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WATERANDHYDROGEN
A.WATER
Purewaterisacolourl
ess,odourless,t
astel
ess,
neutr
al l
iqui
d.Pur
ewaterdoesnot
exi
stinnaturebutnatur
all
yinvary i
ngdegreeofpuri
ty.Themainsour
cesofwater
i
ncluderai
n,spri
ngs,borehol
e,lakes,seasandoceans:
Waterisgeneral
lyusedforthefollowi
ngpurposes:
(
i)
dr i
nki
ngbyani mal sandpl ant
s.
(
ii
)washingcl ot
hes.
(
ii
i)bl
eachinganddy ei
ng.
(
iv)generatinghydroel
ectricpower
.
(
v)cooli
ngi ndust
rialprocesses.
Wat erdissolvesmanysubst ances/solutes.
Itisthereforecalleduni
v ersalsolv
ent .
Itcontainsabout35%di ssol vedOxy genwhi chsupportaquat
icfaunaandflor
a.
Wat ernaturall
yexisti
nthr eephases/ statessoli
dice,l
iqui
dwaterandgaseous
waterv apour.
Thet hreestatesofwat erar enaturallyi
nterconvert
ibl
e.
Thenat uralinter
convert
ionoft hethr eephases/statesofwat
erformsthewat er
cycle.

condensat
ionCLOUDS(
Wat
eri
nsol
i
dst
ate)

Pr
eci
pit
ati
on

RAI
N
Ev
apor
ati
on(
Wat
eri
ngaseous

SPRI
NG,
RIVERS,
WELLS.

OCEAN,
LAKES,
SEAS(
wat
erasl
i
qui
d)
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Liqui dwat erinl and, l

akes, seasandoceansuset hesol ar/sunener gyt o
evapor ate/v apour i
zetof orm wat ervapour /gas.Solar /
sunener gyisalsoused
dur i
ngt ranspi rationbypl ant sandr espir
ationbyani mals.
Dur ingev apor ation, t
hewat ervapourr i
sesupt heear thssur face.Temper at
ures
decr easewi thhei ghtabov etheear thsurfacei ncr
ease.Wat erv apourt heref
ore
cool sasi trisesup.Atahei ghtwher eitiscol denought obel ow373Kel vi
n/100oC
Wat erv apourl oosesenoughener gytoformt i
nydr opletsofl iqui
d.
Thepr ocessbywhi chagas/ wat ervapourchangest oal iquidi scal
led
condensat ion/ l
iquidifi
cation.
Onf urt
hercool ing, t
heliquidl oosesmor eener gytof ormi ce/soli
d.Thepr ocessby
whi chal iquid/ wat erchangest oai ce/soli
di scall
edf reezing/ sol
idi
ficati
on.
Mi nute/tinyice/ sol i
dparticlesfloatintheat mospher eandcoal esce/jointogether
tof orm clouds.Whent hecl oudsbecomet ooheav ytheyf alltotheear t
hssurface
asr ain/snowast hetemper atureincreasewi ththef all
.

I
nter
conv
ersi
onoft
het
hreephases/
stat
eswat
er

Gas/
wat
erv
apour
Ev
apor
ati
on Li
quidi
fi
cat
ion/
/
boi
l
ing/
vapour
izat
ion condensat
ion

Li
qui
d/Wat
er
Mel
ti
ng
Freezi
ng l
i
qui
dif
icat
ion
Soli
dif
icat
ion

Sol
i
d/I
ce

Purewat erhas:
(i
)fixed/
constant
/shar
pfreezingpoint
/mel
ti
ngpoi
ntof273K/0oC
(i
i
)f i
xed/const
ant/
sharpboil
ingpoi 100oCatseal
ntof373K/ evel
/1at
mospher
e
pressure
(i
i
i)fixeddensiyof1gcm-3
t
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Thi
sisthecri
ter
iaofident
if
y i
ngpure/
pur
it
yofwater
.
Whetherasubst
ancei swatercanbedet
ermi
nedbyusingthefoll
owingmethods:
a)Totestf
orpresenceofwaterusi
nganhy
drouscopper(
II)
suphate(
VI)

Procedur e. Putabout
2gofanhy drouscopper (I
I)sulphate(VI)crystalsintoacl eant esttube.Add
thr
eedr opsoft apwat er.Repeatt heprocedur eusingdi sti
ll
edwat er.
Obser vati
on.
Colourchangesf rom whi tet oblue
Explanat i
on.
Anhy drouscopper (II
)sulphat e(VI)
iswhi te.Onaddi ngwat er,anhy drous
copper (II
)sulphat e(VI)gai ns/ r
eactswi thwat ertof orm hy dratedcopper (I
I)
sulphat e(
VI )
.
Hydrat edcopper (II)sulphat e(VI)isblue.Hy dratedcopper (I
I)sulphate(VI)
containwat erofcr ystal
lization.
Thechangeofwhi teanhy drouscopper (I
I)sulphate(VI)tobl uehy drated
copper (II
)sul phate( VI)isaconf ir
mat orytestf orthepr esenceofwat er
Chemi cal equat ion.
Anhy drous Hydrated
copper (II
)sulphat e(VI) +Wat er - > copper( II)
sulphate(VI )
(white) (
blue)
CuSO4( s) +5H2O( l)-> CuSO4. 5H2O( s)

