ƒV[§>µ ºBVÔV

>V^ á 2
ºBVÔV°D c¶uÌÆsBKD
∂Èz 1 á c¶u̧B_ {Ï ∂§xÔD
x[–Á´:
c¶uÌÆsB_ ((Anatomy))
c¶uÌÆsB_ ®[√m \M> c¶o[ ∂Á\©Á√ √u§•D, ∂>™™Á¶B
√_ºkÆ √VÔ∫ÔÁ·•D √u§•D s·¬zkm c¶uÌÆsB_ ®[˛º≈VD.

c¶_ ÷B¬zsB_( ):
÷B¬zsB_(Physiology):
\M> c¶o_ c^· √_ºkÆ √VÔ∫Ô”D. ∂ÁkguÆD ÿƒB_Ôπ[
∂Ω©√Á¶l_ √È \ı¶È∫Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚|. ∂ÁkÔπ[ ÿƒB_ÔÁ·© √u§
s·¬Ôkm c¶_ ÷B¬zsB_ gzD.

\M> c¶o[ \ı¶È∫Ô^

Â\m c¶o_ c^· √_ºkÆ √VÔ∫Ô”D. ∂ÁkÔπ[ ÿƒB_Ôπ[
∂Ω©√Á¶l_ √È \ı¶È∫Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD. ∂Ák
1. ®KDA \ı¶ÈD á ®KDAÔ^ \uÆD J‚|ÔÁ·© √u§Bm
(skeletal System)
2. >Áƒ \ı¶ÈD á >ÁƒÔÁ·© √u § s·¬zkm
(Muscular system)
3. ∑kVƒ \ı¶ÈD á ∑kVƒ cÆ©AÔÁ·© √u§Bm
(Respiratory system)
4. ÷´›> {‚¶ \ı¶ÈDá ÷´›> {‚ ¶›]uÔV™ cÆ©AÔÁ·•D
ÿƒB_ÔÁ·•D s·¬zkm
(Blood Vascular system)
5. cð° ÿƒˆ›>_ \ı¶ÈDá cð°© √VÁ>l_ cÆ©AÔÁ·•D
ÿƒB_ÔÁ·•D √u§Bm (Digestive system)
6. EÆ¿Ï \ı¶ÈD á EÆ¿Ï cÆ©AÔÁ·© √u§m (Urinary
system)

1
 7. ÷™©ÿ√Ú¬Ô \ı¶ÈD á ÷™©ÿ√Ú¬Ô cÆ©AÔÁ·•D
ÿƒB_ÔÁ·•D √u§Bm
(Reproductive system)
8. ÂV·t_ÈV> ƒ´©∏Ô^ á ÂV·t_ÈV ∑´©∏Ôπ[
ÿƒB_√V‚ΩÁ™ √u§Bm (Endocrine
system)
9. ´DA \ı¶ÈD á JÁ·, >ı|k¶D \uÆD √VÏ›>_, ºÔ‚¶_
∑Ák›>_ , OÔÚ>_ (Nervous system)

z§¬ººÔV^Ô^:
c¶uÌÆsB_ √u§ ∂§Õm ÿÔV^km
c¶_ ÷B¬zsB_ √u§ ∂§Õm ÿÔV^km
\M> c¶o_ √_ºkÆ \ı¶È∫ÔÁ· √u§ ∂§km

2
 ∂Èzá2 ÿƒ_Ô^ á ]∑¬Ô^
ÿƒ_Ô^ ∂_Èm clÏ\D:
\M> c¶o[ ∂Ω©√Á¶ ÿƒB_ÌÆ clÏ\D \M> c¶ÈV™m √È
ºÔVΩ¬Ôð¬ÔV™ OıËB clÏ\∫Ô·V_ g™m.
®_ÈV c¶o_ c^· ÿƒ_Ô^ k·ÏEÁ> \Vu≈›]_ x¬˛B √∫z k˛¬˛≈m,
EÈ clÏ\∫Ô^ >MflE≈©A¶[ ÿƒBÈVuÆD kÁÔl_ ∂Á\B ÿ√uÆ^·™.
(®.ÔV) ´DA \ı¶ÈD clÏ\∫Ô^ (Neurons) ®™©√|D

clÏ\›Á> x>o_ Ôı|∏Ω›>kÏ ÷´V√Ï‚ ͬ gkÏ. (Robert

Hooke), 1665
clÏ\›][ √VÔ∫Ô^ ∏[kÚ\VÆ,
1. ∏·V¸\V ƒÀ°(Plasma membrane)
2. ª[\ ÌÆÔ^(Cytoplasm)
3. c‚ÔÚ (Nucleus)

clÏ\›][ ∂Á\©A:
clÏ\›][ Â|sK^· √z] c‚ÔÚ (Nucleus) ®™©√|D. c‚ÔÚsÁ™
∑u§ c^· kw©√V™ √z] Áƒ‚º¶V∏·VƒD gzD. ÔÚ°D, ª[\xD ºƒÏÕm,
Aº´V‚º¶V∏·VƒD(Protoplasm) ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

clÏ\›][ √VÔ∫Ô^
1. ∏·V¸\V ƒÀ°
2. Áƒ‚º¶V∏·VƒD
(i) ®ıº¶V∏·V¸t¬ kÁÈ©∏[™_Ô^
(ii) Á´º√VºƒVDÔ^
(iii) ÁȺƒVºƒVD
(iv) Á\‚º¶VÔVıΩˆBV
(v) ºÔV_ÁÔ cÆ©AÔ^
(vi) Â| cÆ©AÔ^

3
 3. c‚ÔÚ

ÿƒ_Ôπ[ ÿƒB_√V|Ô^
1. c‚˛´˛›>_
2. >[\B\V¬Ô>_
3. ∑kVE›>_
4. Ôa°ÔÁ· ÿkπºBuÆ>_

ÿƒ_ ƒÀ°
clÏ\›Á>fl ∑u§KD ÿkπ©A≈\VÔ ÿ\_oB ƒÀ° º√V[≈ √z] ÿƒ_
ƒÀ° ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m. clÏ\›Á> ∑u§ J¶©√‚ΩÚ¬ÔD. ÷Õ> ƒÀkV™m
clÏ\flƒÀ°, ÿÔVø©A \uÆD A´>D \uÆD E§B \V°flƒ›>V_ g™m.
Á\‚º¶VÔVıΩˆBV (÷ÁwB[Ô^)
÷´‚Á¶ ƒÀsÈV™ cÁ≈º√V[≈ ∂Á\©∏Á™ cÁ¶Bm. ÿƒ_
∑kVƒ›]uz c>°˛≈m. ÿƒ_Ô”¬z ƒ¬] ∂π¬˛[≈m.
ºÔV_ÁÔ cÆ©AÔ^
÷Ák \V°flƒ›]Á™ A´>›m¶[ ºƒÏ¬Ô c>s Aˆ˛[≈m. >‚Á¶BV™
kΩkD cÁ¶Bm. ÿÂV]Ôπ[ ÿƒB_√V‚Ω_ x¬˛B √∫z k˛¬˛≈m.
Á´º√VºƒVD:
A´>›Á> cu√›] ÿƒF˛≈m. ÿƒ_Ôπ_ √´kÈVÔ ÔVð©√|D. ®™ºk
÷Ák A´> ƒ›m Á\BD ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
ÁȺƒVºƒVD:
ÿƒ_o–^ ÿƒˆ›>K¬ÔV™ ÔÁ´©√V[ÔÁ· ÿÔVı¶ ÿÂV]ÔÁ·
ÿÔVı¶Ák. c‚ÿƒˆ›>K¬z c>°˛[≈™.
c‚ÔÚ:
x¬˛B\V™ c^”Æ©A. ÔÚÁk ∑u§•^· √z] ÔÚflƒÀ° (Nuclear
membrane) ÿÔVı¶m. ÷>–^º· ±oÁw º√V[≈ \´√b ÔVð©√|D
(chromosomes) c^·™. ÷Ák ŒÚ \M>M[ \´A √ıAÔ”¬z
ÿ√VÆ©√V™Ák. c‚˛´˛›>_, >[\B\V¬z>_, cð° ÿƒˆ›>_, Ôa°ÔÁ·
ÿkπºBuÆ>_ º√V[≈Ák ÿƒ_Ôπ[ ÿƒB_√V|Ô^ gzD.

4
 ÿƒ_o[ ∂Á\©A

Ω,®[,∞ \uÆD gÏ.®[.∞

Ω.®[.∞ (DNA) ÷m Ω g¬LÁ´º√VWR¬π¬ (Diexyribo Nuclic) ∂tÈD
®–D E≈©A ºk]© ÿ√VÚ^ gzD. ÷m \´A ÷ÁwÔπ_ \‚|º\ c^·m, \´A
√ıAÔÁ· ŒÚ >ÁÈxÁ≈l_ ÷ÚÕm \uÿ≈VÚ >ÁÈxÁ≈¬z Ô¶›m˛≈m. ÷]È
A´> ºƒÏ¬ÁÔÁB Ô‚|©√|›mkm ∂tº™V ∂tÈ∫Ô^ gzD.

5
 R.N.A. (Á´º√V WR¬π¬ gE‚) ºk]ÿ√VÚ^, c;ÔÚsKD c;ÔÚÁk
∑u§KD ÔVð©√|D. c‚ÔÚs_ D.N.AoÚÕm \´A ka√ıAÔ”¬ÔV™
Ô‚¶Á· ∞Õ] ª[\›]uz kÚkm.
]∑¬Ô^-
]∑¬Ô^-[Tissues]
Œº´ \V]ˆ ∂Á\©∏Á™•D, ÿƒB_ÔÁ·•D ÿÔVı¶ √È clÏ\∫Ô^
ºƒÏÕm ]∑¬Ô^ ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m. √_ºkÆ ]∑¬Ô^ ÷ÁðÕm {Ï
cÆ©√VÔ kΩkD ÿ√Æ˛[≈™. ]∑¬Ô^ ÛµWÁÈ \VÆ>_ÔÁ· cðÚ˛[≈™.
ºk],]¶,÷BusBu ÿ√VÚ‚Ô·V_ #ı¶©√|˛[≈™. #ı|>_ÔÁ·
cðÚ˛[≈™. ∂>uºÔu√ \VÆ>_ÔÁ· sÁ·s¬˛[≈™. ´D√b¬Ô^
#ı|>_Ô”¬ÔV™ sÁ·°ÔÁ·, >ÁƒÂVÏÔπ[ ÷B¬Ô\VÔ°D ∑´©∏Ôπ[
∑´©√VÔ°D cÚkV¬Ô©√|˛[≈™. ]∑¬Ô^ ÂV[z kÁÔ©√|D.
1. √´©A› ]∑
2. ÷Áð©A› ]∑
3. >Áƒ›]∑
4. ´DA› ]∑
]∑¬Ôπ[ kÁÔÔ^

