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Zeotror245isopentane PDF
Zeotror245isopentane PDF
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: The thermodynamic performance of non-superheated subcritical Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs) with
Available online xxxx zeotropic mixtures as working fluids is examined based on a second law analysis. In a previous study,
a mixture selection method based on a first law analysis was proposed. However, to assess the perfor-
Keywords: mance potential of zeotropic mixtures as working fluids the irreversibility distributions under different
Organic Rankine Cycle mixtures compositions are calculated. The zeotropic mixtures under study are: R245fa–pentane,
Zeotropic mixtures R245fa–R365mfc, isopentane–isohexane, isopentane–cyclohexane, isopentane–isohexane, isobutane–
Second law
isopentane and pentane–hexane. The second law efficiency, defined as the ratio of shaft power output
Exergy
Working fluids
and input heat carrier exergy, is used as optimization criterion. The results show that the evaporator
accounts for the highest exergy loss. Still, the best performance is achieved when the condenser heat pro-
files are matched. An increase in second law efficiency in the range of 7.1% and 14.2% is obtained com-
pared to pure working fluids. For a heat source of 150 °C, the second law efficiency of the pure fluids
is in the range of 26.7% and 29.1%. The second law efficiency in function of the heat carrier temperature
between 120 °C and 160 °C shows an almost linear behavior for all investigated mixtures. Furthermore,
between optimized ORCs with zeotropic mixtures as working fluid the difference in second law efficiency
varies less than 3 percentage points.
Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.02.028
0196-8904/Ó 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Please cite this article in press as: Lecompte S et al. Exergy analysis of zeotropic mixtures as working fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles. Energy Convers
Manage (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.02.028
2 S. Lecompte et al. / Energy Conversion and Management xxx (2014) xxx–xxx
Nomenclature
Systematic studies which investigate the thermodynamic influ- based on a carefully selected set of chosen input and output
ence of varying mixture composition on the Organic Rankine Cycle streams. Therefore, a clear understanding of the purpose of the sys-
components are valuable but scarce. Second law analysis provides tem is needed before defining the second law efficiency [19].
the tools for this research. The use of second law analysis on Or- The objective of this study is to analyze the performance of zeo-
ganic Rankine Cycles is well-known in open literature. Mago tropic working fluids based on a second law analysis. The work
et al. [15] examined the exergy destruction in Organic Rankine Cy- focusses on non-superheated subcritical cycles. Comparisons are
cles. Visual representations using an exergy wheel clearly show the made among a selection of zeotropic working fluids. Special care
exergy accounting for each thermodynamic process. The results is taken to quantify the distribution of irreversibilities within the
show that the evaporator has by far the highest exergy destruction system. The ORC is optimized and the cause of the optimization
rate, followed by the turbine. Therefore, it seems that cycle modi- potential is analyzed.
fications, of which the aim is to reduce exergy destruction in the
evaporator, have a major potential to increase the power output
2. Cycle
of the ORC. Roy et al. [16] studied the output power, the second
and first law efficiency and irreversibilities of an ORC using R12,
2.1. Description of the ORC
R123 and R134a as working fluids. The ORC was driven by flue
gas waste heat at 140 °C. Their results show that the point of max-
The schematic diagram of the ORC analyzed in this study is gi-
imum thermal efficiency and maximum power output do not coin-
ven in Fig. 1. Fig. 1a shows the basic cycle while Fig. 1b represents
cide. Furthermore the second law efficiency is strongly affected by
the cycle with recuperator. The basic ORC consists of a pump which
the pinch point temperature difference in the evaporator. The opti-
pressurizes the working fluid and transports it to the evaporator. In
mal evaporation temperature for a subcritical ORC based on max-
the evaporator the working fluid is heated to the point of saturated
imization of the second law efficiency was investigated by Liu et al.
vapor. Next, the working fluid expands through the turbine and
[17].
produces work. This shaft power is then converted to electric
Only a few studies investigate the ORC with zeotropic mixtures
power by the generator. The superheated working fluid at the out-
from a second law perspective. Furthermore, only a limited selec-
let of the turbine is condensed to saturated liquid in the condenser.