b)
Tot
estf
orpr
esenceofwat
erusi
nganhy
drouscobal
t(
II
)chl
ori
de

Procedur e. Putabout
5cm3ofwat erintoacl eant esttube.
Dipadr yanhy dr
ouscobal t(I
I)
chloridepaperi nt
ot het esttube.
Repeatt hepr ocedureusi ngdi st
il
ledwat er.
Observati
on.
Colourchangesf rom bl uet opink
Explanat i
on.
Anhy drouscobal t(
II)
chlor i
deisbl ue.Onaddi ngwat er,anhydrous
cobalt(II
)chlori
degai ns/reactswi thwat ertoform hy dratedcobalt(
II
)chlor
ide.
Hydrat edcobal t
(I
I)chlori
dei spink.
Hy dratedcobal t(I
I)chloridecontainwat erofcrystall
izati
on.
Thechangeofbl ueanhy dr ouscobal t(I
I)
chlori
det opi nkhy dr
ated
cobalt(II
)chlori
deisaconf i
rmatoryt estforthepresenceofwat er Chemical
equat i
on.
Anhy drous Hydrated
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cobal
t(
II
)chlori
de +Wat
er -
> cobal
t(I
I)
chl
ori
de
(Blue) (pi
nk)
CoCl 2(s) +5H2O(l
)- > CoCl
2.5H2O(
s)

Bur
ningacandl
einai
r
Mostorgani
csubstances/
fuel
sbur ni
nairtoproducewat
er.Car
bon(
IV)
oxi
degas
i
salsoproducedi
ftheairi
ssuffi
cient
/excess.
Procedure
Putabout2gofanhydrouscopper(I
I)
sulphate(
VI)
cryst
alsi
naboi l
i
ngtube.
Putabout5cm3ofl i
mewat erinaboil
ingtube.
Li
ghtasmal l
candlesti
ck.Placei
tbelowani nver
tedthi
stl
e/f
il
terf
unnel
Coll
ectthepr
oductsofthebur ni
ngcandl ebysetti
ngtheapparat
usasbel
ow
Setupofapparat
us

Observ
ati
on
Thesunct
ionpumppullsthepr
oduct sofburni
ngint
othei
nver
tedf
unnel
.Col
ourof
anhydr
ouscopper(
II
)sul
phate(
VI)changesfrom whi
tet
obl
ue.Awhitepr
eci
pit
ate
i
sformedintheli
mewat er/
cal
cium hydroxi
de.

Expl
anat
ion
Whenacandleburni
tfor
msawat erandcarbon(
IV)oxi
de.
Watert
urnsanhy
drouscopper
(I
I)sulphat
e(VI)
changesfrom whi
tet
obl
ue.

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Carbon(I
V)oxidegasformswhit
epr eci
pit
atewhenbubbledi
nli
mewat
er/
cal
ci
um
hydroxi
de.
Si
nce:
(i
)hydrogeninthewaxburntoform water
Hydrogen + Ox ygen - > Water
(
from candl
e) (from theair
)
2H2(g) + O2(g) -
> 2H2O( g/l
)

(
ii
)car
boni
nthewaxbur ntoform carbon(I
V)oxi
de
Hy dr
ogen + Oxygen - > Wat
er
(
from candle) ( fr
om theair)
C(s) + O2(g) - > CO2(g)

Thecandl ebef
oreburni
ngther
efor
econt ainedonlyCarbonandHy drogenonl
y.A
compoundmadeupofhy dr
ogenandcar boniscall
edHy drocar
bon.
Acandleisahy dr
ocarbon.
Otherhydrocar
bonsincl
ude:Pet
rol
,diesel,Ker
osene,andLaboratorygas.
Hydrocarbonsburni
nairtofor
m waterandcar bon(I
V)oxidegas.
Hy
drocar
bons + Oxy
gen -
> Wat
er+ Oxy
gen

Wat erpollut i
on
Wat erpol l
utiontakepl acewhenundesi rablesubst ancesar eaddedintothewat er.
Sour cesofwat erpollutioninclude:
(i
)I
ndust r
ialchemi calsbei ngdi sposedintowat erbodi eslikeriv
ers,l
akesand
oceans.
(i
i
)Di chargingunt reated/ rawsewagei ntowat erbodi es.
(i
i
i)Leachi ngofi nsecticides/her bi
cidesform agr i
cultural
act i
vit
iesi
ntowat er
bodies.
(i
v)Di schargingnon- biodegradabl edetergent saf t
erdomest icandindust
rial use
i
ntowat erbodi es.
(v
)Pet r
oleum oilspill
ingbyshi psandoi lrefineries
(v
i)Toxi c/poisonousgasesf r
om i ndustr
iesdi ssol v
ingi nrain.
(v
ii
)Aci dicgasesf rom indust ri
esdi ssol
vingi nraint of or
m“ aci
drai
n”
(v
ii
i)Di scharginghotwat erintowat erbodi es.Thisr educest hequanti
tyofdi ssol
v ed
Oxygeni nthewat erki ll
i
ngt heaquat i
cfaunaandf lora.

Waterpol
luti
oncanbereducedby:
(
i)
reduci
ngt heuseofagr
icul
tur
alf
erti
li
zer
sandchemical
sinagr
icul
tural
act
ivi
ti
es.
(
ii
)useofbiologi
cal
contr
olmethodinst
eadofi
nsect
ici
desandherbi
cides

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(
ii
i)
usi
ngbi
odegr
adabl
edet
ergent
s

React
ionofmetalswit
hwat er
Somemet alsr
eactwithwaterwhil
eothersdonot .Thereacti
onofmetal
swith
waterdependonthereati
vi
tyseri
es.Thehigherthemet ali
nther
eact
ivi
tyser
ies
themorereact
ivethemetalwit
hwat er.
Thef ol
lowingexperi
ment
sshowst he
react
ionofmetal
swi t
hcoldwaterandwat ervapour/st
eam.

