiur enaTa am sami
jgufidan TiToeulisaTvis unda ganxorcieldes aRniSnul
jgufTa avtonomiurobis principis mkacri dacviT, maTi Sina-
gani ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis gaTvaliswinebiT; amasTanave,
enaTa erTi jgufis istoriis kvleva ar unda mimdinareobdes
meoris monacemebis moSveliebiT, da piriqiT; sxva enis masa-
la SeiZleba gamoyenebuli iqnas mxolod struqturul-ti-
pologiuri TvalsazrisiT, SemoTavazebuli rekonstruqcieb-
isa da enobrivi modelebis Semowmebisa da verifikaciis mizniT.
swored es warmoadgens kavkasiur enaTa SedarebiT-genetikuri
Studiebis gadaudebel amocanas enaTmecnierebis ganviTareb-
is Tanamedrove etapze28.
aRniSnuli mimarTulebiT Cven CavatareT qarTvelur enaTa
SedarebiT-genetikuri kvleva, davadgineT kanonzomier Sesa-
tyvisobaTa sistema enis sxvadasxva doneze da movaxdineT
fuZeeniseuli fonologiuri Tu morfologiuri struqture-
bis rekonstruqcia. Cveni samuSaos ZiriTadi winapiroba iyo,
gagveTavisuflebina qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiT-istoriuli
Studiebi Crdilo-kavkasiur enebze gamiznulad mimarTuli
orientaciisagan, rac iberiul-kavkasiur enaTmecnierebaSi
qarTveluri enebis istoriisa da struqturis Zireuli sakiT-
xebis gaSuqebis dros iCenda Tavs.
Cveni kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli saerTo-qarTveluri eno-
brivi sistemisa da calkeul qarTvelur dialeqtTa istori-
uli ganviTarebis suraTi principulad gansxvavdeba im war-
modgenebisagan qarTvelur enaTa istoriisa da struqturis
Sesaxeb, rac manamde iyo SemuSavebuli iberiul-kavkasiur
enaTmecnierebaSi. saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi sistema war-
28
Sdr.: Г.В.Церетели, dasax. naSr., gv. 048 da Smd.; Sdr. agreTve: Е.А.Бокарев,
Задачи сравнительно-исторического изучения кавказских языков («Вопросы
Языкознания», 1954, №3, gv. 41 da Smd.); K.H. Smidt, dasax. naSr., gv. 10 da Smd.
mogvidgeba rogorc sistema xmovanTa morfologiuri monacv-

leobis konkretuli meqanizmiT, romelsac emyareboda for-
maTa cvlilebisa da sityvaTa warmoqmnis principebi.
saerTo-qarTveluri enis ganviTarebis zogadi tendencia
da istoriuli qarTveluri dialeqtebis Camoyalibeba Sei-
Zleba aRiweros rogorc xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleobis
pirveladi modelis moSlisa da, Sesabamisad, afiqsTa funq-
cionaluri rolis gaZlierebis procesi, ris Sedegadac
qarTveluri enobrivi sistema tipologiurad uaxlovdeba
aglutinaciuri tipis enebs, sadac sityvis morfologiuri
struqtura stabilurobiT xasiaTdeba. aRniSnuli tenden-
cia gansakuTrebiT dasavleTqarTvelur dialeqtebs (megrul-
sa da lazurs) axasiaTebda, romlebSic marcvlovani sonante-
bis vokalizaciisa da formaTa paradigmatuli unifikaciis
Sedegad mTlianad waiSala ablautur mimarTebaTa pirvela-
di sistemis kvali.
saerTo-qarTvelurma morfonologiurma sistemam gansx-
vavebuli transformacia ganicada svanurSi, sadac speci-
fikuri fonologiuri gardaqmnebis wyalobiT Camoyalibda
xmovanTa funqcionaluri monacvleobis produqtiuli ti-
pebi, romlebic zemodan daedo modificirebuli saxiT Se-
monaxul saerTo-qarTvelur ablautur modelebs.
istoriul qarTvelur enaTa sistemebSi, ablauturi stru-
qturebis xvedriTi wilis mixedviT, svanuri ena yvelaze metad
uaxlovdeba `simbolur~ saerTo-qarTvelur enobriv models.
am TvalsazrisiT, qarTul enas gardamavali pozicia
uWiravs megrul-lazursa da svanurs Soris, romlebic
TiTqos sapirispiro polusebad warmogvidgebian.
4. saerTo-qarTveluri enobrivi modelis zemoT warmodge-
nili interpretacia did struqturul-tipologiur msgav-
sebas poulobs saerTo-indoevropul sistemasTan. fonemuri
47
Tamaz gamyreliZe
48
inventaris dayofa sakuTriv xmovanTa, sakuTriv TanxmovanTa
da sonantTa klasebad indoevropul fonologiur sistemasac
axasiaTebs; amave dros, orive sistemaSi, rogorc qarTvelur-
Si, ise indoevropulSi, tipologiurad identuria sonantTa
klasisa da sakuTriv xmovanTa klasis Semadgenloba. sonanti
fonemebis marcvlovani da umarcvlo alofonebis ganawilebis
modelebic qarTvelursa da indoevropulSi29 TiTqmis emTx-
veva erTmaneTs30. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom marcvlovani sonante-
bis ganviTareba analogiurad mimdinareobda qarTvelur enebsa
da indoevropul dialeqtebSi, sadac sonanturi fonemebi
gardaiqmna marcvlovani sonantebis vokalizaciis Sedegad,
rasac Tan mohyva sruli warmoebis xmovnebis Camoyalibeba.
TanxmovanTa klasSi xSulTa sameulebi, romlebic erTma-
neTs upirispirdebian rogorc mJReri ∼ yru (fonologiurad
Warbi aspiraciiT) ∼ glotalizebuli, tipologiurad Sei-
Zleba SevadaroT indoevropul xSulTa sameulebis siste-
mas, sadac warmodgenilia dapirispireba Semdegi niSniT: mJRe-
roba ∼ siyrue ∼ aspiracia (aspirirebul fonemebSi fo-
nologiurad Warbi mJRerobis niSniT).
saerTo-qarTveluri morfologiuri sistema xmovanTa
ablauturi monacvleobis meqanizmiT gasaocar tipologiur
msgavsebas avlens saerTo-indoevropuli enisTvis rekonstru-
irebul monacvleobis modelebTan. morfemaTa fonemuri
struqtura da sintagmaturi mimarTebani maT Soris saerTo-
indoevropulsa (rogorc es e.benvenistis rekonstruqcieb-
29
indoevropulSi sonantTa ganawilebis modelebis Sesaxeb ix.: Fr.Edgerton, The
Indo-European semivowels («Language», vol. 19, №2, 1943).
30
k.h.Smidti Tavis recenziaSi naSromze ‘sonantTa sistema...~ qarTvelur da
indoevropul sonant fonemaTa ganawilebis sqemebSi srul identurobas xedavs
da gvTavazobs sonantis alofoni C−V poziciaSi ganvixiloT rogorc –SS- (ix.
IF, 73, 3, 1968, gv.396).
Sia warmodgenili31) da saerTo-qarTvelurSi SesaZlebelia

aRiweros erTi da imave struqturuli terminebiT: Zireuli
morfemis ZiriTadi kanonikuri formaa CVC/S-, xolo sufiq-
surisa _ -VC/S; ablauturi monacvleobis meqanizmi gulisx-
mobs dapirispirebas gaxmovanebis normalur, nulovan da si-
grZis safexurebs Soris; fuZeSi dauSvebelia gaxmovanebis
ori normaluri safexuri (monovokalurobis principi), rac
gansazRvravs e.w. Schwebeablaut-is tipis CVSC-/CSVC- monacv-
leobas: indoevr. *perk-/*prek-/*prk da qarTv. *derk-/*drek/
*dèk-.
istoriuli qarTveluri enebis SedarebiTi da Sinagani re-
konstruqciiT aRdgenili saerTo-qarTveluri morfo-
nologiuri modelebis amgvari gasaocari msgavseba (TiTqmis
Tanxvedra) saerTo-indoevropulis Sesabamis modelebTan
cxadyofs qarTvelur-indoevropul morfonologiur izo-
morfizms, rac safuZvels iZleva `qarTveluri~ da
ìndoevropuli~ enaTa erTsa da imave struqturul-ti-
pologiur klass mivakuTvnoT. qarTvelur-indoevropuli
struqturuli paralelizmi ar Semoifargleba mxolod mor-
fologiiT. ukanaskneli wlebis gamokvlevebma daadastura
mTeli rigi morfologiuri da sintaqsuri struqturebis
siaxlove qarTvelursa da indoevropulSi32.
31
Э.Бенвенист, Индоевропейское именное словообразование, М., 1955.
32
ix.:G.Deeters, Die Stellung der Kharthwelsprachen unter den kaukasischen Sprachen. - RK,
23, Paris, 1957, gv. 12 da Smd.; А.Г.Шанидзе, К вопросу о глагольной категории версии в
древнегреческом. - «IV Конференция по класcической филологии». Hоябрь, 1969 (Секция
греческого и латинского языков). Тезисы докладов (Тбилисский ГУ), 1969, gv. 80 da
Smd.; K.H.Schmidt, Zu den Aspekten in georgischen und in indogermanischen Sprachen. - RK,
vol. XV-XVI, № 43-44, Paris, 1963; misive: Indogermanisches Medium und Sataviso im
Georgischen. - RK, vol. XIX-XX, № 48-49, Paris, 1965, gv. 129 da Smd.; misive: Beiträge zu
einer typologisch-vergleichenden Grammatik der indogermanischen und südkaukasischen
Sprachen («Münchener Studien zur Sprachwissenschaft», 22,1967); misive: Zur Tmesis in
den Kartvelsprachen und ihren typologischen Parallelen in indogermanischen Sprachen
(krebulSi: `Tbilisis universiteti _ giorgi axvledians~, Tbilisi 1969).
49
Tamaz gamyreliZe
50
saerTo-qarTvelurisa da saerTo-indoevropulis struq-
turul-tipologiuri dapirispireba, qarTvelur-indoevro-
puli morfologiuri izomorfizmis gamovlena faqtobrivad
warmoadgens tipologiis axal saxesxvaobas _ rekonstru-
irebuli enobrivi sistemebis tipologias, romelsac SeiZleba
diaqroniuli tipologia vuwodoT. ukanasknel dromde stru-
qturul-tipologiur StudiebSi ganixileboda istoriuli
enebi, struqturul-tipologiuri Sedareba Semoifargleboda
realurad dadasturebuli an werilobiT ZeglebSi dafiq-
sirebuli enebiT. amgvar tipologiebSi Sedarebisa da klas-
ifikaciis erTeulad istoriuli ena warmogvidgeboda da
Teoriulad rekonstruirebuli enobrivi sistemis ti-
pologiuri Sefaseba TiTqmis ar xdeboda. TumcaRa, unda aRi-
niSnos, rom zogadi tipologiuri TeoriisaTvis diaqroniu-
li tipologia uaRresad mniSvnelovania, ramdenadac man Sei-
Zleba mogvawodos informacia im invariantuli struqturu-
li Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb, romlebic gansxvavebul enobriv
sistemebs axasiaTebs, miuxedavad maTi gavrcelebis adgilisa
da droisa. Teoriulad rekonstruirebuli enobrivi modelebi
unda iqces struqturul-tipologiuri Sepirispirebisa da
Sefasebis obieqtebad maT Soris izomorfuli Tu alomor-
fuli mimarTebebis gamovlenis mizniT. am TvalsazrisiT,
qarTvelur da indoevropul morfonologiur modelebs
Soris fuZe-enaTa doneze gamovlenili izomorfizmi gan-
sakuTrebul Teoriul mniSvnelobas iZens33.
garda imisa, rom gamovlenili paralelizmi qarTvelursa
da indoevropuls Soris Rirebulia struqturuli ti-
pologiisaTvis zogadTeoriuli TvalsazrisiT, igi friad
33
ix.: T.V.Gamkrelidze, Kartvelian and Indo-European: A typological comparison of
reconstructed linguistic systems («To Honor Roman Jakobson», I, The Hague_Paris,
1967).
mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli enebis winareistoriis aRsadgenad,

aseve, qarTveluri da indoevropuli arealuri lingvistikis
mTeli rigi sakiTxebis gasarkvevad.
saerTo-qarTveluri enisaTvis rekonstruirebuli ablau-
tis meqanizmi, rogorc morfonologiur dapirispirebaTa
sistema, ivaraudeba, rom Camoyalibda saerTo-qarTveluri enis
adreuli etapisTvis damaxasiaTebeli fonologiuri donis
movlenebis Sedegad. saerTo-qarTveluri winare-enis ganvi-
Tarebis es adreuli safexuri, romelic win uswrebda sonan-
turi fonemebis Camoyalibebas da ablauturi monacvleobis
meqanizmis formirebas, SesaZlebelia garkveuli miaxloebiT
warmovidginoT SedarebiT adreuli periodis sakuTriv saer-
To-qarTveluri sistemis farglebSi Sinagani rekonstruqci-
is gamoyenebiTa da arqauli winareeniseuli struqturebis
aRdgeniT. gasagebia, rom arqauli periodis saerTo-qarTve-
luri struqturebis aseTi `Soreuli~ rekonstruqcia mxo-
lod hipoTeturi SeiZleba iyos da igi warmogvidgeba rogorc
damoukidebel enebad dayofis wina periodis saerTo-qarTve-
luri enobrivi sistemis Camoyalibebis erT-erTi SesaZlo
varianti.
saerTo-qarTveluri winare-enis am arqaul safexurze Sesa-
Zloa vivaraudoT monovokaluri sistema C1PC2PC3P tipis
monotonuri marcvlovani struqturiTa da fonologiurad
relevanturi dinamikuri maxviliT, ris gamoc qarTveluris
SedarebiT gviandel doneze umaxvilo xmovani amovarda, daxu-
rul marcvalSi maxviliani xmovani SenarCunebuli iqna, Ria-
Si ki igi dagrZelda.
saerTo-qarTvelur Zireul da sufiqsur morfemaTa CVC-
da -VC struqturebSi C martivi Tanxmovnis adgilas SeiZle-
ba warmodgenili iyos labialuri kompleqsi [Cw] an [dR,
51
Tamaz gamyreliZe
52
Tx, ty] tipis harmoniuli kompleqsi34. morfemul struq-
turebSi labialuri da harmoniuli kompleqsebi iseve funqci-
onirebs, rogorc martivi (cali) Tanxmovani an sonanti. amgvari
struqturul-distribuciuli Taviseburebis gaTvalis-
winebiT, aRniSnuli kompleqsebi istoriulad SeiZleba gan-
vixiloT rogorc monofonematuri erTeulebi.
kerZod, C+w tipis kompleqsi arqauli periodis fuZe-enis
doneze SeiZleba interpretirebuli iyos rogorc labiali-
zebuli fonema, romelic damoukidebel fonemebad gaixliCa
da Camoyalibda rogorc bifonemuri kompleqsi. aseve, Tanx-
movanTa harmoniuli kompleqsic SeiZleba daviyvanoT erTian
konsonantur fonemamde, romelic Sesabamisi martivi fone-
misagan gansxvavdeboda velarizaciis fonologiurad relevan-
turi niSniT da romlisganac qarTveluris momdevno doneze
bifonemuri odenoba Camoyalibda35.
saerTo-qarTveluri labialuri da harmoniuli kopleqse-
bis monofonematuri interpretaciis Sedegad uZveles saer-
To-qarTvelur doneze aRdgeba rTuli konsonanturi siste-
ma TanxmovanTa labializebuli da velarizebuli rigebiT,
romelsac upirispirdeba vokaluri sistema erTaderTi *æ
xmovniTa da fonologiurad relevanturi dinamikuri max-
viliT. aRniSnuli fonologiuri modeli, romelic
hipoTeturad asaxavs arqauli periodis saerTo-qarTvelur
sistemas, tipologiur paralels povebs rTuli konsonan-
turi da xmovanTa maqsimalurad martivi sistemebis mqone
Crdilo-dasavlur kavkasiur enebTan36.
34
TanxmovanTa harmoniuli kompleqsebis Sesaxeb ix.: g.axvlediani, zogadi
fonetikis safuZvlebi, Tbilisi, 1949, gv. 107 da Smd.; 301 da Smd.
35
„sonantTa sistema...~ gv. 368 da Smd.; ix.: g.maWavariani, saerToqarTveluri
konsonanturi sistema, Tbilisi 1965, gv. 93 da Smd.
36
ix.:W.S.Allen, Structure and system in Abaza verbal complex («Transactions of the
Philological Society», Oxford 1956, gv. 127 da Smd.); A.H.Kuipers, Phoneme and mor-
pheme in Kabardian («Janua Linguarum», №7, The Hague - Paris 1960, gv. 104 da Smd.).
arqauli periodis saerTo-qarTvelurma fonologiurma

sistemam, ZiriTadad, Semdegi saxis transformacia ganicada:
gamartivda konsonanturi sistema (gaixliCa labializebu-
li da velarizebuli Tanxmovnebi), moxda vokaluri fonemis
alofonTa fonologizacia da Camoyalibda sonant fonemaTa
gansakuTrebuli klasi (umaxvilo xmovanTa sinkopesa da
ablauturi monacvleobis meqanizmis Camoyalibebis Sedegad).
amgvari struqturuli cvlilebebis Sedegad saerTo-
qarTvelurSi Semdgom qronologiur doneze yalibdeba mor-
fologiuri sistema, romelic gasaocar struqturul-ti-
pologiur paralelebs avlens SedarebiT gviani periodis
saerTo-indoevropuli enisTvis postulirebul morfo-
nologiur modelebTan37.
ram gamoiwvia uZvelesi saerTo-qarTveluri struqtureb-
is imgvari cvlileba, rom moxda maTi daaxloeba indoevro-
pul struqturebTan? riT aixsneba is struqturuli izo-
morfizmi qarTvelursa da indoevropuls Soris, romelic
saerTo-qarTveluris SedarebiT gviandel doneze Camoyali-
bda?
amgvari struqturuli gardaqmnebis erT-erTi yvelaze sar-
wmuno axsna varaudobs qarTvelur-indoevropuli kontaqte-
bis arsebobas istoriamdel epoqaSi, rogorc Cans, sakmaod
xangrZlivi periodis manZilze. unda vifiqroT, rom aRniS-
nulma enobrivma kontaqtebma da maT Sedegad gaCenilma eno-
brivma interferenciam xeli Seuwyo arqauli periodis saer-
37
saerTo-indoevropuli enis arqauli periodisaTvis rekonstruirdeba saerTo-
qarTveluris analogiuri CVCVCV tipis monotonuri marcvlovani struqtura;
ix.: C.Hj.Borgstrøm, Thoughts about Indo-European vowel-gradation (NTS, XV, 1949);
misive: Internal reconstruction of Pre-Indo-European word-forms («Word», vol. 10, №2-3,
1954).
53
Tamaz gamyreliZe
54
To-qarTveluri struqturebis gardaqmnasa da miaxloebas in-
doevropul morfonologiur struqturebTan38.
qarTvelur da indoevropul sistemebs Soris morfo-
nologiuri izomorfizmis ganmsazRvreli kontaqtebis arse-
bobas mxars uWers im nasesxebi leqsikis mTeli plastis da-
dastureba saerTo-qarTvelurSi, romelic didi albaTobiT
ivaraudeba, rom indoevropuli warmoSobisa unda iyos. saer-
To-qarTvelurSi indoevropul nasesxobebs ganekuTvneba se-
mantikuri niSnis mixedviT sxvadasxva jgufebSi gaerTiane-
buli Semdegi leqsikuri erTeulebi39:
*ekŝw- èqvsi~ : i.-e. *(s)&ek̂s- èqvsi~;
*šwid- `Svidi~ : i.-e. *sept2- `Svidi~;
*uγel- ùReli~ : i.-e. *jugom- ùReli~;
*4ka `rqa~ : i.-e. *k̂er/*k̂rā `rqa, Tavi~;
*m¸ kerd-/*m¸ k4d- `mkerdi~ : i.-e. *k̂erd-/*k̂4d `guli~;
*zisx1- `sisxli~ : i.-e. *esH4 `sisxli~ (Sdr. xeT. es
har);
* ep/* p- `(ga)Tboba~ : i -e. *tep- `Tbili~;
*šew-/*šw- `Soba~ : i.-e. *se&-/*sū- `Soba~;
38
qarTvelur-indoevropul morfonologiur izomorfizms g.wereTeli xsnis
rogorc indoevropuli da saerTo-qarTveluri enebis Soreuli naTesaobis
anarekls; aseve, dasaSvebad miaCnia, rom orive enobriv sistemaSi damoukideblad
gaCeniliyo struqturuli msgavseba; garda amisa, igi miiCnevs, rom saukunovani
kontaqtebis Sedegad qarTveluri da indoevropuli enebi SeiZleboda
`danaTesavebuliyvnen~ arealuri erTianobis farglebSi (ix. misi avtorobiT:‘О
теории сонантов и аблаута в картвельских языках~, wignSi `sonantTa sistema...~,
gv. 045). ix. agreTve: G.Deeters, Die Stellung der Kharthwelsprachen unter den kaukasischen
Sprachen. - RK, 23, Paris 1957, gv. 12 da Smd. g.deetersi miiCnevs, rom qarTveluri
warmoadgens Crdilo-dasavlur-kavkasiuri tipis enas, romelmac mniSvnelovani
transformacia ganicada indoevropuli substratis zegavleniT.
39
ix.: N.Vogt, Arménien et Caucasique du Sud (NTS,IX,1938, gv.334 da Smd.); Г.А.Климов,
Этимологический словарь картвельских языков, М., 1964; S dr. a g re T ve :
Г.А.Меликишвили, Возникновение Хеттского царства и проблема древнейшего
населения Закавказья и Малой Азии. - «ВДИ», 1965, №1, gv. 24 da Smd.
*gen-/*g3- `gageba, Segneba : i.-e. *ĝen-/*ĝnō- `codna, Semecne-

ba~;
*lag- `(da)lageba, wola~ : i.-e. *legh- `wola~;
*dew-/*dw- `(da)deba~ : i.-e. *dhē- (*dheH-)/dhP-
`(da)deba~;
*¸ kus- `kvnesa~,
*¸ kus-en → ¸ kunes : i.-e. *k̂ues-/*k̂us- `qSena, oxvra~;
*bod- `bodva~ : i.-e. *bhred(h)-/*bhrod(h)- `bodva~;
*dqa- `Txa~ : i.-e. *digh- `Txa~;
*opop- òfofi~ : i.-e. *epop-/*opop- òfofi~;
* il- `tili~ : i.-e. *tin-/*til- `tili~;
*diqa- `niadagi, miwa~ : i.-e. *dheĝh-om `miwa~ (Sdr.xeT.
tekan, Tox. A tka¸ m) da sxv.
qarTvelur-indoevropuli morfonologiuri izomorfiz-
,
mis axsna (rogorc qarTvelur-indoevropuli enobrivi kon-

taqtebis Sedegisa) safuZvels iZleva, axleburad SevxedoT
indoevropuli arealuri lingvistikis mTel rig proble-
mebs, romlebic indoevropuli dialeqtebis uZveles ganawi-
lebas ukavSirdeba. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom qarTvelur da
indoevropul enebze molaparake xalxebs mosazRvre teri-
toriebi eWiraT am enebs Soris kontaqtebis arsebobis peri-
odSi, daaxloebiT III aTaswleulSi Cvens welTaRricxvam-
de40.
40
Sdr.:W.P.Lehmann [recenzia wignze], ‘sonantTa sistema...~ («Language», vol. 44,
№2, 1968, gv. 404 da Smd.)? adre gamoTqmuli iyo mosazreba qarTvelursa da
indoevropuls Soris enobrivi kontaqtebis Sesaxeb xeTebisa da luvielebis
migraciis periodSi kavkasiis gavliT mcire aziisaken (ix.: Т.В.Гамкрелидзе,
„Анатолийские языки“ и вопрос о переселении в Малую Азию индоевропейских
племен, М.,1964, gv.5 («VII Международный конгресс антропологических и
этнографических наук»); Г.И.Мачавариани, К вопросу об индоевропейско-
картвельских (южнокавказских) типологических параллелях, iqve, gv. 4 da Smd.; Sdr.
agreTve: Th.V.Gamkrelidze, Anatolian languages and the problem of Indo-European migra-
tion to Asia Minor («Studies in General and Oriental Linguistics Presented to Shirô
Hattori», Tokyo, 1970, gv. 141).
55
Tamaz gamyreliZe
56
qarTvelursa da indoevropuls Soris struqturul ms-
gavsebaTa amgvari interpretacia saSualebas iZleva aRniS-
nuli enobrivi sistemebi mivakuTvnoT saerTo arealur jgufs,
istoriamdel garkveul kavSirs, sadac enebs Soris alogene-
turi, anu SeZenili, meoradi naTesaoba arsebobs.
saerTo-indoevropulSi (proto-indoevropulSi) gamovle-
nili semituri nasesxobebis fonze41 indoevropuli nasesxo-
bebi saerTo-qarTvelurSi da qarTvelur-indoevropuli mor-
fonologiuri izomorfizmi (qarTvelur da indoevropul
morfonologiur struqturaTa msgavseba) gansakuTrebiT mniS-
vnelovani xdeba amgvari enobrivi kontaqtebis saerTo area-
lis gansazRvrisa42 da saerTo-indoevropuli (proto-indo-
evropuli) enis pirvelsawyisi teritoriis dadgenisaTvis43.
struqturul-tipologiuri da arealuri lingvistikis
problemaTa es erToblioba, romelic saerTo-qarTvelurma
41
Sdr.: indoevr. *tauro- `xari~: sem. *tawru `xari~; indoevr. *ghaÓd- `bekeka~:
sem. *gadju `bekeka, Txa~; indoevr. alu(t) `mwklarte an tkbili sasmeli; ludi~:
sem. *Ð-l-w ‘tkbili; tkbili sasmeli~; indoevr. *medhu `Tafli, Taflis sasmeli~:
se m. * m- ï - Ö - `tkb i li ~; i nd oev r. * dh ô er- è zo ; kar i~ : s em .
*ï-w-r `zRude; SemozRuduli ezo~; indoevr. *kl(ã)u `Caketva; gasaRebi~: sem.
*k-l-’ `Caketva~; indoevr. *nãô- `xomaldi; WurWeli~: sem. *’-n-w `WurWeli~;
indoevr. *pelekû- `culi; najaxi~: sem. *p-l-Ö `gapoba; najaxi~; indoevr. *dap-
`msxverplSewirva~: sem. *d-b- Ð `msxverplad Sewirva~; indoevr. *(a)ster-
`varskvlavi~: sem. *e-t-t-r `gaRmerTebuli varskvlavi~; indoevr. *arÓo `batoni~:
sem. *Ð-r-(r) `gaTavisufleba; dabadebiT Tavisufali~ da sxv. (ix.: В.M.Иллич-
Свитыч, Древнейшие индоевропейско-семитские языковые контакты (kreb.
«Проблемы индоевропейского языкознания», М., 1964, gv.3_7).
42
am TvalsazrisiT, sainteresoa varaudi saerTo-qarTvelurSi semituridan
ricxviTi saxelebis sesxebis Sesaxeb: *4 wa||*arwa `rva~ (Sdr. aqad. arba, arab.
arba a òTxi~) da *ãsi(r) àsi~, Sdr. aqad. eširtu (mdedr. sq.), arab. ašr àTi~,
ãšir `meaTe~ (ix. Г.А.Климов, Заимствованные числительные в общекартвельском.
_ «Этимология». 1965, М., 1967).
43
uaxlesi TeoriisaTvis ‘sinur-tibetursa da indoevropuls Soris enobriv
kontaqtebTan dakavSirebiT indoevropelTa winare-samSoblos~ Sesaxeb ix.:
E.G.Pulleyblank, Chinese and Indo-European (JRAS, pt. 1_2, 1966).
rekonstruqciebma da qarTvelur-indoevropulma morfo-

nologiurma izomorfizmma warmoSva, erTgvarad ganapirobebs
struqturul-tipologiur da indoevropul SedarebiT enaT-
mecnierebaSi ukanasknel xans gaCenil mzard interess qarTve-
luri enebis mimarT da im Sefasebis gamoxatulebadac gvev-
lineba, rac qarTvelur enebSi sonantebisa da ablautis
Sesaxeb Camoyalibebulma Teoriam daimsaxura enaTmecniereb-
is aRniSnul dargebSi.
57
Tamaz gamyreliZe
58
axali paradigma indoevropul SedarebiT_

istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi:
indoevropuli fuZe-enisa da indoevropuli
proto-kulturis rekonstruqciis problema∗
e naTmecnierebis istoriaSi XX saukunis meore naxevari

xasiaTdeba gansakuTrebuli interesiT istoriuli
lingvistikisadmi, rac klasikuri SedarebiTi enaTmec-
nierebis problemebisaken mibrunebas gulisxmobs. ukanasknel
aTwleulebSi mzardma interesma istoriuli lingvistikis
problemebis mimarT Sedegad gamoiRo lingvisturi azris
zogadi ganviTareba im TvalsazrisiT, rom daZleuli iqna wina
periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli antinomia sinqroniasa da
diaqronias Soris, roca, amavdroulad, aSkara upiratesoba
sinqroniul enaTmecnierebas eniWeboda. am mxriv, lingvisti-
ka gamonaklisi ar yofila sxva mecnierebebs Soris. gasuli
saukunis meore naxevarSi mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis erT-
erT saerTo tendenciad miiCneva mibruneba istorizmisaken,
rac ZiriTadad XIX saukunis mecnierebas axasiaTebda. am
∗
daibeWda rusul enaze krebulSi «Труды Отделения историко-филологических
наук. Российская Академия Наук», Ответственный редактор _ акад. А.П.Деревянко,
Москва: Наука, 2005, стр. 7_22.
axali paradigma indoevropul Sed._istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi
axalma tendenciam Secvala XX saukunis pirveli

aTwleulebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli antiistorizmi da sin-
qroniuli struqturalizmi.
sistemur, sinqroniul lingvistikaSi enobrivi analizis
mravali axali meTodi SemuSavda da am meTodebiT gamdidrebu-
li enaTmecniereba kvlav miubrunda Zvel, tradiciul prob-
lemebs. trdiciuli ideebisadmi aRniSnuli meTodebis gamoye-
nebis siaxle gulisxmobs lingvisturi analizis Catarebas
ara mxolod sinqroniul lingvistikaSi SemuSavebuli zus-
ti operaciebis meSveobiT, aramed globalur midgomas enisad-
mi, rogorc sistemuri fenomenisadmi, romelic ganuwyvetliv
icvleba droSi da romelic SesaZloa Tanmimdevrul siste-
mur analizs daeqvemdebaros. yovelive es saSualebas iZleva
SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis tradiciuli proble-
mebis gadasaWrelad gamoyenebuli iqnas tipologiuri
lingvistikisa da universaliaTa lingvistikis monacemebi.
es enaTmecnierebis SedarebiT axali mimarTulebebia, romlebic
warmatebiT viTardebian bolo aTwleulebSi. Tanamedrove
enaTmecnierebis am uaxlesi monacemebis gamoyenebam monaTesave
enaTa calkeuli jgufebis, kerZod, indoevropul enaTa ojaxis
mimarT, naTeli gaxada, rom unda gadamowmebuliyo klasikur
indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi gabatonebuli tradiciuli
Sexedulebani am enaTa istoriuli warsulisa da maTi isto-
riamdeli ganviTarebis konkretuli gzebis Sesaxeb.
rogorc cnobilia, istoriuli enaTmecniereba XIX sauku-
nis pirvel naxevarSi Camoyalibda swored Zveli indoevropu-
li enebis Sepirispirebisa da SedarebiTi analizis safuZ-
velze, maT Soris naTesauri damokidebulebisa da erTiani
winapari enidan (romelsac indoevropul fuZe-enas an `wi-
nare enas~ uwodeben) maTi saerTo warmomavlobis dadgenis
safuZvelze. amgvari midgoma ukve niSnavda, rom Camoyalibda
59
Tamaz gamyreliZe
60
axali samecniero disciplina _ SedarebiT-istoriuli enaT-
mecniereba, romelmac Semdgom mniSvnelovan warmatebebs mi-
aRwia sruliad gansxvavebuli struqturis enaTa Seswavlis
saqmeSi da romelic humanitarul mecnierebaTa Soris erT-
erT yvelaze formalizebul mecnierul disciplinad iqca.
monaTesave enaTa jgufebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
indoevropuli, semituri, Turquli, qarTveluri da sxv., dama-
xasiaTebelia erTi gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba, rac maT
fonemur Sedgenilobas ukavSirdeba da konkretul genetur
jgufSi am enebs Soris arsebuli mimarTebebis formalize-
buli aRweris saSualebas iZleva. erT genetur jgufSi gaer-
Tianebul monaTesave enebs Soris vlindeba regularuli fone-
muri (bgeriTi) Sesatyvisobebi, rac am enebs formalurad
aaxloebs erTmaneTTan da maT saerTo warmomavlobas adas-
turebs. swored amgvari fonemuri Sesatyvisobebis safuZvelze
rekonstruirdeba winapari enis fonologiuri Tu mor-
fologiuri sistemebi.
fuZe-enis amosavali sistemis postulireba amave dros ni-
Snavs, rom rekonstruirdeba monaTesave enaTa sistemebis wina-
reistoria da maTi ganviTareba- Camoyalibebis gzebi amosava-
li mdgomareobidan vidre mocemul enaTa dokumenturad da-
dasturebul istoriul mdgomareobamde. amitomac enaTa is-
toriul-SedarebiTi Seswavla da maT Soris fonemur-struq-
turuli Tanafardobebis dadgena unda dasruldes mocemul
enaTa amosavali enobrivi sistemis amsaxveli fuZeeniseuli
mdgomareobis rekonstruqciiTa da gardaqmnis anu transfor-
maciis im wesebis gansazRvriT, romelTa meSveobiTac isto-
riulad dadasturebuli monaTesave sistemebi Teoriulad
postulirebuli enobrivi modelidan gamoiyvaneba.
monaTesave enobrivi sistemebis winareistoriis aRdgena,
amosavali saerTo mdgomareobidan (rac fuZe-enis sistemaSi
aisaxeba) istoriulad fiqsirebul mdgomareobamde maTi gan-

viTareba-Camoyalibebis gzebis rekonstruqcia damokidebulia
imaze, Tu fuZe-enis sistema ra formiT aRdgeba, anu rogori
fonemuri Tu gramatikuli sistemebiT daxasiaTdeba.
Tavis mxriv, empiriul moTxovnas fuZe-enis postulirebu-
li sistemis mimarT warmoadgens is, rom rekonstruirebuli
sistema unda iyos tipologiurad realuri (arawinaaRmde-
gobrivi) da sruli. tipologiuri realuroba (arawinaaRm-
degobrioba) gulisxmobs imgvari enobrivi struqturebis
Tanaarsebobas, romlebic araa SeuTavsebeli tipologiurad
dadgenili enobrivi kanonzomierebebis mixedviT da maTi sin-
qroniuli maxasiaTeblebic sazogadod araa enisaTvis ucxo.
enisaTvis damaxasiaTebel amgvar universalur sinqroni-
ul struqturebs adgens Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis iseTi
mniSvnelovani dargebi, rogoricaa tipologiuri lingvistika
da universaliaTa lingvistika. enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebis
Tanamedrove etapi saSualebas iZleva didi albaTobiT gani-
sazRvros Teoriulad postulirebuli amosavali enobrivi
sistemis tipologiuri realuroba da arawinaaRmdegobrio-
ba. tipologiuri realurobis kriteriumi mkveTrad amcir-
ebs im Teoriulad dasaSvebi enobrivi sistemebis raodenobas,
romlebic SeiZleba postulirebuli iyos rogorc amosava-
li sistema istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave enebi-
saTvis.
tipologiuri arawinaaRmdegobriobis kriteriumi ar war-
moadgens postulirebuli enobrivi sistemis realurobis er-
TaderT empiriul sazoms. aranakleb mniSvnelovania Sesabami-
soba diaqroniul tipologiasTan; es ki imas niSnavs, rom
mocemul sistemaSi struqturuli transformaciebisa da
gardaqmnaTa wesebi unda Seesabamebodes sxvadasxva tipis is-
toriul enaTa struqturebSi cvlilebebisa da gardaqmnebis
61
Tamaz gamyreliZe
62
Seswavlis safuZvelze gamovlenil enobriv transformacia-
Ta modelebs. enobriv gardaqmnaTa amgvar universalur mod-
elebs adgens da Seiswavlis diaqroniuli tipologia, romel-
sac, sinqroniuli tipologiisagan gansxvavebiT, enobriv stru-
qturaTa droSi cvlilebebisa da gardaqmnebis universaluri
sqemebi ainteresebs.
amgvarad, Teoriulad postulirebuli fuZe-enis siste-
mis Sesabamisoba rogorc sinqroniul, ise diaqroniul tipo-
logiasTan aris is ZiriTadi kriteriumi, romlis mixedviTac
SeiZleba SevafasoT Teoriulad postulirebuli sistemis
realurobis xarisxi, raTa monaTesave enaTa mocemuli ojaxi-
saTvis fuZe-enis rangSi postulirebul Teoriulad savara-
udo sistemebs Soris erT romelime sistemas mivaniWoT upi-
ratesoba.
indoevropuli enebis Seswavlis mizniT SedarebiTi Studi-
ebis CamoyalibebisTanave, anu faqtobrivad maSin, roca XIX
saukunis enaTmecnierebis saukeTeso warmomadgenlebma safuZ-
veli Cauyares SedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebas, aRdge-
nili iqna saerTo-indoevropuli konsonanturi sistema, rom-
lisganac gamoiyvaneboda istoriulad dadasturebul indo-
evropul enaTa sistemebi. rekonstruirebuli konsonanturi
sistema warmodgenili iyo fonemaTa garkveuli rigebis sa-
xiT da ZiriTadad emTxveoda Zveli induri enis, im droi-
saTvis cnobil indoevropul enaTa uZvelesi warmomadgen-
lis, sistemas.
saerTo-indoevropuli konsonatizmis amgvari sistema (ker-
Zod, xSul fonemaTa qvesistema), umniSvnelo cvlilebebiTa
da dazustebiT, rac Semdgom kvlevebs ukavSirdeba, postu-
lirebulia Tanamedrove indoevropul komparativistikaSi
fonemaTa Semdegi sami rigis saxiT: I _ mJRerebi ∼ II _ mJRe-
ri fSvinvierebi ∼ III _ yruebi.
am saxiT postulirebuli konsonantTa indoevropuli

