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Lista Principalelor Verbe Neregulate in Engleza: - Forma 1 - Forma 2 - Forma 3
Lista Principalelor Verbe Neregulate in Engleza: - Forma 1 - Forma 2 - Forma 3
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to dream dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) a visa
to drink drank drunk a bea
to drive drove driven a conduce masina
to dwell dwelt dwelt a locui, a ramane, a insista
to eat ate eaten a manca
to fall fell fallen a cadea
to feed fed fed a hrani
to feel felt felt a simti
to fight fought fought a lupta
to find found found a gasi
to fly flew flown a zbura
to forbid forbade forbidden a interzice
to forecast forecast forecast a prevedea
to foresee foresaw foreseen a prevedea
to foretell foretold foretold a prezice
to forget forgot forgotten a uita
to forgive forgave forgiven a ierta
to forgo forwent forgone a renunta la,
a da uitarii
forsake forsook forsaken a parasi
to freeze froze frozen a igheta
to get got got a primi
to give gave given a da
to go went gone a merge
to grind ground ground a macina
to grow grew grown a creste
to hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged) a spanzura
to have had had a avea
to hear heard heard a auzi
to hide hid hidden a ascunde
to hit hit hit a lovi
to hold held held a tine
to hurt hurt hurt a rani
to keep kept kept a pastra
to kneel knelt knelt a igenunchia
to knit knit knit a tricota
to know knew known a sti, a cunoaste
to lay laid laid a aseza
to lead led led a conduce
to lean leant leant a se sprijini de
to learn learnt (learned) learnt (learned) a ivata
to leave left left a parasi
to lend lent lent a împrumuta (cuiva)
to let let let a permite
to lie lay lain a fi culcat
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to light lit lit a aprinde
to lose lost lost a pierde
to make made made a face
to mean meant meant a isemna
to meet met met a intalni
to misgive misgave misgiven a inspira neicredere
to mislead misled misled a induce in eroare
to mistake mistook mistaken a intelege gresit
to outdo outdid outdone a intrece
to overcome overcame overcome a invinge
to overdo overdid overdone a face exces
to pay paid paid a plati
to put put put a pune
to read read read a citi
to rend rent rent a sfasia, a rupe
to ride rode ridden a calari
to ring rang rung a suna
to rise rose risen a se ridica
to run ran run a alerga
to say said said a spune
to see saw seen a vedea
to seek sought sought a cauta
to sell sold sold a vinde
to send sent sent a trimite
to set set set a regla, a fixa
to sew sewed sewn (sewed) a coase
to shake shook shaken a scutura, a clatina
to shave shaved shaven a se barbieri
to shed shed shed a varsa (lacrimi)
to shine shone shone a straluci
to shoe shod shod a icalta, a potcovi
to shoot shot shot a împusca
to show showed shown a arata
to shrink shrank shrunk a se strange
to shut shut shut a inchide
to sing sang sung a canta
to sink sank sunk a se scufunda
to sit sat sat a sta (pe ceva)
to slay slew slain a ucide
to sleep slept slept a dormi
to slide slid slid a aluneca
to sling slung slung a azvarli
to slit slit slit a despica
to smell smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled) a mirosi
to smite smote smitten a lovi
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to sow sowed sown a semana
to speak spoke spoken a vorbi
to speed sped sped a accelera
to spell spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled) a pronunta litera cu litera
to spend spent spent a cheltui
to spill spilt spilt a varsa
to spin spun spun a toarce,
a se roti
to spit spat spat a scuipa
to split split split a despica
to spoil spoilt spoilt a strica
to spread spread spread a intinde
to spring sprang sprung a sari, a tasni
to stand stood stood a sta in picioare
to steal stole stolen a fura
to stick stuck stuck a infige, a se lipi
to sting stung stung a itepa
to stink stank stunk a mirosi urat
to strike struck struck a lovi
to string strung strung a insira,
a incorda
to strive strove striven a se stradui
to swear swore sworn a jura
to sweep swept swept a matura
to swim swam swum a inota
to swing swung swung a se legana
to take took taken a lua
to teach taught taught a invata, a preda
to tear tore torn a rupe, a sfasia
to tell told told a spune
to think thought thought a gandi, a crede
to throw threw thrown a arunca
to thrust thrust thrust a îmbranci
to tread trod trodden a calca
to underlie underlay underlain a sustine
to understand understood understood a intelge
to upset upset upset a supara
to wake woke woken a se trezi
to wear wore worn a purta
to weave wove woven a tese
to wet wet wet a uda
to win won won a castiga
to wind wound wound a se rasuci
to wring wrung wrung a frange,
a smulge
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to write wrote written a scrie
Diateza activa a verbelor in engleza
Subiectul gramatical face actiunea exprimata de verb.