(a)
React i
onofsodium/potassi
um withcoldwater:
Procedure
Putabout500cm3ofwat erinabeaker.Addt hr
eedr opsofphenol pht
hal
ein
i
ndicator/l
it
mussoluti
on/
univer
salindi
catorsol
uti
on/ methylorangeindi
catori
nto
thewat er
.
Cutav erysmall
pieceofsodium .
Usingapairofforceps,putthemet ali
ntothe
water.

Observati
on
Sodium meltstoasi l
verybal lt
hatfloat
sanddar t
sonthesurf
acedecr
easi
ngi
n
si
ze.Eff
ervescence/ fi
zzing/bubbl esofcolour
lessgaspr
oduced.
Colourofphenol phthalei
nt urnspink
Colourofli
tmussol ut
iont urnsblue
Colourofmet hyor angesol uti
ont urnsOrange
Colourofuniversal i
ndicatorsol uti
onturnsbl
ue

Expl
anati
on
Sodium i
slessdensethanwater.Sodi
um fl
oatsonwat erandvigorousl
yreactt
o
for
m analkali
nesoluti
onofsodi
um hydroxideandproducinghydrogengas.
Sodium i
sthusstoredinpar
aff
intopreventcontactwi
thwat er
.

Chemical
equat
ion
Sodi
um + Water -> Sodium hy
droxi
de + Hydr
ogengas
2Na(
s) + 2H2O(
l) -
> 2NaOH(
aq) +H2(g)

Tocoll
ecthydrogengas,Sodi
um met
ali
sforcedt
osi
nkt
othebot
tom oft
he
tr
ough/beakerbywrappi
ngiti
nwir
egauze/
mesh.

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Potassium ismorereacti
vethanSodium.Oncont actwit
hwateri
texpl
odes/bur
st
i
ntoflames.Anal kal
inesolut
ionofpotassi
um hydroxi
deisfor
medandhy dr
ogen
gas
Chemi calequat
ion
Potassium + Water -> Potassium hydr
oxide + Hydr
ogengas
2K(s) + 2H2O(l
) - > 2KOH( aq) +H2(g)

Caut
ion:
React
ionofPot
assi
um wi
thwat
eri
sver
yri
skyt
otr
yinaschool
labor
ator
y.

(b)
React i
onofLi t
hium/Calcium wit
hcoldwater:
Procedure
Putabout200cm3ofwat eri
nabeaker.Addt hr
eedropsofphenolpht
hal
ein
i
ndicator/l
i
tmussol uti
on/uni
v er
sali
ndi
catorsol
uti
on/methyl
orangeindi
cat
ori
nto
thewat er
.
Cutasmal lpi
eceofLi t
hium .Usi
ngapairoffor
ceps,putt
hemet ali
ntot
hewater
.
Repeatwi t
hapi eceCalcium metal

Observati
on
Li
thium si
nkst
othebot tom ofthewat er
.Rapi
def
fer
vescence/
fi
zzi
ng/bubbl
esof
col
ourlessgasproduced.
Colourofphenol
phthaleinturnspink
Colourofli
tmussoluti
ont urnsblue
Colourofmethyorangesol uti
ont ur
nsOrange

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Col
ourofuni
ver
sal
indi
cat
orsol
uti
ont
urnsbl
ue

Explanati
on
Lit
hium andcalcium ar
edenserthanwat er
.Bothsinkinwaterandvigor
ouslyreact
toform analkali
nesolut
ionofLit
hium hydroxi
de/calci
um hydroxi
deand
producinghydrogengas.Lit
hium i
smor ereacti
vethancal
cium.Iti
salsostoredin
paraff
inli
keSodium topreventcontactwit
hwat er
.

Chemi cal
equat
ion
Li
thium + Water -> Li t
hium hydroxide + Hydrogengas
2Li
(s) + 2H2O(
l) -
> 2Li
OH(
aq) +H2( g)
Calcium + Water -> Cal cium hydroxide + Hydrogengas
Ca(s) + 2H2O(
l) -
> Ca(
OH)2(
aq) + H2(g)

(
c)React
ionofMagnesi
um/
Zinc/I
ronwi
thSt
eam/
wat
erv
apour
:

Procedur emet hod1

Placesomewetsandorcot ton/ gl
asswool soakedinwat eratt
hebottom ofan
i
gni t
ion/hardglassboi l
i
ngt ube.
Polishmagnesi um r i
bbonusi ngsandpaper .
Coi li
tatthecent reofthei gnition/har
dglassboi l
ingtube.
Setupt heappar at
usasbel ow.
Heatt hewetsandorcot t
on/ glasswool soakedinwat ergentl
yto:
(i
) dri
veawayai rintheigni
tion/ hardgl
assboi l
ingtube.
(i
i
) generatesteam
Heatt hecoiledr i
bbonst r
ongl yusinganotherbur ner
.Repeattheexper
imentusi
ng
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Zi
ncpowderandf
reshI
ronf
il
ings.