sistemidan gamoiyvaneba indoevropul enaTa yvela istoriu-
lad dadasturebuli sistema, amosaval sistemaSi im fone-
muri gardaqmnebis daSvebiT, romelTa Sedegadac unda war-
moSobiliyo konkretuli indoevropuli enebi gansxvavebuli
konsonantizmiT.
gasagebia, rom am saxiT postulirebuli amosavali indo-
evropuli konsonantizmi ZiriTadad Zveli induri enis mo-
dels imeorebs da, amdenad, Zveli induri ena im sistemad
gvevlineba, romelmac yvelaze naklebi cvlileba ganicada
da romelSic yvelaze metadaa Semonaxuli saerTo-indoevro-
puli konsonantizmis maxasiaTeblebi.
saerTo-indoevropuli sistemis amgvari postulirebis
SemTxvevaSi umniSvnelo cvlilebebi ivaraudeboda berZnulisa
da italiurisaTvis (indoevropul xSulTa II seriis dayrueba
da spirantizacia), slavuri enebisa da kelturisaTvis (in-
doevropul xSulTa II seriis dezaspiracia). indoevropuli
sistemis amgvari saxiT postulirebis SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelo-
vani fonemuri cvlilebebi aRdgeba germanikuli enebisa da
somxurisaTvis, romlebSic ivaraudeba e.w. `TanxmovanTa gada-
weva~. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs indoevropuli sistemis
sami rigidan TiToeulis gadawevas erTi bijiT, anu erTi fo-
nologiuri niSnis Secvlas: I seria [`mJRerebi~ *(b), *d, *g]
gadainacvlebs `yru xSulebis~ [(p), t, k] seriaSi; II seria
(`mJReri fSvinvierebi~ [*bh, *dh, gh*]) gadainacvlebs martivi
`mJReri xSulebis~ [b, d, g] seriaSi; III seria (`yru xSule-
bi~ [*p *t *k]) gadainacvlebs `yru fSvinvierebis~ [ph, th, kh]
seriaSi, saidanac SemdgomSi miiReba spirantebi [f, x /h]. ger-
manikul enebSi postulirebuli TanxmovanTa aRniSnuli gada-
nacvleba SedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi cnobilia
`grimis kanonis~ saxelwodebiT da tradiciulad miiCneven,
63
Tamaz gamyreliZe
64
rom es aris enaSi sistemur fonemur gardaqmnaTa klasikuri
magaliTi. swored amitom igi TiTqmis yvela lingvistur sax-
elmZRvaneloSia Setanili rogorc amgvari gardaqmnebis ni-
muSi.
konkretuli indoevropuli enebis (rogoricaa indo-iran-
uli, berZnuli, italikuri, slavuri, germanikuli da sxv.)
formirebisa da ganviTarebis istoria klasikur indoevrop-
ul enaTmecnierebaSi aigeba postulirebuli amosavali in-
doevropuli sistemis Sesabamisad. klasikurma SedarebiTma
indoevropulma enaTmecnierebam Tavisi arsebobis manZilze,
rac asormocdaaT welze mets iTvlis, enobrivi faqtebisa
da aRmoCenebis uzarmazari korpusi daagrova, romlis di-
aqroniuli interpretacia xdeboda tradiciulad postu-
lirebuli amosavali saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis
fonze. TiTqmis ugamonaklisod, indoevropuli enebis yvela
SedarebiTi gramatika Tu SedarebiTi leqsikoni aigeboda da
dResac aigeba saerToindoevropuli konsonantizmis tradi-
ciuli sistemis gaTvaliswinebiT. postulirebuli amosava-
li sistema erTgvarad Tavad gansazRvravs im savaraudo fone-
muri gardaqmnebis xasiaTs, romelTa Sedegia istoriuli in-
doevropuli enebis formireba, anu amosavali sistema am enebis
istoriamdeli fonetikuri ganviTarebis ganmsazRvrelia.
klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi e.w. `fonetikuri
kanonebi~, rogoricaa `grimis kanoni~, `grasmanis kanoni~,
`barTolomes kanoni~ da sxv., Seiqmna swored imisaTvis, rom
ganemartaT is istoriamdeli fonetikuri procesebi, rom-
lebic amgvari daSvebiT ivaraudeboda konkretul indoevro-
pul dialeqtebSi.
monaTesave enaTa SedarebiT-istoriul gramatikul siste-
maSi amosavali enobrivi modeli Tavisi funqciiT SeiZleba
SevadaroT aqsiomaTa sistemas logikur-deduqciur Teoria-
Si. imis mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTisaa aqsiomaTa sistema, rogo-

ria am sistemis Sedgeniloba, ganisazRvreba am sistemaze
dafuZnebuli Teoria. Tumca, aRsaniSnavia, rom logikur-
deduqciur TeoriaSi arc ganixileba aqsiomaTa sistemis WeS-
maritobis, empiriul sinamdvilesTan misi mimarTebis sakiTxi,
maSin roca amosavali enobrivi sistemis mimarT realurobis
kriteriums arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba. swored es uka-
naskneli gansazRvravs, Tu ramdenad saalbaToa postulire-
buli amosavali enobrivi modeli, amsaxveli odesRac arse-
buli im enobrivi sistemasa, romlisganac konkretuli, is-
toriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave enebi Camoyalibdnen.
Tuki saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciulad
postulirebul sistemas ganvixilavT empiriuli realuro-
bis kriteriumis gaTvaliswinebiT, aRmoCndeba, rom konsonan-
turi sistema, romelic klasikur indoevropul enaTmecniere-
baSi miCneulia amosaval sistemad istoriulad dadasture-
buli indoevropuli enebisaTvis, Sinaganad winaaRmdegobrivia
da ar Seesabameba enaTa sinqroniuli tipologiis monacemebs.
ufro metic, igi ewinaaRmdegeba universalur enobriv kanon-
zomierebebs, romlebic universaliaTa lingvistikaSia dad-
genili. amdenad, Teoriulad postulirebuli amgvari
lingvisturi modeli ver CaiTvleba amsaxvelad drosa da
sivrceSi realurad arsebuli im enobrivi sistemisa, romel-
ic SemdgomSi monaTesave enebis sistemebad gardaiqmna. Sesa-
bamisad, verc is fonetikuri cvlilebebi da gardaqmnebi Cai-
Tvleba realurad, romlebic klasikur indoevropul Sedare-
biT gramatikaSi iyo daSvebuli im transformaciuli proce-
sis aRsawerad da asaxsnelad, romlis Sedegadac amosavali
sistemidan Camoyalibda istoriulad dadasturebul indo-
evropul enaTa gansxvavebuli sistemebi.
65
Tamaz gamyreliZe
66
imisaTvis, rom indoevropuli fuZe-enis konsonanturi
sistema SesabamisobaSi mosuliyo enobrivi tipologiis
(rogorc sinqroniuli, ise diaqroniuli) monacemebTan,
saWiro gaxda misi gadasinjva da reinterpretacia. reinter-
pretirebuli sistema warmodgenilia fonemaTa sami seriiT,
romlebic erTmaneTs Semdegnairad upirispirdebian: I glo-
talizebuli ∼ II mJReri (fSvinvieri) ∼ III yru (fSvinvieri),
sadac mJReri da yru xSuli fonemebi poziciurad dastur-
deboda aspirirebuli an Sesabamisi araaspirirebuli varian-
tebis saxiT. reinterpretaciis sqematuri suraTi Semdegia:
tradiciuli sistema ==> reinterpretirebuli sistema
I II III I II III
(b) bh (p) (p’) b[h] p[h]
d dh t t’ d[h] t[h]
g gh k k’ g[h] k[h]
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
saerTo-indoevropulis xSulTa sami seriis amgvari inter-

pretaciiT ukve SesaZlebeli xdeba bunebrivi funqciur-fo-
nologiuri axsna daeZebnos enobrivi struqturis mTel rig
faqtebs, romlebic saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis
tradiciuli modelis mixedviT gaugebari da tipologiurad
auxsneli iyo (aseTia, magaliTad, sistemaSi `mJReri labi-
aluri~ /b/ fonemis arqona, `mJReri fSvinvierebis~ arseboba
`yru fSvinvierebis~ gareSe, Ziris struqturasTan dakavSire-
buli SezRudvebi da sxv.).
axali interpretaciis mixedviT, saerTo-indoevropul

xSulTa sistemasTan SedarebiT axlos dganan is sistemebi,
romlebSic, tradiciuli gansazRvrebiT, `TanxmovanTa gadawe-
va~ moxda (germanikuli, somxuri, xeTuri), xolo sistemebi,
romlebic iTvleboda, rom konsonantizmis TvalsazrisiT
bevrad ufro met siaxloves amJRavnebdnen saerTo-indoevro-
pulTan (pirvel rigSi, Zveli induri), amJamad ukve miiCneva,
rom miRebulia amosavali enobrivi sistemidan rTuli fone-
muri gardaqmnebis Sedegad. amgvarad, iqmneba indoevropul
dialeqtTa istoriamdeli ganviTarebis axali suraTi, sruli-
ad sapirispiro imisa, rac miRebuli iyo klasikur indoevro-
pul enaTmecnierebaSi. Sesabamisad, icvleba traeqtoriebi
saerTo-indoevropuli xSuli fonemebis gardaqmnebisa da maTi
mimarTuleba, axali interpretaciis mixedviT, upirispirde-
ba tradiciulad miRebuls. swored amis gamo, xdeba gada-
azreba klasikuri indoevropuli enaTmecnierebis ZiriTadi
`fonetikuri kanonebisa~ (rogoricaa: `grimis kanoni~, `gras-
manis kanoni~, `barTolomes kanoni~ da sxv.), romlebic axal
Sinaars iZenen indoevropuli fonologiuri sistemis axle-
buri interpretaciis fonze.
indoevropuli fuZe-enis axali modeli, romelic indo-
evropul enaTmecnierebaSi `glotaluri Teoriis~ saxeliT
gaxda cnobili da romelic, erTgvarad, aTvlis axal siste-
mas warmoadgens, klasikuri indoevropuli enaTmecnierebis
postulatTa mTeli sistemis Zireul gadasinjvas moiTxovs
da, amave dros, gvTavazobs indoevropul enaTa warmoSobisa
da istoriamdeli ganviTarebis axal suraTs. Sesabamisad,
gasagebia, rom saWiro xdeba sruliad axleburad Camoyalib-
des indoevropuli enis tradiciuli SedarebiT-eti-
mologiuri leqsikonis safuZvlebi. amdenad, SedarebiT-is-
toriul enaTmecnierebaSi yalibdeba axali `paradigma~ (To-
mas qunis mixedviT).
67
Tamaz gamyreliZe
68
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sainteresod gveCveneba indo-
evropuli enaTmecnierebis patriarqis, cnobili amerikeli
lingvistis vinfrid lemanis sityvebi: ìs, rac me-19 sauku-
nis utyuar miRwevad migvaCnda, dRes ukve nawil-nawil gul-
dasmiT gadasinjvas saWiroebs~.
* * *
indoevropuli fuZe-enis rekonstrucia, rogorc drosa da
sivrceSi realurad arsebuli sistemisa, gulisxmobs, aseve,
rogorc am enaze molaparake xalxebis arsebobas, romelTac
pirobiTad ìndoevropelebs~ vuwodebT, ise maTi pirvelsacx-
ovrisi teritoriis anu `winaresamSoblos~ arsebobasac,
saidanac daiwyo am xalxTa migraciebi (sxvadasxva drosa da
sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT) maTi gansaxlebis istoriuli teri-
toriebisaken. amdenad, gasagebia, rom kvlav warmoCinda in-
doevropuli `winaresamSoblos~ tradiciuli problema,
romelic TiTqmis iseve Zvelia, rogorc TviT indoevropuli
SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba.
savsebiT bunebrivia, rom `winaresamSoblos~ lokalizaci-
isa da indoevropeli tomebis Tavdapirveli teritoriebis
savaraudo sazRvrebis Sesabamisad ganisazRvreba indoevrop-
ul dialeqtebze molaparake gansxvavebuli xalxebis gada-
adgilebaTa traeqtoriebi TiToeuli maTganis gansaxlebis
istoriuli teritoriebisaken. am traeqtoriebis gansazRvra,
Tavis mxriv, metismetad mniSvnelovania indoevropeli xalx-
ebis (ufro zustad, indoevropul enebze amJamad an odes-
Rac molaparake xalxebis) winareistoriis ZiriTadi momen-
tebis aRsadgenad.
indoevropeistikaSi sakmaod adre damkvidrda Tezisi, rom-
lis mixedviTac indoevropelTa winaresamSoblo centralur
evropaSi lokalizdeboda. mogvianebiT aRniSnuli Tezisis

sawinaaRmdegod seriozuli argumentebi gaCnda, romelTa Se-
sabamisad indoevropelTa winaresamSoblom gadainacvla aR-
mosavleTis mimarTulebiT, CrdiloeT SavizRvispireTSi, e.w
`yorRanuli~ (an `Zvelormuli~ gorasamarxebis) kultur-
is arqeologiur arealSi. es ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisi,
romelsac mxars uWers cnobili amerikeli arqeologi
m.gimbutasi da misi skola, dReisaTvis sakmaod farTodaa gavr-
celebuli.
indoevropuli fuZe-enisa da misi dialeqtebis arealuri
kvlevis Sedegad gamovlenil lingvistur da kulturul-is-
toriul monacemTa mTeli kompleqsi, aseve, saerTo-indoevro-
puli leqsikis semantikuri analizis Sedegebi migvaniSnebs,
rom axleburad unda SevxedoT indoevropuli `winaresamSob-
los~ problemas, rac gansxvavebul arealur Tu kulturul-
istoriul interpretacias gulisxmobs. uaxlesi monaceme-
bis gaTvaliswinebiT, indoevropuli `winaresamSoblo~ gada-
inacvlebs, da Tanac _ mniSvnelovnad, samxreT-aRmosavle-
Tis mimarTulebiT da ganTavsdeba winaaziur arealSi.
Tuki saerToenobrivi, e.w. `winareenobrivi~, sistema aRd-
genilia SedarebiT-istoriuli da struqturul-ti-
pologiuri analizis gansakuTrebuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT,
am enaze molaparakeTa kulturisa da sulieri samyaros aR-
sadgenad upirvelesad unda Catardes rekonstruirebuli
saerToenobrivi leqsikis istoriul-semantikuri analizi,
ramdenadac swored leqsikaSi aisaxeba mocemul winapar-enaze
molaparakeTa istoriuli arsebobis zogadi suraTi Tu Ziri-
Tadi momentebi.
winapar-enaze molaparakeTa istoriuli arsebobis cneba-
Si igulisxmeba rogorc ekologiuri pirobebi (flora, fau-
na, geografiuli garemo), am pirobebSi maTi yofna da gada-
69
Tamaz gamyreliZe
70
adgileba, ise am xalxis kulturac farTo mniSvnelobiT _
proto-kultura.
aseT SemTxvevaSi rekonstruirebuli leqsikuri element-
ebi asruleben informaciuli wyaros rols, romlis mixed-
viTac gveqmneba warmodgena fuZe-enaze da mis calkeul di-
aleqtTa uZveles gaerTianebebze molaparake xalxTa arse-
bobisa da ganviTarebis istoriuli gzebis, maTi proto-kul-
turis Sesaxeb.
fuZe-enaze rekonstruirebuli leqsikis amgvari `retro-
speqtuli~ semantikuri analizi aucileblad gulisxmobs
enis Caketili sistemidan gasvlas araenobriv cnebaTa sam-
yaroSi, rac niSnavs garkveuli Sesabamisobis dadgenas, erTi
mxriv, fuZe-enisa da misi dialeqtebis uZveles gaerTianeba-
Ta leqsikuri elemetebis semantikur plansa da, meore mxriv,
eqstralingvistur realiebs Soris.
enis amgvari analizi, am enaze molaparakeTa kulturas-
Tan mWidro kavSirSi, jer kidev indoevropuli SedarebiT-is-
toriuli enaTmecnierebis formirebisa da ganviTarebis
adreul etapze, enaTmecnierebaSi struqturuli mimdinare-
obis damkvidrebamde Camoyalibda rogorc gansakuTrebuli
enaTmecnieruli disciplina, romelsac `lingvistur pale-
ontologias~ uwodeben.
SedarebiT-istoriuli Studiebis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove
etapze proto-kulturis rekonstruqciis is meTodi, romel-
ic fuZe-enis semantikur da struqturul-gramatikul anal-
izs emyareba, unda daxasiaTdes rogorc `kulturis lingvis-
turi paleontologia~, ramdenadac am SemTxvevaSi special-
uri kvlevisa da rekonstruqciis sagania ara sakuTriv fuZe-
enisa da misi uZvelesi dialeqtebis struqtura, aramed pro-
to-kultura farTo anTropologiuri mniSvnelobiT, rac
gulisxmobs ekologiasa da, aseve, am enaze molaparakeTa ma-
terialur da sulier samyaros: rekonstruirdeba araeno-

brivi samyaro (ufro metad, vidre sakuTriv ena), romelic
rekonstruirebul enobriv erTeulebSia asaxuli.
indoevropul fuZe-enaze molaparake xalxTa pirvelsac-
xovrisad unda miviCnioT iseTi regioni, romelic saerTo-in-
doevropuli enis arsebobis periodSi (e.i. IV aTaswleulSi
Cvens eramde da adrec) Tavisi ekologiuri, geografiuli da
kulturul-istoriuli maxasiaTeblebiT Seesabameba fuZe-
enaze rekonstruirebuli leqsikis mixedviT miRebul su-
raTs da, amave dros, rekonstruirebuli leqsika, Tavis mxriv,
unda eTanadebodes evraziis kontinentis mocemuli regionis
istoriul-geografiuli, paleobotanikuri, paleozo-
ologiuri, arqeologiuri da kulturul-istoriuli kvle-
vis Sedegebs.
indoevropuli fuZe-enis leqsemaTa mTeli kompleqsis se-
mantika, romelSic asaxulia uZveles indoevropul di-
aleqtebze molaparakeTa sacxovrebeli garemo, maTi materi-
aluri da sulieri kultura, miuTiTebs, rom swored wina
azia unda warmoadgendes indoevropuli fuZe-enis Tavdapirve-
li gavrcelebis areals.
saerTo-indoevropul doneze rekonstruirebuli garkveu-
li semantikuri jgufebis analizis Sedegad SeiZleba
davaskvnaT, rom indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake xalx-
Ta pirvelsacxovrisi teritoria mTiani landSaftiT xasi-
aTdeboda (rac ukve gamoricxavs winaresamSoblos lokal-
izaciis SesaZleblobas Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi). xeebisa
da mcenareebis saerTo-indoevropuli saxelebi (`muxa~, `muxa-
klde~, `mTis muxa~, `rko~, `rcxila~, ìfani~, `verxvi~, `kaka-
li~, aseve `vazis~, `yurZnis~, `Rvinis~ saxelebi da sxv.) bune-
brivad ukavSirdeba indoevropuli winaresamSoblos mTian
landSafts da, amdenad, igi ueWvelad unda lokalizdebodes
71
Tamaz gamyreliZe
72
xmelTaSuazRvispireTis (farTo mniSvnelobiT _ balkaneTi-
sa da axlo aRmosavleTis Crdilo nawilis CaTvliT) Sedar-
ebiT samxreT regionebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom cxovelebis saer-
To-indoevropuli saxelebis (`jiqi~, `leopardi~, `lomi~,
`maimuni~, `spilo~, `spilos Zvali~, `kiborCxali~ da sxv.)
analizic mxars uWers indoevropuli winaresamSoblos
ekologiuri garemos samxreTul xasiaTs, rac, upirvelesad,
geografiul landSaftTan da mcenareul safarTan dakavSire-
buli monacemebis safuZvelze ivaraudeba. zogierTi am cxo-
velTagani, an Tundac is faqti, rom icnoben am cxovelebs,
ukve gamoricxavs centralur evropas, rogorc aRniSnul di-
aleqtebze molaparakeTa pirvelsacxovris teritorias.
SesaZlebeli gaxda saerTo-indoevropul doneze mecxove-
leobasTan da miwaTmoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli mdidari
terminologiis aRdgena. IV aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde, anu
saerTo-indoevropuli enis damoukidebel dialeqtebad daS-
lis uSualod wina periodSi, mecxoveleoba (iseve rogorc
miwaTmoqmedeba) centralur evropaSi Canasaxovan mdgomare-
obaSi iyo.
indoevropuli fuZe-enis gavrcelebis arealad axlo aR-
mosavleTis miCnevas aSkarad mxars uWers soflis meurneo-
bis kulturebis (qeris, xorblis, selis), gansakuTrebiT,
msxmoiare xeebisa da buCqebis (vaSlis, Sindis, alublis, Tu-
Tis xis, vazisa da sxv.) rekonstruirebuli saxelebi, agreTve,
miwaTmoqmedebis produqtebis damuSavebasTan dakavSirebuli
qmedebisa da xelsawyo-iaraRebis aRmniSvneli sityvebi
(`dolabi~, `danayva, marcvleulis dafxvna~, `dafqva~, `qeris
marcvlebis cecxlze damuSaveba~). msgavsi xelsawyo-iaraRe-
bi evropaSi Semodis wina aziidan mxolod rkinis xanaSi (I
aTaswleulisaTvis Cvens eramde). miwaTmoqmedebisa da meve-
naxeobis terminologia naTlad adasturebs indoevropuli
erTobis lokalizacias regionSi ganviTarebuli miwaTmo-

qmedebiT (IV aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde da ufro adrec), e.i.
teritoriebze samxreTis mimarTulebiT, balkaneTidan ira-
nis zeganamde. evropis regionebSi, ufro CrdiloeTiT, iseTi
TavTaviani kulturebi, rogoricaa qeri, Semodis mcire azi-
idan da balkaneTidan da mxolod Cvens eramde II aTaswleu-
lis bolos _ I aTaswleulis dasawyisSi xdeba yvelaze gavr-
celebuli sasoflo-sameurneo kultura. rac Seexeba kul-
tivirebul yurZens, igi gaCnda miwaTmoqmedebis amierkavkasi-
ur-dasavleTaziur centrSi, rogorc es akad. n.i.vavilovma
daadgina.
Zveli indoevropelebis pirvelsacxovrisis dasadgenad da
indoevropuli winaresamSoblos winaaziur arealSi lokal-
izaciisaTvis gansakuTrebiT faseuli aRmoCnda Tvliani
transportis gamoyenebasTan dakavSirebuli indoevropuli
terminologia _ oTxTvalasa da misi nawilebis (`Tvlis/
borblis~, `RerZis~, àkazmulobis~, ùRlis~, `xelnis~)
saxelebi, agreTve, mTis magari xis jiSisagan oTxTvalas
dasamzadebeli aucilebeli liTonisa (`brinjaos~) da gamwevi
Zalis _ moSinaurebuli cxenis (romelic ukve gamoiyenebo-
da rogorc sameurneo, ise saomari mizniT) saxelebi. oTxTv-
alaTa Seqmna daiwyo daaxloebiT Cvens eramde IV aTaswleul-
idan. ingliseli arqeologis s.pigotis uaxlesi monacemeb-
is mixedviT, oTxTvalas gavrcelebis sawyis kerad unda miviC-
nioT teritoria amierkavkasiidan zemo mesopotamiamde, vanisa
da urmiis tbebs Soris. adreuli brinjaos epoqis axlo aR-
mosavleTidan oTxTvalebi vrceldeba volga-uralis raion-
Si, Crdilo SavizRvispireTSi, balkaneTSi, centralur evro-
paSi. ivaraudeba, rom imave teritoriaze moaSinaures cxeni
(an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, aq gavrcelda moSinaurebuli cxeni)
da gamoiyenes igi gamwev Zalad.
73
Tamaz gamyreliZe
74
amasTan erTad, saerTo-indoevropuli materialuri da
sulieri kulturis mTliani xasiaTi, socialur-ekonomikuri
urTierTobani (kerZod, gansakuTrebuli socialuri rangeb-
is arseboba da `qurumTa~ roli) miuTiTebs, rom am enaze mo-
laparakeni axlos iyvnen axloaRmosavlur arealTan.
winareindoevropuli sazogadoebisaTvis leqsikis mixed-
viT rekonstruirebuli kulturisa da socialur-ekono-
mikuri wyobis niSanTa mTeli kompleqsi tipologiurad Zve-
li axlo aRmosavleTis adreuli civilizaciebisTvisaa dama-
xasiaTebeli. saerTo-indoevropuli kultura tipologiurad
arqaul aRmosavlur civilizaciaTa rigs ganekuTvneba.
is faqtebi, romlebic indoevropelTa winaresamSoblos
Zvel axlo aRmosavleTSi lokalizaciis sasargeblod
metyveleben, SesabamisobaSia sxva rigis argumentebTanac.
winareindoevropuli arealis lokalizacia im adgilas unda
ivaraudebodes, sadac dasaSvebia indoevropuli fuZe-enis
kavSiri (kontaqtebi) semitur da qarTvelur (samxreTkavka-
siur) enebTan, ramdenadac am enebSi gamovlenilia leqsikuri
plastebi, romlebic nasesxebi unda iyos erTi enidan meore-
Si. amave faqtze metyveleben indoevropul fuZe-enaSi da-
dasturebuli kulturuli nasesxobani axlo aRmosavleTis
sxva uZvelesi enebidan _ Sumerulidan, egvipturidan; gar-
da amisa, arsebobs argumentebi, romlebic mxars uWeren kav-
Sirebis arsebobas indoevropulsa da wina aziis iseT uZve-
les enebs Soris, rogoricaa xeTuri, elamuri da xurituli.
Tuki saerTo-indoevropuli tomebisaTvis pirvelsacx-
ovrisad CaiTvleba wina aziis teritoria, sadac konkretu-
li arqeologiuri kultura unda yofiliyo gavrcelebuli,
mosalodnelia rom aRmoCendes amgvari kultura, Cvens er-
amde V_IV aTaswleulSi arsebuli, romelic erTmniS-
vnelovnad SeeTanadeba winareindoevropuls.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba zogadi problema, romel-

ic ukavSirdeba lingvisturi monacemebis arqeologiur da
istoriul-kulturul monacemebTan Sesabamisobis damyare-
bis meTodebs: kerZod, unda ganisazRvros, rogor davukavSiroT
konkretuli lingvisturi erToba garkveul arqeologiur
kulturas.
rogorc Cans, mocemuli eTnolingvisturi erToba SeiZleba
SevusabamoT garkveul arqeologiur kulturas im SemTxveva-
Si, roca es uknaskneli iZleva realiebs, romlebic calkeu-
li elementebis mixedviT SesaZlebelia gavutoloT mocemu-
li erTobis elementebis analogiur urTierTkavSirebs.
Tuki implikaciis kanonebi, romlebic gamoiyvaneba mocemu-
li arqeologiuri kulturisaTvis, emTxveva implikaciis
kanonebs lingvisturi monacemebis mixedviT rekonstruire-
buli kulturis realobisaTvis, maSin Sesabamisoba am kul-
turebs Soris meti albaTobiT damyardeba.
amgvarad dadgenil kulturebSi SesaZlebelia garkveuli
elementebi an maxasiaTeblebi ar emTxveodnen erTmaneTs, mTa-
varia, mTliani kompleqsebis Tanxvedra, urTierTgamomricxavi
niSan-Tvisebebis arsebobis gareSe.
ramdenadac amgvari rekonstruqciebi (rogorc lingvis-
turi, ise istoriuli) principulad arasrulia, SesaZlebe-
lia garkveuli komponentebi ar daemTxves erTmaneTs, ramac
xeli ar unda SeuSalos saTanado kulturebis istoriul
urTierTSesabamisobaTa dadgenas.
amave mizeziT, erTi rigis kompleqsi (rekonstruirebuli
lingvisturi monacemebis mixedviT), SesaZloa ufro farTo
an viwro aRmoCndes meore rigis (arqeologiurad dadgenil)
kompleqsTan SedarebiT. zogjer, msgavs SemTxvevebSi, es ori
kompleqsi TanaikveTeba kidec (saerTo nawilis gareT rCeba
lingvisturi da arqeologiuri araTanabari nawilebi).
75
Tamaz gamyreliZe
76
aseT SemTxvevaSi, mniSvnelovania, rom gansxvavebul nawileb-
Si ar aRmoCndes iseTi maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic SeuTavsebe-
lia erTmaneTTan TiToeuli kompleqsis Sida implikaciebis
ZaliT.
amJamad mxolod SeiZleba daisvas sakiTxi: myardeba Tu
ara Sesabamisoba savaraudo istoriul regionSi Cvens eramde
V_IV aTaswleulSi cnobil arqeologiur kulturebsa da
rekonstruirebul saerTo-indoevropuls Soris? wina azia-
Si aRmoCenili zogierTi Zveli arqeologiuri kultura
(rogoricaa xalafuri da kidev ufro adrindeli CaTal-huiu-
qis, aseve, maTi uSualod Tu arauSualod gamgrZelebeli kul-
turebi, an maTi Semcvleli kulturebi, kerZod, ubeiduri an
mtkvar-araqsisa) xasiaTdeba niSanTa mTeli rigiT, romlebic
SesabamisobaSia lingvisturi monacemebis mixedviT rekostru-
irebul saerTo-indoevropul kulturasTan. SedarebiT axa-
li arqeologiuri kulturebis SeqmnaSi (mtkvar-araqsis tip-
isa _ III aTaswleuli Cvens eramde) SesaZlebelia monawile-
obdnen calkeul indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake
xalxebic, winaaziuri arealis sxva (kerZod, xuritul-
urartul da samxreTkavkasiur-qarTvelur) xalxebTan er-
Tad.
Tu gaviziarebT Teziss indoevropelTa winaaziuri winare-
samSoblos Sesaxeb, maSin mTlianad Seicvleba calkeul di-
aleqtebze an dialeqtTa gaerTianebebze molaparake xalxeb-
is migraciaTa suraTi maTi Tavdapirveli gansaxlebis teri-
toriebidan im adgilebisaken, sadac isini istoriulad sax-
loben. indoevropuli winaresamSoblos Sesaxeb axali
hipoTezis mixedviT, unda vivaraudoT xeTur-luviur di-
aleqtebsa da saerTo-berZnulze molaparakeTa umniSvnelo
gadanacvleba dasavleTis mimarTulebiT, ris Sedegadac maT
mcire aziis centralur da dasavleT nawilebs miaRwies.
aqedan unda gavrcelebuliyo berZnuli dialeqtebi konti-

nentur saberZneTsa da egeosis zRvis kunZulebze.
berZnuli migraciebis amgvari mimarTulebiT SeiZleba aix-
snas berZnuli koloniebis tradiciuli arqauloba mcire
aziis dasavleT sanapiroze. es koloniebi arsebiTad war-
moadgendnen im proto-elinTa dasaxlebis naSTebs, romlebic
peleponesisa da egeosis zRvisken miemarTebodnen. imave mizez-
iT aixsneba, agreTve, arqauli berZnuli kulturis erTiano-
ba mcireaziur da, saerTod, Zvel axloaRmosavlur
kulturasTan, rasac ègeosur-anatoliur kulturul
koined~ moixsenieben.
saerTo-indoevropuli teritoriis ukiduresi aRmosavleTi
_ iranis zegnis CrdiloeTi nawili _ unda warmoadgendes im
areals, saidanac iwyeba indo-iranulis gavrceleba. ar-
qeologiuri monacemebis mixedviT, indo-iranuli tomebis
gamoCena iranis CrdiloeT nawilSi TariRdeba III aTaswleu-
lis I naxevriT Cvens eramde. am periodSi iranis CrdiloeT
nawilSi Cndeba ruxi keramika, romelic garkveulwilad See-
sabameba rux minosur keramikas Crdilo-dasavleT anatoli-
idan, rac, Tavis mxriv, berZenTa gadaadgilebas unda ukav-
Sirdebodes. aqedan, avRaneTis gavliT, arielTa pirveli tal-
Ra gadaadgilda aRmosavleTisaken _ dasavleT indoeTSi. erT-
erTi amgvari pirveli talRis kvali Semonaxulia qafirul
(nuristanul) enebSi indo-iranuli epoqis amsaxveli ar-
qaizmebis saxiT.
savsebiT mosalodnelia vivaraudoT, rom indo-ariul
tomebs, berZnuli da italiuri tomebis msgavsad, romlebmac,
Sesabamisad, evropuli kontinentis samxreT regionebamde
miaRwies, hqondaT garkveuli imuniteti malariisa da misi
letaluri Sedegebis mimarT. aRniSnul tomebs amgvari imu-
nuri meqanizmi SeiZleboda SeeZinaT tropikuli malariis
77
Tamaz gamyreliZe
78
istoriuli gavrcelebis mxareSi, kerZod, Zvel axlo aRmo-
savleTsa da aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis zogierT
adgilas, sadac gavrcelebuli iyo talasemia (xmelTa-
SuazRvispiruli daavadeba) _ anemiis saxeoba, romelic ge-
netikurad gadaecemoda da romlis genic heterozigotul
mdgomareobaSi zrdis organizmis winaaRmdegobis unars ma-
lariis mimarT (imave talasemiis genis homozigoturi ale-
lis pirobebSi ki igive daavadeba letalurad sruldeba).
Tu davuSvebT, rom indostanSi SeWril indo-ariul popu-
laciebs ar gaaCndaT genetikurad gamomuSavebuli medegoba
malariis mimarT, isini im pirobebSi verafriT gadarCebod-
nen. amitom tradiciul varaudze ufro saalbaTo Cans am po-
pulaciaTa Camosaxleba indostanSi dasavleTidan (talasemi-
is winaaziuri arealidan): tradiciulad, migracia ivaraude-
boda CrdiloeTidan, centraluri aziidan, sadac ar arse-
bobda anemiis aRniSnuli saxeoba, romelic genetikurad gada-
ecemoda.
Zvel indoevropul dialeqtebze molaparake tomTa gada-
adgilebas gansxvavebuli mimarTulebiT _ aRmosavleTiT da
Semdgom, Sua aziis gavliT, evropaSi, adastureben ormxrivi
nasesxobani indoevropulidan centraluri aziis enebSi
(TurqulSi, monRolurSi, eniseurSi, agreTve finur-ugrul-
Si) da piriqiT. pirvelsacxovrisi teritoriidan swored amg-
vari migraciuli gza unda gaevloT `Zvelindoevropul~ di-
aleqtTa im erTianobebze molaparake tomebs, romelTagan
mogvianebiT Camoyalibda `Zvelindoevropul enebad~ wode-
buli garkveuli enobrivi erTobani (italikuri, kelturi,
germanikuli, balturi, slavuri), romelTac saxelebi piro-
biTad daerqvaT istoriul epoqaSi maTi gavrcelebis arealis
mixedviT. rogorc Cans, evropaSi daaxloebiT igive gza ganv-
les adreiranulma tomebma, ris Sedegadac uamravi nasesxo-
ba gaCnda finur-ugrul enebSi. mogvianebiT imave gzas gadian