tion of working fluids are considered. Heberle et al. [18] investi-
The liquid working fluid is again pressurized by the pump, com-
gated the second law efficiency of an ORC with zeotropic
pleting the cycle. A recuperator (Fig. 1b) cools down the super-
mixtures of isobutane–isopentane and R227ea–R245fa as working
heated vapor at the exit of the expander and heats up the
fluids. The results show that for temperatures below 120 °C the
working fluid after the pump. As a result, the load on the condenser
second law efficiencies increased in the range of 4.3–15%. The opti-
is decreased.
mal second law efficiency was achieved when the temperature
glide of condensation and cooling water matched. Ho et al. [5]
compared the Organic Flash Cycle (OFC) to an optimized basic 2.2. Working fluid selection
ORC cycle, a zeotropic rankine cycle with a binary ammonia–water
mixture and a transcritical CO2 cycle. A distinction is made be- The selected pure working fluids are all hydrocarbons and can be
tween utilization efficiency and second law internal efficiency. found in Table 1. The selection corresponds with that of a previous
The former definition assumes that the exergy which is left in study by the authors [14]. Guidelines for mixture component selec-
the waste heat stream is discarded or unused, while the latter dis- tion in cryogenic applications are adopted [20,21]. The first compo-
cards exergy destruction due to heat transfer in the evaporator. The nent is volatile at 1–1.5 bar and therefore, low temperatures after
definition of second law efficiency is therefore not unique; it is expansion can be obtained without the need to reach vacuum. The
Please cite this article in press as: Lecompte S et al. Exergy analysis of zeotropic mixtures as working fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles. Energy Convers
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S. Lecompte et al. / Energy Conversion and Management xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 3
(a) (b)
Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the basic ORC (a) and ORC with recuperator (b).
Table 1 [22] provides the thermophysical data of the studied mixtures and
Thermophysical properties of the selected pure working fluids. pure fluids.
Fluid M (g/mol) T crit (°C) P crit (bar) T boiling (°C)
A discretized model is developed for the evaporator.
Cyclohexane 84.2 280.5 40.8 80.3
Hexane 86.2 234.7 30.3 68.3 ev ap ev ap ev ap ev ap
_ wf ¼ cp;hc m
ðhwf ;x hwf ;ðx1Þ Þ m _ hc ðT hc;x T hc;ðx1Þ Þ ð1aÞ
Isobutane 58.1 134.7 36.3 12.1
ev ap ev ap ev ap ev ap
Isohexane 86.2 224.6 30.4 59.8 hwf ;1 ¼ hwf ;in ; T hc;1 ¼ T hc;out ð1bÞ
Isopentane 72.1 187.2 33.8 27.4 ev ap ev ap ev ap ev ap
Pentane 72.1 196.6 33.7 35.7 hwf ;N ¼ hwf ;out ; T hc;N ¼ T hc;in ð1cÞ
R245fa 134.0 154.0 36.5 14.8 ev ap ev ap
PP ev ap ¼ minðT hc;x T wf ;x Þ ð1dÞ
R365mfc 148.1 186.9 32.7 39.8
Please cite this article in press as: Lecompte S et al. Exergy analysis of zeotropic mixtures as working fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles. Energy Convers
Manage (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.02.028
4 S. Lecompte et al. / Energy Conversion and Management xxx (2014) xxx–xxx
By multiplying the specific exergy with the mass flow rate the Condenser
exergy flow is obtained:
I_cond ¼ ðm
_ cf econd _ cond _ cond _ cond
cf ;in þ mwf ewf ;in Þ ðmcf ecf ;out þ mwf ewf ;out Þ ð9Þ
E_ ¼ me
_ ð6Þ
Recuperator
A qualitative exergy flow diagram for the ORC with recuperator
ev ap
is given in Fig. 2. The external exergy flow E_ ehc;in v ap
that enters the _ wf ½ðepump
I_recup ¼ m turbine cond
wf ;out þ ewf ;out Þ ðewf ;in þ ewf ;in Þ ð10Þ
system amounts to the maximum attainable power production.