Setupofappar
atus

Observ ati
ons
(i
)WithMagnesi um ribbon:
TheMagnesi um gl owwi t
habr ightfl
ame( andcont i
nuestoburnevenifheat
ingis
stopped)
Whi t
esol i
d/ ashf ormed
Whi t
esol i
d/ ashf ormeddi ssol
veinwat ertof orm acol
ourl
esssolut
ion
Colourlessgaspr oduced/coll
ectedthatex t
inguishburni
ngspli
ntwith“popsound”
(i
i
) Wit
hZi ncpowder :
TheZi ncpowdert urnsredhotonst r
ongheat i
ng
Yell
owsol i
df ormedt hatturnwhiteoncool ing
Whi t
esol i
df ormedoncool ingdoesnotdi ssolveinwater.
(i
i
i)WithIronf il
l
ings:
TheI r
onf il
l
ingst urnsredhotonst r
ongheat ing
Darkbl uesolidfor med
Darkbl uesolidfor meddoesnotdi ssolveinwat er.

Procedur
emethod2
Putsomewaterinar
oundbot
tomedf
lask

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Polishmagnesi um ri
bbonusi ngsandpaper .
Coi li
tatthecentreofahar dgl asstube
Setupt heappar at
usasbel ow.
Heatwat erstr
onglytoboilsoast o:
(i
) dri
veawayai rintheglasst ube.
(i
i
) generatesteam
Heatt hecoiledri
bbonstronglyusi nganot
herbur
ner
.Repeatt
heexper
imentusi
ng
Zincpowderandf reshIr
onf i
lings.

Observ ati
ons
(i
)WithMagnesi um ribbon:
TheMagnesi um gl owwi t
habr ightfl
ame( andcont i
nuestoburnevenifheat
ingis
stopped)
Whi t
esol i
d/ ashf ormed
Whi t
esol i
d/ ashf ormeddi ssol
veinwat ertof orm acol
ourl
esssolut
ion
Colourlessgaspr oduced/coll
ectedthatex t
inguishburni
ngspli
ntwith“popsound”
(i
i
) Wit
hZi ncpowder :
TheZi ncpowdert urnsredhotonst r
ongheat i
ng
Yell
owsol i
df ormedt hatturnwhiteoncool ing
Whi t
esol i
df ormedoncool ingdoesnotdi ssolveinwater.
(i
i
i)WithIronf il
l
ings:
TheI r
onf il
l
ingst urnsredhotonst r
ongheat ing

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Dar
kbl
uesol
i
dfor
med
Dar
kbl
uesol
i
dfor
meddoesnotdi
ssol
vei
nwat
er.
Expl
anat
ions
(a)
Hotmagnesi um burnv i
gorouslyi
nst eam.Ther eacti
onishighlyexot
her
mic
generati
ngenoughheat /energytoproceedwi t
houtf ur
therheati
ng.
WhiteMagnesi um oxidesol i
d/ashisleftasresi
due.
Hydrogengasi spr oduced.Itexti
nguishesaburningsplintwit
ha“ popsound”
.
Chemi calEquation
Magnesi um +St eam - > Magnesium oxide + Hy drogen
Mg(s) +H2O( g) - > MgO( s) + H2( g)
Magnesium oxidereact
s/di
ssol
vesinwatert
ofor
m analkal
i
nesol
uti
onof
Magnesium oxide
ChemicalEquation
Magnesi um oxide +Water-> Magnesi
um hydr
oxi
de
MgO( s) +H2O(l
)- > Mg(OH)2(aq)
(b)HotZincreactvi
gorousl
yinsteam formingyel
l
owZincoxidesoli
d/ashas
residuewhichcoolstowhit
e.
Hy drogengasisproduced.I
texti
nguishesaburni
ngspli
ntwitha“popsound”.
Chemi calEquati
on
Zi
nc +Steam - > Zi ncox i
de + Hydr
ogen
Zn(
s) +H2O(g)-> ZnO(
s) + H2( g)
Zi
ncoxi
dedoesnotdi
ssol
vei
nwat
er.
(c)HotIronreactwithsteam for
mi ngdarkbluet
rii
ront
etraoxi
desoli
d/ashas
residue.
Hy drogengasi sproduced.Itext
inguishesaburni
ngspl
intwit
ha“popsound”.
Chemi calEquati
on
I
ron +St eam - > Tr i
irontet
raoxi
de+ Hy drogen
2Fe(
s) +4H2O( g)-> Fe2O4(s) + 4H2( g)
Tr
iir
ont
etr
aoxi
dedoesnotdi
ssol
vei
nwat
er.
(
d)Aluminium r
eact
swithst
eam f
orminganinsolubl
ecoat/
coverofi
mper
vious
l
ayerofalumini
um oxi
deonthesurf
aceprev
entingfurt
herr
eacti
on.
(e)Lead,
Copper
,Mer
cur
y,Si
l
ver
,Gol
dandPl
ati
num donotr
eactwi
thei
therwat
er
orsteam.

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HYDROGEN
Occurrence
Hydrogendoesnotoccurf
reei
nnat
ure.I
toccur
sasWat
erandi
nPet
rol
eum.

SchoollaboratoryPreparat
ion
Procedure
PutZincgr anul
esi naround/fl
at/conicalfl
ask.Adddilut
esul
phur
ic(
VI)
/Hydrochlori
cacid.
Addabout3cm3ofcopper (I
I)sul
phat e(
VI)solut
ion.
Coll
ectthegaspr oducedoverwat erasinthesetupbel ow.
Discardthef i
rstgasjar.Coll
ectsev er
algasjar.