aRmosavlur iranul dialeqtebze molaparake tomebi (skviTe-
bi, sarmatebi).
`Zvelindoevropul~ dialeqtebze molaparakeni wina aziaSi
mdebare TavianTi pirvelsacxovrisidan gadaadgildnen,
rogorc Cans, centraluri aziis gavliT, Semdgom ki dasav-
leTis mimarTulebiT, ganmeorebadi migraciuli talRebiT,
da dasaxldnen arealSi SavizRvispireTsa da volgispireTs
Soris, sadac garkveuli periodis manZilze gansakuTrebul
dialqtur erTianobas qmnidnen.
`Zvelindoevropul~ dialeqtebze molaparakeni aRniSnul
regionSi unda gamoCeniliyvnen Cv. w.-mde III aTaswleuli-
saTvis da swored maTi gansaxlebis es savaraudo regioni gvev-
lineba am periodisaTvis e.w. `Zvelormuli~ (`yorRanuli~)
kulturis gavrcelebis arealad (anu, m.gimbutasis hipiTezis
mixedviT, indoevropulis `winaresamSoblod~). Cvens eramde
ukve II aTaswleulis bolos `Zvelindoevropul dialeqte-
bze~ molaparake xalxebi aqedan TandaTan mkvidrdebian evro-
pis kontinentze, ìndoevropulamdeli~ mosaxleobis Sevi-
wroebis xarjze. am saerTo meoradi arealidan (Sesabamis
dialeqtebze molaparake xalxTa `meoradi, Sualeduri
winaresamSoblodan~) iwyeba `Zvelindoevropuli~ dialeqte-
bis gavrceleba axal teritoriebze dasavleTis mimarTulebiT
(mogvianebiT _ ukve dasavleT da centralur evropaSi), ri-
Tac, faqtobrivad, dasabami eZleva dialeqtebis calkeul
erTobaTa (italikuris, kelturis, germanikulis, baltur-
is, slavuris) da, Sesabamisad, maTze molaparake xalxebis
TandaTanobiT Camoyalibebas.
indoevropuli fuZe-enis postulirebul gansakuTrebul
sistemasa da hipoTezas indoevropelTa aziuri `winaresam-
Soblos~ Sesaxeb ukavSirdeba lingvistur, eTnogenetur da
79
Tamaz gamyreliZe
80
kulturul-istoriul problemaTa zemoganxiluli kompleq-
si, rac sakmao sisruliTaa warmodgenili monografiaSi
viaCeslav ivanovTan TanaavtorobiTa da roman iakobsonis win-
asityvaobiT: ` Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы.
Реконструкция и историко-типологический анализ праязыка
и протокультуры~, т. т. I, II, Тбилиси, 1984: `Издательство
Тбилисского Университета~ (inglisuri Targmani: Thomas V.
Gamkrelidze, Vjačeslav V. Ivanov, Indo-European and the Indo-Eu-
ropeans. A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Lan-
guage and a Proto-Culture, 2 vols.With a Preface by Roman Jakob-
son. English version by Johanna Nichols. Edited by Werner Winter,
Berlin – New York, 1994/95: “Mouton de Gruyter”). gamokvlevaSi
warmodgenilia, agreTve, winareindoevropul leqsemaTa
leqsikoni, rekonstruirebuli axali fonologiuri mode-
lis mixedviT, sadac erTeulebi ganlagebulia semantikuri
jgufebis Sesabamisad da calkeuli erTeulis formasTan
erTad gaanalizebulia Sesabamis àRsaniSnTa~ materialuri
Tu kulturul-istoriuli Sinaarsi. aRniSnuli rekonstru-
irebuli winareindoevropuli semantikuri leqsikoni faqto-
brivad gaxda is safuZveli, romelsac eyrdnoboda rogorc
indoevropuli fuZe-enis arealuri kvleva, ise indoevropu-
li winaresamSoblosa da indoevropelTa migraciebTan dakav-
Sirebuli problemebis analizi.
hipoTeza indoevropelTa aRmosavluri winaresamSoblos
Sesaxeb Zireulad cvlis Zvelindoevropul dialeqtebze mo-
laparakeTa migraciebis traeqtoriasa da, Sesabamisad, icv-
leba indoevropel xalxTa warmoSobisa da winareistoriis
amsaxveli suraTi. aRniSnuli hipoTeza adamianTa civilizaci-
is uZveles kerad winaaziur kulturul areals gamohyofs,
saidanac kacobriobis kulturuli miRwevebi sxvadasxva gziT
vrceldeboda evraziis kontinentis danarCen regionebSi dasav-

leTisa Tu aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT.
Cveni daskvnebi ZiriTadad lingvistur masalas eyrdnoba
da maTi Semdgomi dasabuTeba Sesabamis arqeologiur, eT-
nologiur da paleobiologiur gamokvlevebze dayrdnobiT
moxdeba. vimedovnebT, rom am mimarTulebiT metad mniSvnelo-
vani iqneba da ganxilul problemas damatebiT naTels mo-
hfens adamianebis populaciaTa migraciebis molekulur-ge-
netikuri kvlevis uaxlesi Sedegebi. Tumca axlave, Cven mier
wamoWril eTnogenetur problemaTa kvlevis mocemul etapze,
didi albaTobiT SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom indoevropelTa
winaresamSoblos da, amavdroulad, kacobriobis Tanamedrove
civilizaciis uZveles keras warmoadgenda Zveli axlo aR-
mosavleTi: Ex Oriente Lux – `sinaTle aRmosavleTidan moe-
marTeba~ (Sdr. `naTeli maSriyiT moefineba~).
81
Tamaz gamyreliZe
82
fuZe-enis rekonstruqcia da misi

qronologiuri doneebi*
f uZe-enis rekonstruqciis procesSi, tipologiuri kri-

teriumebis aucilebeli gamoyenebiT, SeiZleba movaxdi-
noT postulireba iseTi struqturebisa, romlebic, sa-
varaudod, arasodes arsebobda sistemaSi Tanadroulad, e.i.
ganekuTvneboda fuZe-enis sxvadasxva qronologiur dones.
amis kargi magaliTi SeiZleba iyos `laringaluri~ fonemeb-
is postulirebis problema indoevropul fuZe-enaSi. indo-
evropul fuZe-enaSi tradiciulad, ferdinand de sosiuri-
dan moyolebuli, laparakoben sami an meti `laringaluri~
fonemis postulirebis aucileblobaze, rasac upirispird-
eba Tezisi indoevropulSi erTaderTi `laringalis~ arse-
bobis Sesaxeb. paradoqsi isaa, rom es gansxvavebuli Tval-
sazrisebi SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT ara urTierTsawinaaRm-
dego debulebebad, aramed isini `komplementarulad~
*
ix. «perspeqtiva» XXI, 6. Tbilisi 2004: gamomcemloba èna da kultura~.
fuZe-enis rekonstruqcia da misi qronologiuri doneebi
CavTvaloT da fuZe-enis gansxvavebuli qronologiuri plas-

tebis maxasiaTeblebad miviCnioT.
indoevropul fuZe-enaSi, ferdinand de sosiuridan moyo-
lebuli, Sinagani rekonstruqciis meSveobiT SesaZlebeli
xdeba erTaderTi e-tembris xmovnis rekonstruqcia da mini-
mum sami `laringaluri~ fonemis postulireba: H1, H2, H3.
e-xmovnis winamaval poziciaSi `laringalebi~ gansazRvravd-
nen xmovnis tembrs; e-xmovnis momdevno poziciaSi igive `lar-
ingalebi~ gansazRvravdnen xmovnis tembrsa da sigrZes:
H1e→e, H2e→a, H3e→o ; eH1→ē, eH2→ā, eH3→ō. amgvarad aix-
sneboda swored gansxvavebuli tembris e, a, o xmovnebisa da
maTi `grZeli~ ē, ā, ō korelatebis warmoSoba indoevropul-
Si (amgvari fonemuri cvlilebebis tipologiuri magaliTe-
bi SesaZlebelia sxva enebSic davadasturoT, rac laringa-
luri da, sazogadod, ukana warmoebis bgerebis fonetikuri
maxasiaTeblebiT SeiZleba aixsnas). magram rogor SeuTavs-
deba erTmaneTs `samlaringaliani~ indoevropuli sistema da
postulati indoevropulSi erTaderTi H `laringaluri
fonemis~ arsebobis Sesaxeb, razedac TiTqos xeTuri (anato-
liuri) enis monacemebi unda miuTiTebdes? sakiTxi martivad
wydeba `Sinagani rekonstruqciis~ safuZvelze indoevropul
fuZe-enaSi sxvadasxva qronologiuri plastis gamijvniT.
indoevropuli fuZe-enis adreul qronologiur doneze
`Sinagani rekonstruqciiT~ aRdgeba e-tembris erTaderTi
vokaluri fonema paralelurad minimum sami `laringaluri~
fonemisa: H1, H2, H3. Tavdapirvel xmovan fonemasTan mezob-
lobaSi (I etapi) aRniSnuli `laringalebi~, garkveuli pe-
riodidan moyolebuli, iwyeben zemoqmedebas Tavdapirveli
xmovnis tembrsa (II etapi) da sigrZeze (III etapi), ris Sede-
gadac miiReba gansxvavebuli tembrisa da sigrZis e, a, o xmovne-
bi. es procesi sqematurad Semdegnairad gamoisaxeba:
83
Tamaz gamyreliZe
84
H1e, H2e, H3e → He, Ha, Ho → e, a, o;
(I etapi) (II etapi) (III etapi)
eH1, eH2, eH3 → eH, aH, oH → ē, ā, ō.

(I etapi) (II etapi) (III etapi)
im periodidan, rodesac Tavdapirveli erTaderTi vokaluri
fonema mis mezoblobaSi myofi sami gansxvavebuli `laringa-
luri~ fonemis gavleniT gadaiqceva sam gansxvavebul e, a, o
fonemad, maT mezoblobaSi myofi `laringalebi~, Seqmnili
distribuciuli mimarTebebis gamo, kargaven damoukidebel
fonemur statuss da gadaiqcevian erTaderTi saerTo `lar-
ingaluri fonemis~ sam fonetikurad gansxvavebul alofonad:
/H1, H2, H3/ → /H/ ≈ [H1, H2, H3].
amdenad, II etapi Cvens sqemaSi asaxavs indoevropuli fuZe-
enis ganviTarebis im qronologiur dones, rodesac sami `lar-
ingaluri~ fonemidan da erTi saerTo vokaluri fonemidan
garkveuli fonetikuri gardaqmnebis Sedegad miiReba sami gan-
sxvavebuli vokaluri da erTi saerTo `laringaluri~ fone-
ma. es qronologiuri etapi asaxulia swored xeTurSi (ana-
toliurSi), sadac saerTo `laringaluri~ fonema pozici-
isda mixedviT warmodgenilia an velaruli spirantis sa-
xiT, an segmenturi refleqsaciis gareSe; es ukanaskneli vi-
Tareba unda vivaraudoT indoevropul fuZe-enaSi anatoli-
Ñ
uris gamoyofis uSualod wina periodisaTvis. danarCen is-
toriul indoevropul enebSi dasturdeba ufro gviandeli,
III qronologiuri etapi, sadac `laringali~ ukve dakargulia
rogorc segmenturi fonema, rac wina e, a, o vokaluri fone-
mebis dagrZelebas iwvevs. indoevropuli fuZe-enis ganviTare-
bis I etaps SeiZleba ewodos pre-indoevropuli, xolo aq ganx-
ilul II etaps, e.i. im etaps, romelic asaxavs saerTo-indo-
evropul fuZe-enas mis calkeul dialeqtebad uSualod daS-

lis win _ proto-indoevropuli.
2. analogiuri qronologiuri doneebi unda gavarCioT

qarTvelur fuZe-enaSic im fonologiuri procesebis Tan-
mimdevruli warmoCenis mizniT, romlebic postulirebuli
iyo `qarTvelurSi~ istoriulad dadasturebuli bgeraTfar-
dobebis asaxsnelad.
kerZod, saerTo-qarTvelur fuZe-enaSi sibilantur Tanx-
movanTa rekonstruqciis dros gasarCevia fuZe-enis ganviTare-
bis ori qronologiuri etapi _ uSualod daSlis wina peri-
odi da ufro adrindeli etapi, rodesac unda vivaraudoT
swored sami sibilanturi rigis arseboba:
I II III
s s´ S
z z´ (J)
c c´ C
Z Z´ j
w w´ W
saerTo-qarTvelur sibilantur fonemaTa amgvarad pos-
tulirebuli korelaciuri sistema (g.maWavariani) jer kidev
fuZe-enis wiaRSi unda gadasuliyo momdevno, ufro gvian-
del, fuZe-enis daSlis uSualod wina periodSi Camoyali-
bebul qronologiur etapze, ori _ dasavluri da aRmosav-
luri _ dialeqturi arealiT, sadac amosavali sami sibi-
lanturi rigidan miiReboda: erTi mxriv, ori rigi da SiSina
bgeraTkompleqsebi (s, S, Sq; z, J, [Jg]; c, C, Cq; Z, j, jg;
w, W, Wk _ dasavlur dialeqtur arealSi) da, meore mxriv,
mxolod ori _ sisina da SiSina _ rigi (s, S; z, [J]; c, C; Z, j;
w, W _ aRmosavlur dialeqtur arealSi).
85
Tamaz gamyreliZe
86
saerTo-qarTveluri sami sibilanturi rigis hipoTezisa-
gan gansxvavebiT, Tu fuZe-enaSi mxolod or rigs da maTTan
erTad Tavdapirvel SiSina bgeraTkompleqsebs vivaraudebT
(k.h.Smidti, i.meliqiSvili), e.i. : s, S da Sq ; z, J da Jg; c, C da
Cq; Z, j da jg; w, W da Wk, unda davuSvaT aRmosavlur dialeq-
tur arealSi, jer kidev fuZe-enaSi, amgvari SiSina bgeraT-
kompleqsebis martiv SiSina Tanxmovnebad gadaqceva (e.i.: Sq
→ S; Jg → J; Cq → C; jg → j; Wk → W). Sesabamisad, unda
vivaraudoT fuZe-enis wiaRSi erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli
ori dialeqturi arealidan calkeuli enobrivi erTeulebis
warmoSoba-ganviTareba.
amgvarad, msgavsad saerTo-indoevropuli fuZe-enisa, saer-
To-qarTvelurSic SesaZlebelia gamoiyos ori qro-
nologiuri done, romlebic daxasiaTdeba, fuZe-enaSi momx-
dari fonologiuri cvlilebebis TvalsazrisiT, rogorc
`pre-qarTveluri~ (sami sibilanturi rigiT) da `proto-
qarTveluri~ (sami sibilanturi rigis saTanado gardaqmnebiT
saerTo-qarTveluris dasavlur da aRmosavlur dialeqtur
arealebSi).
SedarebiT-lingvisturi monacemebis safuZvelze unda vi-
varaudoT dasavluri dialeqturi arealidan Tavdapirvelad
svanuris, rogorc damoukidebeli enobrivi erTeulis, gamoy-
ofa da ganviTareba, rasac momdevnod `zanur-qarTuli~ er-
Tianobis daSla mohyva.
saerTo-qarTveluri fuZe-enis daSlis es procesi SeiZleba
avsaxoT erTgvari `genealogiuri xis~ saSualebiT, romelic
emyareba gerhard deetersis mier SemoTavazebul sqemas (ix.
T.gamyreliZe, g.maWavariani, sonantTa sistema da ablauti
qarTvelur enebSi. saerTo-qarTveluri struqturis tipo-
logia, Tbilisi 1965, gv. 6 da Smd.). amasTanave, qarTveluri
fuZe-enis qronologiuri doneebi da mogvianebiT calkeul
qarTvelur dialeqtTa warmomavlobis

sivrcul-derivaciuli diagrama
[qarTvel uri genealogiuri xe ]
t
*e *o
*a
pre-qarTvel uri
* * *
s s S
4.000–3.000 BC
i
aR mo saerTo- qarTvel uri
enobrivi sistema
l ea
s av
eqt ur i ar
l ur
pr oto-qarTvel uri *s*S*Sq/* * *

squ s S
i d i al
*e
a o
*
*
ia l
*a
*o *e
eqt
id
r ar
lu e al
d a s av i
*s*S*Sq/* squ
pre-svanuri zanur-qarTuli
*s
*S
*e *a
*s *S
*S g
/*s
*o
*e *a o
gu
*a *o *e *a
[*i *u] *e *o
*s*S*Sg/*sgu zanuri [*i *u]
svanuri qarTul i
*e *a *o (kol xuri) *s*S *Sq/*squ
[*i *u] *s *S
svanuri megruli lazuri qarTuli
87
Tamaz gamyreliZe
88
dialeqtur jgufebad daSla SesaZlebelia warmovidginoT
e.w. `derivaciul-sivrculi modelis~ saxiT, romelic
gulisxmobs tradiciuli `genealogiuri xisa~ da `talRe-
bis TeoriaSi~ miRebuli savaraudo dialeqtur zonaTa erTg-
var Serwymas erT saerTo t droSi ganSlad diagramad.1
1
Sdr. Cven mier saerTo-indoevropuli enis aRwerisas warmodgenili amgvari
diagrama (ix. Т.В.Гамкрелидзе, Вяч.Всев.Иванов, Индоевропейский язык и
индоевропейцы. Реконструкция и историко-типологический анализ праязыка и
протокультуры, I, Тбилиси 1984, стр. 398_399).
indoevropelebi, qarTvelebi, semitebi∗
olo wlebis lingvisturma da istoriul-filolo-
b giurma kvlevam gamoavlina is metad mniSvnelovani da

CvenTvis saintereso faqti, rom swored indoevropele-
bi, qarTvelebi (qarTveluri tomebi) da semitebi iyvnen is
ZiriTadi eTnikuri erTeulebi, romlebic IV_III aTas-
wleulebSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde urTierTobdnen erTmaneT-
Tan wina aziis garkveul arealSi da imdenad mWidro kon-
taqtebi hqondaT, rom sityvebi erTi enidan meoreSi gadadio-
da da piruku; dRes mkvlevrebi am enebSi saerTo sityvebisa
da gamoTqmebis mTel leqsikur plastebs adastureben.
ra unda vigulisxmoT saxelwodebebSi ìndoevropelebi~,
`qarTvelebi~ da `semitebi~, romel eTnikur erTianobebTan
gvaqvs saqme ìndoevropelebis~, `qarTvelebisa~ da `semite-
bis~ SemTxvevaSi? _ am xalxebSi Cven vgulisxmobT ara sxva-
∗
daibeWda saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis `Tbilisi _ ierusalimi
2~-is masalebSi, Tbilisi, 1993, gv. 13_15.
89
Tamaz gamyreliZe
90
dasxva indoevropul, qarTvelur Tu semitur toms sazoga-
dod, aramed sakuTriv protoindoevropul, protoqarTvelur
da protosemitur xalxebs, romlebic, Sesabamisad, indoevro-
pul, qarTvelur da semitur fuZe-enebze metyvelebdnen, anu
im winapar enebze, romelTac dasabami misces istoriulad
dadasturebul indoevropul, qarTvelur da semitur enebs.
enaTa indoevropuli ojaxi erT-erTi yvelaze mravalricx-
ovania rogorc masSi gaerTianebuli Zveli Tu axali enebis
raodenobiT, ise am enebze molaparake adamianTa simravliT.
dedamiwaze yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli cxrameti enidan
TerTmeti indoevropulia. enaTa indoevropul ojaxs
miekuTvneba iseTi enobrivi jgufebi, rogoricaa anatoliuri
(xeTur-luviuri), indo-iranuli, balturi, slavuri, berZnu-
li, somxuri, albanuri da sxv.
yvela es ena monaTesave enad ganixileba; isini qmnian erT
saerTo genetur jgufs, romelic iTvleba, rom momdinare-
obs saerTo fuZe-enidan (e.w. protoindoevropuli enidan) da
warmoiSva am ukanasknelis daSlis Sedegad.
aseve, qarTveluri enebi qmnian erT saerTo genetur jgufs,
romelic Sedgeba sakuTriv qarTulisagan da axlo monaTe-
save dialeqtebis _ megrul-lazurisa da svanurisagan da
romlebic istoriulad erTi saerTo fuZe-enisagan, e.w. saer-
To-qarTveluri enisagan, momdinareoben.
msgavsad amisa, semituri enebic erTiandebian erT jgufSi,
romelSic Sedis rogorc mravali Zveli, xmarebidan gamosu-
li mkvdari ena, ise Tanamedrove enebic. semituri enebic
monaTesave enebad iTvlebian, romlebic momdinareoben saer-
To enobrivi sistemisagan _ protosemituri fuZe-enisagan.
yvela es enobrivi sistema _ protoindoevropuli, saer-
To-qarTveluri da protosemituri _ realur enebad unda
indoevropelebi, qarTvelebi, semitebi
miviCnioT, romlebic arsebobdnen garkveul drosa da sivrce-

Si da romlebzedac konkretuli xalxebi metyvelebdnen.
enaTmecnierebaSi arsebobs specialuri xerxebi da meTode-
bi, romelTa meSveobiTac istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTe-
save enebis Sedarebisa da Sepirispirebis safuZvelze aRdge-
ba anu rekonstruirdeba is savaraudo enobrivi sistema,
romelmac, arsebiTad, dasabami misca istoriulad dadas-
turebul monaTesave enebs. es enebi erTmaneTTan specifikur
fonetikur (bgeriT) msgavsebas avlenen da swored amitom
saerTo enobrivi wyarodan momdinared ivaraudebian. amgvar-
ad moxerxda protoindoevropuli enis aRdgena, misi ZiriTa-
di sistemuri maxasiaTeblebis rekonstruqcia, anu SesaZle-
beli gaxda aRdgena iseTi enobrivi modelisa, romelic didi
miaxloebiT unda asaxavdes indoevropul fuZe-enas, mis Ziri-
Tad struqturul maxasiaTeblebs.
aseve iqna aRdgenili protosemituri enobrivi sistema, am
enis rogorc fonetikuri, ise morfologiuri struqtura.
analogiuri meTodebis gamoyenebiT moxerxda, agreTve, saer-
To-qarTveluri enobrivi sistemis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebis
aRdgena da rekonstruqcia sxvadasxva istoriuli qarTve-
luri dialeqtis (qarTulis, megrul-lazuris, svanuris)
erTmaneTTan Sedarebisa da Sepirispirebis safuZvelze.
XX saukunis II naxevarSi enaTmecnierebaSi gaizarda in-
teresi istoriuli lingvistikisadmi, moxda erTgvari Semo-
bruneba im problemebisaken, romlebic wamoiWra SedarebiT-
istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi. istoriuli lingvistikis prob-
lemebisadmi aseTi didi interesi gamoiwvia ukanaskneli
aTwleulebis lingvisturi azris zogadma ganviTarebam,
romelmac daZlia wina periodisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli an-
tinomia sinqroniul da diaqroniul lingvistikas Soris. am
mxriv, lingvisturi mecniereba gamonaklisi ar yofila. erT-
91
Tamaz gamyreliZe
92
gvari Semobruneba istorizmisaken, rac damaxasiaTebeli iyo
XIX saukunis dasasrulisaTvis, rogorc cnobilia, XX
saukunis meore naxevris mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis erT-
erTi mTavari tendencia gaxda, romelmac Secvala amave sauku-
nis pirveli aTwleulebis manZilze mecnierebaSi damkvidrebu-
li sinqroniuli struqturalizmi da antiistorizmi.
aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom lingvisturi mecniereba Zveli,
tradiciuli problemebis damuSavebas daubrunda gamdidrebu-
li, sinqroniuli lingvistikis wiaRSi Seqmnili lingvisturi
analizis axali meTodebiT. am meTodebis siaxle gamoixateba
ara mxolod sinqroniul lingvistikaSi damuSavebuli
lingvisturi analizis zusti operaciuli xerxebis gamoye-
nebiT, aramed Tanmimdevruli midgomiT enisadmi, rogorc
drois paralelurad mudmivad cvalebadi, uaRresad siste-
muri fenomenisadmi. yvelaferi es saSualebas iZleva Sedar-
ebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis tradiciuli problemebis
damuSavebisas gamoviyenoT monacemebi lingvisturi mecniere-
bis SedarebiT axali mimarTulebebisa _ tipologiuri
lingvistikisa da universaliaTa lingvistikisa, romlebic
warmatebiT ganviTarda ukanaskneli aTwleulebis manZilze.
Tanamedrove lingvisturi mecnierebis am uaxlesi monaceme-
bis gamoyenebam monaTesave enaTa calkeuli jgufebis, ker-
Zod, indoevropuli ojaxis, Seswavlisas aucilebeli gaxa-
da am enaTa istoriuli warsulisa da maTi preistoriuli
ganviTarebis konkretuli gzebis Sesaxeb im tradiciuli Sexe-
dulebebis Zirfesviani gadasinjva, romlebic klasikur in-
doevropul enaTmecnierebaSi arsebobda.
TviT istoriuli enaTmecniereba Caisaxa me-19 saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi swored Zveli indoevropuli enebis Sepiri-
spirebisa da SedarebiTi analizis, maTi naTesaobrivi urTi-
erTobisa da im saerTo enobrivi winapridan warmomavlobis
Cvenebis bazaze, romelsac ewodeba indoevropuli fuZe-ena,

anu indoevropuli winareena. amis Sedegi iyo axali mecnier-
uli disciplinis _ SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecnierebis
_ Camoyalibeba, romelmac, im droidan moyolebuli, mniS-
vnelovan warmatebebs miaRwia sruliad sxvadasxvagvari
struqturis enaTa SeswavlaSi da romelic erT-erT yvelaze
zust mecnierul disciplinad Camoyalibda humanitarul
mecnierebaTa Soris.
monaTesave enaTa jgufebisaTvis, rogoricaa, magaliTad,
indoevropuli, semituri, qarTveluri da a.S., damaxasiaTe-
belia erTi gansakuTrebuli Tavisebureba, romelic exeba maT
bgeriT Semadgenlobas da romelic gansakuTrebuli gene-
tikuri jgufis farglebSi arsebul enaTa Soris Tanafar-
dobis aRweris saSualebas iZleva. saerTo genetikur jguf-
Si gaerTianebuli monaTesave enebi avlenen regularul fone-
mur (bgeriT) Tanafardobas, rac formalurad aaxloebs am
enebs erTmaneTTan da saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloT maT
saerTo warmomavlobaze da Tavdapirvel erTianobaze.
amgvari bgeriTi Tanafardobani monaTesave enebs Soris, Cveu-
lebriv, moiZebneba im sityvaTa da morfemaTa jgufebSi, rom-
lebic asaxaven adamianis garemosa da misi moRvaweobis bazi-
sur cnebebs.
enebis SedarebiT-istoriuli analizis dasawyis etaps war-
moadgens fonemur TanafardobaTa amgvari qselis dadgena
monaTesave enebs Soris, rac saSualebas gvaZlevs vimsjeloT
saerTo-enobrivi sistemidan maT warmoSobaze. swored aseTi
regularuli fonemuri Sesatyvisobani, dadgenili enebsa da
enobriv jgufebs Soris, warmoadgens safuZvels enobriv
sistemaSi sawyisi (amosavali) fonemuri erTeulebis dasaS-
vebad, romelTa gardaqmnamac istoriulad monaTesave enebSi
93
Tamaz gamyreliZe
94
mogvca erTmaneTTan regularul TanafardobaSi myofi fone-
mebi (bgerebi).
fuZe-enis sawyisi sistemis postulirebasTan erTad Se-
darebiT-istoriuli analizi gulisxmobs istoriulad da-
dasturebuli monaTesave enobrivi sistemebis Camoyalibebisa
da ganviTarebis gzebis rekonstruqciasa anu aRdgenas, daw-
yebuli am enebis Tavdapirveli mdgomareobidan vidre doku-
menturad fiqsirebul maT istoriul mdgomareobamde. amit-
om am enebs Soris fonemur-struqturuli Tanafardobis dad-
genisa da, saerTod, maTi yovelgvari SedarebiT-istoriuli
Seswavlis logikur dasasrulad unda miviCnioT winareeno-
brivi mdgomareobis rekonstruqcia (rac asaxavs monaTesave
enebisaTvis saerTo sawyis enobriv sistemas) da im gardaqm-
nebisa Tu transformaciuli wesebis postulireba, romel-
Ta mixedviTac istoriulad dadasturebuli monaTesave siste-
mebi Teoriulad postulirebuli enobrivi modelidan gamo-
iyvaneba.
imis mixedviT, Tu rogori formiT aRdgeba fuZe-enis siste-
ma, rogori fonologiuri da gramatikuli struqturebi miew-
ereba mas, ganisazRvreba monaTesave enebis winareistoria, maTi
Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis gzebi, dawyebuli am enebis
Tavdapirveli saerTo mdgomareobidan (rac asaxulia fuZe-
enis sistemaSi), vidre istoriulad fiqsirebul mdgomare-
obamde.
Tavis mxriv, fuZe-enis postulirebuli sistema unda ak-
mayofilebdes tipologiuri realobis, arawinaaRmdegobri-
obisa da sisrulis empiriul moTxovnebs. tipologiur re-
alobasa da arawinaaRmdegobriobaSi igulisxmeba enobrivi
struqturebis iseTi erToblioba, romelic ar ewinaaRmdege-
ba tipologiurad dadgenil enobriv kanonzomierebebs da ar
Seicavs iseT struqturul odenobebs, romlebic saerTod

ar aris damaxasiaTebeli enisaTvis.
universaluri struqturebis gamovlena da gansazRvra Zi-
riTad amocanas warmoadgens Tanamedrove tipologiuri enaT-
mecnierebisa da universaliaTa lingvistikisTvis. am mimdina-
reobaTa monacemebze dayrdnobiT dRes ukve didi albaTobiT
SegviZlia vimsjeloT Teoriulad postulirebuli sawyisi
enobrivi sistemis tipologiur realobasa da arawinaaRmde-
gobriobaze.
indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi SedarebiTi Studiebis
CamoyalibebisTanave, e.i., faqtobrivad, me-19 saukunis gamoCe-
nili lingvistebis mier SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniere-
bis Seqmnis droidan, konsonantizmis saerTo-indoevropul
sistemas, romlisganac gamoiyvaneboda istoriulad dadas-
turebuli yvela indoevropuli ena, aRadgendnen garkveuli
fonemuri rigebis saxiT da es rigebi emTxveoda indoevropu-
li enebis im droisaTvis cnobili uZvelesi warmomadgenlis
_ Zvelinduri enis sistemas.
TavisTavad cxadia, rom ZiriTadad Zvelinduri sistemis
mixedviT modelirebuli sawyisi saerTo-indoevropuli kon-
sonantizmis amgvari postulirebisas Zvelinduri ena gvev-
lineba rogorc sistema, romelSic sawyisma saerTo-indoevro-
pulma konsonantizmma umciresi cvlilebebi ganicada da, am-
denad, igi Tavdapirveli konsonantizmis ZiriTad Tvisebebs
inarCunebs. imave sawyisi sistemis postulirebisas umniSvne-
lo cvlilebebi ivaraudeboda berZnuli da italikuri, sla-
vuri da kelturi enebisaTvis, maSin roca germanikuli eneb-
isaTvis, somxurisa da xeTurisaTvis aRdgenili iyo metad
mniSvnelovani fonemuri gardaqmnebi, rac e.w. `TanxmovanTa
gadawevas~ gulisxmobda.
95
Tamaz gamyreliZe
96
TanxmovanTa aRniSnuli gadaweva germanikul enebSi, rac
SedarebiT-istoriul enaTmecnierebaSi cnobilia `grimis
kanonis~ saxelwodebiT, tradiciulad ganixileba rogorc
sistemuri fonemuri gardaqmnis klasikuri nimuSi da, Cveu-
lebriv, moyvanilia saenaTmecniero saxelmZRvaneloebSi ms-
gavsi gardaqmnebis sailustraciod.
klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi postulirebu-
li sawyisi indoevropuli sistemis xasiaTisa da struqtu-
ris mixedviT aigeba konkretul istoriul indoevropul enaTa
(rogoricaa, indo-iranuli, berZnuli, italikuri, slavuri,
germanikuli da sxv.) formirebisa da ganviTarebis istoria.
mTeli korpusi enobrivi faqtebisa da aRmoCenebisa, rac
klasikurma SedarebiTma indoevropulma enaTmecnierebam daa-
grova Tavisi arsebobis 150 welze meti xnis manZilze, ganixi-
leba saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciulad
postulirebuli sawyisi sistemis safuZvelze. indoevrop-
ul enaTmecnierebaSi absoluturad yvela SedarebiTi grama-
tika da SedarebiTi leqsikoni aigo da dResac aigeba, Ziri-
Tadad, saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciulad
dadgenili sistemidan amosvliT. amgvarad postulirebuli
sawyisi sistema gansazRvravs TviT im navaraudevi fonemuri
gardaqmnebis xasiaTs, romelTac unda gamoewviaT istoriu-
li indoevropuli enebis formireba; is gansazRvravs am gze-
bis winareistoriuli fonetikuri ganviTarebis mTel msv-
lelobasac. klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi cno-
bili e.w. `fonetikuri kanonebi~ (zemoT xsenebuli `grimis
kanoni~, agreTve, `grasmanis kanoni~, `barTolomes kanoni~
da sxv.) Seiqmna swored im mizniT, rom aexsnaT is winareisto-
riuli fonetikuri procesebi, romlebic konkretul indo-
evropul dialeqtebSi ivaraudeboda amosavali tradiciuli
sistemis pirobebSi.
saerTo-indoevropuli konsonantizmis tradiciulad pos-

tulirebuli sistemis Sefasebis mizniT, am sistemis mimarT
empiriuli realobis kriteriumis gamoyenebis Sedegad aR-
moCnda, rom aRniSnuli sistema, romelic klasikur indo-
evropul enaTmecnierebaSi ganixileboda rogorc amosavali,
sawyisi yvela istoriulad dadasturebuli enisaTvis, Sina-
ganad winaaRmdegobrivia da ar Seesabameba sinqroniuli ti-
pologiis monacemebs. ufro metic, igi ewinaaRmdegeba im uni-
versalur enobriv kanonzomierebebs, romlebic dadgenilia
universaliaTa lingvistikaSi. maSasadame, tradiciulad pos-
tulirebuli saerTo-indoevropuli modeli ar SeiZleba Cai-
Tvalos sivrcesa da droSi realurad arsebuli enis amsax-
vel sistemad, enisa romelic SemdgomSi monaTesave indoevro-
puli enebis sistemebad gardaiqmna. Sesabamisad, realurad
ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos agreTve is fonetikuri cvlilebebi
da gardaqmnebi, romlebic, rogorc klasikur indoevropul
SedarebiT gramatikaSi iyo miCneuli, ganicada sawyisma
sistemam da romelTa Sedegad istoriulad dadasturebul
indoevropul enaTa sistemebi Camoyalibdnen.
saerTo-indoevropuli enis konsonantizmis tradiciulad
postulirebuli sistemis SesabamisobaSi moyvana enobrivi
tipologiis rogorc sinqroniul, ise diaqroniul monace-
mebTan moiTxovs aRniSnuli sistemis Zirfesvian gadasinj-
vas, mis axleburad gaazrebasa da reinterpretacias.
axali Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, saerTo-indoevropul siste-
maSi aRdgeba sami konsonanturi seria, romlebic daxasiaT-
deba rogorc:
I. mkveTrebi (an yelxSulebi) _ p, t, k . . .
II. mJRerebi (fSvinvierebi) _ b, d, g . . .
III. yru (fSvinvierebi) _ f, T, q . . .
97
Tamaz gamyreliZe
98
maSasadame, saerTo-indoevropul sistemaSi ivaraudeba
daaxloebiT im tipis xSuli Tanxmovnebi, rogoric dRevan-
del qarTulSi gvaqvs da rogoric rekonstruirdeba saerTo-
qarTvelurSi.
saerTo-indoevropuli xSulebis sami seriis amgvari in-
terpretaciiT funqcionalur-fonologiuri axsna eZebneba
indoevropuli enobrivi struqturis mTel rig faqtebs, rom-
lebic gaugebari da auxsneli iyo saerTo-indoevropuli kon-
sonantizmis tradiciuli modelidan amosvliT.
axali Tvalsazrisis mixedviT, saerTo-indoevropuli
sistema ufro axlosaa im sistemebTan, romlebic tradici-
ulad ganisazRvreba rogorc sistemebi `TanxmovanTa gadaw-
evebiT~ (germanikuli enebi, somxuri, xeTuri), maSin roca kon-
sonantizmis mixedviT saerTo-indoevropul sistemasTan ax-
los myofad miCneuli sistemebi (pirvel rigSi _ Zvelin-
duri) sawyisi enobrivi sistemidan rTuli fonemuri gardaqm-
nebis Sedegad Camoyalibebulad unda ganvixiloT. amgvari re-
konstruqciiT miiReba indoevropuli dialeqtebis preisto-
riuli ganviTarebis suraTi, romelic sruliad sawinaaRmde-
goa imisa, rac klasikur indoevropul enaTmecnierebaSi iyo
miCneuli. icvleba saerTo-indoevropuli xSuli fonemebis
gardaqmnaTa tradiciulad miRebuli traeqtoriebi, rom-
lebic saerTo-indoevropuli sistemis axali interpretaciis
Suqze tradiciulis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebebs iZenen.
Sesabamisad, axleburad gaiazreba klasikuri indoevropuli
enaTmecnierebis ZiriTadi `fonetikuri kanonebic~, rogori-
caa `grimis kanoni~, `grasmanis kanoni~, `barTolomes kano-
ni~ da a.S., romlebic xSulebis indoevropuli sistemis axa-
li interpretaciis pirobebSi gansxvavebul Sinaars iZenen.
axalma Teoriam didi diskusia gamoiwvia rogorc CvenSi,

aseve, gansakuTrebiT, dasavleTis samecniero wreebSi. winare-
indoevropuli enis am axleburad gaazrebul sistemas dasav-
leTis mecnierebaSi `glotaluri Teoria~ ewoda, ramdena-
dac amgvar sistemaSi amosavlad postulirebulia `yelxSu-
li~ anu `glotalizebuli~ fonemebi (p), t, k TanxmovanTa
tipisa.
indoevropuli winareenis es axali modeli, garkveuli
azriT, axali indoevropuli àTvlis sistema~, aucileblad
moiTxovs, rom Zirfesvianad gadaisinjos klasikuri indo-
evropuli enaTmecnierebis postulatTa mTeli sistema da,
Sesabamisad, Seiqmnas indoevropuli enebis warmoqmnisa da
preistoriuli ganviTarebis axali suraTi.
mTeli kompleqsi kulturul-istoriuli monacemebisa,
romlebic gamovlinda indoevropuli winareenisa da misi uZ-
velesi dialeqtebis gamokvlevis, agreTve rekonstruirebu-
li saerTo-indoevropuli leqsikis semantikuri analizis
Sedegad, aucilebels xdis isev daisvas indoevropuli
`winaresamSoblos~ drosa da sivrceSi lokalizaciis prob-
lema da moxdes misi axleburi regionaluri da kulturul-
istoriuli gadawyveta. am uaxlesi monacemebis Suqze indo-
evropulma `winaresamSoblom~ unda gadainacvlos samxreT-
aRmosavleTis mimarTulebiT da ganTavsdes winaaziuri area-
lis farglebSi1.
imisda mixedviT, Tu sad ganTavsdeba ama Tu im fuZe-enaze
molaparake tomTa `winaresamSoblo~, Tu romel geografi-
1
ix. Т.В.Гамкрелидзе, В.В.Иванов, Индоевропейский язык и индоевропейцы.
Реконструкция и историко-типологический анализ праязыка и протокультуры, тт. 1,
2, Тбилиси 1984: «Издательство Тбилисского Университета» (inglisuri Targmani:
Th.V.Gamkrelidze, V.V.Ivanov, Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. A Reconstruction
and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and a Proto-Culture. With a «Preface» by
Roman Jakobson. Engl. version by Johanna Nichols, 2 vols.: «Mouton de Gruyter »,
Berlin _ New York 1994/95).
99
Tamaz gamyreliZe
100
ul regions miviCnevT am fuZe-enis gavrcelebis pirvandel
teritoriad, dgindeba am tomTa preistoriuli migraciebis,
anu gadasaxlebebisa da moZraobebis, suraTi `pirvelsac-
xovrisad~ miRebuli teritoriidan im regionebis mima-
rTulebiT, sadac Cven am tomebs da, Sesabamisad, savaraudo
fuZe-enis gviandel dialeqtebs istoriul xanaSi vadas-
turebT. esaa erTgvarad im migraciebis traeqtoriebis aRdge-
na, romlebsac aRniSnuli xalxebi uZveles dros TavianT is-
toriul miwa-wyalze unda mieyvanaT an, ufro zustad, im
enobrivi erTeulebis moZraobebisa da sivrceSi gadanacvle-
baTa aRwera, romlebic Sesabamisi savaraudo fuZe-enisagan
Camoyalibdnen am ukanasknelis calkeul dialeqtebad
daSlisa da difereciaciis Sedegad. amdenad, amgvari migra-
ciebis suraTisa da dialeqtTa moZraobis traeqtoriis aRd-
gena warmoadgens amave dros im xalxTa preistoriis Seswav-
las, romlebic Sesabamis enaze metyvelebdnen, anu maTi eT-
nogeneturi preistoriis rekonstruqcias.
indoevropuli, qarTveluri da semituri winareenobrivi
sistemebis leqsikuri nasesxobani da struqturul-ti-
pologiuri msgavseba aSkarad mowmobs Zveli wina aziis
garkveul arealSi aRniSnul sam winareenobriv sistemasa da
maTze molaparake xalxebs Soris mWidro urTierTobebisa da
kontaqtebis arsebobas xangrZlivi periodis manZilze. amaze
metyvelebs, upirveles yovlisa, samive enobriv sistemaSi da-
dasturebuli saerTo leqsikuri erTeulebi. am mxriv uaR-
resad sayuradReboa am enebSi `Rvinis~ aRmniSvneli saerTo
sityvebi:indoevrop. *wojno , semit. *wajn (Zv. ebr. jajin), qarT.
*Rvino, rac mowmobs am fuZe-enebis teritoriul siaxloves
da maTze molaparake xalxebis urTierTobas meRvineobis saer-
To kulturul arealSi istoriuli wina aziis farglebSi.
indoevropelebi, qarTvelebi, semitebi iyvnen, maSasadame,