Actiunea se rasfrange asupra altui lucru.
Exemple
I have seen a tree.
Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = eu ("I")
Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra copacului ("tree").
Yesterday, he broke his bicycle.
Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = el ("he")
Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra bicicletei sale ("his bicycle").
Diateza pasiva a verbelor in engleza
Cum se identifica
Actiune este realizata de subiectul logic ( complementul de agent ).
Exemple
I have seen a tree. (diateza activa).
The tree has been seen by me. (diateza pasiva).
Yesterday, he broke his bicycle. (diateza activa).
Yesterday, his bicycle was broken by him. (diateza pasiva).
I will buy a car. (diateza activa).
The car will be bought by me. (diateza pasiva).
Diateza reflexiva a verbelor
Cum se identifica
La diateza reflexivă acţiunea este realizată şi suportată de subiect. Diateza reflexiva se foloseste cu verbe reflexive.
Exemple
Mary washes herself.
Maria s-a spalat.
Jen and Greg kiss each other.
Jen si Greg se saruta.
He shaved himself.
El s-a barbierit.
Verbe care au forma reflexiva: to shower, to wash, to shave, to hurry, to rest, to sit down, kiss.
Conjugarea verbelor in limba engleza - Modul indicative
Trecut/ Past
Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous
I singular I came I was coming I had come I had been coming
II singular You came You were coming You had come You had been coming
III
singular He/She/It came He/She/It was coming He/She/It had come He/She/It has been coming
I singular We came We were coming We had come We had been coming
II singular You came You were coming You had come You had been coming
III
singular They came They were coming They had come They had been coming
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Forma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous
I singular I did not come I was not coming I had not come I had not been coming
II singular You did not come You were not coming You had not come You had not been coming
He/She/It did not He/She/It was not He/She/It had not
III singular come coming come He/She/It has not been coming
I singular We did not come We were not coming We had not come We had not been coming
II singular You did not come You were not coming You had not come You had not been coming
III singular They did not come They were not coming They had not come They had not been coming
Forma interogativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous
I singular Did I come? Was I coming? Had I come? Had I been coming?
II singular Did you come? Were you coming? Had you come? Had you been coming?
III Was he/she/it
singular Did he/she/it come? coming? Had he/she/it come? Has he/she/it been coming?
I singular Did we come? Were we coming? Had we come? Had we been coming?
II singular Did you come? Were you coming? Had you come? Had you been coming?
III
singular Did they come? Were they coming? Had they come? Had they been coming?
Prezent/ Present
Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Present Perfect
Persoana Present Simple Present Continuous Simple Present Perfect Continuous
I singular I come I am coming I have come I have been coming
II singular You come You are coming You have come You have been coming
III
singular He/She/It comes He/She/It is coming He/She/It has come He/She/It has been coming
I singular We come We are coming We have come We have been coming
II singular You come You are coming You have come You have been coming
III
singular They come They are coming They have come They have been coming
Forma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous
I singular I don't come I am not coming I have not come I have not been coming
II singular You don't come You are not coming You have not come You have not been coming
III He/She/It doesn't He/She/It is not
singular come coming He/She/It has not come He/She/It has not been coming
I singular We don't come We are not coming We have not come We have not been coming
II singular You don't come You are not coming You have not come You have not been coming
III
singular They don't come They are not coming They have not come They have not been coming
Forma interogativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
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Present Perfect
Persoana Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Simple Continuous
I singular Do I come? Am I coming? Have I come? Have I been coming?
II singular Do you come? Are you coming? Have you come? Have you been coming?
III Does he/she/it
singular come? Is he/she/it coming? Has he/she/it come? Has he/she/it been coming?
I singular Do we come? Are we coming? Have we come? Have we been coming?
II singular Do you come? Are you coming? Have you come? Have you been coming?
III
singular Do they come? Are they coming? Have they come? Have they been coming?
