1. ………………………………………. (you, ever, visit) the National library?

No, I …………………… (not, be)

there yet. 2. Sharon ………………………………………. (work) in a bakery but this week she
………………….(help) her father in his shop. 3. ………………………………………. (Sam, enjoy) his trip to
Whales last weekend? 4. Peter and Sally ………………………………………. (live) in Ireland before they
moved to England. 5. I ………………………………………. (see) you in the park yesterday.
You………………………….(sit) on a bench with your arm round Tom. 6. Where ………………… (be) Jack?
He ………………………………………. (write) a report. 7. She ……………………………… (write) a report for
months but she …………………… (not, finish) it yet. 8. I ………………………………………. (see) that movie.
Let’s watch something else. 9. Anna ………………………………………. (iron) while her husband
……………................ (smoke) his pipe. 10. How long ………………………………………. (he, know) Julian?
He……………………………….. (meet) her when she was 25. 11. It was a sunny day. We
……………………………… (walk) for hours before we finally ……………………….(arrive) home.

Spin (propaganda)
Public figures use press conferences so often as a way to control the timing and specificity of their messages to
the media that press conference facilities have been nicknamed "spin rooms".

In public relations and politics, spin is a form of propaganda, achieved through knowingly providing
a biased interpretation of an event or campaigning to persuade public opinion in favor or against
some organization or public figure. While traditional public relations and advertising may also rely on
altering the presentation of the facts, "spin" often implies the use of disingenuous, deceptive, and
highly manipulative tactics.
Because of the frequent association between spin and press
conferences (especially government press conferences), the room in which these conferences take
place is sometimes described as a "spin room". Public relations advisors, pollsters and
media consultants who develop deceptive or misleading messages may be referred to as "spin
doctors" or "spinmeisters".
As such, a standard tactic used in "spinning" is to reframe, obfuscate, reposition, or otherwise modify
the perception of an issue or event, to reduce any negative impact it might have on public opinion.
For example, a company whose top-selling product is found to have a significant safety problem may
"reframe" the issue by criticizing the safety of its main competitor's products or indeed by highlighting
the risk associated with the entire product category. This might be done using a
"catchy" slogan or sound bite that can help to persuade the public of the company's biased point of
view. This tactic could enable the company to defocus the public's attention on the negative aspects
of its product.
As it takes experience and training to "spin" an issue, spinning is typically a service provided by paid
media advisors and media consultants. The largest and most powerful companies may have in-
house employees and sophisticated units with expertise in spinning issues. While spin is often
considered to be a private sector tactic, in the 1990s and 2000s, some politicians and political staff
have been accused by their opponents of using deceptive "spin" tactics to manipulate public opinion
or deceive the public. Spin approaches used by some political teams include "burying" potentially
negative new information by releasing it at the end of the workday on the last day before a long
weekend; selectively cherry-picking quotes from previous speeches made by their employer or an
opposing politician to give the impression that they advocate a certain position; and
purposely leaking misinformation about an opposing politician or candidate that casts them in a
negative light.
History[edit]
Edward Bernays has been called the "Father of Public Relations". As Larry Tye describes in his
book The Father of Spin: Edward L. Bernays and The Birth of Public Relations, Bernays was able to
help tobacco and alcohol companies use techniques to make certain behaviors more socially
acceptable in 20th-century United States. Tye claims that Bernays was proud of his work as a
propagandist. As information technology has increased dramatically since the end of the 20th
century, commentators like Joe Trippi have advanced the theory that modern Internet activism spells
the end for political spin. By providing immediate counterpoint to every point a "spin doctor" can
come up with, this theory suggests, the omnipresence of the Internet in some societies will inevitably
lead to a reduction in the effectiveness of spin.

Techniques
Cherry picking is a practice of using selective facts to present to the public. It refers to the farming
practice of picking only ripe cherries.

Selectively presenting facts and quotes that support one's position ("cherry picking"). For
example, a pharmaceutical company could pick and choose two trials where their product shows
a positive effect, ignoring hundreds of unsuccessful trials, or a politician's staff could handpick
short speech quotations from past years which appear to show their candidate's support for a
certain position.

• Non-denial denial
• Non-apology apology
• "Mistakes were made" is an example of distancing language commonly used as a rhetorical
device, whereby a speaker acknowledges that a situation was managed by using low-quality or
inappropriate handling but evades any direct admission or accusation of responsibility by not
specifying the person or organization who made the mistakes. Grammatically, the expression
uses the passive voice to focus on the action while omitting the actor. The acknowledgement of
"mistakes" is framed in an abstract sense, with no direct reference to who made the mistakes.
The speaker neither accepts personal responsibility nor accuses anyone else. The word
"mistakes" also does not imply intent. A less evasive active voice construction would place the
focus on the actor, such as: "I made mistakes" or "John Doe made mistakes."
• Phrasing in a way that assumes unproven claims, or avoiding the question
• "Burying bad news": announcing unpopular things at a time when it is believed that the media
will focus on other news. In some cases, governments have released potentially controversial
reports on summer long weekends, to avoid significant news coverage. Sometimes that "other
news" is supplied by deliberately announcing popular items at the same time.
• Misdirection and diversion
• Limited hangout
For years, businesses have used fake or misleading customer testimonials by editing/spinning
customers to reflect a much more satisfied experience than was actually the case. In 2009,
the Federal Trade Commission updated their laws to include measures to prohibit this type of
"spinning" and have been enforcing these laws as of late.
Several companies that verify the authenticity of the testimonials businesses present on the
marketing materials in an effort to convince one to become a customer have arisen.