IV_III aTaswleulSi is xalxebi, romlebic III aTaswleul-
idan moyolebuli, sxvadasxva teritoriaze Soreuli Tu axlo
migraciebis Sedegad, istoriulad cnobil indoevropelebad,
qarTvelebad da semitebad Camoyalibdnen.
am daskvnebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs TviT saTanado
samecniero disciplinebis Semdgomi ganviTarebisa da srul-
yofisaTvis. Tu Cven aqamde migvaCnda, rom qarTveluri enaT-
mecnierebisaTvis da, saerTod, sxvadasxva dargis istoriul-
SedarebiTi enaTmecnierebisaTvis aucilebelia indoevropu-
li da semituri enaTmecnierebis monacemebis gaTvaliswine-
ba, axla Cven SegviZlia sruli uflebiT vamtkicoT, rom in-
doevropuli da semituri enaTmecnierebis Semdgomi ganviTare-
bisa da srulyofisaTvis aucilebelia qarTveluri enaTmec-
nierebis monacemebis gaTvaliswineba: axali perspeqtivebi in-
doevropul da semitur enaTmecnierebaSi warmoCindeba swored
qarTveluri enaTmecnierebis monacemebis gaTvaliswinebiT,
qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiT-istoriuli Seswavlis Suqze.
amiT ganisazRvreba is mniSvneloba da roli, rac qarTvelur
enebs eniWebaT SedarebiT-istoriuli da, sazogadod, Teori-
uli enaTmecnierebis Semdgomi ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.
rac Seexeba saerTod istoriul da eTnogenetikur prob-
lematikas, qarTvelebi (qarTveluri tomebi) istoriuli war-
momavlobis TvalsazrisiT erT qronologiur sibrtyeze dge-
bian indoevropelebTan da semitebTan wina aziaSi: qarTveluri
tomebi am kulturuli arealis uZvelesi civilizaciis
xalxebs Soris eqcevian.
qarTveluri eTnogenetikuri problematikis ufro Rrmad
Seswavlis mizniT, qarTvel-qarTvelur tomTa preistoriu-
li ganviTarebis adekvaturi suraTis aRsadgenad saWiroa,
qarTveluri enebis mimarT Catardes imave xasiaTis samuSao,
101
Tamaz gamyreliZe
102
rac ukve Sesrulebulia indoevropul enaTa mimarT da gaanal-
izdes saerTo-qarTveluri leqsika mis mier gamoxatuli re-
aliebis TvalsazrisiT. es saSualebas mogvcems ufro sru-
lad aRvadginoT saerTo-qarTveluri sulieri da materi-
aluri samyaro, samyaro Cveni winaprebisa, romlebic saer-
To-qarTvelur enaze metyvelebdnen. amgvari analizi Sesa-
Zlebels gaxdis ufro zustad ganisazRvros saerTo-qarTve-
luri enis pirvandeli gavrcelebis teritoria da dadgindes
is migraciebi, romelTa Sedegad istoriuli qarTveluri
tomebi Camoyalibdnen.
winapar xalxTa uZvelesi materialuri da sulieri kul-
turis suraTis rekonstruqcia lingvisturi gziT saSuale-
bas mogvcems movaxdinoT garkveul regionebSi aRmoCenili
arqeologiuri kulturis ufro zusti identifikacia savara-
udo saerTo-qarTvelur kulturasTan, rac ufro naTel da
srulyofil warmodgenas Segviqmnis qarTveli xalxis eT-
nogenezisa da preistoriuli ganviTarebis Sesaxeb.
„aracnobieri~ da izomorfizmi genetikur
kodsa da semiotikur sistemebs Soris*
genetikur da lingvistur kodebs Soris izomorfizmis

sakiTxi araerTi lingvistisa da semiotikaSi momuSave
mecnieris interesTa sferos ganekuTvneboda. maT Soris
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos Cveni drois cnobili enaTmec-
nieri roman iakobsoni, romelmac (da ara mxolod man) axali
mecnieruli disciplinebis _ semiotikisa da molekuluri
biologiis mijnaze wamoWrili am problemis saintereso gada-
wyveta SemogvTavaza.
rogorc cnobilia, me-20 saukunis erT-erT udides aR-
moCenad miiCneva 50-ian wlebSi molekuluri biologiis
udidesi mecnieruli miRweva, romelmac Suqi mohfina memkvi-
dreobiTobis meqanizms. gairkva, rom memkvidreobiTobas gan-
sazRvravs is informacia, romelic Cawerilia qromosomebSi
*
Sdr. Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, The “unconscious” and the problem of isomorphism be-
tween the genetic code and semiotic systems: «Folia Linguistica», XXIII (1989).
103
Tamaz gamyreliZe
104
gansazRvruli tipis qimiuri alfabetis meSveobiT. nukle-
otidebi anu `qimiuri radikalebi~ asruleben am alfabetis
sawyisi elementebis _ àsoebis~ _ rols; es elementebi
kombinireben erTmaneTTan nukleomJavebis usasrulo wrfiv
mimdevrobebSi, rac qmnis genetikuri informaciis qimiur
teqsts. frazis analogiurad, romelic garkveul segments
Seadgens teqstSi (es ukanaskneli Seqmnilia sawyisi diskre-
tuli erTeulebis _ asoebis an fonemebis _ wrfivi mimdevro-
biT), individualuri genic Seesabameba gansazRvrul segments
oTxi sawyisi qimiuri radikaliT Seqmnil nukleomJavebis
grZel jaWvSi. aseve, lingvisturi kodis analogiurad,
romelSic sawyisi elementebi _ fonemebi _ Tavad mniSvnelo-
bas arian moklebulni, magram maTi gansazRvruli kombina-
ciebiT iqmneba mocemul sistemaSi garkveuli mniSvnelobis
mqone minimaluri mimdevrobebi, genetikur kodSic informa-
cias atarebs ara sistemis calkeuli elementi, ara individ-
ualuri qimiuri radikali, aramed am sawyisi oTxi nukleo-
tidis specialuri samelementiani mimdevrobebi, e.w `trip-
letebi~. ramdenadac samelemenetian mimdevrobebad am oTxi
sawyisi elementis yvela SesaZlo kombinaciaTa ricxvi Sead-
gens 43 = 64-s, genetikuri leqsikonic Sedgeba 64 `sityvisa-
gan~, romelTagan sami tripleti `funqcionalur markers~
warmoadgens da gamoiyeneba nukleomJavebis grZel mim-
devrobebSi `frazis~ dasawyisisa da dasasrulis aRsaniSna-
vad; danarCeni `sityvebi~ Seesabameba 20 aminomJavas da, amde-
nad, tripletebSi gamoiyofa `sinonimuri sityvebi~, anu erTi
da imave aminomJavis Sesabamisi gansxvavebuli mimdevrobebi.
oTxi sawyisi elementisagan Sedgenil amgvar tripleteb-
sa da aminomJavebs Soris Sesabamisobis dadgena da tripleteb-
àracnobieri~ da izomorfizmi genetikur kodsa da..
is grZeli jaWvis gadayvana aminomJavebis cilovan mimdevrobaSi

_ peptidebis jaWvSi _ faqtobrivad genetikur kodSi Cawe-
rili memkvidreobiTobis informaciis deSifrirebas anu de-
kodirebas niSnavs, rac analogiuria deSifrirebis procesi-
sa, rodesac, magaliTad, morzes anbaniT Sedgenil Setyobine-
bas nebismier sxva enaze vTargmniT1.
aSkaraa, rom dedamiwaze yoveli cocxali arseba flobs
`codnas~ genetikuri kodis Sesaxeb im azriT, rom SeuZlia
sworad gaSifros genetikuri `sityvebi~, romlebic gene-
tikuri informaciis Sinaarss qmnian da, Sesabamisad, moax-
dinos cilovani mimdevrobebis sinTezireba. amave azriT, gene-
tikuri kodi universaluria, dedamiwaze nebismierma cocxal-
ma arsebam icis am kodis gasaRebi.
amgvarad, cocxal arsebaTa usasrulo mravalferovneba
daiyvaneba im grZel genetikur `SetyobinebaTa~ saboloo
analizamde, romlebic Seqmnilia genetikuri kodis elemen-
tebis wrfivi mimdevrobis saxiT kombinirebis gansazRvruli
wesebis safuZvelze. aq saocari struqturuli msgavseba Sei-
niSneba lingvistur kodTan da SemTxveviTi araa, rom gene-
tikuri kodis deSifrirebis dawyebis momentidan moyolebu-
li memkvidreobiTobis meqanizmis kvlevis mTel Semdgom pe-
1
XX saukunis bolo aTwleulSi kidev erTi mniSvnelovani aRmoCena Seemata mecniere-
bas: gairkva, rom protonebi da neitronebi, romlebic atomis birTvis elementarul
Semadgenlebad iyo miCneuli, Tavis mxriv, kidev ufro elementaruli nawilakebisagan
_ “kvarkebisagan” Sedgeba. am aRmoCenis avtori gaxldaT amerikeli fizikosi, nobelis
premiis laureati gel-mani, romelmac Tavdapirvelad sul sami “ kvarki” gamohyo
gansxvavebuli “SeferilobebiT” [“gemosa” (flavor) da “feris” (color) mixedviT].
aRsaniSnavia, rom, am aRmoCenis mixedviT, rogorc cocxali, ise aracocxali samyaro
sabolood daiyvaneba sakmaod mcire raodenobis `sawyis elementebamde~, romlebic
garkveul kombinaciebsa da struqturebs qmnian. TviT saxelwodeba “kvarki” gelmanma
isesxa jeimz joisis arcTu mTlad gasagebi frazidan: “Three quarks for Muster Mark”
(romanidan “Finnegans Wake”).
105
Tamaz gamyreliZe
106
riodSi molekuluri genetika farTod iyenebda lingvis-
tikidan nasesxeb cnebebsa da terminebs2.
unda aRiniSnos, rom lingvistur kodSi, romelic bune-
brivi enis safuZvels warmoadgens, sawyisi erTeulebis (fone-
mebis) raodenoba SedarebiT didia (swored maTi kombinirebiT
aigeba mniSvnelobis mqone minimaluri elementebi bgeriT ena-
Si). aRniSnuli maxasiaTebeli gvevlineba erT-erT im struq-
turul Tvisebad, riTac lingvisturi kodi gansxvavdeba ge-
netikuri kodisagan. swored mas ukavSirdeba enobrivi sistemi-
saTvis damaxasiaTebeli siWarbe, rac SetyobinebaSi garegani
faqtorebiT gamowveuli `xmauris~ Sedegad daSvebuli Sec-
domebis gasworebisa da sawyisi erTeulebis dadgenili mim-
devrobebis aRdgenis saSualebas iZleva. genetikur kods es
Tviseba ar axasiaTebs, ramdenadac nukleotidebis wrfiv mim-
devrobaSi calkeuli elementis nebismieri gadanacvleba an
amogdeba iwvevs pirvandeli genetikuri informaciis damaxin-
jebas.
or gansxvavebul informaciul sistemaSi _ genetikursa
da lingvisturSi dadasturebuli struqturuli izomor-
fizmi, romelic sawyisi diskretuli elementebis wrfiv ko-
mbinacias emyareba, fenomenologiur kiTxvas warmoSobs
rogorc aRniSnuli sistemebis bunebis, ise amgvari struq-
turuli izomorfizmis mizezebis Sesaxeb, rasac, Tavis mxriv,
TvalsazrisTa sxvadasxvaoba ukavSirdeba.
2
Tavis mxriv, enaTmecnierebamac isesxa zogierTi cneba da termini moleku-
luri genetikidan. ase, magaliTad, markirebis TeoriaSi `markirebis~ ierarqi-
uli mimarTebis wevrebi _ adre iwodebodnen rogorc àramarkirebuli~ ~
`markirebuli~ (terminologia momdinareobs praRis lingvisturi skolidan,
romlis mixedviTac, am binaruli mimarTebis wevrebi xasiaTdebodnen rogorc
merkmallos ~ merkmalhaltig), amJamad moixsenieba (maTi Sinaarsis Sesabamisad)
rogorc `dominanturi~ vs. `recesiuli~, xolo `markirebis mimarTeba~ axali
formulirebiT warmoadgens `dominantobis mimarTebas~.
am kuTxiT yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo polemika mecniereb-

is ori sxvadasxva dargis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebs _
lingvist roman iakobsonsa da biolog-genetikos fransua
Jakobs Soris: am or kods _ genetikursa da verbalurs _
Soris gamovlenili izomorfizmi mxolod garegnulia, msgav-
si informaciuli moTxovnebiT ganpirobebuli ubralo Tanx-
vedris Sedegia, Tu igi momdinareobs im filogeneturi prin-
cipidan, romlis mixedviTac lingvisturi kodi genetikuri
kodis modelebis Sesabamisad aigeba? iqneb aRniSnuli izo-
morfizmis ganmsazRvrelia is faqti, rom lingvisturi mod-
elebi zemodan daedo molekulur komunikacias da am uka-
nasknelis principebis mixedviT ganxorcielda lingvisturi
modelireba? es bolo varaudi wamoayena roman iakobsonma,
xolo fransua Jakobi msgavsi funqciebis mqone gansxvavebu-
li informaciuli sistemebis analogiur struqturirebas
uWers mxars.
genetikur da lingvistur kodebs Soris struqturuli
izomorfizmis iakobsoniseuli warmodgena gulisxmobs img-
var evoluciur process, romlis drosac lingvisturi kodi
uSualod zemodan daedo genetikur kods, xolo am ukanaskne-
lidan struqturuli principebi gadmoiwera lingvistur
kodSi da es procesi cocxal organizmSi mimdinareobda ge-
netikuri kodis bunebisa da struqturis Sesaxeb aracnobieri
codnis pirobebSi. aRniSnuli warmodgena, rom organizmi
aracnobierad flobs informacias misi arsebiTi meqanizmis
struqturis Sesaxeb, mTlianad àracnobieris~ sferos
ganekuTvneba da igi vlindeba ara mxolod enis meqanizmis
genetikuri kodis Sesabamisad Camoyalibebis filogenetur
procesSi; amgvari warmodgenis gamovlinebad unda CaiTvalos,
aseve, zogierTi gamoCenili pirovnebis SemoqmedebiTi aqtivo-
ba, romlebic informaciul (semiotikur) sistemebs ageben
107
Tamaz gamyreliZe
108
genetikuri kodis modelisa da principebis Sesabamisad,
aSkarad maT Sesaxeb saTanado codnis gareSe3.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT unda gavixseniT `glotogoni-
uri procesis Teoria~, romelic ekuTvnis Tavisi drois
gamoCenil lingvistsa da filologs niko mars. gasaocari
mecnieruli intuiciis wyalobiT, garkveuli movlenis asax-
snelad igi drodadro, sruliad moulodnelad, yovelgvari
logikuri dasabuTebis gareSe, swor mimarTulebas irCevda.
ase, magaliTad, enaTa istoriulad dadasturebuli mraval-
ferovneba mas zustad oTx (sic!) sawyis elementamde dahyav-
da, romlebic, SeiZleba ucnauric ki mogveCvenos, bgeraTa
garkveul `tripletebs~ (sami bgerisagan Sedgenil mniS-
vnelobis armqone mimdevrobebs) warmoadgenen: sal, ber, yon,
rosh. niko maris azriT, msoflios nebismier enaze Seqmnili
nebismieri sigrZis teqsti, analizis Sedegad, sabolood aR-
moCndeba mxolod am oTxi sawyisi elementis _ romlebic,
Tavis mxriv, arafers aRniSnaven _ kombinirebiT miRebuli
wrfivi mimdevrobebis fonetikuri trasformi. swored es gan-
sazRvravs niko maris azriT, glotogoniuri procesebis er-
Tianobas.
niko maris glotogoniur Teorias araviTari racionaluri
safuZveli ar gaaCnia; igi aralogikuria Tanamedrove Teori-
uli lingvistikisa da zogadi enaTmecnierebis meTodolo-
gis TvalsazrisiT; amitomac igi iracionaluria da, amdenad,
irelevanturia lingvistikisaTvis. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos,
rom niko maris Teoria, romelic enis garkveul struqtu-
3
genetikuri kodis struqturis mecnieruli wvdoma adamians zust warmodge-
nas Seuqmnis sakuTari genetikuri meqanizmis struqturis Sesaxeb da, amgvarad,
codna dedamiwaze nebismieri cocxali arsebis struqturis Sesaxeb, struq-
turisa, romelic impliciturad `CaSenebulia~ yovel cocxal organizmSi,
àracnobieridan~ `cnobieris areSi~ gadainacvlebs.
rul models warmoadgens, miaxloebuls genetikur kodTan,

irelevanturi rodia mecnierebisaTvis da, zogadad,
fsiqologiisaTvis. am Teoriis avtorSi SeiZleba davinaxoT
gamorCeuli pirovneba, romelsac enis, rogorc informaciu-
li sistemis, originaluri modelis Seqmnisas aracnobieri-
dan amoaqvs Tavisi intuiciuri warmodgenebi genetikuri ko-
dis struqturis Sesaxeb.
ra Tqma unda, genetikuri informaciuli sistemis amgvari
struqturis Sesaxeb gacnobierebuli, mkafio codna ar gaaCnda
arc niko marsa da arc Zvel Cinel filosofosebs, romlebmac
sami aTasi wliT adre Seadgines wigni I Ching (Cinuri `gar-
dasaxvebis wigni~), romelSic warmoadgines oTxi binaruli
elementis gardasaxvaTa (transformaciaTa) specialuri
sistema; TviT es elementebi emyareboda `mamrobiT sawyiss~
ian-sa (yang) da `mdedrobiT sawyiss~ in-s (yin) da, amasTanave,
dajgufebuli iyo `tripletebad~; saerTo raodenoba amg-
vari samwevra mimdevrobebisa Seadgenda 64-s, genetikuri
`tripletebis~ analogiurad. uZveles Cinur simbolur
sistemaSi cocxali samyaros mravalferovneba swored aRniS-
nuli `tripletebis~ meSveobiT aRiwereba. am konteqstSi gan-
sakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani Cans ionielTa kosmogonia, romel-
ic samyaros ganixilavs rogorc oTxelementian sistemas;
aseve mniSvnelovania hipokrates Tvalsazrisi, romlis mixed-
viTac adamianis sxeuli warmoadgens sistemas oTxi sawyisi
SemadgenliT. aRniSnuli Tvalsazrisebi, agreTve sxva siste-
mebi kidev ufro ganamtkiceben im azrs, rom amgvari pirdapi-
ri mimarTeba genetikur kodsa da ganxilul sistemebs Soris
emyareba Cvens aracnobier codnas aRniSnuli mimarTebis Sesa-
xeb.
yvela es simboluri semiotikuri sistema (gansakuTrebiT
ki Cinuri `gardasaxvebis sistema~ binaruli elementebiT ian-
109
Tamaz gamyreliZe
110
iTa [yang] da in-iT [yin], agreTve niko maris enobrivi modeli)
gasaocar SesabamisobaSia, Tundac raodenobrivi parametre-
bis mixedviT, genetikuri kodis struqturasTan. rogorc Cans,
es ukanaskneli aRniSnuli sistemebis SemqmnelTaTvis aracno-
bier samodelo safuZvels (substrats) warmoadgenda.
Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis istoria rogorc
«lingvistul paradigmaTa»
cvalebadoba drosa da sivrceSi*
ogorc cnobilia, enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebis gzaze
r icvleboda midgomebi enis Seswavlisadmi. Sesabamisad,

enobrivi analizic sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT warmoebda,
sxvadasxva doneebze da gansxvavebuli rakursiT.
evr o puli da amerikuli enaT mecniere bis ist oria
SesaZlebelia ganvixiloT rogorc `mecnierul paradigmaTa~1
erTgvari monacvleoba drosa da sivrceSi, rac sqematurad
Semdegi mimdevrobiT SeiZleba iyos warmodgenili:
I paradigma:
a.arnosa da k. lanslos “universaluri gramatika”;
II paradigma:
“SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba” (franc bopi,
karl brugmani da neogramatikosebi, antuan meie...)
*
Sdr. Т.В.Гамкрелидзе, Об одной лингвистической парадигме ( « Вопросы
Языкознания» 2005, №2, стр.3-6).
1
`paradigmis~ cnrbis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi ix. Th. Kuhn, The structure os scientof-
ic revolution, 2nd ed., Chicago, 1962-1970.
111
Tamaz gamyreliZe
112
III paradigma:
niko maris “iafeturi enaTmecniereba”;
IV paradigma:
ferdinand de sosiuris “sinqoniuli lingvistika”:
a) “struqturuli lingvistika” (nikoloz trubec-
koi, roman iakobsoni);
b) “deskrifciuli lingvistika” (leonard blumfil-
di...);
g) “enobrivi tipologia da lingvisturi universa-
liebi” (jozef grinbergi, giorgi klimovi);
V paradigma:
noam Comskis “ trans formaciul-warmom Sobi ”
gramatika;
VI paradigma:
“struqturul-tipologiuri komparativistika ”
(roman iakobsoni, osvald semereni, vinfrid lemani,
pol hoperi, Tamax gamyreliZe/viaCeslav ivanovi);
VII paradigma:
“nostratika da enobrivi makroojaxebi” (holger
.pederseni, vladislav iliC-svitiCi, alan bomhardi,
sergei starostini, jon grinbergi, meri ruleni).
niko maris ìafeturi Teoriis~ CarTva « lingvistul

paradigmaTa » warmodgenil mimdevrobaSi gamarTlebulia
ideologiur safuZvelze seqmnili ìafeturi enaTmecnierebis~
miCneviT `fsiqosemiotur sistemad~, romelic daupirispirda
Tanadroul `komaravistul paradigmas~...
zmnis `pirianoba~ da `valentoba~*
e enobrivi sistema warmoadgens ori ZiriTadi donisagan

Semdgar odenobas – Sinaarsisa da gamoxatulebis
planisagan, anu logikul-semantikuri da gramatiku-
li doneebisagan, romelTa Soris garkveuli Sesabamisoba ar-
sebobs: semantikuri donis erTeulebi gamoixateba ama Tu im
wesis saSualebiT gramatikul doneze, gramatikuli donis
erTeulebi – morfologiuri elementebiTa Tu sintaqsuri
saSualebebiT.
Sinaarsis planis, anu enis logikur-semantikuri donis
iseTi erTeulebi, rogoricaa predikati P, subieqti S, obieq-
ti O, anu moqmedebis, mdgomareobisa Tu Tvisebis (ufro
zogadad: procesis an situaciis) gamomxatveli da am proce-
sis an situaciis monawile odenobebi – subieqti da obieqti
– universaluri kategoriebia, romlebic raRac saxiT, sxva-
dasxva gramatikuli saSualebebiT gamoxatulia nebismier
*
ix. «saenaTmecniero krebuli». givi maWavarianis xsovnas. «mecniereba»,
Tbilisi 1979.
113
Tamaz gamyreliZe
114
enobriv sistemaSi. enebi gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan ara am
kategoriaTa arseboba-ararsebobiT, aramed am universalur
logikur-semantikur kategoriaTa gamoxatviT garkveuli
morfologiuri, sintaqsuri Tu leqsikuri saSualebebiT.
maSasadame, gansxvavebebi, am TvalsazrisiT, enebs Soris Seexeba
enaTa e.w. `zedapirul struqturebs~ da ara `siRrmiseul
struqturebs~, romlebic zogadobiTa da universalobiT xasi-
aTdebian.
subieqti S da obieqti O, rogorc situaciis an procesis
monawileni, warmodgenilia yvela enis Sinaarseul sistema-
Si.
obieqti, rogorc semantikuri kategoria, SesaZlebelia
diferencirebul iqnes rogorc `pirdapiri obieqti~ Od, anu
obieqti, romelzedac uSualod gadadis subieqtis – Agens -
is mier Sesrulebuli moqmedeba, an romelic am moqmedebis
Sedegs warmoadgens, da ìribi obieqti~ Olnd, anu obieqti,
romelic sxvadasxva rols asrulebs processa an situacia-
Si da SesaZlebelia daxasiaTdes rogorc adresati1 OA, des-
ignati2 OD, eqsekutori3 OExs., lokatiuri obieqti4 OL da sxv.5
2. aRniSnuli semantikuri erTeulebi gamoixateba enis gra-
matikul struqturaSi zmna-predikatTan dakavSirebuli saxe-
lebis Tu nacvalsaxelebis saSualebiT, romelTac SesaZle-
belia garkveuli morfologiuri gaformeba hqondeT (spe-
cialuri brunvis niSanTa saxiT).
1
iribi obieqtis es semantikuri funqcia gamoxatulia iseT qarTul winadade-
baSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, ‘bavSvi werils swers mamas~.
2
Sdr. „deda werils uwers bavSvs~.
3
Sdr. „deda werils awerinebs bavSvs~.
4
Sdr. „deda quds axuravs bavSvs~.
5
Sesablebelia gamoiyos iribi obieqtis, rogorc universaluri semantikuri
kategoriis, kidev ufro meti saxeoba. semantikur kategoriaTa amgvari zogadi
klasifikacia universaluri gramatikis amocanaa, romelic Seiswavlis zogad
semantikur kategoriebs da maT gamovlenas enis „siRrmiseul struqturaSi~.
zmnis ~pirianoba~ da ~valentoba~
amgvarad, enis logikur-semantikuri struqturis yovel
semantikur erTeuls Seesabameba enis gamoxatulebis pla-
nis, enis gramatikuli struqturis garkveuli erTeuli; se-
mantikuri erTeulebi gamoxatulebis planSi Sesabamisi
leqsikur-gramatikuli erTeulebiT aris warmodgenili;
logikur-semantikuri subieqti S, pirdapiri Od da iribi
obieqti Oind enis gamoxatulebis planSi warmodgenilia Se-
sabamisad gramatikuli subieqtiT {S} (anu `qvemdebariT) da
gramatikuli pirdapiri {Od} da iribi obieqtiT {Oind} (anu
pirdapiri da iribi `damatebiT~). semantikur erTeulTa es
Sesatyvisi gramatikuli {S}, {Od} da {Oind} erTeulebi mor-
fologiurad saxels an nacvalsaxels warmoadgenen.
garkveul SemTxvevebSi pirveladi Sesabamisoba enis
logikur-semantikuri da gramatikuli donis erTeulebs
Soris SeiZleba dairRves da `pirdapiri Sesabamisobis~ nacv-
lad: S → {S}, O → {O}, rac damaxasiaTebelia `siRrmiseu-
li struqturisaTvis~, garkveuli gardaqmnebis Sedegad enis
`zedapirul struqturaSi~ gansxvavebuli saxis Sesabamiso-
bas viRebT (magaliTad, `Sebrunebul Sesabamisobas~: S →{O},
O →{S}; Sdr. ìnversiuli wyoba~, `pasiuri konstruqcia~
da sxv.)6
3. saxelTan da nacvalsaxelTan dakavSirebiT, romlebic
warmoadgenen enis semantikuri donis erTeulTa – subieqti-
sa da obieqtis – reprezentaciebs gramatikul doneze, dgeba
sakiTxi piris kategoriisa da am kategoriis gamoxatvis Sesa-
xeb enobriv sistemaSi.
6
Sdr., magaliTad, qarTulSi: (1) kaci daTvs klavs da (2) kacs daTvi mouklavs,
sadac (1) winadadebaSi warmodgenilia semantikur-gramatikul elementTa
`pirdapiri Sesabamisoba~: S O P
↓ ↓ ↓
{S} {O} {P}
xolo (2) winadadeba, sadac `Sebrunebuli Sesabamisoba~ gvaqvs, aris Sedegi
ìnversiuli trasformaciisa~.
115
Tamaz gamyreliZe
116
piris kategoria erT-erTi universaluri semantikuri kate-
goriaa, romelic sxvadasxva saxiT gamoxatulebas povebs eno-
briv sistemaSi. igi uSualod gamomdinareobs enobrivi komu-
nikaciis aqtidan da aRniSnavs am aqtis monawileTa damoki-
debulebas enobrivi komunikaciisadmi.
enobrivi komunikaciis aqti gulisxmobs `metyvels~, anu
sametyvelo aqtis avtors, `msmenels~, sametyvelo aqtis
adresats, da raRac mesame odenobas, rasac Seexeba sametyve-
lo komunikacia, magram rac ar iRebs masSi uSualo monawi-
leobas rogorc `metyveli~ an `msmeneli~. Cveulebriv, es sami
odenoba sametyvelo komunikaciisa xasiaTdeba Sesabamisad
rogorc pirveli, meore da mesame piri, rac berZnuli grama-
tikuli tradiciidan momdinareobs: Sdr. πρόσωπoν πρωτoν, ~
δεύτερoν, τρίτον. semantikurad dapirispirebul sam odenobas,
sam `pirs~ Soris rTuli binaruli korelaciebi arsebobs,
romlebic erTmaneTs faraven. erTi mxriv, `metyveli~ anu pirve-
li, `Cemeuli piri, ego upirispirdeba imas, rac `Cems~ gare-
Sea – korelacia subieqturisa da arasubieqturis, xolo,
meore mxriv, `metyveli~ da `msmeneli~, pirveli da meore,
anu `Cemeuli~ da `Seneuli~ piri upirispirdeba imas, rac
arc `metyvelia~ da arc `msmeneli~ – korelacia persona-
lurisa da arapersonaluris.
piris kategoria, rogorc universaluri semantikuri kate-
goria, enobriv sistemaSi gamoixateba specifikuri nacval-
saxelebis saxiT, romlebic ganarCeven minimum sam formas –
pirveli, meore da mesame pirisa – Sesabamisad, sametyvelo
komunikaciiT Sepirobebul sam odenobas.
piris kategoria urTierTkavSirSia subieqtisa da obieq-
tis kategoriasTan im azriT, rom es kategoriebi enis seman-
tikur doneze ar vlindeba cal-calke da yovelTvis erT-
maneTTan kombinaciaSia mocemuli. ar arsebobs sazogadod S
subieqti an O obieqti, aramed piris kategoriis Tval-
sazrisiT gansazRvruli subieqti – S1, S2, S3 – da obieqti O1,
O2, O3. am kategoriaTa gamomxatveli odenobebi enis grama-
tikul doneze – Sesabamisad {S1}, {S2}, {S3} da {O1}, {O2},
{O3} – sakuTriv saxelebs an nacvalsaxelebs warmoadgenen.
kerZod {S1}, {S2}da {O1}, {O2} yovelTvis nacvalsaxelebia,
xolo {S3} da{O3} nacvalsaxelTan erTad SesaZlebelia
sakuTriv saxelis saxiT iyos gamoxatuli. amgvarad, saxeli
SesaZlebelia mxolod S3 da O3 semantikur odenobebs war-
mogvidgendes enis gamoxatulebis struqturaSi, maSin rode-
sac S1, S2 da O1, O2 semantikuri kategoriebi mxolod pirveli
da meore piris nacvalsaxelTa saxiT gamoixateba.
4. subieqtisa da obieqtis sxvadasxva saxeobaTa aRmniS-
vneli saxelebi an nacvalsaxelebi garkveuli formiT ukav-
Sirdebian procesis an situaciis gamomxatvel gramatikul
erTeuls – zmna-Semasmenels – da qmnian sintaqsur er-
Tianobas, romelsac SeiZleba `winadadebis birTvi~ ewodos.
maSasadame, winadadebis birTvi ganisazRvreba rogorc zmnuri
forma masTan garkveuli wesiT dakavSirebuli subieqt-obieq-
tur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebiT an nacvalsaxe-
lebiT. imisda mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTisaa zmna, ra semantikuri
Sinaarsisa da subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatvelia
igi, zmnuri forma SeiZleba warmogvidges winadadebis birTvSi
usaxelod (e.i. mas struqturulad araviTari saxeli ar See-
wyos: Sdr. qarT. Tovs, wvims, quxs; laT. pluit da sxv.), an mas
erTi, ori an meti saxeli (resp. nacvalsaxeli) daukavSirdes,
riTac iqmneba sintaqsuri struqturuli mTlianoba, rasac
`winadadebis birTvi~ ewodeba. winadadebis birTvi, amdenad,
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc zmnuri forma gansazRvruli
raodenobis carieli sintaqsuri ujredebiT, romlebic Sesa-
Zlebelia garkveuli formis saxelebiT (resp. nacvalsax-
117
Tamaz gamyreliZe
118
elebiT) Seivsos gramatikulad swori winadadebis misaRe-
bad.
winadadebis birTvis centralur sintaqsur elementad,
am TvalsazrisiT, gvevlineba zmna-Semasmeneli, romelsac ama
Tu im formiT Seewyoba subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamom-
xatveli odenobebi – saxelebi an nacvalsaxelebi.
zmnuri formis unars, Seiwyos winadadebis birTvSi subi-
eqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebis (resp.
nacvalsaxelTa) anu àqtantebis~ gansazRvruli raodenoba,
SeiZleba zmnis `valentoba~ ewodos (L.Tesnière). maSasadame,
mocemuli zmnuri formis `sintaqsuri valentoba~ gani-
sazRvreba winadadebis birTvSi Tavisufal ujredTa raode-
nobiT. amis mixedviT, zmna SeiZleba iyos nulvalentiani
(`Tovs~), erTvalentiani (` wevs~), orvalentiani (`
klavs~), samvalentiani (` swers~) da a.S.7
sintaqsuri ujredebis raodenoba winadadebis birTvSi gani-
sazRvreba zmnuri formis struqturiT: Sdr., magaliTad, Sem-
degi struqturis winadadebebi: qarT. Tovs, wevs,
klavs, swers; rus. идёт, бьёт,
даёт da misT. aqtualurad warmodgenil gramatikulad swor
winadadebaSi SeiZleba yvela sintaqsuri ujredi Sevsebulic
ar iyos saTanado saxelebiT (resp. nacvalsaxelebiT), magram
yovelTvis arsebobs SesaZlebloba amgvari sintaqsuri kon-
struqciis `Sevsebisa~ srul birTvamde.
7
qarTuli zmna valentobis TvalsazrisiT moTavsdeba diapazonSi 0...4, e.i. zmnu-
ri forma qarTulSi SeiZleba iyos rogorc uaqtanto (Sdr. Tovs, wvims, quxs
da sxv. – nulvalentiani zmnebi qarTulSi, ise rogorc sxva enebSi, ZiriTadad
meteorologiur movlenebs gamoxatavs), ise erT-, or-, sam- da oTxaqtantiani,
anu maqsimaluri raodenoba subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxe-
lebisa (resp. nacvalsaxelebisa), romlebic SeiZleba zmnur formas Seewyos wi-
nadadebis birTvSi, aris oTxi.
sxvadasxva transformaciuli wesebis SemoRebiT SesaZle-

belia aRiweros enis sintaqsur konstruqciaTa gardaqmnebi
zmnuri formis valentobis gardaqmnisda Sesabamisad. ase, ma-
galiTad, orvalentiani zmnuri forma (e.i. zmnuri konstru-
qcia qvemdebariTa da pirdapiri damatebiT) qarTulSi gar-
daiqmneba samvalentian zmnur konstruqciad zmnuri formis
transformaciiT kauzatiuri an versiis (saTaviso, sasxviso
an sazedao)8 kategoriis mixedviT:
Tcaus
(1) mama werils wers ÁÁÁ→ mama bavSvs werils a-wer-in-eb-s
{S} {Od} Vtr {S} {OExs.} {Od} Vcaus.
TVob
(2) mama werils wers ÁÁÁ→ mama bavSvs werils u-wer-s
{S} {OD} {Od} VVob.
TVsup
(3) mama werils wers ÁÁÁ→ mama werils misamarTs a-wer-s
{S} {OL} {Od} Vsup
samvalentiani zmnuri forma (e.i. zmnuri konstruqcia qvem-
debariTa da pirdapiri da iribi damatebiT) amave transfor-
maciebiT gardaiqmneba oTxvalentian zmnur konstruqciad
iribi obieqtis gamomxatveli saxelis brunvis SecvliT:
Tcaus
(1) mama bavSvs werils swers ÁÁÁ→ (1)’ mama dedas bavSvTan
{S} {OA} {Od} Vtr {S} {OExs.} {OA}
werils a-wer-in-eb-s
{Od} Vcaus.
8
qceva da situacia, rogorc calkeul struqturaSi erTmaneTTan SeuTavsebeli
kategoriebi, SeiZleba erTi saerTo kategoriis variantebad miviCnioT da ‘ver-
siis~ kategoriaSi gavaerTianoT: subieqturi, obieqturi da sazedao (superesi-
uli).
119
Tamaz gamyreliZe
120
TVob.
(2) mama bavSvs werils swers ÁÁÁ→ (2)’ mama dedas bavSvTan
{S} {OD} {OA}
werils u-wer-s
{Od} VVob.
amosavali konstruqciis O kategoriis gamomxatveli iri-
A
bi damateba, romelic micemiT brunvaSia, transformirebul