Viitor/ Future
Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana Be Going To Future Simple Future Future Continuous
I singular I am going to come I will come I will be coming
II singular You are going to come You will come You will be coming
III singular He/She/It is going to come He/She/It will come He/She/It will be coming
I singular We are going to come We will come We will be coming
II singular You are going to come You will come You will be coming
III singular They are going to come They will come They will be coming
Persoana Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous "Be about to" Future
I singular I will have come I will have been coming I am about to come
II singular You will have come You will have been coming You are about to come
III singular He/She/It will have come He/She/It will have been coming He/She/It is about to come
I singular We will have come We will have been coming We are about to come
II singular You will have come You will have been coming You are about to come
III singular They will have come They will have been coming They are about to come
Forma negativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoana Be Going To Future Simple Future Future Continuous
I singular I am not going to come I will not come I will not be coming
II singular You are not going to come You will not come You will not be coming
III He/She/It is not going to come He/She/It will not come He/She/It will not be coming
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singular
I singular We are not going to come We will not come We will not be coming
II singular You are not going to come You will not come You will not be coming
III
singular They are not going to come They will not come They will not be coming
Persoan
a Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous "Be about to" Future
I singular I will not have come I will not have been coming I am not about to come
II singular You will not have come You will not have been coming You are not about to come
III He/She/It is not about to
singular He/She/It will not have come He/She/It will not have been coming come
I singular We will not have come We will not have been coming We are not about to come
II singular You will not have come You will not have been coming You are not about to come
III
singular They will not have come They will not have been coming They are not about to come
Forma interogativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Persoan
a Be Going To Future Simple Future Future Continuous
I singular Am I going to come? Will I come? Will I be coming?
II singular Are you going to come? Will you come? Will you be coming?
III
singular Is he/she/it going to come? Will he/she/it come? Will he/she/it be coming?
I singular Are we going to come? Will we come? Will we be coming?
II singular Are you going to come? Will you come? Will you be coming?
III
singular Are you going to come? Will they come? Will they be coming?
Persoan
a Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous "Be about to" Future
I singular Will I have come? Will I have been coming? Am I about to come?
II singular Will you have come? Will you have been coming? Are you about to come?
III
singular Will he/she/it have come? Will he/she/it have been coming? Is he/she/it about to come?
I singular Will we have come? Will we have been coming? Are we about to come?
II singular Will you have come? Will you have been coming? Are you about to come?
III
singular Will they have come? Will they have been coming? Are they about to come?
Timpurile verbelor in engleza
TRECUTUL/ PAST - in limba engleza
Trecutul Simplu/ The Simple Past Tense
1. actiunea e in trecut; timpul e definit cu exactitate (last week, last month, last year, that day, that week, that year, in 1990,
on Thursday, 10 years ago)
2. pentru o actiune care era o obistuinta in trecut (acum nu mai e)
3. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Present Conditional (Unreal)"
4. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Future-in-the-Past" (cand actiunile viitoare fata de actiunea trecuta sunt simultane)
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4. pentru a exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiuni care se repetau in trecut
5. pentru a exprima conditionalul prezent ireal continuu
Trecutul Perfect Continuu/ The Past Perfect Continuous Tense
1. exprima o actiune continua inainte unei actiuni situate in trecut
Prezentul Simplu/ Simple Present Tense
1. pentru a exprima adevaruri general valabile (nu poti sa le schimbi in viitor)
2. pentru a exprima actiuni care se repeta in mod regulat (sau nu se repeta deloc si devin general valabile)
3. in vorbirea directa pentru a marca ce a spus cineva
4. pentru a exprima actiuni planificate in viitor
5. in modul conditional (Conditional Prezent Real)
6. cateodata cand se povesteste o intamplare (de regula se folosesc si expresii, cuvinte care sa accentueze surprinderea, sau
rapiditatea cu care se intampla o alta actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza)
Prezentul (Simplu) Continuu/ Present Tense Continuous
1. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (are loc chiar acum)
2. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (dar care se va termina in viitorul mai departat)
3. pentru a exprima planuri in viitorul apropiat (are nuanta subiectiva; Prezentul Simplu in acest caz nu are nuanta
subiectiva)
4. pentru o actiune care se repeta regulat, frecvent
Prezentul Perfect/ The Present Perfect Tense
1. pentru o actiune trecuta cand nu se precizeaza timpul exact (dar se stie ca e in trecut)
2. actiunea din trecut are repercursiuni in prezent
3. actiunea e terminata in trecutul apropiat.
4. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE
5. in propozitiile care se folosesc adverbele YET (=INCA) si ALREADY (=DEJA)
6. cand actiunea trecuta s-a desfasurat intr-o perioada care a inceput in trecut dar care nu s-a terminat
Prezentul Perfect Continuu/ Present Perfect Continuous Tense
1. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua (FARA INTRERUPERE) in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE
2. actiunea tocmai s-a terminat (si dorim sa subliniem asta)
VIITORUL/ FUTURE - in limba engleza
Viitorul simplu/ Simple Future Tense
1.Viitorul simplu se foloseste in propozitiile simple si in cele subordonate care incep cu verbe ce exprima promisiunea, actiuni
neplanificate, predictii. In aceste cazuri, de regula, in propozitia principala avem verbe precum: think, assume, expect, hope,
doubt, belive, suppose, be sorry, wonder, be sure pentru a exprima opinii/ optiuni personale despre o actiune viitoare.
Viitorul Continuu/ Future Continuous Tense
1. la un anumit timp in viitor actiunea e in desfasurare (incepuse inainte de acel moment/ timp)
2. o actiune viitoare se va intinde pe toata durata viitoare
Viitorul Perfect/ Future Perfect Tense
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor.
Viitorul Perfect Continuu/ Future Perfect Continuous
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care incep si NU se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor
Viitorul in Trecut/ The Future-in-the-Past
1. exprima o actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute
Prezentul Simplu
(Simple Present Tense)
Cum se formeaza
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Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. pentru a exprima adevaruri general valabile (nu poti sa le schimbi in viitor)
The sun rises in the East and sets in West. (Soarele rasare in Est si apune in Vest.)
The water boils at 100 degrees C. (Apa fierbe la 100 º C.)
2. pentru a exprima actiuni care se repeta in mod regulat (sau nu se repeta deloc si devin general valabile)
I drink a tea every day. (Beau ceai in fiecare zi.)
I never drink tea. (Nu beau ceai niciodata.)
In acest caz repetarea actiunii se "marcheaza" prin: every day/ month/ week/ year, occasionally, often, usually, sometimes,
seldom, twice a week.
6. cateodata cand se povesteste o intamplare (de regula se folosesc si expresii, cuvinte care sa accentueze surprinderea, sau
rapiditatea cu care se intampla o alta actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza)
I went into the house and suddenly I see a misterious map.
(Am intrat in casa si dintr-o data am vazut o harta misterioasa.)
I went into the house = actiunea de baza
(suddenly) I see a misterious map = actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza care accentueaza surprinderea
Comentarii
a) "-es" se adauga la persoana a 3-a singular pentru verbele care se termina in s, z, sh, ch, consoana+y
b) Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este identic cu infinitivul, la toate persoanele singular si
plural, cu exceptia persoanei a III- a singular, care se adauga – (e) s.
- Exercitii –
Daca ma duc in oras iau autobuzul.
(afirmatie general valabila in prezent)
If I go to the city I take the bus.
Prezentul Perfect
(The Present Perfect Tense)
Cum se formeaza
has/have + past participle
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. pentru o actiune trecuta cand nu se precizeaza timpul exact (dar se stie ca e in trecut)
I have seen that movie 10 times. (Am vazut acel film de 10 ori.)
Yes, I have seen that movie. (Da, am vazut acel film.)
Uneori se pot folosi adverbe de frecventa sau de timp care nu precizeaza timpul cu exactitate ( ever, never, often,
seldom, always, sometimes):
I have never seen him. (Nu l-am vazut niciodata.)
2. actiunea din trecut are repercursiuni in prezent
I have seen an interesting museum.
(Am vazut un muzeu interesant.) ... in prezent imi amintesc bine acel muzeu.
A terrible accident has happened.
(Un accident teribil a avut loc.) ... inca sunt afectat de acel lucru.
A nins.
It has snowed.
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She has been watering the wildflowers in the park for 2 hours.
Ea se uita la TV de 20 minute.
(propozitie ce foloseste SINCE sau FOR; actiunea e fara intrerupere)
She has been watching TV for 20 minutes.
15 | P a g e
Ieri la 9 Pm ma uitam la TV.
(actiune continua in trecut, stim timpul cu exactitate)
Yesterday at 9PM,I was watching TV.
Trecutul Perfect
(The Past Perfect Tense)
Cum se formeaza
had + past participle
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. exprima o actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut sau anterioara unui moment din trecut
The little boy said that he had seen a flying saucer in the garden.