Pump
Furthermore, there is an internal exergy flow E_ ewfv ap ;in
to the evapora-
tor. The irreversibilities in the heat exchangers related to finite I_pump ¼ W _ wf ðepump
_ pump m pump
wf ;out ewf ;in Þ ð11Þ
temperature heat transfer are given as I_ev ap ; I_cond and I_recup . There
are no internal irreversibilities associated to pressure losses in Turbine
the heat exchangers. The exergy flow E_ ewfv ap enters the turbine,
;out
_ turbine is produced and an exergy flow E_ turbine leaves. Part I_turbine ¼ m
_ wf ðeturbine turbine _
wf ;in ewf ;out Þ W turbine ð12Þ
work W wf ;out
of this exergy goes to the recuperator, while the remaining part
E_ cond
wf ;in goes to the condenser. The cooling water that enters the con- In order to make a fair comparison between cycle designs, a
denser has an exergy flow E_ cond _ cond
cf ;in and an exergy flow Ecf ;out is rejected consistent thermodynamic performance criterion is necessary. This
to the ambient. Irreversibilities in the pump and turbine are criterion should in essence be an indicator of the availability of the
respectively indicated as I_pump and I_turbine . studied thermodynamic cycle to convert waste heat to work. This
The irreversibility rates of the components for a steady state is accomplished by defining efficiencies based on exergy. DiPippo
flow are calculated as follows: [19] states that the efficiency based on the second law of thermo-
X
T0 _ X X dynamics is the best comparison criteria. The framework of exergy
0¼ 1 _ þ
Qj W _ in ein
m _ out eout I_
m ð7Þ
Tj analysis is extensively discussed in the work of among others Bejan
j in out
et al. [24], Moran and Shapiro [25] and Winterbone [26]. The
This gives for the components: second law efficiency gII is given as:
_
W
Evaporator gII ¼ _ evnet ð13Þ
E ap hc;in
ev ap ev ap
I_ev ap ¼ ðm
_ hc ehc;in _ wf ewf
þm _ ev ap _ ev ap
;in Þ ðmhc ehc;out þ mwf ewf ;out Þ ð8Þ
ev ap ev ap ev ap
E_ hc;in _ hc ðhhc;in
¼m h0 T 0 ðshc;in s0 ÞÞ ð14Þ
v ap
With E_ ehc;in
the exergy flow to the system. The second law effi-
ciency is further decomposed in a second law external efficiency
(gII;ext ) and a second law internal efficiency (gII;int ). The former is
related to the heat input to the cycle and the latter is related to
the irreversibilities in the ORC.
I_component
yD;component ¼ ð18Þ
_Eev ap E_ ev ap
hc;in hc;out
This factor gives the percentage of exergy input to the cycle that
is destroyed in a component due to irreversibilities.
A comparative analysis is made by evaluating the exergy
destruction ratio to reference values of a pure working fluid. The
most volatile component in the mixture is chosen as working fluid
for the reference case.
3.2. Optimization
Please cite this article in press as: Lecompte S et al. Exergy analysis of zeotropic mixtures as working fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles. Energy Convers
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are the evaporating pressure and the mixture concentration. If the temperature glide in the condenser which lead to a decrease in
mixture concentration is fixed, only the evaporation pressure is working fluid outlet temperature at the condenser. Also, the pinch
optimized. Optimization is done with a Generalized Reduced Gra- point temperature is reduced, lowering the heat input limitation
ev ap
dient (GRG) nonlinear multistart algorithm [27]. Since E_ hc;in is con- induced by the pinch point temperature difference. This is the fur-
stant for a given heat source, optimization of the second law ther is discussed in Section 4.1.2. Furthermore, an increase in heat
efficiency is equal to optimization of the net power output. input follows when the latent heat capacity rate of the mixture is
reduced [28]. This shifts the pinch point to the right in a QT dia-
gram allowing a larger cooling of the heat carrier.
4. Results
4.1.2. Analysis of the optimal pinch point temperature
4.1. Effect of zeotropic mixtures
In this section, the difference between the optimal pinch point
temperature for pure fluids and zeotropic mixtures is discussed.
In this section R245fa–isopentane is used as a reference case to
The pinch point temperature T pp in this work, is defined as the tem-
illustrate the different effects of zeotropic mixtures. Deviations and par-
perature of the heat carrier at the point of minimum temperature
ticularities for other mixtures (R245fa–pentane, R245fa–R365mfc,
difference between working fluid and heat carrier. The evaporation
isopentane–isohexane, isopentane–cyclohexane, isopentane–
pressure unambiguously determines the pinch point temperature
isohexane, isobutane–isopentane, pentane–hexane) are discussed
and vice versa. A cycle with R245–isopentane is constructed with
in Section 4.2.
as reference T pp the optimal T pp of an ORC with pure R245fa
In Fig. 3c, gII is plotted in function of the mixture concentration.