(1)’ da (2)’ sintaqsur konstruqciebSi Tandebulian brunvaSi
warmogvidgeba, xolo micemiTi brunvis formas konstruqci-
is damatebiTi wevri iRebs. transformirebul konstruqci-
ebSi iribi obieqtis gamomxatveli Tandebulbrunviani saxe-
li, romelic amosavali konstruqciis Sesabamisi uTandebu-
lo micemiTbrunviani saxelis gardaqmnas warmoadgens, wi-
nadadebis birTvis iseTive aqtantad unda iqnes ganxiluli,
rogoric amave konstruqciis zmnur formasTan dakavSirebu-
li danarCeni uTandebulo wevrebia.
am TvalsazrisiT, inversiuli transformacia ar cvlis
zmnuri konstruqciis valentobas:
Tinv
(3) mama bavSvs werils swers ÁÁÁ→ (3)’ mamas bavSvisTvis
{S} {OA} {Od} Vtr werili mi-u-wer-ia
inversiuli transformi (3)’ veRar gardaiqmneba qcevis ka-

tegoriis mixedviT (msgavsad I da II seriis zmnuri formebi-
sa), ramdenadac III seriis zmnuri paradigmebi warmoSobiT I
seriis sasxviso qcevis formebi unda iyos (e.i. I seriis zm-
nur paradigmaTa sasxviso qcevis transformebi), romelTac
dakarges versiis gageba da axali funqcionaluri SinaarsiT
daitvirTnen. amdenad, inversiuli transformacia warmoSobiT
SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc I seriis zmnur konstruqciaTa

obieqturi versiis transformacia.
6. winadadebis birTvSi zmnasTan dakavSirebul saxelsa Tu
nacvalsaxels, subieqtisa an obieqtis gamomxatvels, Seu-
Zlia zmnur formaSi Tavisi niSani gaiCinos, riTac es sintaq-
suri kavSiri – `koneqsia~ – zmnur da saxelur formebs Soris
materialur gamoxatulebas iZens. es niSnebi zmnur formaSi
erTgvari reprezentantebi, èqsponentebia~ subieqt-obieqtur
mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli saxelebisa an nacvalsaxelebisa,
romlebic zmnas winadadebis birTvSi garkveuli formiT ukav-
Sirdebian; e.i.{S}{O}V winadadebis birTvSi zmnuri struq-
tura V SesaZlebelia Seicavdes {S} da/an {O} saxelis ga-
momxatvel /S/ da/an /O/ niSnebs afiqsebis saxiT. amiT S da O
kategoriaTa amsaxvel saxelebsa (resp. nacvalsaxelebsa) da
zmnur formas Soris arsebuli sintaqsuri kavSiri – koneq-
sia – morfologiur gamoxatulebas iZens.
subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa amsaxvel saxelTan an
nacvalsaxelTan dakavSirebuli amgvari /S/ da /O/ niSnebi zm-
nur formaSi SesaZlebelia am erTeulTa sxvadasxva katego-
rias gamoxatavdes:
1) nacvalsaxelis (resp. saxelis) pirs – aseT SemTxvevaSi
zmnur formaSi warmodgenili saxeluri niSnebi icvleba zm-
nasTan dakavSirebuli nacvalsaxelis piris mixedviT cvlis
Sesabamisad;
2) saxelis (resp. nacvalsaxelis) klass – aseT SemTxveva-
Si zmnur formaSi warmodgenili saxeluri niSnebi icvleba
garkveuli semantikuri jgufebis mixedviT klasificirebul
saxelTa Sesabamisad.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs zmnis sistema pirovani uRv-
lilebiT;
121
Tamaz gamyreliZe
122
meore SemTxvevaSi – zmnis sistema klasovani uRvlilebiT.9
SesaZlebelia mesame, Sereuli tipi – zmnis sistema piro-
van-klasovani uRvlilebiT.
7. qarTuli enis zmnuri sistema warmoadgens struqtu-
rul tips mkveTrad gamoxatuli pirovani uRvlilebiT. zm-
nuri forma winadadebis birTvSi ara mxolod Seiwyobs
garkveuli raodenobis subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamom-
xatvel saxelebs – rac ganisazRvreba zmnuri formis sin-
taqsuri valentobiT, aramed warmogvidgens zmnur struq-
turaSi am saxelTa reprezentant niSnebs, romlebic mocemu-
li saxelebis (resp. nacvalsaxelebis) piris kategorias gamo-
xataven.
zmna-SemasmenelTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul saxelTa-
gan (resp. nacvalsaxelTagan) saTanado niSans zmnur formaSi
aCens rogorc subieqtis, ise obieqtis gamomxatveli saxele-
bi (resp. nacvalsaxelebi), e.i. {S}, {Od} da {Oind} – gramati-
kuli subieqti (qvemdebare) da gramatikuli pirdapiri da
(micemiT brunvaSi warmodgenili) iribi obieqti, romlebic
pirebisda mixedviT cvlis niSans. Sesabamisad sam niSans gan-
arCeven:
/S1/ → –-, /S2/ →x-; /S3/ →s;
/O1d/ → m-, /O2d/ →g-; /O3d/ →x-//Ø-;
/O1ind/ → m-, /O2ind/ →g-; /O3ind/ →x-.
qarTuli zmnuri struqtura am mxriv gansxvavdeba mor-
fologiurad iseTi enebis zmnuri struqturisagan, rogori-
caa, magaliTad, berZnuli, laTinuri, germanuli, rusuli
da sxv., sadac zmna-SemasmenelTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul
9
Secdoma iqneboda gvefiqra, rom klasovani uRvlilebis enebSi ar aris gamoxat-
uli piris kategoria. piris kategoria, romelic, rogorc zemoT iyo aRniSnu-
li, universaluri semantikuri kategoriaa, gamoixateba am tipis enebSi zmnur
formasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli nacvalsaxelebis saSualebiT, romlebic
sami piris formas ganarCeven.
saxelTagan (resp. nacvalsaxelTagan) saTanado niSans zmnur

formaSi mxolod gramatikuli subieqti aCens, xolo grama-
tikuli obieqti zmnaSi aRuniSnavi rCeba.10
am TvalsazrisiT, qarTuli zmna SesaZlebelia daxasiaT-
des rogorc subieqt-obieqturi wyobis zmna, gansxvavebiT su-
bieqturi wyobis zmnuri struqturisagan, romelic zmnur
formaSi mxolod subieqtur niSans warmoaCens.
magram erT-erTi ZiriTadi struqturuli maxasiaTebeli
subieqt-obieqturi wyobis qarTuli zmnisa is aris, rom ara
yvela saxeli (resp. nacvalsaxeli), winadadebis birTvSi
zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli, avlens erTdroulad
Sesabamis morfologiur niSans zmnur formaSi. ramdeni sax-
elic ar unda iyos warmodgenili winadadebis birTvSi zmnas-
Tan sintaqsurad dakavSirebuli (maqsimaluri raodenoba ase-
Ti saxelebisa qarTulSi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, oTxs udris
– oTxvalentiani zmnis SemTxvevaSi), aqtualurad gamovle-
nil morfologiur niSanTa raodenoba zmnur struqturaSi
ar aRemateba ors.
amgvarad, `pirianobis~ TvalsazrisiT, e.i. zmnasTan sintaq-
surad dakavSirebul saxelTa (nacvalsaxelTa) piris gamom-
10
am mxriv gansxvavebul struqturas gviCvenebs, magaliTad, Tanamedrove frangu-
li, romelSic Camoyalibda rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi piris maCvene-
beli prefiqsuli niSnebi zmnaSi. iseT konstruqciebSi, rogoricaa je le lui donne
`me mas mas vaZlev~, je-le-lui- erTeulebi ar warmoadgenen damoukidebul nacval-
saxelebs da zmnur konstruqciaSi saTanado subieqt-obieqturi aqtantebis marke-
rebad gvevlinebian.
analogiuri struqtura gvaqvs agreTve ungrulSi, sadac zmnur formaSi
gamoxatulia masTan sintaqsurad dakavSirebul saxelTa (resp. nacvalsaxelTa)
rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi niSani. Sdr. ungruli subieqturi da obieq-
turi uRvlilebis struqturebi:
subieqturi obieqturi
1. én lát-ok `me vxedav~ 1. én lát-om `me mas vxedav~
2. te lát-sz `Sen xedav~ 2. te lát-od `Sen mas xedav~
3. ö lát ìgi xedavs~ 3. ö lát-ja ìgi mas xedavs~
123
Tamaz gamyreliZe
124
xatveli niSnebis raodenobis TvalsazrisiT zmnur formaSi,
qarTuli zmna SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc erTpiriani
(`monopersonaluri~) an – garkveul SemTxvevaSi – orpiri-
ani (`bipersonaluri~) struqtura.
arsebobs garkveuli struqturuli wesebi imisa, Tu zm-
nasTan dakavSirebul saxelTagan (resp. nacvalsaxelTagan)
konkretulad romeli erTeuli gamoavlens zmnur formaSi
Sesabamis morfologiur niSans da romeli erTeulebi rCeba
zmnaSi morfologiuri gamoxatulebis gareSe (a.SaniZe).11
11
ar unda avrioT erTmaneTSi zmnis sintaqsuri `valentoba~, anu zmnuri for-
mis unari Seiwyos winadadebis birTvSi subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxat-
veli saxelebis (resp. nacvalsaxelebis) garkveuli raodenoba, da zmnis `piri-
anoba~, anu zmnur formaSi am saxelTa (resp. nacvalsaxelTa) piris gamomxatveli
morfologiuri niSnis warmodgena.
is, rac `pirianobad~ gaigeboda, unda gulisxmobdes ara piris niSanTa gamov-
lenas zmnur formaSi, aramed zmnuri formis sintaqsur unars, Seiwyos wi-
nadadebaSi garkveuli raodenoba saxelebisa Tu nacvalsaxelebisa, romelnic
subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebebs gamoxataven, e.i. zmnis sintaqsur `valentobas~.
amas emyareba qarTuli zmnis daxasiaTeba rogorc `mravalpiriani~ (or-, sam-
da oTxpiriani) zmnisa: mag., vaZlev me mas mas. magram am TvalsazrisiT, romelime
rusuli даю, an germanuli gebe struqturebi, romel-
omel-
Tac subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli sami nacvalsaxeli Seewyoba
(я-ему-то ; ich-es-ihm), daxasiaTdeboda agreTve rogorc ‘mravalpiriani~.
saqme isaa, rom yvela es zmnuri forma (rogorc qarTuli, ise rusuli da
germanuli) samvalentiania (zmnur formasTan subieqt-obieqturi mimarTebebis
gamomxatvel aqtantTa Sewyobis TvalsazrisiT), magram erTpiriani (zmnur for-
maSi piris niSanTa gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT). sazogadod, qarTuli zmna gansx-
vavdeba rusulisa an germanulisagan ara imiT, rom qarTuli zmna mravalpiria-
nia, xolo rusuli da germanuli – erTpiriani, aramed imiT, rom qarTuli zmna
subieqt-obieqturi wyobisaa (e.i. qarTul zmnur formaSi warmodgenilia erT-
erTi piris niSani – subieqtisa an obieqtisa, mxolod gansakuTrebul SemTx-
vevaSi – orivesi erTad), xolo rusuli da germanuli zmna – subieqturi wyobis
(e.i. zmnur formaSi warmodgenilia mxolod subieqtis niSani).
am TvalsazrisiT, zmnis `pirianoba~ da zmnis `valentoba~ arsebiTad gansx-
vavebul struqturul maxasiaTeblebs warmoadgenen, romlebic asaxaven zmnuri
konstruqciis Sesabamisad morfologiur agebulebasa da sintaqsur kavSirebs.
magram am maxasiaTeblebs Soris garkveuli urTierTdamokidebuleba arsebobs,
romlic gansazRvravs maT Soris Sesabamisobis xasiaTs sxvadasxva enis zmnur
sistemaSi.
am TvalsazrisiT, SesaZlebelia enaTa tipologiuri da-

jgufeba movaxdinoT, kerZod, imis mixedviT, Tu rogor xdeba
aqtantTa morfologiuri asaxva zmnur formaSi; am mxriv,
SeiZleba gamoiyos subieqturi, subieqt-obieqturi da obieq-
turi wyobis enebi (Sdr. zemoT).
subieqt-obieqturi wyobis enaTa jgufSi SesaZlebelia
gairCes enaTa ramdenime qveklasi imis mixedviT, Tu ra Sesa-
bamisoba arsebobs zmnis iseT urTierTdamokidebul kate-
goriebs Soris, rogoricaa zmnis sintaqsuri `valentoba~ da
zmnis morfologiuri `pirianoba~ _ `nawilobrivia~ es Se-
sabamisoba Tu `sruli~.
nawilobrivia Sesabamisoba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac ara yve-
la potenciurad SesaZlebeli subieqt-obieqturi aqtantis
niSania aqtualurad warmodgenili zmnur formaSi (Sdr.
qarTuli enobrivi sistema);
srulia Sesabamisoba zmnis valentobasa da zmnis pirianobas
Soris sazogadod im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac winadadebis birTvSi
zmnasTan potenciurad dakavSirebuli yoveli saxeli (resp.
nacvalsaxeli) Tavis warmomadgenel morfologiur niSans
aCens formaSi.12
12
enaTa aseT struqturul tips uaxlovdeba afxazuri, sadac winadadebis yoveli
potenciuri aqtanti saTanado markeriT aris warmodgenili zmnur konstruqciaSi:
Sdr. iseTi struqturebi, rogoricaa Á–u-z-là-s-ToÁt ‘mivcem~ (raRacas SenTvis
mas me); Á-u-z-là-r-ToÁt ‘miscemen~ (raRacas SenTvis mas isini) da misT.
aqtantTa gamomxatvel niSnebs afxazur zmnur formaSi Zirisa da erTmaneTis mi-
marT mkacrad gansazRvruli adgili uWiravT, rac aisaxeba prefiqsul morfemaTa
rangobriv struqturaSi. erTi da igive fonemuri Sedgenilobis morfemebi sul
sxvadasxva gramatikuli mniSvnelobisaa (subieqturi an obieqturi piris gamom-
xatvelia), e.i. arsebiTad gansxvavebuli gramatikuli erTeulebia, prefiqsul mor-
femaTa mimdevrobaSi maTi gansxvavebuli adgilisda Sesabamisad; maTi Sinaarso-
brivi sxvaoba ZiriTadad gansxvavebul rangobriv struqturaSi gamoixateba. amde-
nad, ‘morfema~ sazogadod unda ganisazRvros ara mxolod misi gramatikuli mniS-
vnelobisa da fonemuri Semadgenlobis safuZvelze, aramed agreTve „rangobrivi~
struqturis gaTvaliswinebiT. amgvar definiciebs arsebiTi mniSvneloba eniWeba
iseT SemTxvevaSi, rodesac garkveul gramatikul mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli erTeule-
bi emTxveva erTmaneTs fonemuri Sedgenilobis mxriv.
125
Tamaz gamyreliZe
126
8. yoveli morfema zmnur struqturaSi mkacrad gan-
sazRvrul adgils ikavebs zmnuri Zirisa da sxva morfemebis
mimarT, rac qmnis zmnuri formis morfemaTa `rangobriv stru-
qturas~.
zmnuri struqtura SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc zmnis
Ziri -R- gansazRvruli raodenobis carieli morfologiuri
ujredebiT Ziris win da mis momdevnod. TiToeuli aseTi ujre-
di Seivseba mxolod erTi gansazRvruli prefiqsuli Tu sufiq-
suri morfemiT, ris Sedegadac enis zedapirul struqtura-
Si warmoiqmneba esa Tu is zmnuri forma sruli morfologi-
uri gaformebiT.
piris prefiqsuli morfemebi Zveli qarTuli zmnis stru-
qturaSi, rogorc wesi, mxolod erT ujreds ikaveben romel-
ic moTavsebulia qcevis, kauzativisa da vnebiTis mawarmoebel
prefiqsTa ujredis win.13 es imas niSnavs, rom prefiqsuli
piris niSnebi struqturulad SeuTavsebelia erTmaneTTan pre-
fiqsul morfemaTa mimdevrobaSi. ramdeni saxelic ar unda
daukavSirdes sintaqsurad zmnas winadadebis birTvSi, mxo-
lod erT-erTi maTganis niSani Cajdeba zmnur struqturaSi
piris prefiqsul morfemaTaTvis gankuTvnil morfologiur
ujredSi. Zveli qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi SeiniSneba mkac-
rad gansazRvruli ierarqia zmnasTan sintaqsurad dakavSire-
bul saxelTa (resp. nacvalsaxelTa) prefiqsuli niSnebis aq-
tualurad gamovlenisa; zmnur struqturaSi mxolod is aq-
tantebi aCenen saTanado niSans, romlebic warmoadgenen wi-
13
qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi unda gamoiyos sami prefiqsuli ujredi
R. pirveli ujredi aris ujredi versiisa da vnebiTis, agreTve kauzaciis
mawarmoebeli mawarmoebeli prefiqsebisa. meore ujredi piris niSnis ujredia,
xolo mesame ujreds – e.i. yvelaze dacilebuls Zirisagan im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
pirveli da meore ujredi Sevsebulia – ikaveben preverbebi. Tu amgvar ujredebs
ganvsazRvravT rogorc morfemaTa rangebs, Sesabamisi morfologiuri erTeulebi
daxasiaTdeba rogorc pirveli, meore da mesame prefiqsuli rangis morfemebi.
nadadebis birTvSi Sesabamisad gramatikul subieqts, pirda-

pir obieqts an irib obieqts (micemiT brunvaSi dasmuls).
micemiT brunvaSi warmodgenili iribi obieqti Tavisi fun-
qciiT SeiZleba iyos adresati, designati, eqsekutori an
lokatiuri obieqti. winadadebis birTvSi amave funqciiT nax-
mari Tandebulbrunviani saxeli, romelic micemiT brunvaSi
warmodgenili iribi obieqtis transforms warmoadgens da
aqtantad unda CaiTvalos, zmnur formaSi niSans ar aCens da
amdenad, araviTar monawileobas ar iRebs zmnuri struqtur-
is gaformebaSi. amitomaa, rom sam- da oTxvalentian zmnebSi,
romelTa erT-erTi aqtanti Tandebulbrunvian formaSia war-
modgenili, ivaraudeba mxolod im aqtantebis niSanTa kom-
binireba, romlebic warmogvidgenen gramatikul subieqts,
pirdapir obieqtsa da (uTandebulo) micemiT brunvaSi dasmul
irib obieqts.
niSanTa kombinirebis es wesebi sqematurad Semdegi saxiT
Camoyalibdeba:
A: orvalentian zmnur struqturebSi:
(1) /S1//O2d/ÁÁÁ→/O2d/-R→g-R
(2) /S2//O1d/ÁÁÁ→/O1d/-R→m-R
(3) /S2//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/S2/-R→x-R
(4) /S3//O1d/ÁÁÁ→/O1d/-R-/S3/→m-R-s
(5) /S3//O2d/ÁÁÁ→/O2d/-R-/S3/→g-R-s
(6) /S3//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/O3d/-R-/S3/→x-//∅-R-s
B: samvalentian zmnur struqturebSi:
(1) /S1//O2ind//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/O2ind/-R→g-R
(2) /S2//O1ind//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/O1ind/-R→m-R
(3) /S2//O3ind//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/S2/-R→x-R
(4) /S3//O1ind//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/O1ind/-R-/S3/→m-R-s
(5) /S3//O2ind//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/O2ind/-R-/S3/→g-R-s
(6) /S3//O3ind//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/O3ind/-R-/S3/→x-R-s
127
Tamaz gamyreliZe
128
amgvarad, zmnasTan dakavSirebuli aqtantebis piris niSan-
Ta aqtualurad gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT qarTuli zmna unda
daxasiaTdes ZiriTadad rogorc monopersonaluri (erTpiri-
ani) zmnuri struqtura. bipersonaluria (orpiriania) igi im
SemTxvevaSi, Tu {S3} aqtanti, romelic sufiqsuri niSniT gam-
oixateba, kombinirebs winadadebis birTvSi prefiqsuli niS-
niT gamoxatul obieqtur pirTan, Sdr. (4), (5), (6) struq-
turebi.
am SezRudviT SeiZleba vilaparakoT qarTuli zmnis `pre-
fiqsul monopersonalizmze~. am principis Sesabamisad zm-
nasTan dakavSirebul aqtantTa potenciurad SesaZlebel pre-
fiqsul niSanTagan zmnur formaSi aqtualurad gamovlinde-
ba mxolod erTi niSani.
zmnur formaSi prefiqsul niSanTa mimdevrobidan garkveu-
li prefiqsis aqtualurad warmoCenis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba
SemovitanoT subieqt-obieqtur piris niSanTa `simZlavris~
cneba.
am mxriv, gramatikuli subieqtisa da obieqtis gamomxatve-
li prefiqsebi zmnur konstruqciaSi ganisazRvreba rogorc
erTi da imave `simZlavris~ mqone niSnebi, ramdenadac am niSanTa
kombinirebisas garkveul konstruqciebSi vlindeba mxolod
subieqturi piris niSnebi, xolo sxva konstruqciebSi – mx-
olod obieqturi piris niSnebi ({O1} da {O2} aqtantTa sub-
ieqtur {S1,2} aqtantTan kombinirebis SemTxvevaSi).
erTgvari gansxvaveba iCens Tavs `simZlavris~ TvalsazrisiT
pirdapiri da iribi obieqtis amsaxvel aqtantebsa da maT Se-
sabamis prefiqsul niSnebs Soris. iribi obieqti am mxriv ufro
`mZlavria~ pirdapir obieqtTan SedarebiT, ramdenadac maTi
kombinireba warmoaCens zmnur formaSi mxolod iribi obieq-
tis prefiqsul niSans.
iseT sintaqsur struqturebSi, sadac O3d obieqtis amsax-

veli aqtanti kombinirebs O3ind obieqtis amsaxvel aqtantTan,
zmnis struqturaSi aisaxeba aqtualurad mxolod {O3ind} x-
prefiqsis saxiT, xolo /O3d/ niSani ar warmoidgineba:
/S3//O3ind//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/O3ind/-R-/S3/→ x-R-s.
amgvar konstruqciebs unda Seewyo xeli {O3d} niSnis (e.i.
mesame pirdapir-obieqturi /x-/ prefiqsis) nulTan gaTanabre-
bisaTvis (/O3d/→∅) iseT konstruqciebSic, sadac igi ar kom-
binirebda mesame irib-obieqtur pirTan da sadac igi, amde-
nad, kanonzomierad unda yofiliyo warmodgenili /x-/ pre-
fiqsis saxiT. amiT dairRva manamde sistemaSi arsebuli stru-
qturuli paralelizmi pirdapir- da irib-obieqtur mimarTe-
baTa gamomxatvel aqtantebs Soris, romlebic pirvel, meore
da mesame piris formebSi maTTvis saerTo /m-/, /g/ da /x-/ pre-
fiqsebiT gamoixateboda.
Zveli qarTuli zmnis im sistemaSi, romelic asaxulia
`xanmet~ ZeglebSi, gabatonebul normad SeiZleba CaiTvalos
ukve {O3d} aqtantis niSnad zmnaSi ∅–morfemis xmareba.
magram Zveli sistema /{O3d}→x- prefiqsiT / jer kidev Tavs
iCens garkveul konstruqciebSi.14
/x-/ prefiqsis odindeli arseboba mesame pirdapir-obieq-
turi piris niSnad, rodesac /O3d/→x- qarTuli zmnis struq-
turaSi norma unda yofiliyo, SeiZleba davinaxoT ì-niani~
vnebiTis formebSi, romlebic pasiur transformebs warmoad-
genen Sesabamisi aqtiuri konstruqciebisa mesame pirdapir-
14
amgvari evolucia pirdapiri obieqtis niSnisa (e.i. /O 3d/x-→Ø), risTvisac
xeli unda Seewyo /O 3d//O3ind/ ÁÁÁ→/O 3ind/-R konstruqciebs, ar Sexebia pirveli da
meore pirdapir-obieqturi piris /m-/ da /g-/ niSnebs, ramdenadac gamoricxu-
li iyo struqturulad pirveli da meore piris SemTxvevaSi (gansxvavebiT mesame
pirisagan) pirdapir- da irib-obieqtur niSanTa kombinireba (winadadebis birTv-
Si zmnas ar ukavSirdeba erTsa da imave konstruqciaSi {O 1d} {O 1ind} da {O 2d}
{O 2ind} aqtantebi).
129
Tamaz gamyreliZe
130
obieqturi piris gamomxatveli /x-/ perfiqsiT. i-niani vnebi-
Tis konstruqciebSi es x- prefiqsi (warmoSobiT mesame pirda-
pir-obieqturi piris gamomxatveli niSani) ar gauTanabrda
nuls, ramdenadac /O3d/x-→∅- procesis ganxorcielebis
dros aqtiur konstruqciebSi morfologiuri kavSiri i-ni-
ani vnebiTis garkveul formebsa da Sesabamisi moqmedebiTi
gvaris pirdapirdamatebian konstruqciebs Soris gawyvetili
unda yofiliyo; aqtiur konstruqciebSi /O3d/x- →Ø proce-
sis dawyebisaTvis Sesabamis pasiur konstruqciaTa /x-/ pre-
fiqsi aRar gaigeboda rogorc /O3d/ niSani.
9. subieqt-obieqtur mimarTebaTa gamomxatveli aqtanteb-
isa da maT Sesabamis niSanTa Sepirispireba Zveli qarTuli
zmnis struqturaSi saSualebas gvaZlevs kidev erTi Sinagani
rekonstruqcia movaxdinoT struqturaTa unificirebul ti-
pebze dayvaniT. am SemTxvevaSi sakiTxi Seexeba subieqt-obieq-
tur mimarTebebs pirveli subieqturi piris gamomxatvel or-
da samvalentian zmnur struqturebSi.
Zveli qarTuli zmnis prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis prin-
cipi, romelic gatarebulia uciloblad zmnuri struqtur-
is yvela paradigmuli erTeulis mimarT, irRveva zog iseT
zmnur formaSi, sadac winadadebis birTvSi mesame obieqturi
piris amsaxveli saxeli ukavSirdeba pirvel subieqtur pirs.
aseT SemTxvevaSi orive es aqtanti saTanado aqtualurad ga-
movlenili prefiqsuli niSniT aris warmodgenili zmnur
formaSi: Sdr. `xanmeti~ formebi Se-x-–-abT, aR-x-–-marTe
da misT.
am formebSi warmodgenilia, winaaRmdeg `prefiqsuli
monopensonalizmis~ principisa, rogorc {S1}, ise {O3}
aqtantTa gamomxatveli prefiqsuli elementebi /-–/ da /x-/,
rac /x-–-/ mimdevrobas gvaZlevs: /O3//S1/.
amgvari struqturuli Seusabamobis eliminireba da uZve-

lesi qarTuli zmnuri struqturis subieqt-obieqtur niSanTa
aqtualurad gamovlenis TvalsazrisiT unificirebul tipze
dayvana SesaZlebeli xdeba /x-–-/ mimdevrobis erTian morfe-
mad ganxilvis SemTxvevaSi, saxeldobr, /x–-/ elementad, ro-
melic unda ganixilebodes rogorc pirveli subieqturi piris
gamomxatveli /S1/ niSani. maSasadame, mimdevrobebi /S1//O3d/ da
/S1//O3d//O3ind/, ise rogorc mimdevrobebi /S2//O3d/ da /S2//O3d//
O3ind/ (ix. zemoT), unda gamoxatuliyo aqtualur struqtur-
aSi – Tanaxmad `prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis~ principisa
– mxolod subieqturi piris /S1/ da /S2/ niSnebis saxiT.
amgvari daSvebis Sedegad zmnur formaSi miviRebT piris
niSanTa aqtualurad gamovlenis Semdeg sqemas, romelSic
srulad aisaxeba zmnis `prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis~
principi:
A:
/S1//O2d/ÁÁÁ→/O2d/-R→g-R /S1//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/S1/-R→x–-R
/S2//O1 /ÁÁÁ→/O1 /-R→m-R
d d
/S2//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/S2/-R→x-R
B:
/S1//O2ind//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/O2ind/-R→g-R
/S1//O3ind//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/S1/-R→x–-R
/S2//O1ind//O3d/ÁÁÁ→!/O1ind/-R→m-R
/S2//O3ind//O3d/ÁÁÁ→/S2/-R→x-R
amgvarad, pirveli subieqturi piris gamomxatveli /S1/

niSani uZvelesi qarTuli zmnis struqturaSi aRdgeba Sina-
ganad rogorc /x–/ da ara/*–-/) prefiqsi (iv.javaxiSvili). igi
Semdgom daiSala /x-/ da /–-/ niSnebad, e.i. gagebul iqna
rogorc {O3} da {S1} aqtantTa gamomxatveli niSnebi zmnaSi,
riTac dairRva qarTuli zmnuri struqturisaTvis Tavdapirve-
131
Tamaz gamyreliZe
132
lad damaxasiaTebeli prefiqsuli monopersonalizmi, romel-
ic jer kidev `xanmet~ ZeglebSi asaxuli Zveli qarTulis
doneze uciloblad gatarebulia yvela danarCen subieqt-
obieqtur pirTa kombinirebisas.15
preqarTulisaTvis, e.i. qarTuli enis ganviTarebis im etapi-
saTvis, romelic win uswrebs uZveles werilobiT ZeglebSi
asaxul enobriv mdgomareobas, SesaZlebelia vivaraudoT pre-
fiqsuli monopersonalizmis Sesabamisi zmnuri struqtura
pirveli subieqturi piris /S1/→*x–- markeriT.
enis ganviTarebis garkveul etapze unda momxdariyo amg-
var struqturaTa pirveli subieqturi piris /x–/- R formis
gaazreba rogorc zmnuri formisa, romelSic gamoxatulia
agreTve mesame obieqturi piri O3/x-/ prefiqsis saxiT;
1. *mi-x–-ec- ~ 3. *mi-x-c-a tipis paradigmebSi xdeba *mi-x–-
ec formis daSla *mi-x-–-ec struqturad; warmoSobiT er-
Tiani pirveli subieqturi piris /*x–-/ prefiqsi reinterpre-
tirebul iqna rogorc O3ind/x-/ da S1/–-/ prefiqsTa kombina-
cia.
romelime *mi-x–-ec struqtura (winadadebis birTvi:
{S1}{O3ind}{O3d} V) mesame obieqturi piris *mi-x-c-a struqtu-
ris gavleniT, sadac kanonzomierad warmodgenilia O3ind/x-/
prefiqsi, gaazrebul iqna rogorc mi-x-–-ec struqtura, e.i.
rogorc iseTi zmnuri forma, romelSic /*x–-/ prefiqsis
/*x-/ elementi miCneulia {O3} saxelis (resp. nacvalsaxelis)
gamomxatvel niSnad, msgavsad /x-/ prefiqsisa mi-x-c-a tipis
struqturebSi, sadac igi kanonzomierad {O3} saxelis (resp.
nacvalsaxelis) gamomxatvelia. amiT erTgvarad dairRva zm-
15
Sdr. agreTve Sinaganad rekonstruirebuli S1 /*x–-/ niSnis fonemuri mimarTe-
ba S2 /*x-/ niSanTan, romelic analogiuria O2pl /*g–-/ niSnis fonemuri mimarTe-
bisa O 2 /* g-/ niSanTan, e.i. S1: *x–-klav ~ S2: *x-klav da O 1pl: *g–-klav ~
O2 : *g-klav.
nur formaTa prefiqsuli monopersonalizmis absoluturi

xasiaTi Zveli qarTuli zmnis sistemaSi.
pirveli subieqturi piris /*x–-/ prefiqsis amgvar gaazre-
bas mesame piris obieqtur-prefiqsian formaTa gavleniT, mis
miCnevas O3 /*x-/ elementis Semcvel mimdevrobad, unda gamoe-
wvia Tavdapirveli S1/*x–-/ prefiqsis /*–-/ prefiqsad gamar-
tiveba im paradigmebSic, sadac ar iyo warmodgenili mesame
subieqturi piris formaSi obieqtis gamomxatveli O3ind/x-/
prefiqsi (e.i. erTvalentian subieqturi wyobis zmnebSi,
agreTve, nawilobriv, orvalentian zmnebSi pirdapiri obieq-
tis amsaxveli saxeliT); *x–-ar tipis struqturas unda
moeca *–-ar, xolo x–-klav tipis struqtura unda gardaqm-
niliyo S1: *–-klav formad.
/S1/ prefiqsis amgvari gamartiveba /*x–-/→/*–-/ aRniSnul
paradigmebSi SeiZleba davaxasiaToT rogorc /-x-/ elementis
`morfologiuri dakargva~ Tavdapirvelad erTiani /*x–-/
prefiqsis gaazrebis gamo garkveul struqturebSi rogorc
/O3/ /S1/→ /*x-*–-/ prefiqsTa mimdevrobisa.16 es etapi qarTu-
li zmnis ganviTarebisa asaxulia ukve `xanmeti~ Zeglebis
enaSi, sadac {S1} nacvalsaxelis gamomxatveli niSani zmnis
struqturaSi regularulad v/–- prefiqsis saxiT vlindeba,
xolo prefiqsuli /x-–-/ warmoadgens /O3/ /S1/ niSanTa mim-
devrobas zmnur formaSi.
16
analogiuri dakargva g- elementisa O1pl */g–-/ prefiqsSi O2 /g-/ prefiqsis
gavleniT ar unda momxdariyo imis gamo, rom O1 da O2 obieqtebi ver Seewyoba
erTmaneTs saerTo predikatTan da, amdenad, gamoiricxeba {O 1} da {O 2} nacval-
saxelTa niSnebis zmnur formaSi kombinirebis SesaZlebloba.
133
Tamaz gamyreliZe
134
damwerlobis tipologia, berZnuli anbani da