6
1. √´©A› ]∑
c¶D∏Á™ JΩ•^· A≈›º>VÈVÔ°D, c¶D∏–^ c^· √_ºkÆ
cÆ©AÔ^ (®.ÔV) klÆ, ÔÚ©Á√
2. ÷Áð©A› ]∑
c¶o[ ÿkπ©A≈ ∑kÏÔ”¬z √È\V™ g>V´\VÔ°D ÿƒB_Aˆ˛≈m.
cÆ©AÔÁ· WÁÈWÆ›] cÆ] ∂π¬˛≈m. ÷›]∑ √ÈkÁÔ©√|D.
zÚ›ÿ>KDA› ]∑
®KDA› ]∑
÷´›> ]∑
´DA ÷Áð©A› ]∑
3. >Áƒ›]∑
÷Õ> ]∑ ∑Ú∫˛ ¿”D >[Á\ ÿÔVı¶m. ∑´∫˛ *ı|D ÷B_√V™
WÁȬz kÚk>V_ >ÁƒÔ^ ∂Áƒ°Ô^ cÚkV¬z˛[≈™. ®™ºk ÷Ák c¶o[
∂Áƒ°Ô”¬zD ¶\V‚¶›]uzD c>°˛[≈™.
4. ´DA› ]∑
÷m c¶o[ √_ºkÆ ÿƒB_ÔÁ·•D WÏk˛¬zD E≈©A›]∑ gzD.
ºÔ^sÔ^:
1. clÏ\∫Ôπ[ √VÔ∫ÔÁ· kÁ´Õm z§¬Ô°D
2. clÏ\∫Ôπ[ √VÔ∫Ô^ \uÆD ÿƒB_√V|ÔÁ· s·¬zÔ
3. ]∑¬Ô^ ®[≈V_ ®[™ √_ºkÆ ]∑¬Ô^ , ÿƒB_ÔÁ·•D ®ømÔ.

7
 ∂Èzá3
®KDA \ı¶ÈD
®KDA \ı¶ÈD
®KDA \ı¶ÈD Â\m c¶K¬z kΩk›Á>•D ∂Á\©Á√•D
ÿÔV|¬˛≈m. Â\m c¶o_ c^· c^”Æ©AÔÁ· >V∫z˛≈m. Â\m c¶_ ÷B∫Ô
c>°k>V_, ∂>Á™© √VmÔV›>_, ÷›> ∂b¬ÔÁ· cu√›] ÿƒF>_, >Vm
c©A¬ÔÁ·fl ºƒt›m Ák›>_ º√V[≈ ÿƒB_√V|Ô”¬zD ®KDA \ı¶ÈD
√B[√|˛≈m.

®KDAÔπ[ kÁÔÔ^:
1. ¿· ®KDAÔ^, (®á|) ÿ>VÁ¶ ®KDA (Remur)
2. z‚Á¶ ®KDAÔ^ (Short Bones), (®á|) Ôb¬ÁÔ ®KDA (Carpal bones)
3. >‚Á¶ ®KDAÔ^ (Flat Bones), (®á|) sÈV ®KDA (Ribs)
4. Œø∫Ôu≈ kΩk ®KDAÔ^ (Irregular Bones), (®á|) xmÿÔKDA ÿ>V¶Ï
(Vertebrae)
5. >Áƒ©√u≈ ®KDA (Sesamoid bone), (®á|) xw∫ÔV_ J‚ÿ¶KDA
\M> ®KDA¬Ì‚Ω[ kÁÔÔ^:
®KDA¬Ì‚Ω[ kÁÔÔ^

∂fl∑ ®KDA¬Ì| √¬Ô cÆ©A ®KDA¬Ì|

(Axial skeleton) (Appendicular skeleton)

∂fl∑ ®KDA¬Ì| ((Axial skeleton))

c¶ÁÈ ºÂ´VÔ Ák¬Ô c>°D. c¶o[ Â|√VÔ›]_ ∂fl∑©º√V_
∂Á\Õm^·m. \ıÁ¶ºBV|, xmÿÔKDA ÿ>V¶Ï \VÏA ®KDA¬Ì|, ÷|DA
®KDA¬ Ì|, ÂVkΩ ®KDA (Hyoiot) º√V[≈Ák ∂¶∫zD.

√¬Ô cÆ©A ®KDA¬Ì|

ÁÔÔV_ÔπK^· ®KDAÔ^ ŒÚ ºƒ´ ÷ÀkVÆ ∂Áw©√|˛≈m.

8
\ıÁ¶ºBV|
\M> \ıÁ¶ºBV| 22 ®KDAÔ·V_ g™m. ÷]_ 8 >ÁÈ ®KDAÔ”D
14 xÔ ®KDAÔ”D ∂¶∫zD, ÷Ák ∂Á™›mD >‚Á¶BV™ ®KDAÔ^, ÷Ák
∂ÁƒBV J‚Ω™V_ ÷Áð¬Ô©√‚|^·™. ÷Ák JÁ·ÁB© √VmÔV¬˛[≈™.
\VÏA¬Ì|
\VÏA¬Ì| \VÏÿ√KDA¶[ (sternum) ÷Áð©√‚¶ sÈV ®KDAÔ·V_
g™m. ÷m xmÿÔKDA› ÿ>V¶Ú¶[ ÷ÁðÕm ÔVð©√|D. ÷>BD \uÆD
OÁ´X´KD \VÏA¬Ì‚Ω™V_ √VmÔV¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
\M>M[ \VÏA¬Ì| á 12 ÷Áð sÈV ®KDAÔ·V_ g™m. ÷ku§_
x>_ 10 ÷ÁðsÈV ®KDAÔ^ \VÏÿ√KDA¶[ ÷Áð ÷Ú¬zD. x>_ 7 sÈV
®KDA cıÁ\ sÈV ®KDA ®™©|D (rile ribs) 8,9,10 sÈV ®KDAÔ^
÷ÁðÕm 7 gkm sÈV ®KDA¶[ ÷Áð•D, ÷Ák ÿ√VF sÈV ®KDAÔ^
®™©√|D.

9
\ıÁ¶ºBV|

\VÏA¬Ì‚Ω[ kÁ´√¶D:

10
11,12 g˛B sÈV ®KDAÔ^ \VÏÿ√KDA¶[ ÷ÁðBs_ÁÈ. ÷>uz t>¬zD
sÈV ®KDA ®™©√|D.
xmÿÔKDA ÿ>V¶Ï:
÷m ƒuÆ “S”kΩs_ kÁ·Õ> ÔVð©√|D. 33 xmz x^ÿ·KDAÔÁ·
cÁ¶Bm ÷Ák 5 √z]Ô·VÔ c^·m.
* Ôø›m x^ÿ·øDA á 7
* \VÏA x^ÿ·øDA á 12
* ÷|©A x^ÿ·øDA á 5
* ]Ú ÿkKDA á 5
* kV_ x^ÿ·KDA á 4
ÁÔ ®KDAÔ^:
ÁÔl_ º\uÁÔ ®KDA ¿ı¶ ŒuÁ≈ ®KDA c^·m. ÷>[ ˇµ©√z]
x[ÁÔ ®KDA¶[ J‚| ∂Á\›m ÷ÁðÕm^·m. x[ÁÔl_ x[ÁÔÿBKDA
(ulma) g´®KDA (radius) ®™ ÷Ú ®KDAÔ^ c^·™.
ŒÀÿkVÚ ÁÔlKD 32 ®KDAÔ^ c^·™.

ÔV_ ®KDAÔ^:
ÔV_, ÿ>VÁ¶ √z>B_ Ô™›>, ¿ı¶ ®KD√ ÿ>VÁ¶ ®KDA ∂_Èm ‡¨\Ï
(Femur) ®™©√|D. ÷]È x[Ô_ ®KDA Ω∏BV (tibia) ®[ÆD , ˇµÔÔV_
ÿkπÿBKDA (fibula), ÷Ák ÷|©A ®KDA¶[ ÿ>V¶´√Á¶Bm.
ÔVÁ´ ®KDA:
÷ÀÿkKDA √|¬ÁÔ kV‚ΩÈ ∂Á\Õ> ¿· ®KDA. ÷m Ôø›][
ˇµ√VÔ›]_ c^·m.
º>V^√‚Á¶ ®KDA:
ÁÔÿBKDA º>V^√‚Á¶ºBV| ÿ√VÚÕ]•^· √z] º>V^√‚Á¶ ®™©√|D.
º>V^√‚Á¶l_ º>V^√‚Á¶ ®KDA (Scapula), ŒÚ ÔVÁ´ ®KDAD (clavicle)
c^·m.
\M> ®KDAÔπ[ ®ıˬÁÔ
\M> c¶o[ 206 ®KDAÔ^ c^·™. ∂Ák ∂Ôflƒ‚¶Ô›]_ 80
®KDAÔ”D, ÷Áð•Æ©Afl ƒ‚¶Ô›]_ 126 ®KDAÔ”D c^·™.