Obser v ati
on/ Explanati
on
Zincr eact swi thdil
utesul phuric(
VI)/hydrochl ori
caci dtoform asal tandproduce
hydrogengas.
Whent heaci dcomesi ntocont actwitht hemet al,t
hereisrapidef f
ervescence/
bubbles/ fizzi
ngar epr oducedandacol our l
essgasi sproducedt hatiscoll
ected:
(i)ov erwat erbecausei tisinsolublei nwat er
(ii)
throughdownwar ddispl
acementofai r/upwarddeliverybecausei ti
sless
denset hanai r.
Thef irstgasj arisimpur e.Itcontai
nsai rt hatwaspr esentint heappar at
us.
Copper (I
I)sulphate(VI)soluti
onactascat al yst
.
Chemi cal equat i
on
(a)Zinc + Hy drochl ori
caci d -> Zi ncchlor i
de + Hy drogen
Zn(s) + 2HCl (aq) -> ZnCl 2(
aq) + H2( g)
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I
oni
cequati
on
Zn(s) + 2H+(
aq) -
> Zn2+(
aq) + H2(
g)

Zi
nc + Sul phur
ic(
VI)
aci
d -> ZincSulphat
e(VI
) + Hydrogen
Zn(s) + H2SO4( aq) -
> ZnSO4( aq) + H2( g)
I
onicequati
on
Zn(s) + 2H+(aq) -> Zn2+(aq) + H2(
g)

(
b)Chemicalequat
ion
Magnesium + Hy dr
ochl
ori
caci
d->Magnesi
um chlori
de + Hydrogen
Mg( s) + 2HCl (
aq) -
> MgCl
2(aq) + H2(g)
I
oni
cequat i
on
Mg( s) + 2H+(aq) -> Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

Magnesi
um +Sul phur
ic(
VI)
aci
d->Magnesi
um Sul
phate(
VI)+ Hydrogen
Mg(s) + H2SO4(aq) -
> MgSO4( aq) + H2( g)
I
oni
cequati
on
Mg(s) + 2H+(aq) -> Mg2+(aq) + H2(g)

(
c)Chemicalequati
on
I
ron + Hy dr
ochl
ori
caci
d- >I
ron(I
I)chlor
ide + Hydrogen
Fe(
s) + 2HCl (
aq) - > FeCl2(aq) + H2( g)
I
oni
cequation
Fe(s) + 2H+( aq) -> Fe2+( aq) + H2(
g)

Ir
on +Sul phur
ic(
VI)
aci
d->I
ron(
II
)Sul
phat
e(VI
)+ Hydrogen
Fe(s) + H2SO4( aq) - > FeSO4(aq) + H2(
g)
I
onicequati
on
s) + 2H+(
Fe( aq) -> Fe2+(aq) + H2(g)
Note

1.Hy dr
ogencannotbepr epar edfrom reacti
onof :
(i)Nitri
c(V)acidandamet al.Nit
ri
c(V)aci
disast rongoxidizingagent .I
toxi di
zes
hydrogengast owater.
(i
i)dil
ut esulphuri
c(VI)
aci dwi t
hcalcium/Barium/ LeadbecauseCal cium
sulphat e(VI)
,Bari
um sulphat e(VI
)andLead( II
)sulphat e(
VI)saltsformedar e
i
nsol uble.Oncef ormed, theycov er/
coattheunr eact edcalcium/ Bar
ium/ Lead
stoppingf ur
therreact
ionandpr oducingv er
ysmal lamount /volumeofhy drogen
gas.
(i
ii
)diluteacidwi thsodium/ potassium.Ther eactioni sexplosive.
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Pr
oper
ti
esofHy
drogengas
(a)
Phy sicalpr
operti
es
1.Hydr ogenisaneutral,
colourl
essandodourlessgas.Whenmi xedwi
thairi
thas
acharact er
ist
icpungentchokingsmell
2.I
tisi nsol
ubleinwaterthuscanbecollect
edov erwat
er.
3.I
tist heli
ghtestknowngas.I tcanbet
ransferredbyinver
ti
ngonegasjarover
another.
(b)Chemi calproper
ti
es.
(
i)
Burning
I
.Hydrogendoesnotsupportbur
ning/
combusti
on.Whenaburni
ngspl
inti
s
i
nser
tedintoagasjarcont
aini
ngHy dr
ogen,
thefl
ameisext
ingui
shed/
putoff
.
I
I.Puredryhydr
ogenbur
nwithabluequi
etfl
ametof or
m water
.Whenast
ream of
puredryhydr
ogenisi
gni
ted,
itcat
chesfi
reandcont
inuestoburnwi
thabl
uefl
ame.
I
II
.Impure(
airmixedwith)hydrogenburnswithanexplosi
on.Smallamount/
v
olumeofairmixedwithhy dr
ogeninat estt
ubeproduceasmal lexpl
osi
onasa
“
pop”sound.Thi
si st
heconf i
rmatorytestf
orthepresenceofHydrogengas.Agas
t
hatburnswit
ha“ pop”soundisconf i
rmedtobeHy drogen.
(
ii
)Redoxi
nter
msofHy
drogent
ransf
er

Redoxcanal sobedef i
nedi nter
msofHy dr
ogent r
ansfer
.
(i
)Oxidat
ionisr emov alofHydrogen
(i
i)
Reductioni saddi ti
onofHy drogen
(i
ii
)Redoxi ssimul taneousadditi
onandr emov alofHy dr
ogen
Example
Whenast r
eam ofdr yhydr ogengasispassedt hroughblackcopper(I
I)oxi
de,
hydrogengasgai nst heoxy genfr
om copper(I
I)oxide.
Blackcopper(II)oxidei sreducedtobr owncoppermet al
.
Blackcopper(I
I)oxideost hustheOxidizi
ngagent .
Hy dr
ogengasi soxi dizedt oWater.Hydrogenist heReducingagent
.