anbanur damwerlobaTa warmoSoba qristianul
aRmosavleTSi*
1. damwerloba rogorc semiotikuri sistema
d amwerloba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc garkveuli sax-

is urTierTdakavSirebul niSanTa simravle, romelic Si-
nagani struqturis mqone erTianobas warmoadgens. amg-
vari interpretacia damwerlobisa, rogorc semiotikuri
sistemisa, mas analogiuri humanitaruli sistemebis gver-
diT ayenebs da, amdenad, damwerlobis Teoria, romelsac Tan-
amedrove enaTmecnierebaSi gramatologias uwodeben, SeiZleba
ganvixiloT rogorc nawili semiotikisa (semiologiisa), anu
zogadi Teoriisa niSanTa sistemebis Sesaxeb.
*
daibeWda krebulSi: «Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian
Linguistics», edited by D.A.Holisky, K.Tuite, Amsterdam/Philadelphia, 2003:John Ben-
jamins Publishing Company.
Sdr. Tamaz gamyreliZe, weris anbanuri sistema da Zveli qarTuli damwerloba.
anbanuri weris tipologia da warmomavloba (akaki SaniZis redaqciiTa da wina-
sityvaobiT): «Tbilisi universitetis gamomcemloba», Tbilisi, 1989.
damwerlobis tipologia, berZnuli anbani da anbanur damwerloba
amgvarad, SesaZlebeli xdeba weris sistemebis mimarT gamo-

viyenoT is operatiuli cnebebi, romlebic SeimuSaves sxva
semiotikur disciplinebSi, upirvelesad ki enaTmecniereba-
Si. amgvar SesaZleblobas ganapirobebs ara mxolod mWidro
kavSiri enasa da damwerlobas Soris _ es ukanaskneli, gar-
kveuli azriT, TiTqos zemodanaa dadebuli enaze _ aramed
damwerlobis sistema TavisTavad, romelic mniSvnelovan
struqturul msgavsebas avlens enobriv sistemasTan. damwer-
lobis ganxilva rogorc niSanTa sistemisa saSualebas iZ-
leva ufro Rrmad CavwvdeT mis ontologiur bunebas. amg-
vari warmodgenis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia Camoyalibdes
damwerlobis zogadi tipologia da ganisazRvros damwer-
lobis roli adamianis kulturul ganviTarebaSi (Sdr.
gamyreliZe 1990).
2. `gamoxatulebisa~ da `Sinaarsis plani~ damwerlobaSi
rogorc semiotikuri sistema, damwerloba Sedgeba niSnis

bunebis mqone vizualuri simboloebisagan. es imas niSnavs,
rom yoveli grafikuli niSani-simbolo warmoadgens orpla-
nian erTeuls, anu sistemur erTeuls, romelsac aqvs ori
mxare: gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsisa. grafikuli niSnis
gamoxatuleba, anu misi aRmniSvneli (signans), aris is fizi-
kuri substancia, romlis meSveobiTac niSnis vizualuri war-
modgena xorcieldeba. es reprezentacia SeiZleba iyos naxati,
geometriuli niSani an figura. grafikuli simbolos Sinaar-
si, anu misi aRsaniSni (signatum), aris yvelaferi is, rac amg-
varad dawerili simboloTi gamoixateba, yvelaferi, rasac
mocemuli simbolo ukavSirdeba. es SeiZleba iyos garkveuli
cneba, idea, ricxvi, sityva, marcvali an calkeuli bgera.
weriTi sistema, Tu mas ganvixilavT rogorc niSanTa siste-
135
Tamaz gamyreliZe
136
mas, xasiaTdeba ori planiT _ gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsis
planiT _, romlebsac maTi dualuri bunebis gamo, garkveu-
li weriTi sistemis grafikuli niSnebi ukavSirdeba.
weriTi sistemis amgvari dualuri buneba iZleva damwer-
lobis tipologiuri klasifikaciis SesaZleblobas gamoxat-
ulebis planis maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT, rac, Tavis mxriv,
saSualebas mogvcems erTmaneTs SevudaroT sxvadasxva tipis
damwerlobani maTi Sefasebis kriteriumis gamomuSavebis
mizniT. vfiqrobT, es aseve aucilebelia imisaTvis, rom naTe-
li moefinos damwerlobis warmoSobis sakiTxs da gani-
sazRvros damwerlobis filogeneturi ganviTarebis1 Ziri-
Tadi doneebi. Sinaarsis planis mixedviT SeiZleba gamoiyos
ori ZiriTadi tipologiuri klasi: (a) semasiografia anu
ideografia da (b) fonografia.
semasiografia weriTi sistemebis im klass gansazRvravs,
romlebSic grafikuli niSani aRniSnavs ara konkretuli enis
fonetikur mxares (calkeul sityvebs, marcvlebs an bgerebs
mocemul enaSi), aramed konkretul cnebebs da zogjer _
mTlian situaciasac. amgvari niSnebi uSualod ukavSirdeba
enis Sinaarsis plans. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, semasi-
ografiul weriT sistemebSi Sinaarsis plani, romelic
mocemuli enis sityvebiTa da frazebiT gamoixateba, pirda-
pir aisaxeba niSnebSi; es ukanasknelni imgvar erTeulebad
warmogvidgebian, romlebic, iseve rogorc konkretuli si-
tyvebi da sityvaTa kombinaciebi, aRniSnaven abstraqciis sxva-
dasxva donis universalur cnebiT kategoriebs. ideografi-
uli (semasiografiuli) sistemebis niSnebs, romlebic dakav-
1
damwerlobis filogeneturi ganviTareba (filogenezi) gulisxmobs damwer-
lobis evolucias sazogadod, mis ganviTarebaSi Tanmimdevruli doneebis gamoyo-
fas, romlebic iwyeba semasiografiiT da mTavrdeba fonografiis anbanuri doniT.
damwerlobis ontogeneturi ganviTareba (ontogenezi) aris calkeuli weriTi
sistemis warmoSoba da mis ganviTarebaSi garkveuli Tanmimdevruli safexurebis
gavla, dawyebuli Seqmnidan da damTavrebuli misi SeswavliT.
Sirebulia garkveul cnebebTan, magram moklebulia konkret-

uli enis sityvaTa fonetikur garss, erTnairad igeben da
sworadac kiTxuloben sxvadasxva enis is warmomadgenlebi,
romlebic icnoben am niSnebs, rac imas niSnavs, rom isini
floben codnas am niSnebsa da cnebebs Soris arsebuli mima-
rTebebis Sesaxeb. ideografiuli sistemis niSnebisa Tu sim-
boloebis Sesabamisi Sinaarsis amgvari codna emyareba an aRm-
niSvnelis identifikacias realuri samyaros obieqtTan, roca
niSani ikonuri asaxvaa am obieqtisa, an pirobiTad miRebul
mimarTebas, romelic arsebobs weriTi sistemis konkretul
niSnebsa da semantikur konceptualur aRsaniSnebs Soris.2
aqve gvinda aRvniSnoT weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis
planTan dakavSirebiT. ideografiul weriT sistemebSi niSne-
bi SeiZleba grafikulad msgavsi iyos realuri samyaros im
obieqtebisa, romlebsac Sesabamisi cnebis meSveobiT ukavSir-
debian. sistemaSi amgvari ikonuri msgavseba grafikul niSan-
Ta aRsaniSnebsa da Sesabamis obieqtebs Soris mocemul wer-
iT sistemas axasiaTebs rogorc piqtografiuls, anu rogorc
ikonur weriT sistemas. rodesac ideografiuli sistemis
simboloebi garegnulad ar hgvanan realuri samyaros im
obieqtebs, romlebsac ukavSirdebian Sesabamisi cnebiTi kate-
goriebis meSveobiT (Sdr., magaliTad, ricxvebis aRniSvna),
weriTi sistema SeiZleba aRiweros rogorc pirobiTi (kon-
vencionaluri).
fonografiulia is weriTi sistemebi, romlebSic aRmniS-
vneli ukavSirdeba enis ara universalur konceptualur kate-
goriebs (romlebic kulturuli ganviTarebis garkveul done-
2
ideografiis elementebi gvxvdeba rogorc uZveles, ise Tanamedrove weriT
sistemebSi (Sdr., magaliTad: ricxvis aRniSvna weriT sistemaTa umravlesoba-
Si; iseTi tipis simboloebi, rogoricaa &, e.g., cf.; maTematikur niSanTa siste-
ma da a.S.). uwyveti ideografuli weriTi sistemebi damaxasiaTebelia damwer-
lobis filogeneturi ganviTarebis uZvelesi safexurebisaTvis.
137
Tamaz gamyreliZe
138
ze yvela enobriv sazogadoebaSia warmodgenili), aramed ama
Tu im enis konkretul fonetikas. amgvar sistemebSi konceptebi
ar gvevlineba garkveul niSanTa aRmniSvnelebad, am rols
asruleben konkretuli bgeriTi Sedgenilobis mqone sityve-
bi an ufro dabali donis enobrivi erTeulebi: calkeuli
marcvlebi da/an bgerebi. weriTi sistemis codna, rodesac es
sistema fonografiulia, gulisxmobs winaswar codnas im
mimarTebisa (es mimarTeba ZiriTadad pirobiTia), romelic
arsebobs niSansa da mocemuli enis konkretul fonetikur
sityvas an ufro dabali donis bgeriT segments (marcvals,
bgeras) Soris.
sakuTriv wera ZiriTadad gulisxmobs (yovelgvari dasa-
buTebis gareSe) Canawers fonografiuli sistemis gamoyenebiT,
maSin roca ideografia damwerlobis filogenetur ganviTare-
baSi garkveul pirvelad safexurs warmoadgens.
amgvarad, fonografiul sistemaSi wera ukve metyvelebas
ukavSirdeba da enis fonetikuri forma amgvari sistemis Si-
naarsis plans Seadgens, anu garkveuli bgeriTi segmentebi
(fonetikuri sityvebi, marcvlebi an calkeuli bgerebi)
grafikuli niSnebis aRsaniSnebi xdeba.
fonografiuli weriTi sistema, romelSic grafikuli niS-
nebi konkretuli enis calkeul leqsemebs gamoxataven, ganixi-
leba rogorc logografiuli da amgvar sistemaSi niSnebi
warmoadgenen logogramebs. fonografiuli sistema, romel-
Sic niSnebi marcvlebs gamoxataven, ganixileba rogorc si-
labografiuli da amgvari sistemis niSnebs silabogramebs
uwodeben. dasasrul, fonografiuli sistema, romelSic
grafikuli niSnebi calkeul bgerebs (bgeriT erTeulebs)
gamoxataven, ganixileba rogorc anbanuri. damwerlobis ti-
pologiaSi anbanuri sistema umaRles dones ganekuTvneba.
igi yvelaze ekonomiuria rogorc metyvelebis SedarebiT sru-
lyofilad CawerisaTvis (saWiro niSanTa raodenobis Tval-

sazrisiT), ise informaciis grZel manZilze gadacemis Tval-
sazrisiTac. swored amitom anbanuri damwerlobis Seqmna ni-
Snavda udides miRwevas kacobriobis bunebriv ganviTareba-
Si. anbanuri weris formiT kacobriobam SeiZina metyvelebis
Cawerisa da misi sivrcesa da droSi gadacemis martivi da efeq-
turi saSualeba.3
Tavis mxriv, anbanuri sistema iyofa fonologiur da fone-
tikur tipebad. fonologiur sistemaSi grafikuli niSnebiT
mxolod enis fonemuri erTeulebi aRiniSneba, fonemis bgeriTi
variantebi araa gaTvaliswinebuli miuxedavad imisa, fone-
tikurad ramdenad mniSvnelovania gansxvaveba maT Soris. faq-
tobrivad, fonologiuri damwerloba warmoadgens enis bgeri-
Ti formis xelovnur Canawers im fonologiuri (fonemuri)
erTeulebis terminebSi, romlebic specialuri lingvisturi
kvlevis Sedegad gamoiyofa. weris fonetikur sistemaSi gam-
oixateba enis calkeuli bgeriTi erTeulebi, miuxedavad maTi
fonemuri statusisa enobriv sistemaSi. istoriulad dadas-
turebuli anbanuri sistemebi fonetikuri xasiaTisaa, Tumca
maTSi xSirad SeimCneva fonologiuri principis implicituri
realizacia da gamoixateba is fonetikuri gansxvavebebi, rom-
lebic distinqciuri anu funqcionaluri mniSvnelobis mqo-
nea.
3
ideografiis elementebi nebismier anbanur sistemaSi SeiZleba iyos warmod-
genili. mxolod pirobiTad Tu vilaparakebT anbanuri sistemis srulyofile-
baze ideografiul sistemasTan SedarebiT. anbanuri damwerlobis `srulyo-
fileba~ unda gavigoT im azriT, rom igi qronologiurad SedarebiT daSore-
buli safexuria damwerlobis filogenetur ganviTarebaSi, rac gulisxmobs
ideografiuli, logografiuli da silabografiuli safexurebis Tanmimdevrul
gavlas sakuTriv anbanuri damwerlobis warmoSobamde. TumcaRa, aRsaniSnavia,
rom anbanuri damwerlobis ganviTarebaSi aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac xdeba mi-
bruneba ideografiis principebisaken da Cndeba ideografiuli niSnebi (Sdr.,
magaliTad, ideografiuli elementebi Tanamedrove inglisur damwerlobaSi).
139
Tamaz gamyreliZe
140
rac Seexeba gamoxatulebis plans, fonografiul siste-
maSi grafikuli niSnebi, aRmniSvnelsa da aRsaniSns Soris
mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT, SeiZleba daxasiaTdes rogorc
piqtografiulica da rogorc pirobiTic. amgvaria viTareba
logorafiul sistemebSi, sadac niSnebi SeiZleba iyos rogorc
piqtogramebi, ise pirobiTi grafikuli simboloebi. am Tval-
sazrisiT, silabografiuli da anbanuri damwerlobebisaTvis
mxolod pirobiTobaa damaxasiaTebeli, ramdenadac am siste-
mebSi grafikul simboloTa aRsaniSnebi, Tavis mxriv, ar war-
moadgenen niSnebs da moklebulni arian Sinaarss. swored amis
gamo, aRsaniSnebi amgvar sistemebSi arafriT ar SeiZleba hgav-
dnen Sesabamis aRmniSvnelebs. grafikul simbolosTan dakav-
SirebiT piqtografiaze aq mxolod istoriuli aspeqtiT Tu
visaubrebT, anu realuri samyaros garkveuli obieqtebisad-
mi SesaZlo msgavsebis (Tu amgvari ram dasturdeba) Tval-
sazrisiT. nebismieri aseTi msgavseba mosalodnelia, rom asa-
xavdes mocemuli simbolos warmomavlobasa da mis gamoyenebas
semasiografiuli (logografiuli) funqciiT garkveul
araanbanuri tipis damwerlobaSi.
amgvarad, damwerlobis Sinaarsis plani warmoadgens sx-
vadasxva donis enobrivi erTeulebis (bgerebis, marcvlebis,
sityvebis, ricxvebis da a.S.) erTobliobas, romlebic sxva-
dasxva weriT sistemaSi gansxvavebuli grafikuli simboloe-
biT gamoixateba da romelTa konkretuli simravle Seadgens
Sesabamisi weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis plans.4
4
am azriT, tradiciuli paleografia ganixileba rogorc gramatologiis dargi,
romelic upiratesad Seiswavlis weriTi sistemis `gamoxatulebis plans~, anu
garkveuli grafikuli niSnebis meSveobiT specialuri mniSvnelobis gamoxatvis
Taviseburebas da amgvari niSnebis droSi grafikul transformaciasTan dakav-
Sirebul sakiTxebs. ramdenadac aseTi problemebi ganixileboda rogorc kav-
Siri gansxvavebul damwerlobebs Soris, gasagebia, rom tradiciuli paleogra-
fia, romelic ZiriTadad weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebis planiT iyo dain-
teresebuli, am sistemis niSnebs Soris grafikuli msgavsebis garegan aspeqte-
bze amyarebda Tavis daskvnebs da ar iTvaliswinebda im Sida struqturul Tavise-
burebebs, romlebsac sistemis `gamoxatulebis planisa~ da `Sinaarsis pla-
nis~ urTierTkavSiri gansazRvravda.
konkretuli sistemis grafikuli simboloebis speci-

fikuri saxelebi, iseve rogorc weris mimarTuleba, weriTi
sistemis gamoxatulebis plans ukavSirdeba.
3. damwerlobis `paradigmatika~ da `sintagmatika~
weriTi sistemis gamoxatulebisa da Sinaarsis planis

cnebebTan erTad enaTmecnierebidan gramatologiaSi, rogorc
semiotikur disciplinaSi, unda gadmovitanoT paradigma-
tikisa da sintagmatikis cnebebi.
damwerlobis paradigmatika gulisxmobs damwerlobis
elementebis (grafikuli simboloebis) urTierTmimarTebebs
sistemaSi da maT Tanmimdevrul (wrfiv) dalagebas erTmane-
Tis mimarT garkveuli fiqsirebuli rigis saxiT. damwerlo-
bis paradigmatika warmoadgens struqturas, romelsac mar-
Tavs sistemaSi grafikuli simboloebis gansazRvruli rig-
iT dalagebis wesebi da maTi reprezentacia konkretul wr-
fiv mimdevrobaSi. yovel damwerlobas sakuTari gansakuTre-
buli paradigmatuli struqtura axasiaTebs, anu igi ele-
mentTa specifikuri rigiT, grafikuli simboloebis sakuTari
gansakuTrebuli mimdevrobiT xasiaTdeba.5
damwerlobis sintagmatika gulisxmobs mimarTebebs dam-
werlobis elementebs (grafikul simboloebs) Soris, roca
6
grafikuli simboloebis amgvarad dalagebuli rigi, ganmsazRvreli sistemis
paradigmatuli struqturisa, SeiZleba motivirebuli iyos sxvadasxva faqtoriT,
gansakuTrebiT ki mniSvnelovania simboloTa grafikuli msgavsebisa da am niS-
nebiT gamoxatul bgeraTa fonetikuri siaxlovis faqtori. Zveli semituri
sistemis paradigmatikas umTavresad swored es ukanaskneli gansazRvravs. xSirad
derivaciul weriT sistemaSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, nasesxebia garkveuli weri-
lobiTi wyarodan da Seqmnilia am ukanasknelis modelis mixedviT, grafikul
simboloTa paradigmatika (aramotivirebuli mocemuli sistemis TvalsazrisiT)
SeiZleba asaxavdes prototipuli sistemis niSanTa rigs (magaliTad, Zveli
berZnuli sistemis paradigmatika Zvel semiturTan SedarebiT).
141
Tamaz gamyreliZe
142
isini warmodgenilni arian teqstSi garkveuli mimdevrobis
saxiT erTi sityvis sazRvrebSi, sityvaTa mimdevrobaSi Tu
sintagmaturi planis ufro did erTeulebSi.
paradigmatuli da sintagmaturi planis eqsplicituri
gamijvna, rac f. de sosiuris lingvistur moZRvrebaSia war-
modgenili, unda gaxdes aucilebeli principi weriTi siste-
mebis analizisas damwerlobis zogad TeoriaSi anu grama-
tologiaSi.
4. uZvelesi berZnuli rogorc anbanuri damwerlobis yve-

laze adreuli nimuSi
Tu gvsurs gavarkvioT klasikuri berZnulis warmodgeni-

li anbanuri damwerlobis warmomavloba da, sazogadod, an-
banuri damwerlobis tipologia, unda gavaanalozoT Zveli
semituri damwerloba.
Zveli semituri, an ufro zustad, proto-semituri damw-
erloba, romlisganac damwerlobis sami ZiriTadi saxeoba _
finikiuri, qanaanuri da arameuli _ iRebs saTaves, unda aRi-
weros rogorc konsonantur-silaburi weriTi sistema (da
ara rogorc sakuTriv konsonanturi). amis mizezi is gaxlavT,
rom Zveli semituri damwerloba erTdroulad damwerlo-
bis orive tips ganekuTvneba: rogorc konsonanturs (para-
digmatulad, e.i. sistemis SigniT), ise silaburs (sintag-
maturad, e.i. teqstSi). amgvarad, igi ormagi bunebis siste-
mas warmodgens da damwerlobis tipologiaSi mas ganixilaven
rogorc gardamaval, damakavSirebel safexurs mkacrad si-
labursa (rodesac damwerloba silaburia rogorc paradig-
matulad, ise sintagmaturad, magaliTad, berZnuli B xazo-
vani damwerloba) da sakuTriv anbanur weriT sistemebs Soris
(klasikuri berZnulis tipisa).
Zveli berZnuli damwerloba
143
Tamaz gamyreliZe
144
Zveli semituri konsonantur-silaburi damwerloba,
romelic 22 grafikuli niSnisagan Sedgeba, xasiaTdeba
garkveuli paradigmatuli struqturiTa da grafikul sim-
boloTa mkacrad gansazRvruli rigiT. swored paradig-
matikaSi vlindeba Zveli semituri damwerlobis konsonan-
turi buneba, rasac gansazRvravs urTierTcalsaxa myari Se-
sabamisoba grafikul simboloebsa da enis Tanxmovan fone-
mebs Soris.
weris sintagmatikaSi igive simboloebi asruleben sila-
buri niSnebis funqcias da axasiaTebT struqtura: Tanxmo-
vani plus romelime xmovani mocemuli enisa (an xmovnis ar-
qona), rac damokidebulia im sityvis morfologiur struq-
turaze an sityvaTa (morfemaTa) kombinaciis im tipze, romel-
ic grafikul simboloTa konkretuli sintagmaturi mimdevro-
biT gamoixateba. sakuTriv silaburi weriTi sistemisagan gan-
sxvavebiT, romelSiac grafikuli simboloebi xasiaTdebian
struqturiT: Tanxmovani plus gansazRvruli xmovani, rac
erTnairad vlindeba mocemuli sistemis rogorc sintagma-
tikaSi, ise paradigmatikaSi, konsonantur-silabur sistema-
Si grafikul niSnebs axasiaTebT struqtura: Tanxmovani plus
mocemuli enis romelime xmovani (an xmovnis arqona) mxolod
sintagmatikaSi, xolo paradigmatikaSi grafikuli niSnis
stuqtura warmodgenilia oden TanxmovniT.
damwerlobis tipologiaSi konsonantur-silaburi damw-
erloba ganixileba rogorc ufro metad srulyofili siste-
ma silaburTan an (kidev ufro metad) silabur-logografi-
ul damwerlobasTan SedarebiT. paradigmatulad igi ufro
ekonomiuria, adekvaturad asaxavs enis fonetikur mxares Se-
darebiT naklebi raodenobis grafikuli niSnebis meSveobiT
(maTi ricxvi daaxloebiT Seesabameba Tanxmovan fonemaTa
raodenobas). gasagebia, rom konsonantur-silaburi damwer-
lobis Seqmna iTvleba udides miRwevad, ramdenadac damwer-

lobis ganviTarebaSi igi warmoadgens axal safexurs, romel-
ic gzas ukvalavs damwerlobis Tvisebrivad axal tips, sax-
eldobr, anbanur damwerlobas. am ukanasknelis upirveles
nimuSad gvevlineba klasikuri berZnuli damwerloba, romel-
Sic Zveli semituridan gadmoRebuli grafikuli simboloe-
bi (grafemebi) gamoxatavdnen calkeul bgerebs (Tanxmovneb-
sac da xmovnebsac) rogorc paradigmatikaSi, ise sintagma-
tikaSi. arqaul berZnulSi es SesaZlebeli gaxda zogierTi
semituri konsonanturi niSnis vokalur niSnad gadaqcevis
safuZvelze, riTac faqtobrivad Seiqmna Tvisebrivad axali
weriTi sistema _ anbani, saidanac saTaves iRebs yvela Semdgo-
mi dReisaTvis cnobili anbanuri tipis damwerloba.
5. qristianuli aRmosavleTis anbanuri damwerlobani
anbanuri weriTi sistemis gansakuTrebul tipologiur

klass Seadgens qristianul anbanur damwerlobaTa erTi
jgufi, romelic aerTianebs kopturs, goTurs, klasikur somx-
urs, Zvel qarTulsa da Zvel slavurs. yvela am damwerlo-
bisaTvis klasikuri berZnulis weriTma sistemam Seasrula
modelis, prototipuli damwerlobis roli.
koptur da goTur weriT sistemebSi, iseve rogorc Zvel
qarTulSi, daculia klasikur berZnul prototipul siste-
masTan paradigmatuli damokidebulebis principi. am Tval-
sazrisiT, aRniSnuli sistemebi gansxvavebulia klasikuri
somxurisagan, sadac es damokidebuleba gamiznulad aris
darRveuli.
berZnuli sistemis paradigmatuli rigi mTlianad aisaxa
Zvel qarTul anbanSi, iseve rogorc koptursa da goTurSi;
berZnuli prototipis yvela _ 27-ve aso (9 x 3 = 27), Ti-
145
Tamaz gamyreliZe
146
Toeuli Tavisi fonetikuri da ricxviTi mniSvnelobebiT, imave
TanmimdevrobiT iqna gadmotanili aRniSnul anbanur damw-
erlobebSi, Sesabamisi fonetikuri da ricxviTi mniSvnelobe-
biT. berZnuli èpisemonebi~ imave funqciiT gardaisaxa (anu
rogorc mxolod garkveuli ricxviTi mniSvnelobis mqone
simboloebi; Sdr. kopturi asoebi `6~-isa da `900~-is mniS-
vnelobebiT, aseve, goTuri asoebi `90~-isa da `900~-is ricx-
viTi mniSvnelobebiT), an axal sistemaSi maT miiRes mocemu-
li sistemisaTvis specifikuri fonetikuri mniSvnelobani.
modelad aRebuli sawyisi weriTi sistemis paradigmatikis
SenarCunebas ganapirobebs prototipuli sistemis yoveli
grafikuli simbolos Sesabamisad gadmotana Tu `fonetikuri
Canacvleba~ axlad Seqmnili damwerlobis asoTa rigis sa-
Tanado adgilebSi. am gziT prototipuli sistemis paradig-
matika srulad gardaisaxeba axlad Seqmnili damwerlobis
asoTa rigze.
goTurSi berZnuli prototipuli sistemis paradigmatikis
amgvari gardasaxva ganxorcielda ise, rom ar Seqmnila
saWiroeba daematebinaT specifikuri fonetikuri mniSvnelo-
bis mqone aso-niSnebi. amgvari specifikuri fonetikuri mniS-
vnelobebi mTlianad ganTavsda berZnuli prototipis para-
digmatikaSi garkveuli fonetikuri Canacvlebebis Sedegad.
amitomac aris, rom goTuri anbani imave raodenobis (9 x 3 =
27) grafikul simbolos Seicavs, rasac berZnuli prototi-
pi. rac Seexeba ricxviT mniSvnelobebs, pirveli cxra simbo-
lo am anbanuri mimdevrobidan aRniSnavs erTeulebs, Semdegi
cxra _ aTeulebs, xolo anbanuri rigis bolo cxra simbo-
lo _ aseulebs.
goTursa da Zvel qarTulSi mas Semdeg, rac Zveli berZnu-
li prototipuli sistemis paradigmatikis mTliani gardasax-
va moxda axlad Seqmnili sistemis asoTa rigze (zogan fone-
tikuri CanacvlebebiT), darCa garkveuli raodenobis speci-

fikuri bgeriTi erTeuli grafikuli gamoxatulebis gareSe.
am `specifikuri~ bgerebis aRmniSvneli grafikuli simboloe-
bi daemata asoTa rigis `ZiriTad~ nawils, erTgvarad Seavso
igi da masSi amgvarad aisaxa sawyisi prototipuli sistemis
paradigmatika. Tuki prototipuli sistema 9 x 3 = 27
grafikul simbolos aerTianebda, damatebiTi aso-niSnebiT
SesaZlebeli gaxda Zvel qarTul anbanSi gamoexataT àTa-
seulebic~.
klasikuri somxuri anbani efuZneba radikalurad gansx-
vavebul paradigmatul princips, romelic tipologiurad
upirispirdeba kopturis, goTurisa da Zveli qarTulis wer-
iT sistemebs. klasikuri somxurisaTvis anbanTrigis Seqmnis
procesSi yvela èpisemoni~ (e.i. berZnuli asoebi mxolod
ricxviTi mniSvnelobiT) Tavidanve amoiRes berZnuli pro-
totipuli sistemidan da aseve amoiRes im specifikuri berZnu-
li bgerebis aRmniSvneli grafikuli somboloebi, romlebic
ar axasiaTebda somxurs. rogorc Cans, klasikuri somxuri-
saTvis anbanis Seqmnis procesSi berZnulis specifikur fone-
tikur mniSvnelobebs ar Canacvlebia sakuTriv somxuri bgere-
bi (rogorc es xdeboda kopturi, goTuri da Zveli qarTuli
damwerlobebis Seqmnisas); amis sanacvlod berZnuli anbani
SemWidrovda da misgan miviReT anbanTrigi, romelic Seicavda
mxolod somxuri bgerebis korelatebs da romlebic grafiku-
lad Taviseburi niSnebiT gamoixateboda. amgvarad miRebuli
berZnuli paradigmatuli rigi (e.i. berZnuli prototipuli
sistemidan miRebuli somxurisaTvis ucxo fonetikuri mniS-
vnelobebis amogdebiT) warmoadgenda fonetikuri mniS-
vnelobebis im sawyis birTvs, romelsac daeyrdno klasikuri
somxuri anbani da rogorc mTliani sistema igi Camoyalibda
aRniSnul birTvze somxurisaTvis specifikuri bgeriTi er-
147
Tamaz gamyreliZe
148
Teulebis damatebiT, romlebic specialuri grafikuli sim-
boloebiT gamoixateboda.
aRsaniSnavia, rom specifikuri somxuri mniSvnelobebi ar
agrZelebda uwyvetad anbanTrigis `ZiriTad~ nawils, romelic
nawilobriv mainc asaxavda berZnul paradigmatikas, miuxe-
davad imisa, rom am ukanasknelis SemWidroebul saxesxvaobas
warmoadgenda. somxur anbanSi `damatebiTi~ nawilis sim-
boloebi gafantulia `ZiriTadi~ nawilis simboloebs Soris,
ris Sedegadac darRveulia berZnuli prototipiT motivire-
buli sawyisi paradigmatika da, Sesabamisad, amosavali berZnu-
li modelisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli ricxviTi mniSvnelobe-
bis sistemac moSlilia.
axlad Seqmnil weriT sistemaSi prototipuli damwer-
lobis ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis SenarCunebis principi,
romelic mkacradaa daculi koptur, goTur da Zvel qarTul
damwerlobebSi, mTlianad uaryofilia klasikuri somxuri
anbanis Semqmnelis mier, romelic berZnul damwerlobas mx-
olod imisaTvis iyenebs, rom Sesabamisobis gziT moaxdinos
zogierTi somxuri bgeriTi erTeulis identifikacia. swored
amiT unda iyos ganpirobebuli is faqtic, rom klasikuri
somxuri anbanis Semqmneli, romlisTvisac models berZnu-
li damwerloba warmoadgenda, ar iTvaliswinebda berZnuli-
saTvis specifikuri bgerebis gamomxatvel, magram somxuri
bgeriTi sistemis TvalsazrisiT Warb grafikul simboloebs;
aseve ar iyo gaTvaliswinebuli episemonebi _ niSnebi, rom-
lebic moklebulia raime fonetikur mniSvnelobas. amis ga-
moa, rom berZnuli anbanis birTvs, romelsac klasikuri somx-
uri sistema eyrdnoba, Seadgens simboloTa mimdevroba A
–λφα-dan (somx. ayb) X χι-mde (somx. khē), saidanac gamoricx-
ulia asoebi specifikuri berZnuli mniSvnelobebiT.
klasikuri somxuri anbanis am specifikur asoebs Sorisaa
ganTavsebuli _ `ZiriTadi~ nawilis grafemebis alternative-

bis gamoyenebiT ramdenime gasxvavebul adgilas _ yvela dama-
tebiTi simbolo, rac mTlianobaSi qmnis klasikuri proto-
tipuli berZnuli sistemisagan gansxvavebul sruliad axal
paradigmatikas klasikur somxur damwerlobaSi. amis gamo
mTlianad dairRva Sesabamisoba prototipul berZnul da
klasikur somxur damwerlobebs Soris urTierTSesabamisi
grafikuli simboloebis mier ricxviTi mniSvnelobebis gamox-
atvis TvalsazrisiT. amgvarad, klasikuri somxuri damwer-
loba radikalurad gansxvavebulia kopturi, goTuri da Zve-
li qarTuli weriTi sistemebisagan, romlebic, zemoT aRniS-
nuli TvalsazrisiT, erT tipologiur klasSi erTiandebian.
berZnul damwerlobaze dafuZnebul qristianuli perio-
dis anbanebs Soris, istoriuli urTierTmimarTebebis Tval-
sazrisiT, unda ganvixiloT Zveli slavuri damwerlobebi _
kirilica da glagolica, romlebic Zveli weriTi sisteme-
bis aRniSnul tipologiur klass ganekuTvnebian. Zveli sla-
vuri glagolica aSkarad efuZneba paradigmatuli damoki-
debulebis imave princips axlad Seqmnil damwerlobasa da
berZnul prototipul sistemas Soris, romelic daculia
koptur, goTur da Zvel qarTul anbanebSi.
Zveli qarTuli damwerloba da Zveli slavuri glagoli-
ca, garda msgavsebisa paradigmatul struqturaSi, sxva saer-
To principiTac xasiaTdebian, kerZod, grafikuli simboloe-
bis moxazuloba am axlad Seqmnil damwerlobebSi daSore-
bulia prototipuli sistemisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli moxa-
zulobisagan. rogorc Cans, es principi im mizniT gatarda,
rom axlad Seqmnili sistemebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yo-
filiyo yvela Tviseba `damoukidebeli erovnuli damwerlo-
bisa~ da saerTod gamoricxuliyo garegani msgavseba maT
Tanadroul romelime sxva sistemasTan.
149
Tamaz gamyreliZe
150
klasikuri somxuri damwerloba (grafikulad absolu-
turad gansxvavebuli berZnuli prototipisagan), romlis
Semqmnelad mesrop maStoci gvevlineba, aRniSnul princips
didi simkacriT icavs. klasikuri somxuri damwerlobis Se-
qmnisas mesrop maStoci mTlianad emyareboda berZnul wer-
iT sistemas, Tumca man totalurad Secvala prototipuli
sistemis grafika da axlad Camoyalibebul damwerlobaSi
Sesabamisi niSnebis moxazuloba sruliad gansxvavebuli te-
qnikiT Seqmna. am gziT TiTqos moiSala yovelgvari garegani
msgavseba berZnul prototipTan da Seiqmna STabeWdileba, rom
Camoyalibda damoukidebeli da originaluri axali damwer-
loba.
Zveli qarTuli anbanis Semqmnelic gamiznulad, imave gan-
zraxviT, cvlis berZnul prototipul sistemas, Tumca es
araa berZnuli grafikis totaluri cvlileba: axali siste-
mis avtori axdens prototipuli sistemis ama Tu im niSnis
arqaizacias, an zogjer _ garkveul grafikul modifikacias.
am gziT Zveli qarTuli anbanis avtori aRwevs sasurvel
Sedegs _ qmnis originalur erovnul damwerlobas, swored
iseve, rogorc maStocma berZnuli prototipuli moxazulo-
bis mTlianad SecvliT Seqmna originaluri klasikuri somx-
uri erovnuli damwerloba.
aRmosavleT qristianul kulturul samyaroSi amgvarma
tendenciebma, romlebic nakarnaxevi iyo rogorc politikuri,
ise religiuri TvalsazrisiT, Sedegad gamoiRo ramdenime ga-
regnulad gansxvavebuli weriTi sistemis Seqmna, romlebic
berZnul damwerlobas efuZnebodnen da, amave dros, TavianTi
grafikuli moxazulobiT berZnuli prototipuli sistemisa-
gan damoukideblobas avlendnen.
am TvalsazrisiT, Zveli qarTuli damwerloba, klasikuri
somxuri da Zveli slavuri glagolica erT tipologiur
klasSi erTiandebian, kopturi da goTuri damwerlobebis sa-

pirispirod, aseve, sapirispirod kirilicasi, romelTa
grafikuli gamoxatuleba maTi Tanadrouli berZnuli damwer-
lobis moxazulobis amsaxvelia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom, amavdroulad, Zveli qarTuli damwer-
loba (iseve rogorc Zveli slavuri glagolica) mTlianad
gansxvavdeba klasikuri somxuri anbanisagan damwerlobis
Sinagani, paradigmatuli struqturiT. berZnul prototipul
sistemasTan paradigmatuli damokidebulebis TvalsazrisiT,
Zveli qarTuli damwerloba (iseve rogorc Zveli slavuri
glagolica) tipologiurad erTiandeba qristianuli damw-
erlobis iseT uZveles nimuSebTan, rogoricaa kopturi da
goTuri weriTi sistemebi.
6. anbanuri sistema _ saboloo safexuri damwerlobis

ganviTarebaSi?
bevr originalur anbanur sistemaSi, romlebic enis fone-

tikuri mxaris adekvaturad gamoxatvis mizniT Seiqmna, si-
tyvaTa daweriloba ukve aRar asaxavs srulad maT realur
warmoTqmas, rac met-naklebad ukavSirdeba fonetikuri siste-
mis mniSvnelovan transformaciebs. enaSi bgeriTi sintagma-
tika SeiZleba daSordes grafikul sintagmatikas, romelic
asaxavs Sesabamisi sityvebis fonetikur ier-saxes anbanuri
weriTi sistemis Seqmnis periodSi, misi ganviTarebis adreul
safexurze, roca fonetikuri ier-saxe sityvebisa jer kidev
SenarCunebuli iyo maT dawerilobaSi.
amgvar gviandel anbanur sistemebSi calkeuli sityvis
grafikuli struqtura misi fonetikuri mxaris gamomxat-
vel erTgvar pirobiT niSans warmoadgens. am sistemebSi
calkeuli grafikuli simbolo sintagmatikaSi SeiZleba Seg-
151
Tamaz gamyreliZe
152
vxvdes ara rogorc romelime bgeris an fonemis aRmniSvne-

li, aramed rogorc mTeli sityvis fonetikuri aspeqtis ga-
momxatveli garkveuli sintagmaturi agregatis grafikuli
elementi (Sdr., magaliTad, calkeul sityvaTa dawerilobani
Tanamedrove inglisursa da frangulSi).
enis fonetikuri aspeqtis ganviTarebasa da damwerlobis
Zvel sintagmatikas Soris amgvari Seusabamobis logikuri
Sedegi SeiZleba gaxdes anbanuri warmoSobis damwerlobis
Secvla kvazi-logografiuli sistemiT, sadac calkeuli aso
an asoTa garkveuli sintagmaturi jgufi gamoxatavs mTel
sityvas (asoebis fonetikur mniSvnelobasa da mocemuli si-
tyvis Semadgenel bgerebs Soris sruli Seusabamobis pirobeb-
Si). am SemTxvevaSi damwerlobaSi irRveva yvela adre arsebu-
li kavSiri enis fonetikur mxaresTan da igi iqceva enisagan
damoukidebel sistemad, romelic garkveuli raodenobis
grafikul simboloebs Seicavs da xasiaTdeba Zveli fone-
tikuri sintagmatikis amsaxveli specialuri wesebiT. damw-
erlobis àvtonomiur~ bunebaze mxolod am azriT SeiZleba
laparaki.
qarTuli damwerloba gadaurCa anbanuri sistemidan da-
Sorebis am process qarTuli fonetikis gansakuTrebuli kon-
servaciis faqtis wyalobiT, romelmac sintagmaturi fone-
tikuri formebi, SeiZleba iTqvas, xelSeuxeblad Semogvi-
naxa werilobiT dafiqsirebuli TiTqmis 1500-wliani istori-
is manZilze.
153
Tamaz gamyreliZe
166
`kulturis ekologia~1
t ermini èkologia~ Tavisi etimologiuri SinaarsiT ni-

