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Chapter 10 PDF
Chapter 10 PDF
Steady State
System variables independent of time,
for example
∆𝐻̇ + ∆𝐸̇ ! + ∆𝐸̇ " = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊𝑠
̇ à Open system
General
Balance Transient (Unsteady) State:
• System variable changes with time.
• Batch (and semi batch) systems are transient.
• Continuous (open) system can also be at
transient state.
Input Output
𝑚̇ !" 𝑚̇ $()
𝑟&'"
̇ Generation Consumption 𝑟#$"%
̇
𝑟(%#)
̇ ×∆𝑡 𝑟!"#
̇ ×∆𝑡
Consumption Generation
Δ𝑀 = 𝑚̇ !" + 𝑟#$"
̇ − 𝑚̇ %&' − 𝑟(%")
̇ ×∆𝑡
Note:
• M is the balanced amount in the system.
• It is a function of time.
Δ𝑀 𝑑𝑀
7 = = 𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$
̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇
Δ𝑡 ∆)→. 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑀
= 0;
𝑑𝑡
𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$
̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇ =0
𝑑𝑀
= 𝑚̇ !" + 𝑟#$"
̇ − 𝑚̇ %&' − 𝑟(%")
̇
𝑑𝑡
Accumulation term
Input Reaction: A à R
𝑣̇ . 𝐿/𝑠 Rate = kCA
𝜌 𝑔/𝐿
CA , ρ V(L) 𝑣̇ 𝐿/𝑠
𝐶/0 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴/𝐿
𝜌 𝑔/𝐿
𝐶/ 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴/𝐿
output
Need to
consider
𝑑𝑀 𝑑 ρ𝑉 𝑑𝑉
𝐴𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = = =𝜌
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑉
𝜌 = 𝑣̇ . − 𝑣̇ ×𝜌
𝑑𝑡
ρ is assumed to be constant!
𝐼. 𝐶: @𝑡 = 0, 𝑉 = 𝑉.
1 )
P 𝑑𝑉 = P 𝑣̇ . − 𝑣̇ 𝑑𝑡 𝑉 = 𝑉. + 𝑣̇ . − 𝑣̇ 𝑡
1! .
𝑑 𝑉𝐶+ 𝑑𝐶+ 𝑑𝑉
=𝑉 + 𝐶+
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
(2)
= 𝑣̇ * 𝐶+* − 𝑣𝐶
̇ + − 𝑘𝐶+ 𝑉
𝐼. 𝐶. 𝑡 = 0, 𝐶+ = 𝐶+ 0
𝑑𝑉
= 𝑣̇ * − 𝑣̇ 𝐼. 𝐶. ∶ @𝑡 = 0, 𝑉 = 𝑉* (1)
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝐶+ 𝑑𝑉
𝑉 + 𝐶+ = 𝑣̇ * 𝐶+* − 𝑣𝐶
̇ + − 𝑘𝐶+ 𝑉 (2)
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝐼. 𝐶. 𝑡 = 0, 𝐶+ = 𝐶+ 0
Integration from t0 to tf
2"
P 𝑑𝑀/ = 𝑀/ 𝑡3 − 𝑀/ 𝑡. Integral balance
2!
)"
=P 𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$
̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇ 𝑑𝑡
)!
𝑑𝑀
Mass Balance: 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$
̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇
𝑑𝑀
= 𝑅* − 𝑁×𝑟(%+
𝑑𝑡
," '"
6 𝑑𝑀 = 6 𝑅* − 𝑁×𝑟(%+ 𝑑𝑡
,! -
Solution:
(1) – (2): 5rcow = RG
(3) – (1): (30 tf - 100) rcow = (tf -10) RG
t f = 2 (days)
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 20
CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Example: Differential Balance
Determine:
1. Differential balance for water.
2. How much water will be left in 60 days?
𝑑𝑀 𝑑𝑉
=𝜌 = 𝑚̇ #$ + 𝑟%&$
̇ − 𝑚̇ '() − 𝑟*'$+
̇
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑚̇ #$ = 𝜌×106𝑒 7)/9..
𝑚̇ '() = 𝜌×10:
𝑑𝑉
= 106𝑒𝑥𝑝 −𝑡/100 − 10:
𝑑𝑡
IC: 𝑡 = 0, 𝑉 = 10;𝐿
6. ) 6.
79..
𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉0 = P 106𝑒 𝑑𝑡 − P 10:𝑑𝑡
. .
109 L
-t / 100 60 60
V f = V0 - 10 ´100 ´ e 6
- 10 t 7
0 0
= 4.45 ´108 ( L)
Example :
A 12.5 m3 tank is filled with water at the rate of 0.05 m3/s, When
tank contains 1.20 m3 of water, a leak develops at bottom at the
rate of 0.0025t (m3/s).