11
 ∂flÿƒKDA¬Ì| (∂) ∂Ôflƒ‚¶Ô›]È >ÁÈ ®KDAÔ^ 28cD,
xmÿÔKDA› ÿ>V¶ˆ_ 26 ®KDAÔ”D, \VÏA ®KDA¬Ì‚Ω_ 25 ®KDAÔ”D, 1-
ÂVkΩ ®K\A ®™ ®KDAÔ^ c^·™.
J‚|Ô^:
J‚|Ô^:(joints)
÷´ı| (∂) ∂>uz º\u√‚¶ ®KDAÔ^ ÷Áð•D ÷¶D J‚| ®™©√|D.
÷Ák 3 kÁÔ©√|D.
1. ∂ÁƒBV J‚|Ô^(Fiberous Joints)
2. ƒuº≈ ∂Áƒ•D J‚|Ô^(Cartilagenous Joints)
3. Â[z ∂Áƒ•D J‚|Ô^ (Synovial Joints)
®KDAÔπ[ √ËÔ^:
1. ®KDA >ÁƒÔ^ ÷Áð©∏uz¬ ÔV´ð\V˛[≈™.
2. ∂fl∑ ®KDA¬Ì| c¶_ ®Á¶ÁB >V∫z˛≈m.
3. c^cÆ©AÔ^ ®Õ> √V]©AD ∂Á¶BV\_ √VmÔV©Á√ >Ú˛[≈™.
4. c¶o_ kΩk›Á> ÿÔV|¬˛[≈m,
5. c¶_ ÂÔÏk>uÔ (∂) ÷¶©ÿ√BÏflE¬z c>°˛≈m.
6. ÿÔVø©A \uÆD ÔV_EB›Á> ºƒt¬zD ÷¶\VÔ s·∫z˛≈m.
7. ®KDA \ÎÁ¤ ÷´›> Ek©√b¬ÔÁ· cu√›] ÿƒF˛≈m.
ºÔ^sÔ^:
1. ®KDA \ı¶È›Á>© √u§ sˆkVÔ skˆ
2. ®KDAÔπ[ kÁÔÔ^ BVÁk
3. \M> ®KDA¬Ì‚Á¶ ®ÀkVÆ √ˆ¬ÔÈVD
4. xmÿÔKDA› ÿ>V¶Ï, x^ÿ·KDAÔ^ √z]Ô· skˆ
5. \M> c¶o_ ®KDAÔπ™ ®ðˬÁÔ \≈Æ\ ∂Ák BVÁk
6. J‚|Ô^ ®[≈V_ ®[™
7. W¤sÈV ®KDA, ÿ√VF sÈV ®KDA ®[≈_ ®[™
8. \M> c¶o[ \VÏA¬Ì‚Ω[ √¶D kÁ´Õm √VÔ∫ÔÁ· z§¬Ô
9. \ıÁ¶ºBV‚Ω_ ∂Á\Õm^· ®KDAÔπ[ ®ıˬÁÔ BVÁk
10. ®KDAÔπ[ √ËÔ^ BVÁk

12
 ´DA \ı¶ÈD
\M> ´DA cÆ©AÔ^ ∂Á™›Á>•D √u§ xøÁ\BVÔ ∂§Õm ÿÔV^km
∂§sBoÈ {Ï ƒkVÈVÔ c^·m.
∂Ω©√Á¶l_ ´DA cÆ©AÔ^ ¿R´V[Ô^ ®™D´D√ ÿƒÈÔ·V_
g™Ák. WR´V[Ô^ cðÏ°ÔÁ·¬ Ô¶›m˛[≈™. º\KD ÿ√u≈ cðÏ°ÔÁ·
∂§B°D, gF° ÿƒFB°D, ºƒt©A ÿƒFB°D ÷ÁkºB ÔV´ð\V˛[≈™.
÷Ák >ÁƒÔ”¬ÿÔ™ ÷B¬Ô∫Ô”¬ÿÔ™ #ı¶sBKD JÁ·,
>ı|k¶D, ´DAÔ^ g˛Bku§_ √È ÿ>V¶ÏAÔ”¶[ ∂Á\Õm^·
WR´V[Ôπ[ ÿƒB_xÁ≈Ô^ tÔ°D E¬ÔÈV™Ák.
{Ï WR´V[ ∂Ú˛K^· \uÿ≈VÚ WR´V–¶[ xΩ°›>‚| √z]l™V_
ÿ>V¶ÏA ÿÔVı|^·m. ÷›>ÁÔB ÿ>V¶ÏAÔ”¬z Áƒ™VÏ©¸ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. xΩ°
√z]l_ ´DAÔ^ >ÁƒÔ”¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏA ÿÔVı|^·™. ÷›ÿ>V¶ÏA¬z ´DA
>Áƒ ÷Áð©AÔ^ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
\M> c¶o_ ´D∏[ ÿ√BÏ:
{Ï Â´DA √È Â´DA ÂVÏÔ·V_ g™m. ÷]K^· g¬vV[Ô^ (Axons)
∑kV[ ÿƒ_Ô·V_ (Schwann cells) J¶©√‚|^·™. ÷Ák ‡√VE¬zÁÈ
(Fasicilli) ®–D Ô‚|Ô·VÔ c^·™. ÷¬Ô‚|Ôπ[ ®ıˬÁÔ Â´DAÔπ_
ºkÆ√|D.÷Ák ®∏WRˆBD ®–D cÁ≈BV_ J¶©√‚|^·m. ÷>–^ ®ıº¶V
WRˆBD ®–D ÷Áð©A› ]∑ cı|.

{Ï Â´D∏_ ®∏WRˆBD √z] 30-70% ∂Á\Õ]Ú¬zD. ÷]K^· ÿÔVø©A

´D∏uz ÿ\[Á\ >[Á\ÁB ∂π¬zD.

´DAÆ©√Á\°
´DAÆ©AÔ^ Œ[ƶÿ™V[Æ ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶BÁk.

(1)Á\B ´DAÆ©AÔ^ ((Central Nervous System))

JÁ·•D >ı|k¶xD c··™. ÷Ák ®KD√Á≈Ôπ_ √VmÔV©√VÔ
c^·m. JÁ·BV™m \ıÁ¶ºBV‚Ω–^ >ı|k¶D xmÿÔKD∏[ W•´_
ÔV_kVl–^”\VÔ ∂Á\Õm^·m.

13
(2)ÿkπ ÿƒ_´DAÔ^ ((Peripheral Nervous system))
JÁ· ´DAÔ”D >ı|k¶ ´DAÔ”Dÿƒπÿƒ_ ´DAÔ·VzD.
JÁ·Â´DAÔ^ 12 ÷ÁðÔ”\ >ı|k¶ ´DAÔ^ 31 ÷ÁðÔ”\VÔ c^·™.

(3)√ˆ° ´DAÔ^
÷Õ´DAÔ^ JÁ·, >ı|k¶ cÆ©AÔπÈÚÂm c^”Æ©A >ÁƒÔ”¬z
ÿƒF]ÔÁ· ®|›m ÿƒ_˛≈m. ÷>uz ÷B∫z ´D√Á\° ®™©√|D.

1. JÁ·
\ıÁ¶ºBV‚Ω–^ √VmÔV©√VÔ c^·m. ÷∫z J[Æ cÁ≈Ô^ c^·™.
Ω R´V º\‚¶Ï º\_ cÁ≈ gzD. ∂|›>>VÔ ∂´¬™Vl| cÁ≈ Á\B cÁ≈
gzD. Biometer Á√ºBVº\‚¶Ï JÁ·l[ ˇ µ cÁ≈BVzD.

´DA \ı¶ÈD

14
WR´V[ ∂Á\©A

´DA \ı¶È›][ ∏ˆ°Ô^

15
\M>M[ JÁ· 1.3 ˛.˛ ®Á¶•Á¶Bm. ÷]_ ŒÚ ∏_oB–¬zD º\u√‚¶
WR´V[Ô^ c^·™.
x[ JÁ· (Aº´Vƒ[E‡√È[)(
(Aº´Vƒ[E‡√È[)(Prosencephalon))
ÿ√ÚJÁ· JÁ·l[ ÿ√ˆB √z]BVzD. ÷©√z] ÷´ı|
∂Á´¬ºÔV·∫Ô·VÔ ∂Á\Õm^·m. ÷>[ ∂ΩA≈›]_ ÔVÏ√¸ ÔºÈVƒD (corpus
collosum) ®–D ´D∏Áw ∂Á\©√V_ ÷ÁðÕm^·™.
ÿ√ÚJÁ· º\_√z] ÔVÏÿ¶¬¸ (Cortex) ∂_Èm ƒVD√_ W≈©√z]
ÿkıÁ\ √z]•^·m. ÷>[ º\uA≈›]_ √È \Ω©AÔ^ c^·™.
ÿ√ÚJÁ· 4 Ôm©AÔ·VÔ ∏ˆ›m ÔVðÈVD.
1. x[Ô>©A (Prontal)
2. º\_¬Ôm©A (Parietal)
3. √¬Ô Ôm©A (Temporal)
4. ˇµÔm©A (Occipital)

x[ JÁ· Á¶B[EÿÈ[ ÷Ú √z]Ô^:

1. >ÈV\¸ (Thalamus)
2. Á«©º√V>ÈV\¸ (Hypothalamus)

√ˆ° ´DA¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏA ÿÔVı|^·m.

÷©√z] ˇºw A™_ kΩk ÷[‡√[ΩAÈD c^·m.

÷Á¶ JÁ· (mesencephalon)
÷m JÁ·l[ E§B √z]BVzD
÷]_ ÂV[z E§B k‚¶ kΩk cÆ©AÔ^ c^·™
÷>uz ÔVÏ©º√V´V zkVΩˆÿ¤t™V () ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ

∏[ JÁ· ((Rhombencephalon))
÷Õ> √z]l_ 1. xz·D,
2. √V[¸ kº´Vo (pons varolli)
3. EÆJÁ·

16
 2 Ôm©AÔÁ· cÁ¶Bm
√È \Ω©AÔ^ ÔVð©√|D

÷>uz ‡º√VoBV (folia) ®™©√|D.

>ı|k¶D \uÆD JÁ·›>ı|:

JÁ·›>ı|
1. xz·D
2. √V[¸ JÁ·›>ı| ®™©√|D
3. ÷Á¶JÁ·
xz·D 3 ÿƒ.*, ¿ ·D cÁ¶Bm. 12 JÁ· ´DAÔπ_ 10 ´DAÔ^
÷©√z]l[ kaBVÔºk JÁ·•¶[ ÿ>V¶ÏA ÿÔVı|^·™.
>ı|k¶D:
>ı|k¶D \ıÁ¶ºBV‚Ω[ ÿ√ÚÕmÁ·loÚÕm 2km ÷|©ÿ√KDA
√z]kÁ´ ∂Á\Õm^·m. ~Ú \¶∫Ôπ_ >ı|k¶D ∂Ô[Æ^·m.
1. Ôø›m AÁ¶©A(Cervical Enlargement)
2. ÷|©A AÁ¶©A (Lumber Enlargement)
>ı|k¶›][ zƬz ÿk‚| º>Vu≈›]_ Á\B©√z]l_ ƒD√_ W≈
√z]lÁ™•D ∂Á> ∑u§ ÿkıÁ\ W≈ √z> ÔVð©√|D, ÷ku§_ 31
÷ÁðÔ^ >ı|k¶ ´DAÔ^ c^·™, ÷Ák √È c¶o[ √È √z]Ô·V_
÷Áð¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
∂Á≈Ô^:
JÁ·•D >ı|k¶xD ÷ÁðÕm {Ï c^C¶uÆ zw_ º√V[≈ >[Á\
ÿÔVı|^·™. JÁ·l_ c^· ∂Á≈Ô^ ÿk[Ωˆ¬˛^Ô^ ®™©√|D.
ºÔ^sÔ^:
1. \M> c¶o_ ´DA \ı¶È›Á> √u§ sˆkVÔ skˆ
2. WR´V[ ∂Á\©Á√ √¶D kÁ´Õm √VÔ∫ÔÁ· z§¬Ô
3. JÁ·l[ ∂Á\©Á√ √u§ √¶D kÁ´Õm skˆ
4. ÿ√ÚJÁ· ∂Á´ºÔV·›][ ÂV[z Ôm©AÔ^ BVÁk

17
 ∂Èz 5 á ∑kVƒ \ı¶ÈD
∑kVƒ \ı¶ÈD:
∑kVƒ \ı¶ÈD c¶o_ c^· ®_ÈV clÏ\∫Ô”¬zD ∏´VðkV•Ák
kw∫˛ ÔˆBtÈkV•Ák ∂ÁkÔπoÚÕ> ®|›m ÿkπºBuÆD
÷[§BÁ\BV>© √ËlÁ™ guÆ˛≈m. ∑kVƒ ÔVuÆ© √VÁ>BV™m J¬z,
ÿ>VıÁ¶, z´_kÁ·, Jflƒ¬zwVF, OÁ´X´_, Jfl∑¬zwVF kÁ´
xΩkÁ¶˛≈m. ∏´Vð, ÔˆBtÈ kV• \Vu≈D OÁ´X´_Ôπ_ ÂÁ¶ÿ√Æ˛≈m.