(103.8 °C). Only the second optimization variable, the concentra-
An optimal mixture concentration of 0.28/0.72 gives an increase of
tion, is optimized in this cycle.
8.45% in second law efficiency compared to the pure working fluid
Fig. 8 gives the QT diagram for this suboptimal reference cycle.
R245fa. Both are evaluated at their optimal evaporation pressure.
The cycle with pure R245fa is shown as a full line. Again, the heat
The source of this increase and the underlying optimization strat-
input to the cycle is increased due to matching temperature pro-
egy are analyzed further.
files in the condenser and the location of the pinch point. However,
the heat input is lower than with an optimal pinch point temper-
4.1.1. Internal and external second law efficiency ature (see Fig. 7). The discussion below explains what happens if
In a first step the absorbed heat and heat conversion to power the pinch point temperature is optimized.
are decoupled by plotting gII;ext and gII;int (see Fig. 4c) for R245fa– From Fig. 9 it is clear that, between mixture concentrations 0 to
isopentane. By using a mixture as working fluid more heat is 0.7 the optimal pinch point temperature is larger than that of the
transferred to the ORC (higher gII;ext ) and heat is converted more reference case. The results for external and internal second law
effectively to power (higher gII;int ). Furthermore, for R245fa– efficiency for the reference case and the optimal case is given in
isopentane, the optimal concentration which maximizes gII;ext and Fig. 10. Between mixture concentrations 0–0.7 the internal second
gII;int is equal and coincides with that of maximum second law law efficiency gII;int is larger for the reference cycle while the exter-
efficiency gII . nal second law efficiency gII;ext is lower. For the cycle with optimal
An increase in gII;int is the result of a lower overall exergy pinch point temperature, internal second law efficiency is thus sac-
destruction in the cycle. The source of the reduced exergy destruc- rificed for increased heat input. Mixture concentrations from 0.7 to
tion is investigated by calculating DyD for all components. For 1 are optimized by increasing the pinch point temperature. Inter-
R245fa–isopentane DyD;cond and DyD;ev ap are given in Fig. 5c while nal second law efficiency is increased in detriment of a decreased
DyD;turbine and DyD;pump are given in Fig. 6c. Note that the values of heat input. By optimizing the evaporating pressure and thus the
DyD;cond are generally larger than that of DyD;ev ap ; DyD;turbine or pinch point temperature an optimal balance is found between
DyD;pump . Especially the pump has a low effect on the cycle internal gII;int and gII;ext maximizing the internal efficiency gII .
performance when varying mixture concentration. Furthermore it
is important to notice that the minimum value of DyD;cond is found 4.1.3. Glide slopes
at the same concentration that maximizes gII;int . For the mixture R245fa–isopentane the optimal concentration
Fig. 7 gives the QT diagram for the optimized ORC with pure (0.28/0.72) corresponds to the maximum glide slope possible in
working fluid (R245fa, full line) and with mixture (R245fa–isopen- the condenser and evaporator (see Fig. 11). As discussed earlier,
tane, dashed line). The heat carrier is cooled down to a lower tem- matching the glide slope of the working fluid in the condenser to
perature when using a mixture. Firstly, this is due to the matching the glide slope of cooling fluid increases the heat input (gII;ext )
Fig. 3. Second law efficiency of zeotropic mixtures in function of mixture concentration (optimal evaporation pressure), (a) isopentane-isohexane, isopentane-cyclohexane,
isopentane-hexane, (b) isobutane-isopentane, pentane-hexane, (c) R245fa-pentane, R245fa-isopentane, R245fa-R365mfc.
Please cite this article in press as: Lecompte S et al. Exergy analysis of zeotropic mixtures as working fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles. Energy Convers
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6 S. Lecompte et al. / Energy Conversion and Management xxx (2014) xxx–xxx
Fig. 4. Internal gII;int and external gII;ext second law efficiency of zeotropic mixtures in function of mixture concentration (optimal evaporation pressure), (a) isopentane-
isohexane, isopentane-cyclohexane, isopentane-hexane, (b) isobutane-isopentane, pentane-hexane, (c) R245fa-pentane, R245fa-isopentane, R245fa-R365mfc.