Setupofappar
atus

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(
a)Chemicalequati
on
(
i)I
nglasstube
Copper(I
I)Oxi
de + Hy dr
ogen -> Copper + Hy
drogengas
(oxi
dizi
ngagent)(reduci
ngagent
)
(bl
ack) (br
own)
CuO( s) + H2(g) -
> Cu( s) + H2O(l
)

(
ii
)whenexcessHy
drogenisbur
ning.
Oxygen + Hydr
ogen - > Water
O2(
g) + 2H2(
g) -> 2H2O(
l)

(
b)Chemi calequati
on
(
i)I
ngl asstube
Lead(II
)Oxi
de + Hy drogen -> Lead + Hydr
ogengas
(oxi
dizi
ngagent)(reducingagent
)
(
brownwhenhot / (gr
ey)
y
ellowwhencool )
PbO( s) + H2(
g) -
> Pb( s) + H2O(
l)

(
ii
)whenexcessHydr
ogenisburni
ng.
Oxygen + Hy dr
ogen -
> Water
O2(
g) + 2H2(
g) -> 2H2O(
l)

(
c)Chemicalequat
ion
(
i)I
nglasstube
Ir
on(II
I)
Oxide + Hydr
ogen -> Ir
on + Hy
drogengas
(oxi
dizi
ngagent)(r
educi
ngagent)
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(
Darkgr
ey) (
grey)
Fe2O3(
s) + 3H2(
g) -
> Fe(s) + 3H2O(
l)

(
ii
)whenexcessHydr
ogenisburni
ng.
Oxygen + Hy dr
ogen -
> Water
O2(
g) + 2H2(
g) -> 2H2O(
l)

(i
ii
)Wat erasanOxi deasHy drogen
Burningisareacti
onofanel ementwi thOxygen.Thesubstanceformedwhenan
el
ementbur ninairistheoxi deoft heelement
.Whenhy dr
ogenburns,i
treact
s/
combi neswit
hOxy gent of ormtheoxideofHy drogen.
TheoxideofHydrogenis
cal
ledwat er
.Hy dr
ogeni sfir
stdriedbecauseami xtur
eofHy dr
ogenandai r
explode.Thegasist henignited.Theproductscondenseonacol dsurf
ace/fl
ask
containi
ngaf r
eezingmi xture.Afreezi
ngmi xt
ureisami xt
ureofwaterandice.

Thecondensedproduct
sarecoll
ect
edinarecei
verasacol ourl
essli
qui
d.
Tests
(a)Whenabout1gofwhiteanhydr
ouscopper(I
I)
sulphate(
VI)i
saddedtoasampl
e
oftheli
qui
d,i
ttur
nstoblue.Thi
sconfi
rmstheli
quidformediswat er
.
(
b)Whenblueanhydr
ouscobal
t(I
I)
chl
ori
depaperi
sdi
ppedinasampl
eoft
he
l
i
qui
d,i
ttur
nstopi
nk.Thi
sconfi
rmsthel
iqui
dfor
mediswater
.
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(c)
Whent heli
quidisheatedt
oboil
,i
tsboi
l
ingpoi s100oCatseal
nti evel
/one
atmospherepressure.Thi
sconf
ir
mstheli
qui
dispur
ewater.

UsesofHy
drogengas

1.Hydrogenat
ion/Hardeni
ngofunsaturatedveget
abl
eoil
stosaturat
ed
fat
s/margari
ne.
WhenHy drogenispassedthroughunsaturat
edcompoundsinpresenceofNi
ckel
o
catal
ystandabout150C, theybecomesat ur
ated.Mostv
egetabl
eoilar
e
unsatur
atedli
quidsatroom temperat
ure.Theybecomesatur
atedandhard
thr
oughhy dr
ogenati
on.
2.I
nweat herfor
ecastballoons.
Hydrogenistheli
ghtestknowngas.Met eor
ologi
caldat
aiscoll
ect
edforanal
ysi
s
bysendinghydrogenfil
ledweatherbal
l
oonst otheatmospher
e.Thedatacol
l
ected
i
sthenusedt oforecastweathercondi
ti
ons.

3.I
ntheHaberpr
ocessforthemanufactureofAmmonia
Hydrogenismi
xedwit
hNi t
rogeninpresenceofIr
oncatalystt
ofor
m Ammoni agas.
Ammoni agasi
saveryimportantr
awmat er
ial
formanufactur
eofagr
icul
tur
al
fer
ti
li
zers.

4.
Int
hemanuf actur
eofHy drochlor
icacid.
Li
mit
edvolume/ amountofHy drogenisburnti
nexcesschlori
negastofor
m
Hydr
ogenchlori
degas.Hydr ogenchlor
idegasisdissol
vedinwatert
oform
Hydr
ochl
ori
cacid.Hy dr
ochlori
cacidisusedinpickli
ng/
washingmetalsur
faces.

5.Asrocketf
uel.
Fi
xedproport
ionsofHydr
ogenandOxy genwhenigni
tedexpl
odevi
olent
ly
produci
ngalotofener
gy/heat
.Thi
senergyi
susedtopower/pr
opelarockett
o
space.

6.I
noxy-hydr
ogenf l
ameforwel
ding.
Acyli
ndercontai
ningHydr
ogenwhenigni
tedinpur
eOxygenfr
om asecond
cyl
i
nderproducesaf l
amethati
sveryhot
.Iti
susedtocutmet
alsandweldi
ng.