Snavs mecnierebas `sacxovreblis ~, `gare mos~,
`garemocvis~ Sesaxeb. TviT `garemocvis~ cnebas azri aqvs
garkveuli centris, im centraluri wertilis daSvebis
SemTxvevaSi, romelSic adamiani imyofeba.
èkologiis~ amgvari gansazRvrisas unda davadginoT, Tu
ra xasiaTis `garemosTan~, `garemocvasTan~ gvaqvs saqme: ad-
amianisaTvis es garemo aris fizikuri da biologiuri, Tu
sakuTriv adamianuri _ kulturul-socialuri. Sesabamisad,
saWiroa gavarCioT adamianis fizikur-biologiuri ekologia
da ekologia kulturul-socialuri, romelic ganixilavs
èkologiis~ humanitarul aspeqtebs da romlisTvisac SeiZ-
leboda `kulturis ekologia~ gvewodebina.
1
gamoqveynda krebulSi «oCxari», julieta ruxaZisadmi miZRvnili eTnologiuri,
istoriuli da filologiuri Ziebani: `mematiane~, Tbilisi, 2002, gv. 113_115.
~kulturis ekologia~
`kulturis ekologia~ ganixilavs adamians ara rogorc

biologiur obieqts, romelzedac zemoqmedebas axdens fizi-
kuri garesamyaro, aramed rogorc socialur-kulturul
obieqts, romelic garkveul urTierTobebs amyarebs adamia-
nur garemosTan da romelzedac zemoqmedebas axdens esa Tu
is socialuri garemo.
èkologiisadmi~ miZRvnil Sekrebebze Cven mTel yura-
dRebas mivapyrobT xolme fizikur-biologiur ekologias da
TiTqmis mTlianad ugulebelvyofT `kulturis ekologiis~
problemebs, maSin rodesac mTeli msoflios xalxebs, da gan-
sakuTrebiT mcirericxovan erebs, fizikuri garemos siwmin-
dis dacvaze aranakleb mwvaved awuxebT erovnuli kulturi-
sa da enis gadarCenis, TavianT esTetikur da eTnikur faseulo-
baTa dacvis sakiTxebi _ da yovelive es totaluri globali-
zaciis epoqaSi.
amgvar enaTa da kulturaTa mospoba-gadaSeneba iseTive
katastrofaa kulturul-ekologiuri TvalsazrisiT,
rogoric garesamyaros dabinZureba _ fizikur-biologiuri
ekologiis TvalsazrisiT.
Cven `wiTel wignSi~ Segvaqvs im cxovelTa da mcenareTa
saxelebi, romelTac gadaSeneba emuqrebaT da amiT vafrTxi-
lebT kacobriobas, magram xSirad gvaviwydeba TviTon adami-
ani da misi kultura, rodesac gulgrilad SevcqeriT xalxe-
bisa da maTi enebis gadaSenebas, xalxebisa, romlebic Tavad
warmoadgenen kacobriobis istoriisa da sakacobrio kul-
turis nawils.
aseTi xalxebisa da enebis dakargviT kacobrioba ufro
Raribi da erTgvarovani xdeba; kacobrioba kargavs raRac naw-
ils Tavisi istoriuli mexsierebisa, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
im xalxebis erovnul grZnobebze, romelTac istoriulma bed-
ma arguna gamxdariyvnen cocxali mowmeni TavianTi erovnuli
167
Tamaz gamyreliZe
168
enebisa da erovnuli kulturebis SebRalvisa, zogjer ki _
sruli gadaSenebisa did saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebaTa far-
glebSi.
xSirad swored es iwvevs gareSe damkvirveblisaTvis gauge-
bar erovnul mRelvarebas, romelsac Tavisi intensivobiT ver
Seedreba veraviTari ukmayofileba, mZime socialur-
ekonomikuri Tu sxva pirobebiT gamowveuli.
Tanamedrove samyaros saerTo-erovnuli kulturul-eno-
brivi faqtori gansazRvravs `kulturis ekologiis~ prob-
lemaTa kompleqss. saWiroa saswrafod SevqmnaT dakargvis
saSiSroebis winaSe myofi enebisa da xalxebis `wiTeli wig-
ni~ da dauyovnebliv miviRoT samecniero-organizaciuli zome-
bi am enebisa da xalxebis gadasarCenad.
yvela es problema Sedis swored `kulturis ekologiis~
sferoSi da aucilebelia am sakiTxebze farTo diskusiebis
gamarTva, kulturul-ekologiuri problemebis ganxilva
saerTaSoriso masStabiT, raTa Camoyalibdes `kulturis
ekologiis~ mecnieruli safuZvlebi. es ukanaskneli `fizi-
kur-biologiur ekologiasTan~ kompleqsSi Seqmnis erTian
ekologiur disciplinas, romelsac SeiZleba sazogadod àd-
amianisa da sazogadoebis ekologia~ ewodos.
`transkavkasia~ Tu ‘samxreT kavkasia~?
geopolitikuri nomenklaturis
dazustebisaTvis*
“Aa mierkavkasias~ dasavlur enebze, Cveulebriv, `tran-

skavkasias~ uwodeben, rac rusul `Закавказье~-s Targ-
mans warmoadgens, laTinuri `trans-~ TavsarTis gamoy-
enebiT rusuli `за~- prefiqsis Sesabamisad. `transkavkasia~
_ `Закавказье~, maSasadame, niSnavs `kavkasiis qedis, kavkasiis
miRma teritorias~, rac qarTulad rogorc ìmierkavkasia~
gadmoiTargmneba.
kavkasionis qedis samxreTiT mdebare teritoriis `trans-
kavkasia~ _ `Закавказье~ (e.i. ìmierkavkasia~) terminiT aRniS-
vna gulisxmobs saqarTvelos, somxeTisa da azerbaijanis
momcveli am teritoriis danaxvas da saxeldebas Crdilo-
eTidan, `kavkasiis~ samxreTi nawilis Sefasebas Crdiloeli
damkvirveblis TvaliT, ris gamoc es termini garkveul poli-
tikur, ase vTqvaT, `koloniur~ Seferilobas iZens.
*
daibeWda Tavdapirvelad gazeT “Свободная Грузия”-Si, 1997.
169
Tamaz gamyreliZe
170
kavkasiis regioni anu `kavkasia~, romelic moicavs teri-
torias kavkasionis CrdiloeTiT da samxreTiT, am qedis
berZnul `kaukasos~ saxels ukavSirdeba. Tavad berZnuli
`kaukasos~ termini Zveli iranuli `kapkah~ saxelwodebisa-
gan unda momdinareobdes, rac `did mTas~ niSnavs.
amgvarad, `kavkasia~ geografiulad warmodgens garkveul
teritorias Sav zRvasa da kaspiis zRvas Soris, romelsac
kavkasionis qedi or nawilad yofs _ CrdiloeT kavkasiad da
samxreT kavkasiad. `kavkasiis~ samxreT nawils Cven savsebiT
bunebrivad àmierkavkasias~, anu kavkasiis qedis àqeT~, àmi-
er~ mdebare regions vuwodebT.
amisgan gansxvavebiT, rusul da dasavlur sityvaxmarebaSi
CrdiloeT kavkasias `Северный Кавказ~-s uwodeben, xolo
samxreT kavkasias logikurad mosalodneli da geografiu-
lad gamarTlebuli `Южный Кавказ~-is nacvlad garkveu-
li politikuri orientaciis mqone `Закавказье~ _ `tran-
skavkasia~ (e.i. ìmerkavkasia~) terminiT aRniSnavdnen.
yovelive amis gaTvaliswinebiT, termini `transkavkasia~ _
`Закавказье~ mizanSewonilia am enebSi Seicvalos poli-
tikurad neitraluri da geografiulad zusti terminebiT
`Crdilo kavkasia~ _ `Северный Кавказ~, `North Caucasus~
da `samxreT kavkasia~ _ `Южный Кавказ~, `South Caucasus~;
qarTulad `samxreT kavkasia~ terminis paralelurad trad-
iciuli àmierkavkasiac~ SeiZleba vixmaroT (saqrTvelos,
somxeTisa da azerbaijanis momcveli teritoriis aRsaniSna-
vad).
es sakiTxi araerTxel dasmula sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso
samecniero-politikur konferenciebze kavkasiis Sesaxeb da
dadebiTad iqna aRqmuli aRniSnuli forumebis monawileTa
mier.
`transkavkasia~ Tu ~samxreT kavkasia~?
amasTanave unda iTqvas, rom tradiciuli terminebi `trans-

kavkasia~ _ `Закавказье~ imdenad fexmokidebulia saerTa-
Soriso sityvaxmarebaSi, rom amaT nacvlad termin `samxreT
kavkasiis~ damkvidrebas albaT garkveuli dro dasWirdeba.
yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cven mudam unda SevaxsenoT da mivuTiToT
Cvens dasavlel da Crdiloel kolegebs `kavkasiis~ mimarT
amgvari terminologiuri cvlilebebis aucileblobaze, Se-
sabamisad unda Seicvalos ucxour organizaciaTa amierkavka-
siasTan dakavSirebuli proeqtebis terminologia: `transkav-
kasia~ _ `Закавказье~ terminis nacvlad unda ixmarebodes
termini `samxreT kavkasia~, `Южный Кавказ~, `South Cauca-
sus~, qarTulad agreTve _ àmierkavkasia~.
termini `transkavkasiuri~ (magaliTad, `transkavkasiuri
magistrali~) darCeba mxolod mTels `samxreTkavkasiaSi~ gam-
avali, gamWoli gzis, `derefnis~ aRsaniSnavad aRmosavleT-
dasavleTis (an dasavleT-aRmosavleTis) mimarTulebiT (laT-
inuri windebuli `trans-~ garda ìmier-~ mniSvnelobisa, rus.
`за-~, gamoxatavs agreTve mniSvnelobebs `-Si~, `gaswvriv~,
rus. `через~, `сквозь~; Sdr. terminebi `transatlantikuri~,
`transcimbiruli~ da sxv.).
171
Tamaz gamyreliZe
172
`mtkvari~ hidronimis etimologiisaTvis*
$ οÍ hοÂ φιλου σιν ‘aποhνήσkει νέος – `vinc RmerTebs uyvarT,

Ον
~
axalgazrda kvdeba~. menandres es sityvebi SesaniSnavad esa-

dageba givi maWavarians _ brwyinvale mecniersa da araCveu-
lebriv adamians, romelmac waruSleli kvali datova
qarTul da saerTaSoriso enaTmecnierebaSi. me piradad mqon-
da bedniereba masTan erToblivi mecnieruli muSaobisa
mravali wlis manZilze; swored man Semiyvana me qarTveluri
enaTmecnierebis saocar samyaroSi; swored masTan erTad
Seiqmna qarTvelur enaTa SedarebiTi Seswavlis is suraTi,
romelic Tavis droze faqtobrivad qarTveluri SedarebiT-
istoriuli enaTmecnierebis axal paradigmas warmoadgen-
da. es patara statiac me minda mivuZRvna Cveni dauviwyari
megobrisa da kolegis givi maWavarianis xsovnas.
idronimi `mtkvari~ qarTul wyaroebSi dasturdeba uZ-
h veles hagiografiul da istoriul ZeglebSi mtkuar-i

/ mtkur-is[a] formiT, sadac u niSani (digrafi) umarcv-
*
«enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi» 4(16). eZRvneba givi maWavarianis dabadebis 75
wlisTavs, Tbilisi, 2002 w.: «iv.javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisis saxelmwifo
universiteti».
~mtkvari~ hidronimis etimologiisaTvis
lo [–] bgeras unda gadmogvcemdes, e.i. gvqonda xmovanmo-

nacvle mtk–ar-/mtk–r- fuZe:...xolo queyanasa amas Sina arian
mdinareni udidesni mtkuari da Woroxi (qarTl. cx. IV, 661,
9_10); amier erTeulni mtkurisani (qarTl. cx. IV, 83, 17) da
sxv.
`mtkvari~ hidronimis etimologizaciis cda bolo dros
mocemuli aqvs prof. v.sergias, romelic mas laz. mtkori
(“tyiuri”) adieqtivs ukavSirebs da lazuridan momdinared
miiCnevs: lazuri ‘mtkori’ // qarTuli mtkvari, e.i. “tyiani,
Zlieri, daudgromeli” (v.sergia, mtkvris etimologiisaTvis
_ `saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis moambe~, t. 146, №2,
1992, gv. 221_228); aqvea mocemuli mravali sxva avtoris ufro
adrindeli mosazrebebi `mtkvari~ hidronimis warmomavlo-
basTan dakavSirebiT: n.mari, arn. Ciqobava, v. struve, l. meli-
qseT-begi, s. jiqia, z. WumburiZe, a. axundovi, ...).
qarT. `mtkvari/mtkvris~ hidronimis amgvari etimologi-
zacia gaWirdeba ukve imis gamo, rom lazuri `mtkori~ forma
sakmaod gviandelia (meoreuli Tavkidura #m- TanxmovniT da
ty- // tk- gadasvliT: Sdr. megr. tyari “tyiuri”) da ver CaiTv-
leba amosavlad qarT. mtkvari hidronimisaTvis (Sdr. agreTve
amgvari dakavSirebis SemTxvevaSi laz. -o- // qarT. -va- gadasv-
lis daSveba, rasac paraleli ar unda moepovebodes, rom
aRaraferi vTqvaT amgvari dakavSirebis semantikur sirTu-
leebze).
analogiuri formalur-semantikuri sirTuliT xasiaTdeba
`mtkvari~ hidronimTan dakavSirebuli yvela sxva warmodge-
nili etimologizacia.
sul sxva suraTi gveqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mtkvar- hidron-
ims ganvixilavT rogorc warmoSobiT participialur for-
mas: qarT. `mtkvari/mtkvris~ saxeli aSkara kavSirs avlens
warmoebis mxriv m- _ -ar- prefiqs-sufiqsian participialur
173
Tamaz gamyreliZe
174
(mimReobur) formebTan, Zv. qarT. mdinari ≈ m-din-ar-i tipisa:
Sdr. `...wyali aRmomcenare, mdinari da Suenieri~ (zarzm. 324,
17).
m-din-ar-i formis paraleluri participialuri formaa
Zvel qarTulSi m-din-ar-e: Sdr. `...cremlni, viTarca mdinareni
wyalni~ (sas. w. II 5, 7) (amgvari paraleluri warmoebisaTvis
Sdr. agreTve Zv. qarT. m-Zin-ar-i da m-Zin-ar-e).
mimReoba m-din-ar-e ukve Zvel qarTulSi gasubstantivebu-
lia da ixmareba arsebiTi saxelis mniSvnelobiT, rogorc Tana-
medrove qarTulis mdinare.
analogiur gasubstantivebul participialur warmoebas
gviCvenebs Zv. qarT. m-kud-ar-i, ax. qarT. mkvdari, sityva, ro-
melic *k–ed- “kvdoma” zmnuri Ziris nulsafexurian *kud-/
*k–d- formas warmoadgens.
swored msgavsi mimReoburi warmoeba Cans hidronim
`mtkvari~ formaSic, e.i. m-tkv-ar-i, sadac gamoiyofa parti-
cipialuri m- _ -ar- cirkumfiqsi da uxmovno tk–- Ziri, rom-
lis srulsafexuriani forma iqneboda * tek–- (Sdr.
nulsafexuriani participialuri m-k–d-ar-i forma, sapir-
ispirod srulsafexuriani k–ed- zmnuri formisa).
es savaraudo srulsafexuriani *tek–- Ziri emTxveva saer-
To-indoevropul *tekw- zmnur Zirs, romelic mraval isto-
riul indoevropul enaSi “dinebis”, “swrafad moZraobis” se-
mantikas gamoxatavs: Sdr. Zv. ind. tákti “iswrafvis”, “miedine-
ba”, slav. (rus.) течь “dineba”, Zv. slav. teko , rus. теку “gavr-
bivar, mivedinebi”, toq. cake “mdinare”, Zv. iranuli (avesturi)
tačaiti “miedineba”, tači-pā “mdinare wyali” (Sdr. Zv. qarT.
“mdinareni wyalni”).
maSasadame, m-tkv-ar-i Tavdapirvelad “dinebis” gamomxatve-
li participialuri forma unda yofiliyo da formalurad
da semantikurad m-din-ar-i // m-din-ar-e mimReoburi warmoe-
~mtkvari~ hidronimis etimologiisaTvis
bis analogs warmoadgenda; gasubstantivebuli mtkvari si-

tyva TandaTan ukve konkretuli mdinaris sakuTar saxelad
aRiqmeba da sakuTriv hidronimis statuss iZens.
savaraudo *tek–- zmnuri Ziri, romelic indoevropulidan
momdinared miiCneva da “dinebis” mniSvnelobas unda gamoxatav-
des, ar Cans produqtiuli sakuTriv qarTulSi da mxolod
mtkvar- saxelSi unda dasturdebodes [Tu egeve Ziri ar vi-
varaudeT qarT. mtknar- < *m-tk–-n-ar- ( ?) formaSi, e.i. “mdi-
nari”: Sdr. Zv. qarT. sisxli mtknari, an “mtkvriseuli” = “mdi-
nariseuli”: Sdr. mtknari wyali “gamdinari, umarilo wya-
li”]. amitom participialuri m-tk–-ar- formis warmoeba,
yovel SemTxvevaSi, saerTo qarTul-zanur doneze unda vi-
varaudoT, rodesac indoevropulidan momdinare *tek–- zmnu-
ri Ziri “dinebis” mniSvnelobiT sxva konstruqciebSic unda
gvqonoda, rac cal-calke ukve megrul-lazursa da qarTulSi
aRar dasturdeba (Tu aseTad ar CavTvliT zemoT ganxilul
mtknar- formas).
am TvalsazrisiT sagulisxmoa (aseve indoevroulidan mo-
mdinare) uZvelesi din- Ziri, romelic produqtiuli rCeba
TviT Zvelsa da Tanamedrove qarTulSi (Sdr. din-eb-a, mi-e-
din-eb-a, m-din-ar-e, s-di-s, den-i, dn-ob-a da sxv.: Sdr. ind.-
evr. *dhen- “dineba” ; “mdinare” , “wyaro”: Zv. spars. danuvatiy
“miedineba”, toq. tsän- “dineba”, laT. fōns/fontis “wyaro”, av-
est. dānu- “mdinare”, osur. don “mdinare”, “wyali” da sxv.).
qarTuli m-tk–-ar- formis siZveles, yovel SemTxvevaSi
qarTul-zanur qronologiur doneze arsebobas, mxars uW-
ers “mtkvris” aRmniSvneli berZnuli hidronimi Ku÷roς, romel-
ic amosavlad swored zanur *(m)tkur- formas unda gulisx-
mobdes (Sdr., erTi mxriv, qarT. cxvari/cxvris da megr. Sxur-
, laz. Cxur- “cxvari” da, meore mxriv, qarT. mtkvari/mtkvris
da savaraudo zan. *(m)tkur-, romlisganac bunebrivad gam-
175
Tamaz gamyreliZe
176
oiyvaneba am hidronimis Zv. berZnuli varianti). savaraudo
zan. *(m)tkur- formaSi berZnulisaTvis uCveulo #mtk- ko-
mpleqsis #tk→ k bunebrivi gamartivebiT viRebT istoriul
berZnul formas Κu÷ρος “mtkvari” (aqedan unda momdinareob-
des ukve “mtkvris” aRmniSvneli saxelebi, Turqul-azer-
baijanuli kur, rusuli Кура, dasavluri Kura da sxv.).
yovelive es gvavaraudebinebs indoevropulidan momdinare
*tek–- zmnuri Ziris qarTvelurSi odindel produqtiulo-
bas “dinebis” mniSvnelobiT, yovel SemTxvevaSi im qro-
nologiur doneze, romelic win uswrebda qarTul-zanuri
erTianobis daSlas (am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia zemoT
ganxiluli den-/din- < i.-e. *dhen- Ziris produqtiuloba
qarTulSi).
`qarTu~ _ “kartu” rogorc `qarTvelis~,
`qarTvelTa qveynis~ aRmniSvneli uZvelesi
qarTveluri saxeli∗
egrul-lazuri qorTu `qarTveli~ eTnonimi qarTul-
mzanuri enobrivi erTianobis epoqisaTvis *qarTu sityva-

formas unda gulisxmobdes `qarTvelis~, `qarTvelTa
qveynis~ mniSvnelobiT.
uZveles qarTulSi *qarTu forma ar dasturdeba, magram
gvaqvs –el- bolosarTiT (sufiqsiT) nawarmoebi qarTu-el-i
~ qarTÍ-el-i ~ qarTvel-i (u/Í sonantis qarTulSi v-
TanxmovanSi gadasvlis Sedegad), rac ufro adreul epoqaSi
swored amgvari sityva-formis arsebobas gvavaraudebinebs.
maSasadame, qarTul-zanuri enobrivi erTianobisaTvis unda
davuSvaT *qarTu saxelis arseboba `qarTvelis~, `qarTvelTa
qveynis~ mniSvnelobiT, romelmac megrul-lazurSi mogvca
kan onzomiera d qorTu `qarT vel i~ f orma (zanu ri
xmovanTgadawevis Sedegad), xolo sakuTriv qarTulSi -el-
bolosarTis darTviT miviReT istoriulad dadasturebuli
qarTv-el-i forma.
∗
daibeWda gazeTSi `24 saaTi~, 2006 wlis 8 aprili.
177
Tamaz gamyreliZe
178
Tavis mxriv, qarTul-zanuri *qarTu Sedgenili forma unda
iyos *qarT- Zirisa da u- bolosarTis saSualebiT, rac
naTlad Cans qarTl-i toponimis arsebobidan qarTulSi,
romelic nawarmoebia qarT- Zirze _l- bolosarTis darTviT.
amave *qarT- Zirze -ul- bolosarTis darTviT viRebdiT
*qarT-ul- formas, romelmac qarTulSi mogvca kanonzomi-
erad qarT-ul-i, xolo megrulsa da lazurSi qorT-ul-i
formebi (lazurSi _ `qliavis specifikuri jiSis~ mniSvnelo-
biT). es Tavdapirveli qarTveluri *qarT- Ziri toponimis
mniSvnelobiT SesaZlebelia davinaxoT agreTve svanur qarT
formaSi `qalaq Tbilisis~ mniSvnelobiT.
maSasadame, qarTul-zanuri enobrivi erTianobis epoqaSi
unda gvqonoda *qarT- Ziri, romelzedac -u- sufiqsis darT-
viT viRebdiT *qarT-u formas `qarTvelis~, `qarTvelTa qvey-
nis~ mniSvnelobiT, xolo -l- sufiqsis darTviT – specifikur
toponims qarT-l-i `qarTvelTa qveyana~; ukve qarTul-zanuri
enobrivi erTianobis epoqaSi (e.i. jer kidev `xmovanTa zanur
gadawevamde~) unda vivaraudoT qarTvelur tomTa saxelwode-
bebSi garkveuli arealuri sxvaobebi: aq warmodgenili unda
yofiliyo formebi *qarTu da *zan-. es ukanaskneli *zan-
fuZe mxolod svanurs SemorCa mÊzçn `megreli~, zçn `samegre-
lo~ formebis saxiT, xolo sakuTriv megrulsa da lazurSi
igi Seicvala *megrel- [margal, e.i. ègris mobinadre~, Sdr.
qarTuli m-egr-i] eTnonimiT.
amgvarad, SeiZleba davaskvnaT: qarTul-zanuri enobrivi
erTianobis epoqaSi arsebobda `qarTvelTa~ aRmniSvneli sax-
eli *qarTu, romelic megrulsa da lazurSi gardaiqmna
kanonzomierad qorTu formad `qarTvelis~ mniSvnelobiT,
xolo sakuTriv qarTulSi -el- sufiqsis darTviT mogvca
istoriulad dadasturebuli qarTv-el-i eTnonimi.
eiforia Tu euforia | | evforia?*
d Revandel qarTulSi xSirad ismis sityva èiforia~, rac

niSnavs àRtkinebas~, àRtacebas~, àmaRlebul ganwy-
obilebas~.
berZnuli warmomavlobis es sityva farTodaa gavrcelebu-
li sxvadasxva evropul enaSi (Sdr. rus. эйфория, ingl. eu-
phoria, frang. euphorie da sxv.).
berZnuli sityva eujforiva ori nawilisgan Sedgeba: euj- da
-foriva, mniSvnelobebiT _ `kargi, keTili, baraqiani~ da `tare-
ba~, rac mTlianobaSi gvaZlevs mniSvnelobas `baraqianoba~,
`nayofiereba~, `kargi mosavali~ da a.S.
euj- `kargi, keTili~, rogorc Semadgeneli nawili, mraval
sxva sityvaSic iCens Tavs Zvel berZnulSi: Sdr. euj-v genhvß ,
`keTilSobili~ (aqedan sakuTari saxeli èvgeni~), eujv-ephvς
`kargad mosaubre~, euj-grafhvß“kargad naweri~ (Sdr. sakuTari
saxeli èvgrafi~), euj-fhmovς “keTilis mTqmeli~, euj-fhmismovς
`kargad Tqmuli~, Sdr. èvfemizmi~ da mravali sxva.
*
daibeWda gazeTSi `saqarTvelos respublika~, 2007 wlis 9 agvisto.
179
Tamaz gamyreliZe
180
berZnuli euj- `keTili, kargi~ qarTulSi gadmoicema,
rogorc wesi, eu-/ev- mimdevrobiT, garda zemoT ganxiluli
SemTxvevisa, e.i. garda sityvisa eiforia, romelic rusuli
эйфория formis gavlenas amJRavnebs; ufro zustad – rusu-
li эйфория kanonzomieri asaxvaa berZnuli eujv-foriva sityvi-
sa, ramdenadac berZnuli euj- gadmoicema rusulSi эй- dif-
TongiT (Sdr. agreTve berZn. neu÷ron `myesi, nervi~ da rus.
нейрон `neironi~), da es rusuli эйфория gadmotanil iqna
qarTulSi èiforia~-s saxiT.
amdenad, qarTulisaTvis ufro kanonzomieri iqneboda
berZnuli warmomavlobis es friad gavrcelebuli sityva ara
eiforia formiT gvexmara (Sdr. rus. эйфория), aramed qarTu-
lisaTvis ufro bunebrivi da kanonzomieri euforia (an
evforia) formiT.
TviT neironi terminic qarTulSi rusulidan aris Semo-
suli (Sdr. нейрон); ufro kanonzomieri iqneboda misi neuron/
nevron formiT xmareba berZnuli neu÷ron sityvis Sesabamisad
(es forma kanonzomierad aris warmodgenili nevrologia
terminSi). amdenad, ufro marTebuli iqneboda qarTulisaTvis
ara neiroqirurgia (rac rusuli нейрохирургия-s imeorebs),
aramed nevroqirurgia; rac Seexeba imave semantikis mqone qarT.
nerv-i sityvas da rusulsa da sxva enebSi gavrcelebul Se-
sabamis terminebs, isini laTinur nervus `nervi~ formas asaxa-
ven da saTanadod gadmoicemian xsenebul enebSi.
didi
qarTveli
enaTmecnierebi
akaki SaniZe
giorgi axvlediani
arnold Ciqobava
giorgi wereTeli
Tamaz gamyreliZe
182
akaki SaniZe _ axali qarTuli enaTmecnierebis

fuZemdebeli
q
arTuli mecnierebis istoriaSi akaki SaniZe gansakuTre-
bul movlenas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas
peterburgis universitetSi klasikuri Teoriul-
lingvisturi momzadeba ar gauvlia (igi ufro rogorc far-
To profilis filologosi gadioda momzadebas, vidre
sakuTriv lingvisti-Teoretikosi), akaki SaniZe, mis mier Se-
qmnili qarTuli gramatikuli sistemis wyalobiT, enaTmec-
nierebaSi faqtobrivad im Teoriul-lingvisturi mimdinare-
obis winamorbedi aRmoCnda, romelic SeiZleba daxasiaTdes
rogorc struqturul-funqciuri; miuxedavad imisa, rom akaki
SaniZes ar moucia Tavisi lingvisturi koncefciisa da meTo-
dologiis mTliani formulireba, enisadmi (am SemTxvevaSi
qarTuli enisadmi) mTeli Tavisi mecnieruli midgomiTa da
enobrivi analizis gamoyenebuli xerxebisa da meTodebis mixed-
viT, akaki SaniZis lingvisturi Teoria unda ganvixiloT
rogorc struqturul-funqciuri da enaTmecnierebis isto-
riaSi igi im mimdinareobebs SevadaroT, romlebic Semdgom
ferdinand de sosiuris sinqroniuli Teoriisa da praRis
akaki SaniZe _ axali qarTuli enaTmecnierebis fuZemdebeli
saenaTmecniero skolis struqturalizmis saxiT Camoyali-

bdnen.
aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT sakmarisia davasaxeloT enob-

riv elementTa dapirispirebis, òpoziciis~ cneba, romel-
sac, rogorc enobrivi analizis safuZvels, ase farTod iye-
nebs akaki SaniZe; swored lingvisturi opoziciis principze
183
Tamaz gamyreliZe
184
aigeba arsebiTad struqturul-funqciur mimarTulebaTa
ZiriTadi koncefciebi Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebaSi.
akaki SaniZis mier Seqmnil gramatikul sistemaSi winadade-
bis centrs, mis struqturul RerZs warmoadgens zmna, rom-
lis garSemoc Tavs iyris winadadebis yvela danarCeni wevri
da mas garkveuli Sinagani kavSiriT erwymis; zmna gansazRvravs
winadadebis Sinagan struqturas, arsebiTad, enis mTel gra-
matikul wyobas. amgvari gageba winadadebisa yalibdeba aka-
ki SaniZesTan sakmaod adre, qarTuli zmnis analizis pirveli
cdebisTanave, rac bunebrivad nakarnaxebi iyo TviT qarTuli
zmnis struqturuli xasiaTiT, misi mravalpirianobiT, riTac
igi gansxvavdeba sxva cnobil enaTa zmnuri struqturebisa-
gan.
es koncefcia martivi winadadebis struqturaSi zmnis cen-
traluri adgilis Sesaxeb evropul mecnierebaSi formdeba
gacilebiT ufro gvian, XX s. 30-ian wlebSi, frangi mecni-
eris tenieris `struqturuli sintaqsis~ Teoriis saxiT.
qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi es principebi mwyobr koncefciad
sakmaod adre Camoyalibda, rac dRes amerikisa da evropis
enaTmecnierebis aseT did interss iwvevs qarTuli enisa da
qarTuli enaTmecnierebis mimarT da rac akaki SaniZis namoR-
vawars am interesis centrSi ayenebs. qarTvelma mecnierma
qarTuli enis gramatikuli struqturis Tanmimdevruli ana-
lizisa da Seswavlis procesSi empiriuli gziT faqtobrivad
Camoayaliba im meTodologiis ZiriTadi principebi, romelic
ufro gvian Teoriul safuZvels uqmnis zemoT dasaxelebul
mimdinareobebs enaTmecnierebaSi. amdenad, akaki SaniZem qarTu-
li enis mwyobri gramatikuli sistemis CamoyalibebiT iseTi
enaTmecnieruli Rirebulebani Seqmna, romlebic mniSvnelo-
vania ara marto qarTul-qarTveluri enebis Seswavlis Tval-
sazrisiT, aramed Teoriul-enaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiTac
akaki SaniZe _ axali qarTuli enaTmecnierebis fuZemdebeli
sazogadod da lingvistur TeoriaTa da enaTmecnierebis is-

toriis TvalsazrisiT _ gansakuTrebiT.
XX s. saukunis dasawyisSi, ufro zustad _ ocian wleb-
Si, enaTmecnierebaSi, iseve rogorc mecnierebis sxva dargeb-
Si, iwyeba fenomenologiuri analizis periodi, rodesac sa-
ganTa da movlenaTa istoriul Seswavlas cvlis maTi siste-
muri analizi, saganTa da movlenaTa gaazreba Sinagan struq-
turul mimarTebaTa gamovlenisa da Seswavlis gziT. meoce
saukunis mecnierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia istorizmis,
evolucionisturi Tvalsazrisis erTgvari Sesusteba da mTe-
li yuradRebis gadatana movlenaTa da mimarTebaTa Sinagan
sinqroniul analizze.
swored es principebia damaxasiaTebeli am saukunis pirve-
li naxevris Teoriuli enaTmecnierebisaTvis; igive principe-
bi daedo safuZvlad, ZiriTadad, qarTuli enis akaki SaniZ-
iseul analizs.
aq eZleva dasabami swored axal qarTul enaTmecnierebas.
àxal qarTul enaTmecnierebaSi~ da àxal qarTul mecniere-
baSi~ sazogadod me vgulisxmob qarTul samecniero dargebs,
romlebic Camoyalibda Cveni universitetis daarsebis Semdeg
da romlebsac wina periodSi niadagi moumzada qarTuli uni-
versitetis damaarsebelTa, pirvel rigSi ivane javaxiSvilis,
samecniero Sromebma. swored am Sromebma Cauyara safuZveli
axal qarTul mecnierebas sazogadod, romelSic sapatio ad-
gili akaki SaniZis saenaTmecniero memkvidreobas ukavia.
am periodamde qarTuli ena, qarTuli enis gramatikuli
struqtura ar iyo sakmaod Seswavlili da Seicavda mraval
bundovan da gaurkvevel problemas. qarTuli enis Seswavla
mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda sxva civilizebuli erebis enaTa
Seswavlas. am CamorCenis likvidacia da qarTuli enis grama-
tikisa da qarTuli enis, rogorc qarTveli xalxis erovnu-
185
Tamaz
akaki SaniZe _ axali qarTuli enaTmecnierebis fuZemdebeli gamyreliZe
186
li enis, Seswavlis mecnierul niadagze damyareba akaki Sani-
Zis didi da ucilobeli damsaxurebaa. iq, sadac struqtu-
ruli qaosi da gaurkvevloba sufevda, akaki SaniZem araCveu-
lebrivi sicxade Seitana da struqturuli wesrigi daam-
yara. amiT man mniSvnelovnad Seuwyo xeli axali qarTuli
enaTmecnierebis farTo asparezze gamosvlas da akaki SaniZe
saerTaSoriso wreebSi erTxmad aRiares kavkasiuri enaTmec-
nierebis patriarqad.
dRes qarTveli xalxis warmoCineba, sazogadod, da saer-
TaSoriso asparezze _ gansakuTrebiT, swored qarTuli mec-
nierebis, qarTuli kulturis meSveobiT unda xdebodes, am
cnebaTa farTo gagebiT. es erTgvari erovnuli TviTmyofadobis
ganmtkiceba unda iyos qarTveli xalxisa msoflio sazoga-
doebriobis TvalSi.
ama Tu im xalxis sayovelTao aRiarebis safuZvels mxo-
lod mis mier Seqmnili obieqturi, namdvili da gauzviadebe-
li mecnieruli Tu kulturuli Rirebulebebi qmnis, rom-
lebic saboloo angariSiT am xalxis mudmiv Rirebulebebad
iqceva da romelTa mixedviTac fasdeba misi wvlili da adg-
ili sakacobrio civilizaciaSi. swored amgvari WeSmariti
mecnieruli da kulturuli Rirebulebani unda gaxdes Cveni
xalxis TviTdamkvidrebis upiratesi safuZveli.
amgvar gardauval Rirebulebad iqca swored Cveni kul-
turisaTvis akaki SaniZis samecniero memkvidreoba; swored
amgvar mudmiv Rirebulebas warmoadgens Cveni erisaTvis aka-
ki SaniZe.
es Cveni didi mamuliSvili unda iqces qarTuli mecnierebis,
mTeli qarTuli kulturis maradiul simbolod.
giorgi axvlediani _ axali qarTuli
enaTmecnierebis klasikosi*
g iorgi axvledianis saxeli mWidrod ukavSirdeba axa-