∑kVƒ \ı¶ÈD

1. J¬z (∂) ÂVE

÷m ®KDAÔ·VKD zÚ›ÿ>KDAÔ·VKD g™m. xÔ›]_ ÿ√ˆ>VÔ
∂Á≈º√V[≈ ∂Á\©Á√ cÁ¶Bm. ÷Õ> ÂVE ∂Á≈ Â|ºk ∂Á\Õm^·

18
ÂVE›m|©∏™V_ ÷Ú √z]BVÔ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚|^·m. ÂVE ∂Á≈Ô^, x[√¬Ô›]_
ÂVE›mkV´D kaBVÔ› ]≈¬˛[≈™. ÂVE›mkV´D, ÿkπ©A≈D ]≈¬zD ÷¶›]_
¿ı¶ \lÏÔV_Ô^ c^·™. ÷>uz J¬z›mÁ· \lÏ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÂVE
∂Á≈l[ ∑kÏÔπ_ ÿ\[Á\BV™ ƒÀ° c¶_>‚√ÿk©√ WÁȬºÔu√
\VÆ√|˛≈m.

2. ÿ>VıÁ¶:
∑kVƒ©√VÁ>¬zD, cð°© √VÁ>¬zD ÿ√VmkV™ >Áƒl ™V_ ∂™
zwVF gzD. ÷m J¬˛[ ∏[A≈D ÿ>V¶∫˛, ˇºw zwVF º√V_ ÷≈∫˛ g≈Vkm
Ôø›m x^ ®KDA \‚¶›]_ cð°¬zwVBVÔ› ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈m. ÂVD cðsÁ™
sø∫zDº√Vm ®©∏˛·V‚Ω¸ ®™©√|D ÷ÁÈ kΩk zÚ›ÿ>KDA, ∑kVƒ¬zwVF
√z]BÁ™ JΩ cð° ƒkE¬¬ ∑kVƒÔ zwVB[ c·º· ÿƒ™Æs¶V\È >|›m
cð°¬zwVF¬z ∂–©A˛≈m. >kÆ>ÈVÔ∑kVƒ zwVl_ cð° ÿƒ[Æ
s‚¶V_ ÿ>VıÁ¶ ®ˆflƒKD, ∂Á¶©√D ∞u√‚| √È\V™ mD\_ JÈD
ÿkπºBÆ˛[≈™.

3. z´_kÁ·
ÿ>VıÁ¶¬zal[ x™A≈D c^·m. ÷m Œ[√m zÚ›ÿ>KDAÔ·V_
g™m, 3 zÚ›ÿ>KDAÔ^ º¤VΩÔ·VÔ c^·™. gıÔπ[ ÿ>VıÁ¶l[
º\uA≈D ÔVð©√|D AÁ¶©A g>Vt[ g©∏^ (Adam’s Apple) ®™©√|D.
Á>´VF‚ zÚ›ÿ>KD∏[ AÁ¶©º√ gzD.

z´_ kÁ·l[ c‚A≈›]_ ÷´ı| º¤VΩ›>Áƒ \uÆD ¤Às™VÈV™

\Ω©AÔ^ c^·™. º\_\Ω©A \uÆD ˇµ\Ω©A ÔVð©√|D. ÔVuÆ
÷D\Ω©AÔ”¬z kaºB AzÕm ÿkπºBÆD º√Vm ∂Ák ∂]ÏÕm ŒÈ
√ø√A˛™≈™.

4. Jfl∑¬zwVF
z´_kÁ· Jfl∑¬ÔwVBVÔ ˇºw ÿ>V¶Ï˛≈m ÷m cð°¬ zwVl[ x[
c^·m. JflE¬zwVl[ ∑ku§_ “C”kΩkxD zÚ›m ®KDAÔ^ c^·™.
Jfl∑¬zwVF ∑Ú∫˛ JΩs¶V\_ ]≈Õº> ÷Ú¬Ô c>°˛[≈™. Jfl∑¬zwVF

19
ÿÂfi∑√z]l_ ÷¶mD kÈm\VÔ ÷´ı| ÿÂfi∑¬zw_Ô·VF ÷Ú OÁ´X´K¬z
Œ[≈VÔ ∏ˆ˛≈m.
∑kVE›>o[ º√m kV•\Vu≈D

c^πø›>_ ÿkπ›>^·_

OÁ´X´_ √ËÔ^:
1. ÷´›>>›]_ c^· ÔˆBtÈ kV•Ák ∏ˆ›m ÿkπºB ∂–©A˛≈m.
2. ÷´›>›]_ c^· ºkı¶V> ¿Á´ ÿkπºBu§ gsBV¬˛ ∂–©A˛≈m.
∑kVƒ ∑wuE:
∑kVƒD c^πø›>KD, ÿkπ›>^·KD kV• \Vu≈xD ∂|›>|›m
ÂÁ¶ÿ√Ækm ∑kVƒfl ∑wuE ®™©√|D. ŒÚ Wt¶›]uz ∑\VÏ 15 xÁ≈ ∑wuE
∞u√|D.
∏≈Õ> kBm zwÕÁ>¬z á 40 xÁ≈
1 kBm zwÕÁ>¬z á 30 xÁ≈
2-5 kÚ¶ zwÕÁ>Ô”¬z á 24 xÁ≈
ÿ√ˆBkÏÔ”¬z á 15 xÁ≈
OÁ´X´_Ôπ[ ÔVuÆ ÿÔV^··° á 5 o‚¶Ï gzD
Á¶¶_ ÿÔV^··° (Tidal volume) á ÂVD ∑kVE¬zD º√Vm 400 t.o. ÔV≈≈Á™
c^πø¬˛º≈VD. ∂º> ∂·° ÿkπ›>^”˛º≈VD.

20
∑kVƒ›]≈[ ÿÔV^··° (Vital capacity) á tÔkD gw\VÔ°D xÁ™ÕmD
JflEø¬zDº√Vm c^πø¬Ô©√|\ ÔVu§[ ÿÔV^··ºk ∂>[ ]≈[
ÿÔV^··kVzD. \M>–¬z 4-5 o kÁ´ ÷Ú¬zD.
ÔVuÆ©Á√ ÔVuº≈V‚¶D:(
ÔVuº≈V‚¶D:(Alveolar Ventilation))
ŒÚ Wt¶›]uz ÔVuÆ©Á√Ôπ_ c^ÿƒ[Æ ÿkπkÚD ÔVu§[ ∂·ºk
ÔVuÆ©Á√ ÔVuº≈V‚¶D ®[≈Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.
OÁ´X´_ ((Lungs))
OÁ´X´_ ∑kVƒ›]uz c>°˛≈m. c¶o_ ∂Á™›m √VÔ∫Ô”¬zD
g¬L¤Á™ ∂π¬Ôc>°˛≈m. ÂÁ≈B ÔV≈Æ√Á√Ô^ Œ[≈VÔƒ ºƒÏÕm ƒÆ EÆ
Ôm©AÔÁ· cÚkV¬z˛[≈™. √È Ô>©AÔ^ (lobe) Œ[≈VÔ ÷ÁðÕm OÁ´X´_
g˛[≈™. OÁ´X´_ \VÏA¬Ì‚Ω™V_ √VmÔV¬Ô©√‚| ÷>B›]uz ÷ÚA≈xD
√¬Ô›]uzD ∂Á\Õm^·m. OÁ´X´_ √fi∑ º√V[ Æ ÿ\[Á\BV™ OÁ´X´_
ƒÀs™V_ J¶©√‚|^·m. ÷>uz ©j´V (pleaura) ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
c¶uÿƒ_ÔπoÚÕm ÷´›>D ÿÔVı|kÚD ÔˆBtÈ kV•Ák ¿¬˛
g¬L¤Á™ ∂π¬zD √ËÁB ÿƒFk>. OÁ´X´_ ÿkπ©√´©A 80-100
ƒm´*‚¶Ï. ÷Ák ÌDA kΩk\V™Ák.
kÈm OÁ´X´_ J[Æ \Ω©∏Á™•D, ÷¶m OÁ´X´_ ÷´ı|
\Ω©∏Á™•D ÿÔVı|^·m. OÁ´X´_ ÷´‚Á¶ ∑k´V_ g™m. ÔVuÆ c^º·
ÿƒ_k>uÔ c‚∑kVƒD ®[ÆD, ÔVuÆ ÿkπºB ÿƒ_k>uz ÿkπ∑kVƒD
®™©√|D. Jfl∑¬zw_, EÆzw_Ô^ ÔVuÆ Eu≈Á´Ô^ (alveoli) ÔVð©√|˛≈m.
÷∫z kV•√ˆ\Vu≈D ÂÁ¶ÿ√Æ˛≈m. \M> c¶o_ 300 t_oB–¬z º\_
ÔVuÆ Eu≈Á≈ ÔVð©√|˛≈m.

]∑s[ kV• \Vu≈D

1. c^ kV• \Vu≈D (∂) c‚∑kVE›>_
∏´VðkV• WÁ≈Õ> ÷´›>D ∂BflÿƒÀkb¬Ô^ ÷>B›]oÚÕm c¶_
xøkmD÷´›> {‚¶D ÿƒK›>©√|˛≈m. ]∑¬ÔπÈ c^· ÿƒ_Ô^
∏´VðkV•Ák ®|›m¬ÿÔVı| ÔˆBtÈ kV•Ák ÷Àkb¬Ô”¬z
∂–©A˛[≈™.