Fig. 5. DyD;cond and DyD;ev ap for zeotropic mixtures in function of mixture concentration (optimal evaporation pressure), (a) isopentane-isohexane, isopentane-cyclohexane,
isopentane-hexane, (b) isobutane-isopentane, pentane-hexane, (c) R245fa-pentane, R245fa-isopentane, R245fa-R365mfc.
Fig. 6. DyD;turbine and DyD;pump for zeotropic mixtures in function of mixture concentration (optimal evaporation pressure), (a) isopentane-isohexane, isopentane-cyclohexane,
isopentane-hexane, (b) isobutane-isopentane, pentane-hexane, (c) R245fa-pentane, R245fa-isopentane, R245fa-R365mfc.
but also contributes considerably to the increase of conversion effi- C without recuperator ¼ 0:28=0:72). However, compared to the ORC with-
ciency gII;int . As a result matching the glide slopes in the condenser out recuperator, the internal second law efficiency (gII;int ) is higher
is crucial when optimizing the power output. while the external second law efficiency (gII;ext ) and second law
efficiency (gII ) are lower. This is illustrated in Fig. 12 where the rel-
4.1.4. Effect of the recuperator ative change of gII;int ; gII;ext , and gII is shown in function of the mix-
In this section, the influence of adding a recuperator to the basic ture concentration. An increase in gII;int implies that the conversion
ORC is analyzed. The optimal pressure and concentration to maxi- from exergy to electric power occurs more efficiently. In contrast, a
mize the net power output are approximately equal for an ORC decrease in gII;ext implies that the heat input to the ORC is reduced.
with and without recuperator (P recuperator
ev ap ¼ 8:47 bar, The second law efficiency gII is reduced, since the decrease in heat
recuperator without recuperator
C ¼ 0:29=0:71 versus P ev ap ¼ 8:43 bar, input is slightly larger than the increase in conversion efficiency.
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S. Lecompte et al. / Energy Conversion and Management xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 7
Fig. 7. QT diagram R245fa–isopentane (optimal concentration and evaporation pressure) and pure working fluid R245fa (optimal pressure).
Fig. 8. QT diagram R245fa–isopentane (optimal concentration, fixed pinch point temperature 103.8 °C) and pure working fluid R245fa (optimal pressure).
Fig. 10. gII;ext and gII;int in function of mixture concentration for optimal and
Fig. 9. Pinch point temperature and pressure in function of mixture concentration
reference pinch point temperature (=103.8 °C) (R245fa–isopentane).
with optimal and reference pinch point temperature (=103.8 °C) (R245fa–
isopentane).
Please cite this article in press as: Lecompte S et al. Exergy analysis of zeotropic mixtures as working fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles. Energy Convers
Manage (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.02.028
8 S. Lecompte et al. / Energy Conversion and Management xxx (2014) xxx–xxx
Please cite this article in press as: Lecompte S et al. Exergy analysis of zeotropic mixtures as working fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles. Energy Convers
Manage (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.02.028
S. Lecompte et al. / Energy Conversion and Management xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 9
Table 3
Characteristic cycle parameters for heat carrier at 150 °C (optimal evaporation pressure and concentration).