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Sampl
erev
isi
onquest
ions

1.Acolourl
essli
qui
dwasaddedanhy dr
ouscopper
(I
I)
sul
phate(
VI)whicht
urned
blue.
(a)Whyisitwrongtoconcludetheli
qui
dwaspurewater
?
Anhydrouscopper(
II
)sulphat
e(VI)t
estf
orpr
esenceofwater
.Puri
tyofwateri
s
deter
mi nedfr
om fr
eezing/melt
ing/
boil
i
ngpoint
.

(b)
Wr i
teanequationf orthereact
iont
hattakepl
acewithanhydrous
copper(I
I)
sulphat
e(VI)
Anhydrouscopper(II
)sulphat
e(VI)+Wat er -> hy
dratedcopper(
II
)sul
phat
e(VI
)
CuSO4(s) +5H2O( l
)-> CuSO4.
5H2O(s)

(c)
(i
)Whichothercompoundwouldachi
evethesamer
esul
tsasanhy
drous
copper(
II
)sul
phate(
VI)
Anhydr
ouscobalt(
II
)chl
ori
de/
CoCl2.
6H2O
(i
i
)Writ
etheequati
onforther
eaction
Anhydr
ouscobal
t(II
)chl
ori
de+Wat er - > hy
dratedcobalt(
II
)chl
ori
de
CoCl
2(s) +6H2O( l
)-> CoCl2.
6H2O(s)

(
d)Complet
et heequat i
on
(
i)Sul
phur (
VI)oxide +Wat
er -
> Sulphuri
c(VI)
aci
d
(
ii
)Sulphur(I
V)oxide +Wat
er -
> Sulphuri
c(I
V)aci
d
(
ii
i)Carbon(I
V) oxide +Wat
er -> Carboni
c(IV)
aci
d

(
iv)Ni
tr
ogen(
IV)
oxide +Water -
> Nit
ri
c(V)acid
(
v)Phosphor
us(
V)oxi
de +Wat
er -
> Phosphoric(
V)aci
d

(
vi)Sodi
um oxi
de +Wat
er -
> Sodium hy
droxi
de
(
vi)Sodi
um per
oxi
de +Wat
er -> Sodi
um hydr
oxi
de

2.Met alBreact
swi t
hst
eam.Met al
Cr eact
swit
hcoldwater.MetalAdoesnot
reactwithwater.
(a)Arr
anget hemetal
sastheyshoul
dappearint
hereact
ivi
tyseri
es.
B
C
A
(b)Aproductresi
dueinDwhichwasbrownwhenhotbutt ur
nedy el
lowoncool
ing
duringthereacti
onofmetalBwasformed.GasEwasalsoev ol
ved.Ident
if
y

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(
i)
Met alB Lead/Pb
(
ii
)ResidueD Lead(I
I)
oxi
de/PbO
(
ii
i)
GasE Hydrogen/
H2

(c)Aporti
onofproductresidueinDwasaddeddi l
utenitr
ic(V)
acid.Anotherpor
ti
on
ofpr oductr
esi
dueinDwasaddeddi l
utesul
phuri
c(VI)
acid.Stateandexplai
nthe
observati
onsmade.
Whenaddeddi l
utenitr
ic(V)acid,Ddissol
vestofor
m acol ourl
esssoluti
on.
Lead(I
I)
Oxi
de+di l
utenitri
c(V)aci
d- >Lead(
II
)nit
rate(
V)+Wat er
PbO(s)+ 2HNO3( aq)- > Pb(NO3)2(
aq) + H2O( l
)

Whenaddeddi lut
esulphuri
c(VI)
acid,Ddoesnotdi ssolve.Awhi t
e
suspension/preci
pit
atewasf ormed.Lead(II
)Oxi
der eactswi t
hsulphuri
c(VI
)aci
dto
forminsolubleLead(I
I)
sulphate(
VI)thatcover/
coatunr eactedLead(II
)Oxi
de,
stoppi
ngf urt
herreacti
on.
Lead(II
)Oxide+di l
utesulphuri
c(VI
)acid->Lead(I
I)sulphate(VI)+Water
PbO( s) + H2SO4(aq) -
> PbSO4( s) + H2O(l
)

3. (
a)Hy
drogencanr
educecopper
(I
I)
Oxi
debutnotal
l
umi
nium oxi
de.Expl
ain

(b)Whenwaterr
eact
swit
hpotassi
um met
alt
hehy
drogenpr
oducedi
gni
tes
ex
plosi
vel
yonthesurf
aceofwat
er.

(
i)Whatcausest
hisi
gni
ti
on?

(
ii
)Wr
it
eanequat
iont
oshowhowt
hisi
gni
ti
onoccur
s

2. I nanexperi
ment
,dr
yhydr
ogengaswaspassedov
erhotcopper(
II
)oxi
dei
na
combusti
ontubeasshowni
nthedi
agram bel
ow:

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(
a)Compl
etethediagr
am t
oshowhowt
heot
herpr
oduct
,subst
anceRcoul
d
becol
l
ect
edint
helaborator
y.

(
b)Describehowcoppercoul
dbeobt
ainedf
rom t
hemi
xtur
econt
aini
ng
copper(I
I)oxi
de

3. Theset
upbel
owwasusedt
oinv
est
igat
ether
eact
ionbet
weenmet
alsand
wat
er.

(
a)I
dent
if
ysol
i
dXandst
atei
tspur
pose

Sol
i
dX .
………………………………………………………………….
.

Pur
pose ………………………………………………………………….
.