li enaTmecnierebis Camoyalibebasa da damkvidrebas. man
akaki SaniZesTan erTad safuZveli Cauyara axal saenaT-
mecniero azrovnebas saqarTveloSi. giorgi axvlediani da
akaki SaniZe arian qarTuli enaTmecnierebis fuZemdeblebi da,
maSasadame, klasikosebi am mecnierebis TvalsazrisiT.
giorgi axvlediani ekuTvnis axali qarTuli mecnierebis
aRorZinebasTan dakavSirebul mecnierTa im mcirericxovan
jgufs, romelsac didi ivane javaxiSvili meTaurobda. axa-
li qarTuli mecnierebis es aRorZineba Tan mohyva Cveni erovnu-
li universitetis daarsebas, risi erT-erTi aqtiuri monawi-
le giorgi axvledianic iyo. ivane javaxiSvilis sityvebiT:
`tfilisis universitetSi enaTmecnierebis dargis Seqmna sami
piris: profesor ioseb yifSiZis, profesor akaki SaniZis da
*
ix. «enaTmecnierebis sakiTxebi», 2002: iv. javaxiSvilis sax. Tbilisi saxelm-
wifo universiteti.
187
Tamaz gamyreliZe
188
profesor giorgi axvledianis Rvawls Seadgens. pirveli maT-
ganis, samwuxarod, udrood gardacvalebis gamo udidesi
tvirTi ors ukanasknels daawva~.
es ùdidesi tvirTi~ did mecnierebsa da sazogado moR-

vaweebs _ giorgi axvlediansa da akaki SaniZes _ SaravandediT
mosavs da mecnieruli azris ganviTarebis istoriaSi Rirseul
giorgi axvlediani _ axali qarTuli enaTmecnierebis klasikosi
adgils miakuTvnebs _ rogorc qarTuli sulieri kultur-

is brwyinvale warmomadgenlebs.
saocrad farToa giorgi axvledianis mecnieruli intere-
sebis sfero; Znelia dasaxelebul iqnes enaTmecnierebis iseTi
dargi, romelSic mas Tavisi mniSvnelovani wvlili ar Seeta-
nos. giorgi axvlediani aris Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis
safuZvlebis Camyreli saqarTveloSi; igi saTaveSi Caudga zoga-
di enaTmecnierebis kaTedras Tbilisis universitetSi da nax-
evar saukuneze metxans ganagebda mas; man waikiTxa pirveli
sauniversiteto kursi da Seqmna saxelmZRvanelo am dargSi
_ ènaTmecnierebis Sesavali~ (1918_19), romelic, amave dros,
Tbilisis universitetSi Seqmnili da aq gamocemuli pirve-
li saxelmZRvaneloa sazogadod.
amrigad, giorgi axvlediani axali saenaTmecniero
azrovnebis pioneria saqarTveloSi, da Tu dRes CvenSi Teori-
uli enaTmecniereba aseT maRal donezea, es upirvelesad
giorgi axvledianis mecnierul moRvaweobas unda mieweros.
giorgi axvledianis ènaTmecnierebis Sesavali~ didi is-
toriuli faqtia qarTuli mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi, ramdena-
dac am wign Si pirve lad qarTul e naze gan imar ta
zogadlingvisturi cnebebi da pirvelad CaerTo am wignis
sauniversiteto kursSi qarTuli enis monacemebi Teoriuli
enaTmecnierebis ZiriTadi problemebis sailustraciod.
magram ènaTmecnierebis Sesavlis~ mniSvneloba da Rire-
buleba ar amoiwureba mxolod zemoT moyvanili aspeqtebiT.
am naSroms, iseve rogorc ufro gvian gamosul mis gamokv-
levebs _ `mkveTri xSulni qarTulSi~ (1922 w.), `qarTul Tanx-
movanTa gandaseba~ (1926 w.), `zogadi da qarTuli fonetikis
sakiTxebi~ (1938), `bgeraTmonacvleobis zogierTi sakiTxi
qarTulSi~ (1948 w.), sruliad gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
aqvs ara marto qarTuli enaTmecnierebisaTvis, qarTuli enis
189
Tamaz gamyreliZe
190
bgeriTi Sedgenilobis Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, aramed zo-
gadenaTmecnieruli TvalsazrisiTac, ramdenadac aq giorgi
axvlediani enis bgeriTi sistemis Sesawavlis axal princi-
pebs ayalibebs da fonologiis _ anu funqcionaluri fone-
tikis erT-erT pionerad gvevlineba.
fonologiam _ funqcionalurma Tvalsazrisma enis bgeri-
Ti Sedgenilobis SeswavlaSi _ rac dasrulebuli saxiT Camo-
yalibda praRasa da Semdgom venaSi didi rusi enaTmecnieris
_ nikoloz trubeckois mier XX saukunis ocdaaTian wleb-
Si, sruliad axali perspeqtivebi gadaSala enaTmecnierebis
winaSe.
giorgi axvledianis dasaxelebul naSromebSi aSkarad
vlindeba funqcionaluri Tvalsazrisi enis bgeriTi Sedge-
nilobis analizSi da, Tumca aq jer ara gvaqvs `diferencial-
uri niSnis~ cneba, Semotanili mecnierebaSi ufro gvian roman
iakobsonisa da nikoloz trubeckois mier, magram ukve aSkar-
ad iCens Tavs dapirispireba konkretul bgerasa da fonemas
rogorc enis funqcionalur erTeuls Soris.
es iyo im droisaTvis udidesi miRweva, erT-erTi yvelaze
adrindeli nimuSi enaTmecnierebis itoriaSi enis bgeriTi er-
Teulis ganxilvisa funqcionaluri TvalsazrisiT. giorgi
axvlediani dasaxelebul naSromebSi ikvlevs qarTul fone-
maTa mimarTebebs sistemasa da teqstSi, adgens qarTuli enis
paradigmatul da sintagmatur struqturebs.
enobriv movlenaTa ganxilva amgvari sistemur-funqciona-
luri TvalsazrisiT, rac giorgi axvledianis jer kidev
adrindel nawerebSi iCens Tavs, SesaZlebelia misi maswavle-
blis _ SCerbas da saerTod imdroindeli rusuli enaTmec-
nierebis gavlenas mieweros, romlis brwyinvale tradicieb-
is gamgrZeleblad saqarTveloSi giorgi axvlediani mogvev-
lina, xolo TviT ruseTSi, samwuxarod, Cakvda àxali saenaT-
mecniero moZRvrebis~ moZalebis gamo. swored am tradicieb-

ma mogvca Semdgom e.w. `praRis skolis~ fonologiuri
moZRvreba, romelic safuZvlad daedo Tanamedrove fo-
nologiur Teoriebs.
giorgi axvledianis mier gatarebuli funqcionaluri
Tvalsazrisi am brwyinvale tradiciebis asaxvas warmoad-
gens, gadmotanils qarTul-kavkasiur enobriv samyaroSi. amiT
giorgi axvledianis Rvawli da naazrevi scildeba sakuTriv
qarTuli enaTmecnierebis farglebs da TvalsaCino adgils
imkvidrebs msoflio enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi. dabejiTe-
biT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom giorgi axvlediani, sxva gamoCenil
enaTmecnierebTan erTad, fonologiuri Teoriis erT-erTi yve-
laze adrindeli warmomadgenelia da mis mier Tanamedrove
fonologiis CamoyalibebaSi Setanili es mniSvnelovani wvli-
li saTanadod unda Sefasdes enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi.
qarTuli enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis analizma funqciona-
luri TvalsazrisiT saSualeba misca giorgi axvledians
daedgina mTeli rigi enobrivi kanonzomierebani, romelTac
arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT qarTveluri enebis Sesaswavlad
sinqroniul Tu diaqroniul aspeqtSi. mTel rig fonetikur-
fonologiuri xasiaTis SromebSi, romlebic qarTuli enis
bgeriTi Sedgenilobis aRweras mieZRvna, giorgi axvledian-
ma gamoikvlia TanxmovanTSeerTebis wesebi, ris safuZvelze-
dac man Semdgom Camoayaliba àqcesiur-decesiurobis~ Teo-
ria, daadgina qarTuli àbruptivebisa~ da `mJReri xSule-
bis~ fonetikur-fonologiuri buneba, gaarkvia kombinatoru-
li xasiaTis bgeraTa cvalebadobis meqanizmi qarTulSi da
mravali sxva, rasac arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto
qarTuli enis aRwerisa da Seswavlis TvalsazrisiT, aramed
zogadi enaTmecnierebis TvalsazrisiTac, rogorc enobrivi
sistemis fonetikur-fonologiuri kvlevis brwyinvale ni-
191
Tamaz gamyreliZe
192
muSebs. aqve Camoyalibebulia funqcionaluri xmovanTmonacv-
leobis _ àblautis~ (apofoniis) ZiriTadi saxeebi da gan-
sazRvrulia misi roli qarTul enobriv sistemaSi.
giorgi axvledianis Teoria àqcesiuri~ da `decesiuri~
kompleqsebis Sesaxeb, romelic man qarTveluri enebis mo-
nacemebis safuZvelze SeimuSava, zogadlingvisturi xasia-
Tisa aRmoCnda, ramdenadac aq dadgenili kanonzomierebani
TanxmovanTa SeerTebisa damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo ena-
Ta didi umravlesobisaTvis. rogorc bolo xanebSi gairkva,
àqcesiur-decesiurobis~ Teoria efeqturi saSualebaa
agreTve indoevropul enaTa mTeli rigi istoriuli kanon-
zomierebis gamosavlenad da asaxsnelad, rac am Teorias in-
doevropuli enebis SedarebiT-istoriuli Seswavlis
samsaxurSi ayenebs da, amdenad, giorgi axvledianis saxels
indoevropuli enaTmecnierebis istoriaSic TvalsaCino ad-
gils umkvidrebs.
giorgi axvledianis fonetikur-fonologiuri naazrevi Se-
jamebulia mis cnobil `zogadi fonetikis safuZvlebSi~,
romelic 1949 wels gamoica da romelic samagido wignad
iqca zogadi da qarTuli fonetikis sakiTxebiT dainterese-
bulTaTvis; igi ramdenime wlis win xelaxla daistamba.
magram giorgi axvledianis es didi Rvawli Teoriuli enaT-
mecnierebis winaSe, samwuxarod, naklebadaa cnobili saer-
TaSoriso samecniero sazogadoebisaTvis.
Cveni wminda movaleobaa farTod gavacnoT giorgi axvle-
dianis es naazrevi da mas saTanado, mis mier damsaxurebuli
adgili mivuCinoT msoflio enaTmecnierebis istoriaSi. es
gaxlavT adgili erT-erTi pionerisa iseT enaTmecnierul mim-
dinareobaSi, rogoricaa enis fuqcionalur-fonologiuri
analizi, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada sazogadod enis
rogorc sakomunikacio sistemis adekvaturi aRwera da Ses-

wavla.
dRes enis bgeriTi Sedgenilobis funqcionaluri analizi
ukve sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da gavrcelebuli meTodia da
msoflio samecniero sazogadoebriobam unda icodes, rom am
saenaTmecniero mimdinareobis saTaveSi qarTveli enaTmecnie-
ric dgas.
193
Tamaz gamyreliZe
194
arnold Ciqobava _ didi qarTveli swavluli

da sazogado moRvawe*
a kademikosi arnold Ciqobava gansakuTrebuli movlenaa

qarTuli mecnierebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis is-
toriaSi. mis saxelTan dakavSirebuli ìberiul-kavka-
siuri Teoria~ wminda enaTmecnieruli Rirebulebis garda
dRemde ganixileba rogorc kavkasieli xalxebis erT-erTi
damakavSirebeli da gamaerTianebeli faqtori.
terminebSi ìberiul-kavkasiuri enebi~ da ìberiul-kavka-
siuri enaTmecniereba~ mkvlevrebi dRes gansxvavebul mniS-
vnelobebs deben.
paleokavkasiuri (anu kavkasiis araindoevropuli, arasemi-
turi da araTurquli) enebis jgufis genetikur erTianobas
jer kidev niko mari amtkicebda; Semdgom ivane javaxiSvilma
uZRvna am Teziss vrceli gamokvleva. magram es debuleba
calke koncefciis saxiT da ìberiul-kavkasiuri Teoriis~
saxelwodebiT swored arnold CiqobavasTan Camoyalibda.
*
sityva, warmoTqmuli arn.Ciqobavas dabadebis 100 wlisTavTan dakavSirebul saze-
imo sxdomaze; daibeWda «evropis lingvisturi sazogadoebis aqtebSi».
amave dros, qarTul saenaTmecniero skolaSi es koncefcia
emyareba calkeuli Crdilokavkasiuri enis aRwerasa da sin-
qroniul Seswavlas. am skolis udides damsaxurebad unda
miviCnioT swored is, rom SesaZlebeli gaxda Seswavliliyo
praqtikulad yvela Crdilo-kavkasiuri ena da Seqmniliyo

calkeuli enebis aRweriTi gramatikebi, enebisa, romelTa
195
Tamaz gamyreliZe
196
Soris, amave dros, naTesauri, genetikuri kavSirebi iqna pos-
tulirebuli da Crdilo-kavkasiuri enebi samxreT kavkasiur
(qarTvelur) enebTan saerTo ìberiul-kavkasiur enaTa ojax-
Si~ iqna gaerTianebuli.
mecnierTa sxva jgufi ìberiul-kavkasiur enebs~ ganixi-
lavs rogorc saerTo arealur-tipologiur jgufSi Semaval
Crdilo da samxreT kavkasiur enebs, romelTa Soris mniS-
vnelovani fonetikur-fonologiuri da struqturul-ti-
pologiuri msgavseba vlindeba, rac maT saerTo kulturul
arealSi istoriul urTierTobasa da kavSirebs mowmobs mrava-
li saukunis manZilze. orive es Tvalsazrisi ìberiul-kavka-
siur enebs~ Soris arsebul xangrZliv kulturul-istori-
ul kavSir-urTierTobebs gulisxmobs. am mxriv es enebi um-
didres masalas awvdis Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebas istori-
ul-genetikuri Tu istoriul-tipologiuri kvlevisaTvis.
udidesi Rvawli am Teoriuli kvlevis safuZvlebis Seqmnisa
swored arn. Ciqobavas ekuTvnis im skolis Camoyalibebisa da
damkvidrebisaTvis, romelic dRes `qarTvel kavkasiologTa
skolis~ saxelwodebiT aris mTel msoflioSi cnobili.
iseve rogorc iv. javaxiSvilis mier Tbilisis erovnuli
universitetis daarseba iyo ara mxolod umaRlesi ganaTlebis
keris aRorZineba saqarTveloSi, aramed umniSvnelovanesi
erovnuli aqti axali qarTuli damoukidebeli saxelmwifo-
saTvis maRali mecnierul-kulturuli donis uzrunvelsayo-
fad, aseve arn.Ciqobavas mier ìberiul-kavkasiuri skolis~
Seqmna da misi warmatebiT funqcionireba aris winapiroba
dRes mravali sazogadoebriv-politikuri aqtis realizaci-
isa, maT Soris e.w. `saerTo kavkasiuri saxlis~ Seqmnisa, im
umniSvnelovanesi ideis ganxorcielebisa da saboloo dam-
kvidrebisa, rasac `mSvidobiani kavkasia~ da `kavkasiaSi kul-
turaTa dialogi~ ewodeba; es idea ganixileba dRes msofli-
arnold Ciqobava _ didi qarTveli swavluli da sazogado moRvawe
oSi rogorc erTgvari antiTeza dasavleTSi farTod gavrcele-

buli koncefciisa `civilizaciaTa Setakebis~ Sesaxeb msof-
lios sxvadasxva regionSi, maT Soris kavkasiaSic; swored es
faqtorebi gansazRvraven, arsebiTad, dRes ìberiul-kavka-
siuri Teoriis~ sazogadoebriv-politikur da mecnierul-
politikur mniSvnelobas.
arsebobs enaTmecnierebis kidev erTi dargi _ SedarebiT-
istoriuli enaTmecniereba, r omlis Cvens qveyanaSi
aRorZinebasa da damkvidrebaSi arn. Ciqobavam gadamwyveti
roli Seasrula. es moxda niko mariseuli ènis Sesaxeb axa-
li moZRvrebis~ winaaRmdeg galaSqrebis Sedegad.
niko mari gansakuTrebuli movlena iyo mecnierebaSi sa-
zogadod da, kerZod, kavkasiologiaSi; es iyo sruliad gan-
sxvavebuli `ganzomileba~ mecnierebis istoriaSi; igi scilde-
ba imdroindeli mecnierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel raciona-
listur farglebs da Semoaqvs axali, intuitur doneze dam-
yarebuli mecnieruli `paradigma~ (am terminis Tomas kuni-
seuli gagebiT).
me mqonda SemTxveva specialurad ganmexila mariseuli
ìafeturi Teoriis~ oTxelementiani analizi sxva oTxele-
mentovan sainformacio sistemebTan kavSirSi da aRmeniSna, rom
niko maris òTxelementovani sistema~ alogikuria lingvis-
turi analizis TvalsazrisiT, da am mxriv, arn. Ciqobavas mZaf-
ri kritika aRniSnuli meTodikisa _ metyvelebis e.w. pale-
ontologiuri analizisa _ savsebiT kanonzomieri da gama-
rTlebuli iyo; magram mariseuli òTxelementovani siste-
ma~, amisda miuxedavad, Rrma Sinaarsis matarebelia zogad-
Teoriuli da zogadfsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT, rogorc
kidev erTi cda mecnierebis istoriaSi sinamdvilis aRwerisa
òTxelementovani~ simboluri sainformacio sistemis sa-
SualebiT, romelic, Tavis mxriv, rogorc gairkva, safuZvlad
197
Tamaz gamyreliZe
198
udevs `genetikuri kodis~ struqturas (maSasadame, yovelive
`cocxals~) da romlis codna, rogorc Cans, adamianSi qvec-
nobierad aris mocemuli.
amaSi vxedav me niko maris genialur intuiciasa da gan-
Wvretis unars, miuxedavad imisa, rom man amiT imdroindeli
SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniereba, romelsac dasavleT-
Si ukve klasikuri Sedegebi hqonda mopovebuli sxvadasxva
jgufis _ da gansakuTrebiT indo-evropuli enebis _ isto-
riuli Seswavlis dargSi, faqtobrivad CixSi moaqcia da Caax-
So kidevac garkveuli ìdeologiuri~ argumentebis moSve-
liebiT.
arn. Ciqobavas udides damsaxurebad enaTmecnierebis is-
toriaSi unda CaiTvalos is, rom igi Tavidanve win aRudga
mariseul àxal moZRvrebas~ da TviT ioseb stalinis mec-
nierul polemikaSi CarTviT SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmec-
niereba mTeli imdroindeli `kavSiris~ masStabiT normaluri,
mTel msoflioSi aRiarebuli gziT warmarTa.
mxolod ormocdaaTiani wlebidan, enaTmecnierebis sakiT-
xebze cnobili diskusiis Semdeg, daiwyo CvenSi SedarebiT-
istoriuli enaTmecnierebis aRmavloba, ramac arsebiTad xeli
Seuwyo mTeli Teoriuli enaTmecnierebis Semdgom ganviTare-
bas.
dRes saqarTveloSi SedarebiT-istoriuli enaTmecniere-
ba ukve umaRles donezea ayvanili da garkveul dargebSi TviT
gansazRvravs ama Tu im disciplinis ganviTarebis dones msof-
lio masStabiT.
yovelive amis sawyisi arn. Ciqobavas mecnierul moRvaweobasa
da saqmianobaSi unda veZioT, amiT ganisazRvreba swored arn.
Ciqobavas istoriuli roli da wvlili, romelic man msof-
lio enaTmecnierebis ganviTarebaSi Seitana.
arnold Ciqobava _ didi qarTveli swavluli da sazogado moRvawe
magram es srulebiT ar akninebs niko mars rogorc did

qarTvel mecnier-filologsa da moazrovnes.
Tu Cven arnold Ciqobavas ganvixilavT rogorc SedarebiT-
istoriuli enaTmecnierebis amaRorZinebels yofili sabWo-
Ta kavSiris sivrceSi, pirvel rigSi _ ruseTsa da saqarTvelo-
Si, da ìberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis~ Semqmnels, xolo
ivane javaxiSvils _ rogorc sazogadod axali qarTuli mec-
nierebis fuZemdebelsa da sulisCamdgmels, niko mari unda
davayenoT am did qarTvel mecnierTa saTaveSi, rogorc im-
droindel ruseTSi moRvawe didi qarTveli mecnieri-filol-
ogosi, romelmac sanqt-peterburgis universitetsa da ruse-
Tis saimperatoro mecnierebaTa akademiaSi safuZveli Cau-
yara XX saukunis damdegs qarTul-kavkasiur kvleva-Ziebas,
dasabami misca im droisaTvis mowinave qarTul-kavkasiur
filologiur da istoriul mecnierebasa da Seqmna brwyin-
vale kavkasiologiuri skola, sadac mravali gamoCenili
qarTveli mecnieri aRizarda.
swored amas mohyva Semdgom Cvens qveyanaSi xsenebuli darge-
bisa da maTTan dakavSirebuli disciplinebis gansakuTrebu-
li aRmavloba da ganviTareba; swored am niadagze aRmocenda
ufro gvian niko maris upirvelesi mowafis _ didi ivane java-
xiSvilis mier qarTuli universitetis daarsebis Semdeg,
qarTvel mecnierTa brwyinvale pleada, romelTa Soris akade-
mikosi arnold Ciqobava erT-erT yvelaze gamorCeul da Tval-
saCino adgils imkvidrebs.
199
Tamaz gamyreliZe
200
saqveynod aRiarebuli swavluli *
w avida Cvengan qarTveli swavluli, saqveynod aRiarebu-

li enaTmecnieri - kavkasiologi. arnold Ciqobava faq-
tiuri iniciatori da ZiriTadi ganmaxorcielebeli iyo
ormocdaaTian wlebSi im `gadatrialebisa~, romelic moxda
mTeli sabWoTa enaTmecnierebis wiaRSi. amis Sedegad gaxda
swored SesaZlebeli is didi miRwevebi msoflio enaTmec-
nierebis TvalsazrisiT, rac dRes sabWoTa da, kerZod, qarTul
enaTmecnierebas aqvs. SesaZlebelia, zogi ram, rac amis
Semdgom gakeTda, arnold CiqobavasaTvis mecnierulad miuRe-
belic yofiliyo, magram es ar aris am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTi
da mTavari.
CemTvis piradad uaRresad mniSvnelovania is, rom erT-erTi
bolo wignTagani, romlebsac igi sicocxlis ukanasknel
dReebSi ecnoboda, Cveni wignic iyo indoevropelebis Sesa-
xeb. aqac, albaT, misTvis sakamaTo bevri ram iqneboda, magram
erTi ram udavoa: arnold Ciqobava yoveli CvenganisaTvis iyo
erTgvari `Sinagani cenzori~, romelic àkontrolebda~ yove-
live imas, rasac vqmnidiT; yoveli avtori cdilobda Tavisi
naSromisaTvis arnold Ciqobavas TvaliT Seexeda... albaT, bevr
enaTmecniers moakldeba axla baton arnoldis `Tvali~, rom
araferi vTqvaT mis mier Seqmnil iberiul-kavkasiur skolaze,
romelsac amieridan misi mravalricxovani mowafeebi unda
Caudgnen saTaveSi...
*
gamoqveynda Tavdapirvelad JurnalSi `qarTuli ena da literatura skolaSi~,
19.., # 3_4, Tbilisi, gv. 220.
akademikosi giorgi wereTeli∗
(dabadebis 100 wlisTavis gamo)
g amoCenil qarTvel mecniers, qarTuli aRmosavleTmcod-

neobis erT-erT fuZemdebels, farTod cnobil arabist-
sa da semitologs, akademikos giorgi wereTels 2004
wlis 21 oqtombers dabadebidan 100 weli Seusrulda. mec-
nieri-filologisaTvis arcTu xangrZlivi sicocxlis man-
Zilze (igi gardaicvala xanmokle, magram mZime avadmyofo-
bis Semdeg 1973 wlis 9 seqtembers) giorgi wereTelma udidesi
samecniero Sedegebi moipova da saxeli gaiTqva saerTaSoriso
mecnierebaSi rogorc umaRlesi rangis mkvlevarma-aRmosav-
leTmcodnem, romelmac mniSvnelovani naSromebi SesZina
filologiur mecnierebasa da aRmosavleTmcodneobas da miT
daimkvidra didi mecnieris saxeli msoflio mecnierebaSi.
ganuzomlad farTo iyo akademikos giorgi wereTlis samec-
niero interesebis sfero. igi moicavs arabul enaTmecniere-
∗
gamoqveynda gazeTSi `24 saaTi~, 2004, 23 oqtomberi, SabaTi, № 252; ix.
agreTve: Tamaz gamyreliZe, akademikosi giorgi wereTeli (1904-1973), Tbilisi
2004: «ena da kultura».
201
Tamaz gamyreliZe
202
basa da folklors, ebraistikasa da arameistikas, axlo aR-
mosavleTis Zvel enebsa da damwerlobaTa istorias, qarTve-
lur enaTmecnierebas, qarTuli da SedarebiTi leqsTwyobis
sakiTxebs, Teoriuli lingvistikis problemebs... TiToeul
am dargSi man mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana da misma Sromebma
Rirseuli adgili daimkvidra Cveni humanitaruli mecniere-
bis saganZurSi.
mravalmxrivma da Rrma erudiciam, maRali klasis mecnier-
ulma naSromebma, amave dros, araCveulebrivma organiza-
torulma unarma damsaxurebuli avtoriteti moupova msof-
lio mecnierebaSi giorgi wereTels da mis mier Seqmnil
saenaTmecniero skolas, xolo giorgi wereTlis iniciati-
viT daarsebuli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmo-
savleTmcodneobis instituti, romelic amJamad mis saxels
atarebs, misi xelmZRvanelobiT msoflio orientalistikis
erT-erT mniSvnelovan centrad iqca.
Tavis erT-erT gamosvlaSi maSindeli sakavSiro akademiis
prezidenti mstislav keldiSi aRniSnavda:
`...saqarTvelos respublikis mecnierebaTa akademia Zalian
did samecniero dawesebulad gaizarda. amasTanave unda aRiniS-
nos, rom aq Camoyalibda msoflioSi ganTqmuli, saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis mTeli rigi samecniero skolebi...
es gaxlavT maTematikuri skola, romelic Tavis sawyiss
akademikos niko musxeliSvilisagan iRebs, skola fiziologi-
is dargSi, romelsac safuZveli ivane beritaSvilma Cauyara,
saaRmosavleTmcodneo skola, romelsac akademiis wevri
giorgi wereTeli udgas saTaveSi~.
giorgi wereTlis saerTaSoriso aRiarebis dasturi iyo
is, rom igi arCeul iqna didi britaneTisa da irlandiis same-
fo saazio sazogadoebis sapatio wevrad da agreTve sapatio
wevrad poloneTis orientalitTa sazogadoebisa.
akademikosi giorgi wereTeli
1968 w. giorgi wereTels, ukve msoflio saxelis mqone mec-

niers, mecnierebis winaSe didi damsaxurebisaTvis irCeven ma-
Sindeli sakavSiro akademiis namdvil wevrad. giorgi wereT-
lis arCeva sakavSiro akademiis akademikosad farTo samecni-

ero sazogadoebriobam miiCnia misi mravalmxrivi mecnieruli
da pedagogiuri moRvaweobis samarTlian aRiarebad.
203
Tamaz gamyreliZe
204
giorgi wereTlis rogorc mecnieris sidiade ganisazRvre-
ba ara gamoqveynebul SromaTa raodenobiT, aramed mis mier
Seqmnil gamokvlevaTa xasiaTiT, romelTagan TiToeuli Tavise-
bur aRmoCenas warmoadgens da waruSlel kvals tovebs
erovnuli da msoflio mecnierebis saTanado dargebSi.
giorgi wereTeli Tavis TavSi aerTianebda faqtobrivad ram-
denime samecniero dargis specialistsa da Rrma mcodnes,
rac mas saSualebas aZlevda axleburad, Taviseburi Tval-
TaxedviT Seexeda TiToeuli am dargisaTvis; igi iyo saqvey-
nod aRiarebuli semitologi, ubadlo iranisti da qarTvelo-
logi; igi iyo brwyinvale filologosi da enaTmecnieri,
romelic yovelTvis idga msoflio filologiisa da lingvis-
tikis uaxles miRwevaTa doneze da xSirad Tavisi gamokvleve-
biT TviT gansazRvravda am dones...
giorgi wereTeli ganekuTvneba im qarTvel mecnierTa da
moRvaweTa rigs, romelTac mecnierebaSi gadalaxes sakuTriv
erovnuli sazRvrebi, TavianTi Semoqmedebis zogadmecnieru-
li Rirebulebisa da mniSvnelobis wyalobiT farTo asparezze
gavidnen da miT erovnul mecnierebas saerTaSoriso mecniere-
baSi gansakuTrebuli adgili daumkvidres da sayovelTao aRi-
areba moupoves...
swored aseTi pirovnebebi uTqvamen saqveynod saxels
qarTul erovnul mecnierebasa da kulturas, mTel qarTvel
xalxs da mas msoflios TvalSi Tanamedrove civilizebuli
da kulturulad mowinave erebis rigSi ayeneben, swored es
aris giorgi wereTlis didi damsaxureba qarTveli xalxisa
da qarTuli kulturis winaSe.
dRes qarTveli xalxis warmoCineba saerTaSoriso asparez-
ze upiratesad qarTuli mecnierebisa da qarTuli kulturis
meSveobiT Tu SeiZleba moxdes. ama Tu im xalxis sayovelTao
aRiarebis safuZvels mxolod mis mier warmoqmnili mecnie-
akademikosi giorgi wereTeli
ruli Tu kulturuli Rirebulebani qmnian, romelTa mixed-

viTac fasdeba am xalxis wvlili da adgili sakacobrio civi-
lizaciaSi.
erT-erTi aseTi mecnierTagani, romelTac saxeli gauTqves
msoflioSi mTel qarTul mecnierebas, romelTa mixedviTac
msoflio samecniero sazogadoebriobas warmodgena eqmneba
qarTuli mecnierebisa da kulturis umaRlesi saerTaSoriso
donis Sesaxeb, swored akademikosi giorgi wereTeli gaxldaT.
giorgi wereTlis sicocxle moulodnelad Sewyda im dros,
rodesac igi jer kidev aRsavse iyo axali mecnieruli idee-
biT, axal-axali samecniero wamowyebebiT. am ideebis ganxor-
cieleba mas aRar dascalda; magram is, risi Seqmnac man
moaswro, samudamod Seva qarTuli da saerTaSoriso mecniere-
bis saganZurSi.
madlierma qarTvelma xalxma Tavis sasiqadulo Svils
mudmivi adgilsamyofeli daumkvidra qarTuli mecnierebis
taZarSi, erovnuli universitetis miwaze, sxva gamoCenil
qarTvel mecnierTa da moRvaweTa gverdiT...
205

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Tamaz gamyreliZe

Tanamedrove diaqroniuli lingvistika da

e naTmecnierebis istoriaSi XX saukunis meore naxevar-

Tanamedrove enaTmecnierebis mTavari Tavisebureba is aris,

enebiT da, amdenad, aRniSnuli meTodi iseT kerZo meTodad

buli amosavali struqturuli modelebidan; es ukanasknelni

2. diaqroniuli analizis zemoT warmodgenili princi-

rogorc marcvlovani, xan rogorc aramarcvlovani elemen-

xSul-mskdomTa da afrikatTa yovel sameulSi Sedis mJRe-

sintagmatur struqturas. xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleo-

qarTveluri Zireuli morfemis specifikur tips Seadgenen

xmovanTa ablauturi monacvleoba warmogvidgeba saerTo-

*der-k ‘dreka’ (gardauvali) *dr-ek ‘dreka’(gardamavali)

*Ser-t ‘Sreta’(gardauvali) *Sr-et ‘Sreta’(gardamavali)

*ker-b ‘Sekreba’ (gardauvali) *kr-eb ‘Sekreba’ (gardamavali)

Tuki fuZes I an II mdgomareobaSi erTvis srulxmovniani

*der-k → ∗dè-k-a *dr-ek →*dr-ik-e

*Ser-t → *Sè-t-a *Sr-et → *Sr-it-e

*ker-b → *kè-b-a *kr-eb → *kr-ib-e

Sinagani da SedarebiTi rekonstruqciiT aRdgenili saer-

3. saerTo-qarTveluri enis savaraudo sistema da isto-

daadgines bgeriT SesatyvisobaTa pirveli sqemebi10, qarTve-

rTulobiT odnav mainc dauaxlovdeboda indoevropuli Tu

qarT. ZaRl- ~ megr.-laz. joRor-

da sxv., megrul-lazuri da svanuri srulxmovniani formebi

saoba, rac TviT am debulebiT iyo gansazRvruli, gamoiwvia

qarT. cacxv-i ~ laz. ducxu

am da sxva qarTveluri formebis fonologiurma analiz-

warmodgenil monografiaSi qarTuli prefiqsebis ganxil-

velze (rogorc es, samwuxarod, xdeba rig specialur gamokv-

mogvidgeba rogorc sistema xmovanTa morfologiuri monacv-

Sia warmodgenili31) da saerTo-qarTvelurSi SesaZlebelia

mniSvnelovania aRniSnuli enebis winareistoriis aRsadgenad,

arqauli periodis saerTo-qarTvelurma fonologiurma

*gen-/*g3- `gageba, Segneba : i.-e. *ĝen-/*ĝnō- `codna, Semecne-

mis axsna (rogorc qarTvelur-indoevropuli enobrivi kon-

rekonstruqciebma da qarTvelur-indoevropulma morfo-

axali paradigma indoevropul SedarebiT_

e naTmecnierebis istoriaSi XX saukunis meore naxevari

axalma tendenciam Secvala XX saukunis pirveli

aisaxeba) istoriulad fiqsirebul mdgomareobamde maTi gan-

am saxiT postulirebuli konsonantTa indoevropuli

Si. imis mixedviT, Tu ra xasiaTisaa aqsiomaTa sistema, rogo-

tradiciuli sistema ==> reinterpretirebuli sistema

saerTo-indoevropulis xSulTa sami seriis amgvari inter-

axali interpretaciis mixedviT, saerTo-indoevropul

evropaSi lokalizdeboda. mogvianebiT aRniSnuli Tezisis

terialur da sulier samyaros: rekonstruirdeba araeno-

erTobis lokalizacias regionSi ganviTarebuli miwaTmo-

aRniSnulTan dakavSirebiT Cndeba zogadi problema, romel-

aqedan unda gavrcelebuliyo berZnuli dialeqtebi konti-

ba gaCnda finur-ugrul enebSi. mogvianebiT imave gzas gadian

vrceldeboda evraziis kontinentis danarCen regionebSi dasav-

fuZe-enis rekonstruqcia da misi

f uZe-enis rekonstruqciis procesSi, tipologiuri kri-

CavTvaloT da fuZe-enis gansxvavebuli qronologiuri plas-

eH1, eH2, eH3 → eH, aH, oH → ē, ā, ō.

evropul fuZe-enas mis calkeul dialeqtebad uSualod daS-

der-k ‘dreka’ (gardauvali) dr-ek ‘dreka’(gardamavali)

Ser-t ‘Sreta’(gardauvali) Sr-et ‘Sreta’(gardamavali)

ker-b ‘Sekreba’ (gardauvali) kr-eb ‘Sekreba’ (gardamavali)

der-k → ∗dè-k-a dr-ek →*dr-ik-e

Ser-t → Sè-t-a Sr-et → Sr-it-e

ker-b → kè-b-a kr-eb → kr-ib-e

gen-/g3- `gageba, Segneba : i.-e. ĝen-/ĝnō- `codna, Semecne-

pr oto-qarTvel uri sSSq/ * *