21
ºÔ^sÔ^;
1. ∑kVE©√>uz c>°D >ÁƒÔπ™ ÿ√B´ÔÁ·•D∂Ák ÷B∫zD xÁ≈ÁB
skˆ
2. ∑kVƒ \ı¶È›Á> √u§ skˆ
3. ∑kVƒ ÿÔV^··° ®[≈V_ ®[™
4. ∑kVƒ ∑wuE ®[≈V_ ®[™
5. kV• √ˆ\Vu≈D s·¬zÔ
6. ∑kVE›>o_ kÁÔÔ^ BVÁk
7. ∑kVƒ \ı¶È›][ √¶\ kÁ´Õm ∂>[ ÿƒB_√V|ÔÁ· √u§ sˆkVÔ skˆ

22
 ∂Èz 4á ÷´›> {‚¶ \ı¶ÈD
÷´›> {‚¶ \ı¶ÈD
÷´›> {‚¶ \ı¶ÈD ®[√m ÷>BD , ÷´›>D, ÷´›>¬ zwVFÔÁ·
c^·¶¬˛Bm. ÷D\ı¶ÈD ÷´›> {‚¶›][ JÈD g¬L¤Á™•D,
ª‚¶flƒ›m¬ÔÁ·•D c¶o[ ®_ÈV √VÔ∫Ô”¬z ®|›mfl ÿƒ_˛≈m.
÷>BD \VÏA ∂Á≈¬z^, ÷´ı| OÁ´X´K¬zD ÷Á¶ºB c^·
*ΩBV¸Ω™_ ®[≈ √z]l_ Ák¬Ô©√‚| ÷Ú¬˛≈m.

÷´›> {‚¶ \ı¶ÈD

÷>B›][ ¿^ÿk‚|› º>Vu≈D

23
 \M> ÷>BD , c^C¶u≈, 4 ∂Á≈Ôº·V| ÌΩB ÔVÏΩBV¬ >ÁƒBVÈV™m,
ÌDA kΩkxÁ¶Bm. ÷>B›Á> ∑u§ ÷´‚Á¶ ∑kˆ™V_ g™ cÁ≈ c^·
∂>uz ÿ√ˆÔVÏΩBD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÷Ák ÷>B›Á> ∂]ÏflEloÚÕm √VmÔV¬˛≈m.
÷>B›][ ∂Á\©A:
÷>B›][ ¿^ÿk‚|› º>Vu≈D:
÷>BD c¶o[ ∂Á™›m© √VÔ∫Ô”¬zD ÷´›>›Á> ∂–©A˛≈m.
÷>B›]_ ∞‚ˆBD ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m. ÷´ı| º\_ ∂Á≈Ô”D,
ÿk[‚ˆ¬˛^ (Ventrium) ®[–D >Ω›> ∑kÁ´•Á¶B ÷´ı| ˇµ ∂Á≈Ô”D
c^·™.
÷>BD ∞‚ˆºBV á ÿkı‚ˆ¬zÈVÏ ÷Á¶fl∑kÏ ®[≈ ¿^k‚¶fl ∑kˆ™V_
kÈ©√z], ÷¶©√z] ®™ ∏ˆ¬Ô©√‚|^·m.
÷>B›][ kÈ©√z] ÿ√ÚfiEÁ´Ô^ JÈD g¬L¤™u≈ ÷´›>›Á>©
ÿ√uÆ g¬ƒ¤º™u≈\Á¶B OÁ´X´K¬z^ ÿƒK›m˛≈m.
÷>B›][ ÷¶m√z] g¬L¤[ WÁ≈Õ> ÷´›>›Á>
OÁ´X´_Ôπ¶tÚÕm ÿ√uÆ >\MÔ^ JÈ\VÔ c¶o[ ∂Á™›m› ]∑¬Ô”D
ÿƒ_˛≈m.

÷>B›º>V| ÿ>V¶ÏAÁ¶B ÷´›>¬ zwVFÔ^:

kÈm ∞‚ˆBD á 1. º\uÿ√ÚfiEÁ´ 2. ˇµÿ√ÚfiEÁ´ 3. ÿÔº´V™ˆEÁ´
kÈm ÿk[Ωˆ¬˛^ á OÁ´X´_ >\M
÷¶m ∞‚ˆBD á OÁ´X´_ EÁ´Ô^
÷¶m ÿk[Ωˆ¬˛^ á \ÔV>\M
ŒÀÿkVÚ ÷>B›mΩ©AD, Œº´ ƒ\B›]_ ÷>B›][ ÷´ı| √¬Ô∫ÔπKD
(º\_, ˇwVÔ) cÕm>ÁÈ ∞u√|›] ÷>B›Á> ]≈[t¬Ô cÕm cÆ©√VÔ
cÚkVÔzÔ≈m.
÷>B›]_ ÔVð©√|D kV_°Ô^:
Js>µ kV_° á kÈm ∞‚ˆB›]uzD , kÈm ÿkıΩˆ¬˛”¬zD ÷Á¶l_
ÔVð©√|˛≈m.
~ˆ>µ kV_° á ÷¶m ∞‚ˆB›]uzD , ÷¶m ÿkıΩˆ¬˛”¬zD (t‚´_) kV_°
÷Á¶l_ ÔVð©√|D.

24
∂Á´ƒÕ]´ kV_° á OÁ´X´_ >\M. \ÔV>\M A≈©√|D ÷¶›]_
ÔVð©√|˛≈m.
÷´›> {‚¶D:
÷´ı| ∏ˆ°Ô·VÔ ∏ˆ¬ÔÈVD.
1. OÁ´X´_ ÷´›> {‚¶D
2. ÿ√Vm ÷´›> {‚¶D
OÁ´X´_ ÷´›> {‚¶D
OÁ´X´_ ÷´›> {‚¶D clÏkπ ÷_ÈV> ÷´›>›Á> ÷>B›][
kÈ©√¬Ô›]oÚÕm OÁ´X´K¬z ®|›m ÿƒ[Æ clÏkπ c^· ÷´›>›Á>
*ı|D ÷>B›][ ÷¶m√¬Ô›]uz ®|›m¬ ÿÔVı| ÿƒ_˛≈m.

÷´›> zwVFÔ^
>\MÔ^:
÷>B›]oÚÕm ÿƒ_KD ÷´›> zwVFÔ”¬z >\MÔ^ ®[Æ ÿ√B´.
ÿ√VmkVÔ >\MÔ· g¬L¤[ WÁ≈Õ> ÷´›>›Á> ®|›m ÿƒ_KD. OÁ´X´È
>\M g¬L¤™u≈ ´›>›Á> ®|›m ÿƒ_˛≈m.
EÁ´Ô^:
OÁ´X´_ EÁ´ g¬L¤[ WÁ≈Õ> ÷´›>›Á> ®|›m ÿƒ_˛≈m.

E¸º¶V_ \uÆD Á¶B¸º¶V_

÷>B ∂Á≈Ô^ ∑Ú∫zk>uz ÷>B›][ ∑Ú¬z ÷B¬ÔD (Systole) ®[Æ
ÿ√BÏ. sˆ•D ÷B¬ÔD Á¶B¸º¶V_ (Diastole) ®™©√|D.
÷>BD {FkVÔ ÷Ú¬zDº√Vm 70 >¶Ák ŒÚ Wt¶›]uz mΩ¬˛≈m. ÷Õ>
70 t_o ÷´›>\V™m ÷Ú>B›][ mΩ©A ÿÔV^··° gzD.

>Õm˛Ô^:
tÔflE§B zwVFÔ^, ÿƒ_Ô”¬z ÷Á¶ºB √´s¬ ÔVð©√|D tÔ
OıËB¬ zwVFÔ^ >Õm˛Ô^. ÷Õ> >Õm˛© ∏[™È cð° ƒ›]Á™©
√ˆ\V§¬ ÿÔV^·°\ ]∑¬ÔπÈÚÂm Ôa° ÿ√VÚ‚ÔÁ· ∂Ôu≈°D tÔ°\
∂kEB\VÔ Œ[Æ.

25
\M> ÷´›>D:
\M> ÷´›>D ŒÚ ÷Áð©A› ]∑kVzD. \M> c¶o_ ƒ´VƒˆBVÔ 4
x>_ 5 o‚¶Ï ÷´›>D c^·m. ÷m c¶K¬z º>ÁkBV™ ª‚¶flƒ›m¬ÔÁ·•D,
º>Ákl_ÈV> Ôa°ÔÁ·•D kV•¬ÔÁ·•D Ô¶›mk>[ JÈD c¶_
ƒ\WÁÈl_ ÷Ú¬Ô c>°˛≈m.

ºÔ^sÔ^:
1. ÷´›> {‚¶ \ı¶È›Á>© √u§ sˆkVÔ skˆ
2. ÷>B›][ ¿^ÿk‚|› º>Vu≈›][ √¶D kÁ´Õm √VÔ∫ÔÁ· z§¬Ô
3. ÷>B›][ √¶D kÁ´Õm ∂>[ ÿƒB_√V|ÔÁ· √u§ s kˆ
4. ÷>B›]_ ÔVð©√|D kV_°Ô^ BVÁk
5. E¸º¶Vo¬ \uÆD Á¶B¸º¶Vo¬ ∂ø›>D ®[≈V_ ®[™
6. >\MÔ^ ®[≈V_ ®[™

26
 ∂Èz á 7
ÂV·t_ÈV ∑´©∏ á ∑´©A \ı¶ÈD

ÂV·t_ÈV ∑´©∏Ô^:
ÂV·t_ÈV ∑´©∏Ô^ ºk]B JȬÌÆÔπ[ JÈD ]∑¬Ô”¬ÔV™
Ô‚|©√V‚|fl ÿƒF>ÔÁ· ∂–©A˛[≈™. ÷DJȬÌÆÔ^ ÷´›> {‚¶›][ JÈD
Ô¶›>©√|˛[≈™. ÷Õ> JȬÌÆÔ”¬z «VϺ\V[ (Harmone) ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
÷Ák c¶È cÆ©∏[ ÿƒB_ÔÁ· Ô‚|©√|›] c¶_WÁÈ Ê´VÔ Ák›]Ú¬Ô
c>°˛[≈™.
ÂV·t_ÈV ∑´©∏Ô^:
1. ∏‚R‚¶ˆ
2. Á>´VF|
3. √V´VÁ>´VF|
4. ÔÁðBD
5. ∂‚ˆ™_Ô^
6. sÕm \uÆD∂ı¶ ∑´©∏Ô^ gzD.
∏‚R‚¶ˆ ∑´©∏ ((Hypothalamus))
÷À°Æ©A ®‚| x¬˛B «VϺ\V[ÔÁ· ∑´¬zD. Á«©º√V>ÈV\¸ √z]
∏‚R‚¶ˆ•¶[ ÷ÁðÕm^·m. ÷fl∑´©A 1 ÿƒ.*. zƬԷ° cÁ¶Bm. ®Á¶ 0.5-
1 ˛´VD gzD.
Á>´VF| ∑´©∏:
∑´©∏:[Thyroid gland]
÷Ák ÷´ı| Ôm©AÔÁ· cÁ¶Bm. ÷Ák Jfl∑¬zwo[ º\_ √z]l_
÷Ú √¬Ô∫ÔπKD c^·™. ÷¬Ôm©AÔ^ zÆ˛B ÷¸m\¸ (Isthumus) ®–D
Á>´VF| ]∑s™V_ g™m. ÂV·t_ÈV ∑´©∏Ôπ_ Á>´VF| ÿ√ˆBm. ÷>[ ®Á¶
20 ˛´VD. ÷À°Æ©∏_ √È >Õm˛Ô^ ÔVð©√|D.
3. √V´VÁ>´VF| (Parathyroid)
÷Ák Á>´VF| ∑´©∏•¶[ ÷ÁðÕm ÔVð©√|D ÂV[z √V´V Á>´VF|
∑´©∏Ô^ ÔVð©√|D. ÷>–^ ÿƒ_Ô^ ∂¶Ï›]BVÔ ÔVð©√|D. ÷Õ> ÿƒ_ g™m
√V´V Á>´VF| «VϺ\VÁ™ (Parathyroid Harmones) ∑´¬˛≈m.
4. ∂‚ˆ™_ ∑´©∏Ô^(Adrenal Glands)