(
b)Wr
it
eachemi
cal
equat
ionf
ort
her
eact
iont
hatpr
oducest
hef
lame.

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4. GasPwaspassedoverheat
edmagnesi
um r
ibbonandhy
drogengaswas
col
l
ect
edasshowni
nthedi
agram bel
ow:

(
i)Namegas
P .
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..

(
ii
)Wr
it
eanequat
ionoft
her
eact
iont
hatt
akespl
acei
nthecombust
iont
ube

(
ii
i)St
ateonepr
ecaut
ionnecessar
yatt
heendoft
hisexper
iment

5. Whenhy dr
ogeni
sburntandtheproductcool
ed,
thef
oll
owi
ngr
esul
tsar
e
obt
ainedasshowninthedi
agram bel
ow:

Cl
amp Cl
amp

Bur
ning I
cecol
dwat
er

Dr
yhy
drogen
Li
qui
dY
(
a)Wr
it
etheequat
ionf
ort
hef
ormat
ionofl
i
qui
dY

(
b)Gi
veachemi
cal
testf
orl
i
qui
dY

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ls,
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6. Janeset
-uptheexper
imentasshownbel
owt
ocol
l
ectagas.Thewet
sandwasheatedbef
ore

heat
ingZi
ncgr
anul
es

Wetsand

(
a)Compl
etet
hedi
agr
am f
ort
hel
abor
ator
ypr
epar
ati
onoft
hegas

(
b)Whywasi
tnecessar
ytoheatwetsandbef
oreheat
ingZi
ncgr
anul
es?

7.

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(
a)Bet
weenNandM whi
chpar
tshoul
dbeheat
edf
ir
st?Expl
ain

(
b)Wr
it
eachemi
cal
equat
ionf
ort
her
eact
ionoccur
ri
ngi
nthecombust
ion
t
ube.

8. Theset -
upbel
owwasusedt
oinv
est
igat
eel
ect
rol
ysi
sofacer
tai
nmol
ten
compound;
-

(
a)Compl
etet
heci
rcui
tbydr
awi
ngt
hecel
li
nthegapl
efti
nthedi
agr
am

(
b)Wr
it
ehal
f-
cel
lequat
iont
oshowwhathappensatt
hecat
hode

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(
c)Usi
nganar
rowshowt
hedi
rect
ionofel
ect
ronf
lowi
nthedi
agr
am abov
e

9. Hy
drogencanbepr
epar
edbyr
eact
ingzi
ncwi
thdi
l
utehy
drochl
ori
caci
d.

a)Wr
it
eanequat
ionf
ort
her
eact
ion.

b)Nameanappr
opr
iat
edr
yingagentf
orhy
drogengas.

c)Ex
plai
nwhycoppermet
alcannotbeusedt
opr
epar
ehy
drogengas.

d)Hy
drogenbur
nsi
noxy
gent
ofor
m anoxi
de.

(
i)Wr
it
eanequat
ionf
ort
her
eact
ion.

(i
i)St
atet
wopr
ecaut
ionst
hatmustbet
akenbef
oret
hecombust
ionbegi
ns
andatt
heendof

t
hecombust
ion.

e)Gi
vet
wousesofhy
drogengas.

f
)Whenzinci
sheat
edt
orednessi
nacur
rentofst
eam,
hydr
ogengasi
s
obt
ained.Wr
it
ean

equat
ionf
ort
her
eact
ion.

g)El
ementQr
eact
swi
thdi
l
uteaci
dsbutnotwi
thcol
dwat
er.El
ementRdoes
notr
eactwi
th

di
luteaci
ds.El
ement
sSdi
spl
acesel
ementPf
rom i
tsoxi
de.Pr
eact
swi
th
col
dwat
er.Arr
ange

t
hef
ourel
ement
sinor
deroft
hei
rreact
ivi
ty,
star
ti
ngwi
tht
hemostr
eact
ive.

h)Expl
ainhowhy
drogeni
susedi
nthemanuf
act
ureofmar
gar
ine.

10. a)Theset
-upbel
ow i
susedt
oinv
est
igat
ethepr
oper
ti
esofhy
drogen.

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i
)Ont
hedi
agr
am,
indi
cat
ewhatshoul
dbedonef
ort
her
eact
iont
ooccur

ii
)Hydrogengasi
sal
l
owedt
opasst
hrought
het
ubef
orsomet
imebef
orei
t
i
sli
t.Expl
ain

i
i
i)Wr
it
eanequat
ionf
ort
her
eact
iont
hatoccur
sint
hecombust
iont
ube

i
v)Whenthereact
ioni
scompl
ete,
hydr
ogengasi
spassedt
hrought
he
appar
atusunt
ilt
hey

cool
down.Expl
ain

v
)Whatpr
oper
tyofhy
drogeni
sbei
ngi
nvest
igat
ed?

v
i)Whatobser
vat
ionconf
ir
mst
hepr
oper
tyst
atedi
n(v
)abov
e?

v
ii
)Whyi
szi
ncoxi
denotusedt
oinv
est
igat
ethi
spr
oper
tyofhy
drogengas?

11. Thesetupbel
owwasusedt
ocol
l
ectgasK,
producedbyt
her
eact
ion
bet
weenwaterand GasK

o
cal
cium met
al.
o
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(
a)NamegasK …………………………………………………………….
.

(
b)Attheendoftheexper
iment
,thesol
uti
oni
nthebeakerwasf
oundt
obea
weakbase.Expl
ain

whyt
hesol
uti
oni
saweakbase

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