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Review of Related Literature
Review of Related Literature
This chapter presents the related literature which serve as basis to strengthen
the conceptual framework of the present study.
2.1 Related Studies
These training and development programs can significally improve the overall
any skills and knowledge that relate to specific useful competencies. Training has
Morill Act of (1862) the concept of ROTC in the United States began with the
for these schools was that they include military tactics as part of their curriculum,
forming what became known as ROTC. The college which ROTC originated is
Norwhich University in Northfield, Vermont. Later on, in the study of Long in 2003,
the National Defense Act of 1916 authorized the establishment of a senior and junior
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division of ROTC that was ruled by active or retired military personnel who provide
military and drill instruction three periods per week for two years. Perusse (1994)
Through the years of JROTC, the program has evolved in response to the
political and public pressure it has faced, and has significally expanded its presence
In the Philippines, during Spanish colonial rule Filipinos were drafted for
military service and developed as auxiliary forces both in local and foreign campaigns
of Spanish Empire.
United States Army officer who took on the duties of a professor of Military Science.
Through this arrangement, the first official ROTC unit in the Philippines was
Act No. 1, the embodiment of the national defense plan formulated by General
Douglas MacArthur for the Philippine Commonwealth. This executive order made
ROTC obligatory at all colleges and universities with a total enrolment of 100
students and greater. This measure was made in order to help fill out the reserve force
requirement of 40,000 men by 1946 and especially for junior reserve forces.
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Commonwealth Act No. 1, the National Defense Act of 1935, referred to the
ROTC as the “Reserve Officers Training Corps”, whereas Republic Act No. 7077, the
Citizen Armed Forces of the Philippines Reservist Act of 1991, referred to the ROTC.
Republic Act No. 9163, The National Service Training Prigram Act of 2001 likely
is one of the three program components of the national service training program
(NSTP) which focuses on military training and preparedness for national defense.
presidential degree No.1706s 1980, also known as the National Service Law.
Program act (Republic Act 9163). This was after a “crisis” caused by the death of
UST ROTC members Mark Chua, in the same year. As with the pattern once
employed by Marcos, NSTP divide National service into three components: Civil
Welfare Training Service (CWTS), Literacy Training Service (LTS), And Military
Training (ROTC). With this move, ROTC student were greatly reduced from
8,000,000 in 2000 to 150,000 in 2012. Most students prefer to take CWTS or LTS as
ROTC among senior high school saying that it would “strengthen” the defense of the
country alongside the proposed National Defense Act. Furtheremore, it could “instill
ROTC in Grades 11 and 12 will help to develop discipline and build the character of
the youth, He support and file a Senate Bill 200 that make ROTC regulation for the
tasked to study the possible “re-institutionalization” of the said program, Pulse Asia
(2019). But some of the legislators had argued that requiring ROTC for students
would expose them to corruption. Such as, Sen. Risa Hontiveros said that revival of
mandatory reserve officer training corps (ROTC) program for grade 11 and 12 united
nations convention or the rights of the child, and she said that most of the senior high
school student is under aged and they are minors and the student "remain optional "
and they have the rights to choose for the fulfillment of their socio-civic
responsibilities to serve our country. " mandatory militaristics courses don't show the
responsibilities, Galvez (2019). And, According to Sen. Imee Marcos "You can't
force children to be a soldier, and you don't need to be a soldier just to show your
love in our country" and Instead of pushing the ROTC mandatory in senate, she push
the "citizen service program" in grades school and colleges through senate bill 413.
Civic Service could inspire patriotism and discipline in young people and instead of
practicing ROTC in senior high school and colleges. Marcos want to train community
In May 2019 The House of Representatives had passed its version of the
measure, which sought to make military training mandatory for all student in Grade
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11 and 12 in all Senior High School in Public and Private Educational Institutions
In line with this, the revival of Mandatory ROTC for Senior High School has
set various impacts, opinions, and insights to the citizens especially to the students
Intervening Variable
Demographic Profile
Age
Gender
Mandatory ROTC for Senior High School students (independent variable). Level of
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Perception (dependent variable) and Demographic Profile which is the age and
gender ( intervening variable). The purpose of this study is to determine the Level of