Determine: Mass balance equation and solve for volume ~ t.
1
2. Water level will increase then
0.5
0
decrease, it drain completely out
-0.5 0 20 40 60 80 @ t = 57S
-1
à V = 0 , t > 57s
Physical limit
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 26
CH1104: Balance on Transit Processes
Example: Transient Behaviour
0.15 L/s
10.0 mol A/L
Reaction: A à B
V = 10 L
Rate = 0.005 CA (mol A/L s)
0.15 L/s
Determine:
1. A balance equation for A
2. Steady state concentration
of A in tank (tà ∞)
3. Plot CA ~t
Solution:
The mass balance for A:
𝑑 10.0𝐶/ 𝑑𝐶/
Accumulation = 10.0
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑉𝑜𝑙 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 0.15×10 = 1.5 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐴/𝑠
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 0.15×𝐶/ = 0.15𝐶/ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐴/𝑠
𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 0
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 10×0.005𝐶/ = 0.05𝐶/ 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝐴/𝑠
= 0.15 − 0.02𝐶/
𝑑𝐶/
Separation of variables = 𝑑𝑡
0.15 − 0.02𝐶/
?# )
𝑑𝐶/
P = P 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑡
=... 0.15 − 0.02𝐶/ .
9 ..9@7...=?/
[7...= 𝑙𝑛 0.150 − 0.02𝐶/ ]2𝐶𝐴 = 𝑡 ⇒ ln..9@7...=(=...) = −0.02𝑡
Final solution:
𝑑𝐶+
=0
𝑑𝑡
⟹ 0.15 − 0.0200𝐶+ = 0
⟹ 𝐶+ = 7.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐴/𝐿
𝑈 @ !"
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚̇ !" E!" +
𝐻 + 𝑔𝑍!" ∆𝑡 + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ ) ∆𝑡
2
𝑈 @ %&'
𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 = 𝑚̇ %&' E%&' +
𝐻 + 𝑔𝑍%&' ∆𝑡
2
𝑚̇ $# = 𝑚̇ %&' = 𝑚̇
𝑑𝑈)3)
F%&' + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ )
F$# − 𝐻
= 𝑚̇ $# 𝐻
𝑑𝑡
(3) Temperature does not vary with position
in the system (for well mixed reactors).
Tout = Tsys = T
4
(4) No phase changes, F = 6 𝐶5 𝑑𝑇
𝐻
4(
No chemical reactions,
4
U and H are independent of P F = 6 𝐶7 𝑑𝑇
𝑈
4(
E)A) = 𝑀 𝑈
𝑈)A) = 𝑀𝑈 E 𝑇E + 𝐶F 𝑇 − 𝑇E
Reference
Mass of Constant Temperature
system (H = 0)
CBE202: Introduction to Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering 38
Simplification
Submitted into general equation
𝑑𝑈+C+ 𝑑𝑇 𝑑𝑈+C+
`'() + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ +
`#$ − 𝐻
= 𝑚̇ #$ 𝐻
= 𝑀𝐶1 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
Open system 𝑀𝐶8 ̇ 5 𝑇$# − 𝑇 + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ )
= 𝑚𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
Closed system 𝑀𝐶8 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ )
𝑑𝑡
t=?
Reactant: M = 1.50 kg
Cv = 0.900cal/goC
Q Reactor: M = 3.00 kg
250 °C
Cv = 0.120cal/goC start
25˚C Heating rate: 𝑄̇ = 500.0𝑊
Determine:
(1) Steady state Tair if the engine runs continuously for a long
period of time, assuming CV = 5.00 Btu/lb-mole F
(2) Differential equation for the variation of the outlet
temperature with the time from startup and solve it
6 lb-mole/min 6 lb-mole/min
0.2 lb-mole air, T
T = 65F T = ??
̇ / 𝑇!" − 𝑇 + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ )
0 = 𝑚𝐶
𝑇$# = 65 𝑜𝐹
𝑇 = 𝑇) (𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑇)
𝑊̇ ) = 0
𝑄̇ = 𝑄̇ !"# − 𝑄̇ ;%)'
𝑚𝐶
̇ / 𝑇) − 65 = 8530 − 33.0 𝑇) − 65
𝑚𝐶
̇ I = 6.00×6.99 = 41.9 𝐵𝑡𝑢/ min 𝐹
O )
𝑑𝑇
P = P 𝑑𝑡
6@ 13400 − 74.9𝑇 .
𝑑𝑀
= 𝑚̇ !" + 𝑟#$"
̇ − 𝑚̇ %&' − 𝑟(%")
̇
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
Open system 𝑀𝐶8 ̇ 5 𝑇$# − 𝑇 + 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ )
= 𝑚𝐶
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑇
Closed system 𝑀𝐶8 = 𝑄̇ + 𝑊̇ )
𝑑𝑡