27
 ÷Ák EÆ¿´Ô›][ º\_ ÔVð©√|D. ÷Ák ∑u§KD ∂Ω©º√V¸ ]∑
(Adipose Tissue) c^·m. ÷m ŒÚ ÷Áð©A›]∑ cÁ≈l_ c^·m.
∂‚ˆ™_ ∑´©∏Ôπ[ c‚A≈D ÿ\|_ÈV°D (medulla) ÿkπ©A≈\VÔ
ÔVÏÿ¶¬¸ (Cortex) √z] cı|.
medulla(ÿ\|_ÈV) -> √[xÔ ÿƒ_Ô^ ÿÂÚ¬Ô\VÔ c^·™.
ÔVÏÿ¶¬¸ -> ÿƒ_Ô^ E§BÁk, J[Æ ∂|¬ÔVÔ c^·m.
ÔVÏÿ¶¬¸ √z] «VϺ\V[Ô^, ÔVÏ‚ΩƒV_ (Cortisol) g_º¶V¸Ωº´V[
(Aldosterone) gzD.
∑´©A \ı¶ÈD
ÂV·t_ÈV \uÆD ÂV·x^· ∑´©A \ı¶ÈD

ÂV·x^· ∑´©∏Ô^:
1. ÔÁðBD
2. Ô_‹´_
Ô_‹´_:
\M> c¶o_ tÔ© ÿ√ˆB ∑´©A cÆ©A Ô_‹´_ gzD. ÷>[ ®Á¶ 1.5
kg (∂) 1500 g (∂) 1500 ˛´VD. ÷Ák ÷´ı| ƒ\\u≈ Ôm©AÔ·V_ g™m. ÷>[

28
kÈm Ôm©A ÿ√ˆBm. ÷¶m Ôm©A E§Bm. Ô_‹´_ ∏›> ¿Ï ∑´¬˛≈m. ∏›> ¿Ï
√flÁƒ ÔÈÕ> \fiƒ^ W≈ ]´k\VzD. ∏›> ¿Ï ∏›>©Á√l_ ºƒÔˆ¬Ô©√|D ÷Õ>
∏›> ¿Ï ÿÔVø©Á√ ÿƒˆ¬Ô c>°˛≈m. g™V_ ∏›> ¿ˆ_ c^· ∏›>
cÆ©AÔÁ·•D, ∏›> W≈tÔÁ·•D >s´fl ÿƒˆ›>K¬z c>°D ÿÂV]Ô^
÷_ÁÈ.
ÔÁðBD:
÷Õ> ÔÁðBD 15 ÿƒ.*‚¶Ï ¿·xÁ¶Bm. ÔÁðBD ¿·\V™, ÷ÁÈ
º√V[≈ ∑´©A. ÷m ÷Á´©Á√¬z ƒuÆ ˇºw ∂Á\Õm^·m.
ÔÁðBD ÔÁðB ¿Á´ ∑´¬˛≈m. ÔÁðBD ÂV·x^· ∑´©∏BVÔ°D,
ÂV·t_ÈV ∑´©∏BVÔ°D ºkÁÈ ÿƒF˛≈m. ÷>[ º\_A≈›]_ ÈV∫ÔÏ BV[
]‚|Ô^ ÔVð©√|˛≈m. ÷]_ c^· ÿƒ_Ô^ «VϺ\V[ÔÁ· ∑´¬˛≈m. ∂Ák,
g_√V ÿƒ_Ô^ á z”¬ºÔVÔV[ «VϺ\V[
(Alpha cells) (Glucogon harmone)
¨‚¶V ÿƒ_Ô^ á ÷[∑o[ «VϺ\V[
(Beta cells) (Insulin)
ÿ¶_¶V ÿƒ_Ô^ á ºƒV\Vº¶V¸¶VΩ[ «VϺ\V[
ÔÁðB›][ ÿÂV]Ô^:
1. Ωˆ©L[
2. ÁÔº\VΩˆ©L[
3. ÔVÏ√V¬L ÿ√©Ωº¶¸
4. ∂Á\ºÈ¸
5. ÁȺ√¸
ºÔ^sÔ^
1. ∑´©A \ı¶È›Á> √¶D kÁ´Õm, ÿƒB_√V¶ÔÁ· √u§ skˆ
2. ÂV·t_ÈV ∑´©∏Ô^ , ÂV·t_ÈV ∑´©∏Ô^ BVÁk
3. Á>´VF| ∑´©∏ÁB √u§ EÆz§©A kÁ´Ô
4. ∑´©∏Ôπ_ tÔ ÿ√ˆB ∑´©∏ ®m
5. ÔÁðB›][ ÿÂV]Ô^ BVÁk
6. Á>´VF| \uÆD √V´V Á>´VF| ∑´©∏Ôπ[ √¶D kÁ´Õm √VÔ›Á> z§¬Ô,

29
 ∂Èz 8
÷™ÿ√Ú¬Ô \ı¶ÈD
÷™cu√›] \ı¶ÈD:
÷™©ÿ√Ú¬ÔD ÷BuÁÔl[ {Ï ∂ˆB W ÔµflEBVzD. ÷ÕWÔµflEBV_
∂|›> >ÁÈxÁ≈ ∂Á\B ÔV´ð\V˛≈m.

gı ÷™ÿ√Ú¬Ô \ı¶ÈD
gı ÷™ÿ√Ú¬Ô \ı¶ÈD x>_WÁÈ √V_ cÆ©√V™ sÕ>Ô›Á>•D,
mÁð ÷™©ÿ√Ú¬Ô cÆ©√V™ ÿƒt™_ Á√, Aº´V¸º¶‚ ∑´©∏, Rˆ›´V,
gız§ g˛B cÆ©AÔÁ· ∂¶¬˛Bm.

{Ï ÷Áð sÕ>Ô∫Ô^ sÁ>©√Ál–^ kluƬz ÿkπºB

ÔVð©√|˛[≈™. ∞ÿ™M_ sÕm ÿƒ_ cÚkV¬Ô›]uz ƒV>V´ð c¶_
ÿk©√WÁÈÁB s¶ zÁ≈Õ> ÿk©√WÁÈ º>Ák©√|˛≈m. ŒÀÿkVÚ sÕ>ÔxD
√È kÁ·°ÔÁ· ÿÔVı¶ sÕm Oızw_Ô·V_ g™m. ÷mºk sÕm ÿƒ_ÁÈ
cÚkV¬z˛[≈m.

÷¶m sÕm ∑´©∏ 1 ÿƒ.*‚¶Ï ÷≈∫˛lÚ¬zD. ÷m 4-5 *‚¶Ï ¿·xD, 2-5

ÿƒ.* ∂ÔÈxD cÁ¶Bm. ÷>[ ®Á¶ 10.5-14 ˛´VD gzD. gı sÕm ÿƒ_
cÚkVkÁ> sÕm ÿƒ_ cÚkV¬ÔD ®[˛º≈VD. gı ÷™ÿ√Ú¬Ô «VϺ\V[
gı‚º´V¤[ cu√›] ÿƒFkº>V| (producing androgens) gı sÕm ÿƒ_
cÚkV¬Ô›Á> Ô‚|©√|›] ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ √V_ √ıAÔ^ >VΩ, *Áƒ k·Ï>_ ,
c¶D∏_ xΩ, Ô™›>¬ Ô´_ ∂Á\B¬ ÔV´ð\VF ∂Á\˛≈m.
sÕ>Ô›]_ c^· ÿƒ_Ô^ >Vm ÿƒ_Ô^ sÕm ÿƒ_Ô”¬z ª‚¶D
∂π¬˛≈m.
cÚkV™ sÕm ÿƒ_ sÕm ÂV·›Á> ∂Á¶Õm EÆ¿Ï ÔV_kVÁB
∂Á¶˛≈m. ÷m EÆ¿Ï, sÕm ÿƒ_k>uz ŒÚ ÿ√Vm √VÁ>BVÔ ∂Á\Õm^·m,
sÕm ÂV· √VÁ>l_ ÔVð©√|D ÿƒt™_ Á√•D Aº´V¸º¶‚ ∑´©∏•D
>∫Ô^ ∑´©AÔÁ·fl ºƒÏ©√>V_ sÕm ÿƒ_Ô^ ÿƒ\[ ®™©√|D. ]´k\V™
ÿ√VÚ·Ô \VÆ˛≈m. ÷m sÕm ÿƒ_Ô”¬z ª‚¶D ∂·©√º>V| sÕm ÿƒ_ ÂÔÏÕm
ÿƒ_È c>°˛≈m.

30
sÕm ÿƒ_o[ ∂Á\©A:
sÕm >ÁÈ
Ôø›m 4 √z]Ô^:
Â|©√z]
kV_
>ÁÈl_ c‚ÔÚ°D, ∂¬º´VºƒVDÔ^ ÔVð©√|D Ôø›m© √z]l_ ºƒFÁ\
ÿƒ[‚ˆºBV_Ô^ (Centrioles) ÔVð©√|˛[≈™.

gı ÷™©ÿ√Ú¬Ô \ı¶ÈD

Â|©√z] ∑Ú^ kΩk Á\‚º¶VÔVı‚ˆBVÁkÔ (Mitochondria) ÿÔVı|^·m.

kV_ √z] zÁ≈Õ> ∂·° Á‚º¶V∏·Vƒ›Á> (Cytoplasm) c^·m. ÷m ]´k
ª¶Ô›]_ ¿Õ] ÿƒ_È c>°˛≈m.

