22 Three Columns Tunneling 20110228

The Three Columns of Successful Tunnelling
WOLFGANG
Eurasia rail Turkey 02 -05 March 2011, Anfa, Altinpark Expo Center HOLZLEITNER
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Column 1 - Tunnel Design

The targets of tunnel design differ with the stage of the project. The earlier the involvement of a
tunnel designer (in close cooperation with the geologist) takes place the higher the beneficial
influence on the construction cost will be.
In the early stage of a project, the target is to obtain a clear picture about the feasibility of the
project and the bandwidth of cost by comparing various alternatives.
Particularly in the early stages of the project, field work is of high importance; in many cases
funds are insufficient, although these investment offers the highest cost – benefit ratio.
In more advanced stages the design will focus increasingly on details climaxing in the thorough
description of services in the tender documents, in the Bill of Quantities and the Special
Conditions of Contract.
The design for execution will be governed by the state of the art, well described in international
standards, guidelines and codes of practice.
Thorough involvement of the Tunnel Designer and the Geologist pay off well and will brandmark
projects.
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©Dr.A.Fasching
WOLFGANG
©Dr.A.Fasching
Suao – Hualien Expressway, Taiwan

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Bhubojot Road Tunnel Himachal Pradesh, India

WOLFGANG
Bhubojot Road Tunnel Himachal Pradesh, India

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Daga Chhu Hydro Power Plant, Bhutan 2005

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Daga Chhu Hydro Power Plant, Bhutan – 2009 – 2011

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Column 2 - Tunnel Contract

Even the best site investigation will not be able to describe every situation which will be
encountered during tunnelling. Therefore a Tunnel Contract which is able to handle
situations varying from those in the forecast is required – widely known as “The flexible
Tunnelling Contract”.
What should such a flexible contract contain?
•It should be able to cope with foreseen and unforseen conditions in technical aspects and in
terms of the payment
•It should distribute the risk in a fair manner between Client and Contractor,
•It should foresee procedures in the case of diverging viewpoints.
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What should a practical Tunnel Contract contain??
It should be able to cope with all conditions SUPPORT CLASSES WHICH ARE
foreseen or unforseen in the best possible APPLIED ACC. TO
manner ENCOUNTERED LOCAL
CONDITIONS
It should distribute the risk in a fair manner PAYMENT ACCORDING TO
between Client SUPPORT CLASSES INSTALLED
and Contractor PERFORMANCE RELATED COST

OF THE SUPPORT CLASSES
It should foresee procedures in the case of SUPPORT CLASSES AGREED

diverging viewpoints BETWEEN CLIENT AND
CONTRACTOR
www.bernard-ing.com
WOLFGANG
Al-Haer
Eurasia rail Turkey 02 -05 March 2011, Anfa, Altinpark Wastewater Conveyor
Expo Center HOLZLEITNER
The Contract Philosophy in Tunnelling
• Risk allocation (Contractor can only take over the risk on tasks which he is able to influence)
Wording from RED and YELLOW books from FIDIC

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Al-Haer
NATM Tunnel BoQ wording

WOLFGANG
Al-Haer
NATM Tunnel
The NATM Support Classes will be paid by the encountered and supported quantities;
these SC-Items include the excavation, the support and its installation as shown on the
construction drawings (enclosed to the tender documents) and the disposal of the
excavated material
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All presented considerations

are valid for conventional
tunnelling (NATM) and for TBM
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Column 3 - Tunnel Site

On site the two main aspects to be observed is the technically sound and safe excavation and
the contractual aspects of classification and payment.
For the assessment of the correct application of the tunnel support and excavation procedure
(Observational Method), a reliable geotechnical measurement-, interpretation- and feedback-
system is an undisputable requirement on site.
On the grounds of monitoring results, the most appropriate quantity of tunnel may be selected
and diverging view on the support class to be applied can be settled.
The correct application of the Tunnel Construction Contract requires that:

• Contractual support classes are applied according to encountered local conditions and within
the expected behaviour verified by geotechnical monitoring
• Payment is done according to support classes installed
• Support classes shall be agreed between Client and Contractor on the grounds of the
behaviour of the installed tunnel support
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Diagramme:
Time – Displacement
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No Temporary Invert Temporary Invert
No Temporary Invert Temporary Invert

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Overburden [m]
OB = 18m ( ~ 1,5 x D)
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Construction Sequence
in Soft Ground Tunnelling
E&S Top Heading

E&S Temporary Invert
E&S Bench
E&S Invert
Waterproofing Membrane
Inner Lining
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E&S Top Heading

E&S Bench
E&S Invert
Inner Lining
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E&S Top Heading

E&S Bench
E&S Invert
Inner Lining
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E&S Top Heading

E&S Bench
E&S Invert
Inner Lining
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Excavation Step 1:
• Support Ahead Face, Forepoling
• Subdivided Excavation and Support of Face
• Wire Mesh First Layer
• Steel Rib (Lattice Girder)
• Shotcrete First Layer
• Support ahead Face (Forepoling)
• Rock Bolts
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Excavation Step 1:
• Rock Bolts
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Excavation Step 1:
• Rock Bolts
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Excavation Step 1:
• Rock Bolts
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Excavation Step 1:
• Rock Bolts
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Temporary Invert
• Excavation
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Temporary Invert
• Excavation
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Conclusion
The Balance of the powers at site is a key to the success - Obey the rules of
the game - act fair and professionally
High competence of the responsible persons on site is required in

technical and social aspects
The major decisions are to be made on site between the Client – The Engineer
and the Contractor in a swift manner in accordance to the spirit of the contract.
The system will not work once decisions are made at a desk distant from the
site in a head office somewhere
Site Diplomacy among Three Wise Heads

WOLFGANG

22 Three Columns Tunneling 20110228

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The Three Columns of Successful Tunnelling

Column 1 - Tunnel Design

Suao – Hualien Expressway, Taiwan

Bhubojot Road Tunnel Himachal Pradesh, India

Bhubojot Road Tunnel Himachal Pradesh, India

Daga Chhu Hydro Power Plant, Bhutan 2005

Daga Chhu Hydro Power Plant, Bhutan – 2009 – 2011

Column 2 - Tunnel Contract

What should a practical Tunnel Contract contain??

and Contractor PERFORMANCE RELATED COST

It should foresee procedures in the case of SUPPORT CLASSES AGREED

The Contract Philosophy in Tunnelling

Wording from RED and YELLOW books from FIDIC

NATM Tunnel BoQ wording

All presented considerations

Column 3 - Tunnel Site

The correct application of the Tunnel Construction Contract requires that:

No Temporary Invert Temporary Invert

No Temporary Invert Temporary Invert

E&S Top Heading

E&S Top Heading

E&S Top Heading

E&S Top Heading

High competence of the responsible persons on site is required in

Site Diplomacy among Three Wise Heads

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