Working fluid C [mole frac.] gI (%) gII gII;ext gII;int P ev ap P cond Slope evap Slope cond m_ wf W_ turbine W_ pump
(%) (%) (%) (bar) (bar) (°C) (°C) (kg/s) (kW) (kW)
Isopentane 1 9.05 28.07 75.92 36.98 6.08 1.46 0.0 0.0 46.5 1810 59.6
Hexane 1 8.94 27.65 74.57 37.08 1.95 0.36 0.0 0.0 42.5 1741 17.6
Cyclohexane 1 9.14 26.71 71.39 37.42 1.35 0.24 0.0 0.0 39.1 1675 9.5
Pentane 1 9.05 27.84 75.11 37.07 4.91 1.12 0.0 0.0 43.5 1781 45.4
Isohexane 1 8.91 27.87 75.36 36.98 2.48 0.48 0.0 0.0 44.9 1761 23.6
R245fa 1 9.39 28.67 76.31 37.58 11.29 2.43 0.0 0.0 90.8 1888 99.7
R365mfc 1 8.95 28.39 76.67 37.03 4.85 0.96 0.0 0.0 82.8 1814 43.7
Isobutane 1 10.04 29.14 77.20 37.74 19.78 5.19 0.0 0.0 46.5 1810 239.4
Isopentane–hexane 0.19–0.81 9.09 30.94 79.70 38.82 2.41 0.42 7.0 8.8 44.8 1952 23.2
Isopentane–cyclohexane 0.08–0.92 9.27 30.06 76.88 39.11 1.56 0.26 7.4 9.3 41.7 1886 11.9
Isopentane–isohexane 0.44–0.56 9.22 31.63 80.52 39.29 3.75 0.72 7.1 8.7 47.5 2011 38.3
Pentane–hexane 0.54–0.46 9.32 31.39 79.30 39.59 3.19 0.57 7.0 8.3 44.3 1988 30.6
Isobutane–isopentane 0.81–0.19 9.61 32.05 81.91 39.13 13.48 3.36 6.9 9.3 52.0 2154 156.0
R245fa–pentane 0.33–0.67 9.46 31.76 80.27 39.57 7.35 1.50 8.0 7.5 60.9 2053 72.8
R245fa–isopentane 0.28–0.72 9.38 31.11 80.01 38.88 8.43 1.85 6.4 5.7 61.9 2027 87.6
R245fa–R365mfc 0.41–0.59 9.29 31.39 80.46 39.01 7.20 1.37 5.7 6.4 88.3 2025 68.0
The irreversibility distributions are given for zeotropic mixtures dominant, this results in an increased pinch point temperature dif-
as working fluid with optimal mixture concentration and pressure ference for a fixed heat exchanger area and vice versa. Therefore, in
(Fig. 15) and for pure working fluids with optimal pressure a cost benefit analysis a thermo-economic approach is crucial. To
(Fig. 16). The evaporator contributes the most to the losses in the have a first assessment, the sensitivity of the pinch point temper-
ORC (around 50%) followed by the condenser (around 30%), turbine ature difference on the second law efficiency is studied. The pinch
(around 19%) and pump (around 1%). For pure isobutane, but also point temperature difference in both the evaporator and condenser
for the mixture isobutane–isopentane, the pump takes a relatively are incrementally increased from 10 °C tot 13 °C.
large share of the total irreversibilities compared to other working In Fig. 18 the results of this analysis is given for the different
fluids. The reason and effect of this was discussed in Section 4.2. mixtures under consideration. The decrease in gII in the given
Important to notice is the shift in irreversibility distribution be- range is approximately linear. For a decrease of 1 °C in both the
tween the pure working fluid and a mixture as working fluid. As condenser and evaporator, an absolute reduction of around 1 per-
discussed earlier, the improved performance is the result of a centage point in second law efficiency is observed. It is interesting
reduction in irreversibilities in the condenser. The result of the to note, that in general a pinch point temperature increase of 3 °C
optimization therefore reduces the share of condenser losses rela- in the condenser and evaporator, already outweighs the observed
tive to the total losses in the cycle. For the current working fluids performance benefit associated to zeotropic mixtures. Further-
the reduction lies between 3 and 6 percentage points. more, the ranking in terms of gII stays the same for each calculated
pinch point temperature difference.
4.4. Sensitivity studies
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Fig. 15. Irreversibility distribution for an ORC with zeotropic mixtures as working fluid (optimal evaporation pressure and concentration).
Fig. 16. Irreversibility distribution for an ORC with pure working fluids (optimal evaporation pressure).
Please cite this article in press as: Lecompte S et al. Exergy analysis of zeotropic mixtures as working fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles. Energy Convers
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Fig. 17. Second law efficiency gII in function of variable heat carrier temperature between 120 °C and 160 °C (optimal evaporation pressure and concentration).
Fig. 18. Second law efficiency gII in function of variable pinch point temperature difference between 10 °C and 13 °C) (optimal evaporation pressure and concentration).
Table 4
Results of the sensitivity analysis on the cooling fluid temperature glide DT hs : second law efficiency and working fluid temperature glide (optimal evaporation pressure and
concentration).
Please cite this article in press as: Lecompte S et al. Exergy analysis of zeotropic mixtures as working fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles. Energy Convers
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Please cite this article in press as: Lecompte S et al. Exergy analysis of zeotropic mixtures as working fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles. Energy Convers
Manage (2014), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.02.028
S. Lecompte et al. / Energy Conversion and Management xxx (2014) xxx–xxx 13
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