ÿ√ı ÷™©ÿ√Ú¬Ô \ı¶ÈD:

ÿ√ıÔπ[ ÷™©ÿ√Ú¬Ô cÆ©AÔ^ ∂ı¶ ∑´©∏Ô^ gzD.
ÿ√ıÔπ[ ÷™ÿ√Ú¬Ô cÆ©AÔ^:
∂ı¶ÔD, mÁð ÷™ÿ√Ú¬Ô cÆ©AÔ·V™ ÔÚ©Á√ ÂV·∫Ô^, ÔÚ©Á√,
ÿƒÏs¬¸, ÔÈs¬ÔV_kVF ÿÔVı| c^·m.

31
ÿ√ı ÷™©ÿ√Ú¬Ô cÆ©A

∂ı¶ ∑´©∏Ô^:
÷Ák ÷Áð cÆ©AÔ^. ÷Ák ÷|©A √z]•^ ÔÚ©Á√l[ ÷Ú
√¬¬∫Ô^ c^·m. ÷Ák ÔÚÁ\ ÔÈÕ> ÷·fiEk©A W≈D. ÷Ák 3 ÿƒ.*. ¿·xD,
15 ÿƒ.* ∂ÔÈD , 1 ÿƒ.* √Ú\™Á¶BÁk ∂ı¶ ∑´©∏l_ c¶_ √z]lÈ
c‚∑kˆ_ √¶ÈD ÷Áð©A› ]∑kV™m.
ŒÀºkVÏ ∂ı¶›]K^· √Vo¬˛^ ÿƒ_ ∂ı¶›Á> cÚkV¬zD
xÁ≈¬z ∂ı¶ cÚkV¬ÔD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ. ÔÚ©Á√ {Ïc^C¶u≈ Ô™\V™
∑kÚÁ¶B ∂|¬ÁÔ cÁ¶Bm. ÷∫z>V[ ÔÚ©Á√ 3 ∂|¬ÁÔ ÿÔVı| c^·m.
ÔÚx‚Á¶ ª‚¶D ÿ√Ú˛≈m. ~¸‚º´V¤[ (Oestrogen) «VϺ\V[ ∂ı¶ ÿƒ_
cÚkV¬Ô mÁðAˆkº>V| ÷´ı¶VD WÁÈ©√V_ √ıAÔ·V™ \VÏ√Ô k·ÏflE,
xΩ k·Ï>_, ÿ√ð ÷™›]uzˆB z´_ ∂Á\B ÔV´ð\VÔ ∂Á\˛≈m.
\V>s¶VF ∑wuE:(
∑wuE:(Menstrual Cycle))
ŒÚ ÿ√ı √Úk\Á¶Õ> ÔVÈD x>_ \V>s¶VF W´Õ>´\VF WuzD k´
(Ô´√ ÔVÈD >s´) 28 ÂV‚Ô”¬z ŒÚxÁ≈ ÿ√ı ÷™ÿ√Ú¬Ô cÆ©∏_ ∞u≈D
\Vu≈›]uz \V>s¶VF ∑wuE ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
∂ı¶ ÿkπX‚|¬z ∏≈z ∂ı¶Dÿ√ºÈV©∏B[ zwVl_ ÿÔVı|
k´©√‚| ÔÚ°Æ>È ÂÁ¶ÿ√ÆD. ÔÚ°Æ>_ WÔws_ÁÈ ®M_, ÔÚ©Á√l[
®ıº¶Vÿ\‚ˆ ∑kÏ cˆÕm ÷´›>xD ÔÚ©Á√ ]∑°D ÿkπºBu≈©√|˛≈m.
1. Follicular phase (∂) ÿ√Ú¬ÔWÁÈ (5 x>_ 12 ÂV^)
2. Ÿ‚ΩB_ WÁÈ (Lutial phase) á(15-28 ÂV^)

32
 3. \V>s¶VF WÁÈ (1 x>_ 5 ÂV^)
1. ‡√Vo¬zÈVÏ WÁÈ (Follicular WÁÈ)
∏‚R‚¶ˆ ∑´¬zD ®™©√|D √Vo¬˛^ÔÁ· #ı|D «VϺ\V™V_
÷ÕWÁÈ› #ı¶©√|˛≈m. ÷ÕWÁÈl_ x>ÈVD WÁÈ ∂ı¶ √Vo¬˛^ ÿƒ_
k·ÏÕm x]ÏflEBÁ¶ÕÔ ˛´V‡∏B[ √Vo¬˛^Ô^ ÿkΩ›m ∂ı¶›Á>
ÿ√ºÈV©∏B[ zwK¬z^ ∂–©A˛≈m. ÷>uz ∂ı¶D s|√|>_ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
2. Ÿ‚ΩB_ WÁÈ
÷ÕWÁÈ ∏‚R‚¶ˆloÚÕm ®™©√|D Ÿ‚ΩÁ™E∫ «VϺ\V™V_
#ı¶©√|˛≈m. ∂ı¶ ∂b ÿkπºBu≈›]uz ∏≈z. ˛´V‡∏B[ √Vo¬˛π[
cÁ¶Õ> √z] ÔVÏ©√¸ Ÿ‚ΩBD ®[–D ÂV·t_ÈVfl ∑´©∏BVÔ \VÆ˛≈m. ÷m
Aº´Vº¤¸Ωº´V[ ®[–D ÔÏ©√ ÔVÈ «VϺ\VÁ™ ∑´¬˛≈m. ÷Õ> «VϺ\V[

\V> s¶VF ∑wuE

®ıº¶Vÿ\‚ˆB›Á> >Ω¬Ô ÿƒFm, ÔÚ©Á√ ÔÚ°u≈ ∂ı¶›Á> ÿ√Æk>uz

>BVÏ√|›m˛≈m. ∂ı¶D ÔÚ°≈Vs‚¶V_ ∂ı¶D \uÆD ÔÚ©Á√ ∑kˆ[
ÿ\[Á\BV™ ]∑ cˆÕm \V>s¶VF ∑wuEl[º√Vm ÿkπºBu≈©√|˛≈m.
3. \V>s¶VF WÁÈ

33
 Aº´Vº¤¸Ωº´V[, ~¸‚º´V¤[ «VϺ\V[Ôπ[ ∑´©A zÁ≈Õ> c¶[
®ıº¶Vÿ\‚ΩˆBD ÔÚ©Á√l[ c^ ∑kˆoÚÕm ÿkπºBu≈©√‚| ∂]Ô
∂·s_ ÷´›>©º√V¬z ∞u√|D. ÷m ÿ\[ƒ¸ (∂) \V>s¶VF gzD. ÷>[
xΩsÈ ÔVÏ©¸ Ÿ‚ΩB\V™m ŒÚ k|kVÔ ∂Á\•D. ÷Õ> ∂Á\©∏uz ÔVÏ©√¸
g_∏¬Ô[¸ ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
ºÔ^sÔ^:
1. ÷™©ÿ√Ú¬Ô \ı¶È›Á> √u§ skˆ?
2. \V>s¶VF ∑wuE ®[≈V_ ®[™?
3. sÕm ÿƒ_o[ √¶D kÁ´Õm √VÔ∫ÔÁ·¬ z§¬Ô
4. \V>s¶VF ∑wuEl[ WÁÈÔ^ BVÁk?
5. ÿ√ı ÷™©ÿ√Ú¬Ô ÿ>Vz©A \ı¶È›Á> √u§ skˆ?

34
 ∂Èzá 6
Ôa° ¿¬Ô \ı¶ÈD
Ôa° ¿¬Ô \ı¶ÈD:
Ôa° ¿¬Ô \ı¶ÈD {ˆÁ™ EÆ¿´Ô∫Ô^, EÆ¿´Ô ÂV·∫Ô^ , EÆ¿Ï Á√,
EÆ¿Ï A≈ka g˛B cÆ©A¬ÔÁ· c^·¶¬˛Bm.
EÆ¿´Ô ÷´›>›]oÚÕm Ôa°ÔÁ· ÿkπºBu§ kΩÔ‚|D ÿƒBo[ JÈD
EÆ¿Á´ >MºB ∏ˆ¬˛≈m.
EÆ¿´Ô∫Ô^:
EÆ¿´ÔD x¬˛B\V™ ŒÚ Ôa° ¿¬Ô cÆ©√VzD. ÷m ÷ÁðBVÔ
∂Á\Õ> ∂¶ÏÕ> Ek©A W≈∫ÿÔVı¶, ∂kÁ´ sÁ> kΩk ∂Á\Õm^·m.
k·ÏÕ>kˆ[ EÆ¿´ÔD 12 ÿƒ.* ¿·xD, 6 ÿƒ.* ∂ÔÈxD, 3 ÿƒ.* √Ú\–D
ÿÔVı¶m. EÆ¿´Ô›][ ÿkπ©√z] zsÕmD , c‚√z] zaÕmD ÔVð©√|D.
zaÕ> √z] xmz ®KDA ÿ>V¶Á´ ºÂV¬˛ ÷Ú¬zD.
ÿƒˆ›>_ ∑´©∏BV™ Ô_‹´_ kÈm EÆ¿´Ô›][ º\ºÈ ÔVð©√|kmV_
kÈm EÆ¿´ÔD ƒuÆ >VµÕm ÔVð©√|D. EÆ¿´ÔD ºÔ©Û_ (Capsule)
÷ÁwÔ·V_ g™m. ÷m ƒÀs™V_ J¶©√‚|^·m.
Ôa° \ı¶ÈD

35
EÆ¿´Ô›][ ¿^ÿk‚|› º>Vu≈D

ÿ©´V[Ô^

36
 ÷´ı| EÆ¿Ï ÂV·∫Ô^ , EÆ¿´Ô∫ÔÁ· EÆ¿Ï©Á√•¶[
÷Áð¬˛[≈™. EÆ¿Ï©Á√ >uÔVoÔ\VÔ EÆ¿Á´ ºƒt›m Ák¬ÔD
cÆ©√VzD. EÆ¿Ï, EÆ¿´Ô ÂV·›]oÚÕm ÿ\mkVÔ EÆ¿Ï©Á√ÁB ∂Á¶Õm
W´DA˛≈m.

ÿ©´V[:
EÆ¿´Ô›][ ∞≈¬zÁ≈B ŒÚ t_oB[ OıËB ÿ©´V[Ô^
∂Á\Õm^·™. ÷Õ> ÿ‡©´V[Ô^ EÆ¿´Ô›][ ∂Ω©√Á¶ ÿƒB_ ∂Èz gzD.
EÆ¿´Ô∫Ô^, OÁ´X´_Ô^ , Ô_‹´_ , º>V_ ÷ÁðÕm Ôa° cÆ©√VÔ
ÿƒB_√|˛[≈™.

