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Evolution of OS
1. Batch Operating System
 This is one of the oldest OS which is handled as batch of input.
 To avoid the problems of more setup time and waiting time in earlier systems the batch
system were introduced. To reduce the problem of more set up time and waiting time,
jobs of similar nature were bunched in batches and were submitted to the CPU for
processing and were run together in sequential order with out manual intervention.
 The main function of a batch processing system is to automatically keep executing the
jobs in a batch and speed up the task.
 A job may wait in a batch queue for a long time depending upon the load on the system.
 No any changes and improvement are possible during processing.
 The O/P devices such as tape driver and magnetic tape were used then print the job
 The main drawback of this system is that- if a process or job requires an Input and
Output Operation, then it is not possible and secondly there will be the wastage of the
time when we are preparing the batch and the CPU will remain idle at that time.

Fig: Batch System

        Fig: Traditional Job Processing                       Fig: Batch File Processing

 Example: PC-DOS, MS-DOS, IBM

 In batch processing the user were supposed to prepare a program as a deck of punched
cards. The header cards in the deck were the "job control" cards which would indicate
that which compiler was to be used (like FORTRAN, COBOL compilers etc). The deck
of cards would be handed in to an operator who would collect such jobs from various
users. Then the submitted jobs were 'grouped as FORTRAN jobs, COBOL jobs etc. In
addition, these jobs were classified as 'long jobs' that required more processing time or
short jobs which required a short processing time. Each set of jobs was considered as a
batch and the processing would be done for a batch. For instance, there maybe a batch of
short FORTRAN jobs. The output for each job would be separated and turned over to
users in a collection area. So in this approach, files of the similar batch were processed to
speed up the task.

 In this environment there was no interactivity and the users had no direct control. In this
system, only one job could engage the processor at a time and if there was any input/
 output operation the processor had to sit idle till the completion of I/O job. So it resulted
to the underutilization of CPU time.

 In batch processing system, earlier; the jobs were scheduled in the order of their arrival
i.e. First Come First Served (FCFS).Even though this scheduling method was easy and
simple to implement but unfair for the situations where long jobs are queued ahead of the
short jobs. To overcome this problem, another scheduling method named as 'Shortest Job
First' was used. As memory management is concerned, the main memory was partitioned
into two fixed partitions. The lower end of this partition was assigned to the resident
portion of the OS i.e. named as Batch Monitor. Whereas, the other partition (higher end)
was assigned to the user programs.

 Though, it was an improved technique in reducing the system setup time but still there
were some limitations with this technique like as under-utilization of CPU time, non-
interactivity of user with the running jobs etc. In batch processing system, the jobs of a
batch were executed one after another. But while these jobs were performing I/O
operations; meantime the CPU was sitting idle resulting to low degree of resource
utilization.

2. Multiprogramming Operating System

 After the batch system OS designer developed concept of multiprogramming, in which
several jobs are in main memory for execution.
 There is no possible interfacing between user and process
 This concept increased the maximum CPU utilization
 In this concept memory is being partitioned into several pieces, with different job in each
partition.
 The main advantages of this concept is many programming are allocated on the CPU
 The main disadvantage of this concept is that the jobs may have different size therefore
memory management is needed to accommodate them in main memory.
 Example:

 In multi programming we can execute multiple programs on the system at a time and
in the multi-programming the CPU will never get idle, because with the help of multi-
programming we can execute many programs on the system and when we are working
with the program then we can also submit the second or another program for running and
the CPU will then execute the second program after the completion of the first program.
And in this we can also specify our input means a user can also interact with the system.

 The multi-programming operating systems never use any cards because the process is
entered on the spot by the user. But the operating system also uses the process of
allocation and de-allocation of the memory means he will provide the memory space to
all the running and all the waiting processes. There must be the proper management of all
the running jobs.

3. Multitasking Operating System

  This OS is also an important OS in which the multiple task of job can be executed
simultaneously
 It is also a multiprogramming concept because CPU is maximum utilized.
 This OS mainly refers to those OS that can execute the multiple task with no default and
no corruption of a job
 Example:

4. Real Time Operating System

 Real time OS are online system because data is immediately updated.
 They are dedicated to some well defined job which require very fast response time
 This OS is designed for the purpose of controlling and monitoring external activities with
time constraints.
 The main disadvantage of this OS is that execution time is most critical issue with real
time environment.
 Example: IMB System / 3, IRMX (Real Multitasking execution for Intel)

5. Embedded Operating System

6. Time Sharing
A time sharing system allows many users to share the computer resources simultaneously.
In other words, time sharing refers to the allocation of computer resources in time slots to
several programs simultaneously. For example a mainframe computer that has many users
logged on to it. Each user uses the resources of the mainframe -i.e. memory, CPU etc. The
users feel that they are exclusive user of the CPU, even though this is not possible with one
CPU i.e. shared among different users.

The time sharing systems were developed to provide an interactive use of the computer system.
A time shared system uses CPU scheduling and multiprogramming to provide each user with a
small portion of a time-shared computer. It allows many users to share the computer resources
simultaneously. As the system switches rapidly from one user to the other, a short time slot is
given to each user for their executions.

The time sharing system provides the direct access to a large number of users where CPU time is
divided among all the users on scheduled basis. The OS allocates a set of time to each user.
When this time is expired, it passes control to the next user on the system. The time allowed is
extremely small and the users are given the impression that they each have their own CPU and
they are the sole owner of the CPU. This short period of time during that a user gets attention of
the CPU; is known as a time slice or a quantum. The concept of time sharing system is shown in
figure.
                              

In above figure the user 5 is active but user 1, user 2, user 3, and user 4 are in waiting state
whereas user 6 is in ready status.

As soon as the time slice of user 5 is completed, the control moves on to the next ready user i.e.
user 6. In this state user 2, user 3, user 4, and user 5 are in waiting state and user 1 is in ready
state. The process continues in the same way and so on.

The time-shared systems are more complex than the multi-programming systems. In time-shared
systems multiple processes are managed simultaneously which requires an adequate management
of main memory so that the processes can be swapped in or swapped out within a short time.

Note: The term 'Time Sharing' is no longer commonly used, it has been replaced by
'Multitasking System'.

7. dfd