1. OÁ´X´_
÷´›>›]oÚÕm ÔˆBtÈ kV• (CO2) , ¿Ï g˛B Ôa°Ô^ OÁ´X´o_
ÿkπºBu≈©√|˛≈m.
2. º>V_
sBÏÁkÁB ÿkπºBuÆ˛≈m. sBÏÁkl_ RˆBV.,Rˆ¬ ∂tÈD,
ÈV¬Ω¬ ∂tÈD º√V[≈Ák c^·™.
3. Ô_‹´_
ͺ\Vzº·V∏[ (Heomoglobin) EÁ>¬Ô©√|Dº√Vm cı¶VzD ∏›>
W≈tÔÁ·¬ Ô_‹´_ ÿkπºBuÆ˛≈m.

EÆ¿´Ô›][ √Ë
1. A´> k·ÏEÁ> \Vu≈›][º√Vm cı¶VÔ¬ÌΩB Á‚´¤[ ∂¶∫˛B Ì‚|©
ÿ√VÚÁ· RˆBVkVÔ ÿkπ›>^”˛≈m.
2. c¶o_ ¿Á´•D ®È¬º´VÁÈ‚|ÔÁ·•D ( Electrolytes ) ƒ\WÁÈ©√|›>
c>°˛≈m.
3. ∂tÈ ÔV´fl ƒ\WÁÈÁB Œø∫z©√|›m˛≈m.
4. ÷´›>›]KD , ]∑¬ÔπKD cı¶VzD ª| ÔÈ©A ( Osmalic pressure )
∂ø›>›Á> ƒ\WÁÈ©√|›> c>°˛≈m.

37
5. ∏·V¸\V ]´k›][ x¬˛B©√z] ÿ√VÚ·V™ z”¬ºÔV¸ \uÆD ∂tº™V
∂tÈD (Amino acid) *ı|D ∏·V¸\Vs_ WÆ›] ÿÔV^· c>°˛≈m.

ºÔ^sÔ^
1. Ôa° ¿¬Ô \ı¶È›][ √¶D kÁ´Õm, ∂>[ ÿƒB_√V‚ΩÁ™ skˆ
2. EÆ¿´Ô ¿^ÿk‚|› º>Vu≈D √¶D kÁ´Õm √VÔ∫ÔÁ· z§¬Ô
3. EÆ¿´Ô›][ √Ë BVm

38
 ∂Èz - 10
ºBVÔ¬ ÔıºðV‚¶›]_ c¶uÌÆÔ^ 5 ºÔVƒ∫Ô^
\M> c¶ÁÈ©√u§ ºBVÔVs[ ÔÚ›m:
cÈÔ gº´V¬˛B ∂Á\©∏[ ÔÚ›>VFs[√Ω ŒÚ \M>[ sBV]
÷_ÈV\KD, ª™D ÷_ÈV\KD ÷ÚÕm s‚¶VºÈ ∂k[ ÂÈ\VÔ ÷Ú¬˛[≈V[
®[Æ ÿ√VÚ·V˛ s¶Vm. ŒÚ xøÁ\BV™ ÂÈx^· \M>[, cÆ]BV™ c¶_,
WÁÈBV™ \™D, Œø∫ÔV™ ¶›Á>, ƒx>VB Œø¬ÔD, ÷Á≈√¬] WÁ≈Õ>k™VÔ
÷Ú¬Ô ºkı|D.
∂§° ƒVÏÕ> >twÏÔ^ >D c¶ÁÈ ºÔVs_Ô·VÔ ÿÔVı| kVµ° ÂÈD
º√Ë™VÏÔ^. \M> c¶_ Œ[§–^ Œ[≈VÔ ∂Á\Õ> 5 √z]ÔÁ·•D,
Œ[§[º\_ Œ[≈VÔ ∂Á\Õ> 7 √ΩÔÁ·•D ÿÔVı¶m. >twÔ
]Ú¬ºÔVl_Ôπ_ ÷Ú¬zD 5 ∏´ÔV´D, JÈ ∂Á\©A º√VÈ ÂDt¶x^·
cð° c¶DA á (i), (ii)á Jfl∑ c¶DA
(iii) \™ c¶DA
(iv) ∂§° c¶DA
(v) ÷[√ c¶DA
g˛B 5 c¶DAÔÁ· z§¬˛[≈™.
1. cð° c¶DA á ∂[™\B ºÔVƒD
2. Jfl∑ c¶DA á ∏´Vð\B ºÔVƒD
3. \™ c¶DA á \º™V\B ºÔVƒD
4. ∂§° c¶DA á sfiQV™ ºÔVƒD
5. ÷[√ c¶DA á g™Õ>\B ºÔVƒD
nÕm ºÔVƒ∫Ô^
1. ¸#È c¶_ (∂[™\B ºÔVƒD)
÷Õ> ∂[™›>VF º√V¥¬Ôÿ√Æk>V_ ∂[™\ð ºÔVƒD ®[Æ ÿ√BÏ.
cð° c‚ÿÔV^”D c¶Dº√ ∂[™ \B ºÔVƒD gzD. ÷Á> Ê´Á\¬Ô cð°
xÁÁB ƒˆÿƒFm ÿÔV^· ºkı|D.
2. Û¬z\ c¶_(∏´Vð\B ºÔVƒD)
BV>™V ƒˆZ ´ÿ\[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D ÷ku§È √›m s>\V™ kV•¬Ôº·V|
QVº™Õ]ˆBD, Ô[º\Õ]ˆ•D g˛B 10 √›º>V|D ÔV´ð∫Ô^ ÂV[ºÔV|D
clº´V|D WÁÈ ÿ√uÆ kÚkm

39
 Jfl∑ c¶DÁ√ ∏´VðBV\ ºÔVƒD ®[√Ï. ÷m ÂD clÏ JflÁƒ ºƒt›m
Ák©√>uzD, ÿƒÈ° ÿƒFk>uzD c>s Aˆ•D c¶_ √´©√VzD. ÷Õ>√ √´©∏_
clÏJfl∑ t[ƒV´D º√V_ Ê´VÔ √VFÕm ÿÔVıΩÚ¬zD. clÏ Jfl∑. ∂]Ô
ºkÁÈ, ∂ÁȬÔa©√ ∂˛B ÔV´ð∫Ô·V_ ÊÏzÁÈ˛≈m. ÷>™V_ c¶_
√V]©√Á¶˛≈m.
3. zð c¶_ (\º™V \B ºÔVƒD)
ƒV›TÔD, ´V¤ƒD, >V\ƒD g˛B J[Æ zð∫Ôπ™V_ g˛B ÷À°¶_
\™D x>oB ÔV´ð∫Ôπ[ ÿ>VaÈVÔ ∂Á\Õ>V_ ∂m \º™V \B ºÔVƒD ®[Æ
∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m. sÚ©√›>V_ g‚E ÿƒFB©√|D c¶_ ®[√m ÿ√VÚ^. ÂVD
sÚDAD sÚD√V> ÿƒB_ÔÁ·¬ ÔVÈ›][ Ô‚¶VB›]™V_ ÿƒFB g·V˛º≈VD.
÷BuÁÔ WB]¬z x´ı√‚| ÿƒFk>V_ c¶KD c^·xD cÁ·flƒK¬z
g·V˛≈m.
√fiƒºÔVƒ∫Ô^

4. Ôfi∑Ô c¶_ (sfiQV™ \B ºÔVƒD)

ÔVÈD, WB], ÔÁÈ, s›Á>, ∂´VÔD ®[–D >›mk∫Ô·V_ cÕ>©√‚|
∂§° ÿƒV‘√\VÔ ÷Ú¬˛≈ g[\Vsuzfl E≈©√VÔ ÷flÁƒÔÁ· sºƒ¶\VÔ
cı¶V¬zk>V_ ÷ÀkVÆ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|˛≈m.

40
 sfiQV™D á sºƒƒ\V™ A›]
c¶o_ ÿÔ‚¶ EÕ>Á™BV_ >V¬ÔD ∞u√|Dº√Vm ∂§° c¶K¬zD, \™
c¶K¬zD ÷Á¶ºB ÿ√ˆB ƒÏflÁƒ ∞u√|˛≈m.
÷>™V_ ∂§°¬z ƒˆÿ[Æ AÈ©√|k]_ÁÈ. ÷¬ÔV´ð›>V_ c¶o_
c^· ∂§° ∂ÁÈÔ”¬z √V]©A ∞u√|˛≈m.
5. ÔV´ð c¶_ (g™Õ> \B ºÔVƒD)
>k§B WÁÈl_ ÿ>Va_√|›mk>uz Œ[ÆD ÷[§ W[≈ g[\V°¬z
∂§°.
÷flÁƒ ÿƒB_Ô^ ÿ√Vm kÁÔl_ s·¬Ôx≈fl ÿƒFB x>uÔV´ð\VÔ
÷ÚÕ>>V_ ∂m ÔV´ð ƒZ´D ®[ÆD ∂D\B¬Ô ∂§kV_ {Ï g™Õ>D
cı¶Vk>V_ ∂m g™Õ> \B ºÔVƒD ®[Æ ∂Áw¬Ô©√|D. ÷[√›]™V_ g‚E
ÿƒFB©√|D c¶_ ®[Æ ÿ√VÚ^.
º\u̧B 4 c¶_ √´©AÔπ_ ®Õ>s>© √V]©AD ÷_ÈVs‚¶V_ >V[
÷À°¶_ √´©Á√ ÔVð xΩ•D. ÷Á> cðÏk>uz g›\VÏ›>\VÔ ÂD
ÿƒB_ÔÁ· ÿƒFB ºkı|D. ÷>™V_ ÿƒV_È xΩBV> º√ˆ[√D ∞u√|D.
±u√‚ΩB_:
1. ∂ıðVmÁ´ ∂. ÔÁÈkVË, ºBVÔ EÕ>Á™ k´ÈVÆ. gÔ.2003
2. g™Õ> √VȺBV˛ √k™VM, ∂Ω©√Á¶ «>ºBVÔ© √luE á2006
3.. Manual of Zoology Vol.11- Chodra- M.Ekambaranatha Ayya and T.N.
Ananthakrishnan, s. viswanathan printers and publishers.
4. www.khanacademy.org
5. A Text Book of Human Anatomy T.S. Ranganathan 6/C Rev. 2002.S.
Chandand Company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi 110 055.
6.ºBVÔ sfiQV™D , ∂ıðV\ÁÈ √_ÔÁȬÔwÔD., 2012
7. www.shulterstock.com - 638539345

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