(Baietelul a spus ca vazuse o farfurie zburatoare in gradina.)
The little spoke as if he had seen a flying saucer.
(Micutul a vorbit ca si cum vazuse o farfurie zburatoare.)
2. in constructiile care folosesc Conditional in Trecut (Ireal)
Tom would have helped me with my homework if he had had time.
(situatie ipotetica in trecut)
(Tom m-ar fi ajutat cu temele daca ar fi avut timp.)
Tom condusese mai putin de 2 ore inainte ca masina sa ramana fara benzina.
(actiune continua anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)
Tom had been driving less than two hours before the car ran out of gas.
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Comentarii
1)Pentru actiunile planificate in viitor nu se foloseste viitorul simplu ci "TO BE GOING TO"
sau Simple Present Continuous !
Daca actiunea e planificata in decursula a 1-7 zile sau e vorba de o activitate repetitiva in viitor de regula se foloseste
viitorul format cu "to be going to":
I am going to see that movie on Friday.
"am going to" are sensul de "planific sa"
(Imi planific/ Intentionez sa merg vineri la acel film.)
Daca actiunea e planificata mult mai tarziu (in viitor) de regula se foloseste prezentul simplu continuu:
Mike is moving to New York next month.
(Mike se muta la New York luna viitoare.)
Nota: viitorul format cu "to be going to" are nuanta de viitor apropiat; cel format cu prezentul simplu continuu nu are nici o
nuanta de acest fel.
2) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cuafter,while,
when, before, as soon as, by the time, if nu vom avea viitor !
- Exercitii –
Cred ca ma voi duce la New York.
(predictie viitoare)
Isuppose I will go to New York
Ma astept sa ploua maine.
(predictie viitoare)
Iexpect it will rain tomorrow.
O sa ma duc in excursie luna viitoare.
(actiune planificata viitoare)
I am going on a trip next month.
O sa fiu acasa la 8 Pm.
(promisiune)
I will be at home at 8PM.
Viitorul Continuu
(Future Continuous Tense)
Cum se formeaza
Viitorul Perfect
(Future Perfect Tense)
Cum se formeaza
will have + past participle
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor
Jerry will have worked for this company for 20 years when he retires.
(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie, in momentul cand se va pensiona.)
Comentarii
1) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cuafter,while,
when, before, as soon as, by the time, if nu vom avea viitor !
2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/ week"
By next January, I will have received my reward.
(Pana in ianuarie viitor , imi voi fi primit premiul.)
- Exercitii –
Diseara la 7 Pm voi juca jocuri pe calculator.
19 | P a g e
Cand tu vei ajunge acasa eu ma voi uita la TV.
Viitorul Perfect
(Future Perfect Tense)
Cum se formeaza
will have + past participle
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor
Jerry will have worked for this company for 20 years when he retires.
(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie, in momentul cand se va pensiona.)
Comentarii
1) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cuafter,while,
when, before, as soon as, by the time, if nu vom avea viitor !
2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/ week"
By next January, I will have received my reward.
(Pana in ianuarie viitor , imi voi fi primit premiul.)
- Exercitii –
Pana lunea viitoare imi voi termina tema.
(actiune viitoare terminata inaintea unei date viitoare)
By next Monday I will have finished my homework.
Pana cand tu vei termina cursul de engleza, eu voi fi luat testul TOEFL.
(actiune viitoare terminata inaintea unei eveniment viitor)
By the time you finish the English course I will Have passed the Toefl test.
20 | P a g e
Viitorul Perfect Continuu
(Future Perfect Continuous)
Cum se formeaza
will have been + present participle
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care incep si NU se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor
Jerry will have been working for this company for 20 years when she retires.
(Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie ( si va continua sa lucreze) in momentul cand ea se va pensiona.)
- Exercitii –
Pana vinerea viitoare, tu vei fi calatorit 2 zile.
(actiune viitoare in progress la un timp viitor, anterior altui timp viitor)
By next Friday you will have been travelling for two days.
21 | P a g e
"Viitorul in Trecut"
(The Future-in-the-Past)
Cum se formeaza
would + VERB
or
was/ were going to + VERB (pentru actiuni planificate)
Exemple
1. exprima o actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute
He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time. (when arata simultaneitatea)
(El mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.)
Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned English a little bit. (afterarata anterioritatea)
(Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.)
Comentarii
Propozitiile (de timp) care incep cu before, when, while, after, as soon as, by the time, if, unless nu au verbul la viitor.
- Exercitii –
Greg mi-a zis ca imi va imprumuta cartea cand o va avea.
(actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute)
Greg told me that he would lend me the book,when he got it.
Subjonctivul
(The Subjunctive)
Cum se identifica
Subjonctivul se foloseste cand avem :
o actiune posibila in viitor
o actiune nerealizata (ireala) in trecut sau prezent
o recomandare, un sfat
Exemple
It is necessary that the work be done. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv)
He speaks as if he were not from Bucharest. (situatie ireala in prezent, deci AVEM subjonctiv)
El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar e din Bucuresti.
2) in propozitii de scop (so that ...); ex.: Come earlier so that you find him at home. (forma americana)
Come earlier so that you can find him at home. (forma britanica)
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I wish I knew her address. ( ... nu-i stiu adresa si regret);
If only he was faithful to me!
(Dacă mi-ar fi fidel!)
2) ceva ce e ireal in prezent (cu constructiile "as if", "as though");
3) preferinta (cind se folosesc constructiile "would rather/ sooner", "it is time", "had better", "I'd prefer").
You had better go home.
(Mai bine ai merge acasă.)
I’d prefer if you didn’t go.
(Aş prefera să nu mergi.)
c) forma de "Past Perfecte Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima un regret vis-a-vis de o actiune anterioara timpului
din propozitia principala:
ex.: I wish(ed) you had written to him. (As dori/ As fi dorit ca tu sa-i fi scris lui.)
d) alte forme de imperativ:
Somebody bring me a glass of water!
(Cineva să îmi aducă un pahar cu apă!)
Come on everybody, leave the room!
(Haideţi, toată lumea să părăsească încăperea!)
e) After verbs expressing a desire that someone should do something: ask, advise, desire, intend, order,
recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, want; after verbs expressing plans: arrange, leave word, pland; after
adjectives expressing feelings: anxious, willing, eager, pleased, glad.
They demanded that the meeting be held in our new conference room.
(Au cerut ca întâlnirea să se ţină în sala nouă de conferinţe.)
We planned that they should see the room beforehand.
(Am plănuit să vedem camera înainte.)
She was anxious that they should see her dancing.
(Era emoţionată că o vor vedea dansând.)
f) cu "may/might"
May you live long!
(Să trăieşti mult!)
However tired might he be, he must come down.
(Oricât de obosit ar fi, trebuie să vină jos.
Alte comentarii:
i) Forma de "Past Tense" a lui "to be" este "were";
ii) in constructiile cu "for + subiect" se foloseste forma lunga a infinitivului:
It's time for you to go to bed.
iii) Pentru a vedea cum se formeaza subjonctivul in propozitiile conditionale dati click pe linkurile de mai jos:
Conditional in Trecut (Ireal)
Conditional in Prezent (Ireal)
Conditional in Viitor (Ireal)
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iv) In engleza americana, in propozitia subordonata introdusa de "that" cand propozitia principala exprima o
recomandare, decizie, cerere, speranta, intentie sau surprindere.
They recommended that he pay more attention to class.
(I-au recomandat să fie mai atent la lecţie.)
They hoped that he be elected President.
(Au sperat să fie ales preşedinte.)
They suggested that our flowers be put into a vase.
(Au sugerat ca florile noastre să fie puse în vază.)
- Exercitii –
Completati spatiile libere in propozitiile de mai jos:
to go
It's time for you to bed.
E timpul sa te duci in pat. (forma cu FOR)
w ent
It's time you to bed.
E timpul sa te duci in pat. (forma fara FOR)
find
Come earlier so that you Tom at home.
Vino devreme ca sa-l gasesti acasa pe Tom. (forma americana)
can find
Come earlier so that you Tom at home.
Vino devreme ca sa-l gasesti acasa pe Tom. (forma britanica)
be
It is necessary that the work done.
E necesar ca munca sa fie facuta.
w ere not
He speaks as if he from Bucharest.
El vorbeste de parca nu ar fi din Bucuresti. (dar e din Bucuresti)
w ere
I wish Dave here.
Mi-ar fi placut ca Dave sa fie aici.
had w ritten
I wish you to him.
Mi-ar fi placut ca tu sa-i fi scris lui.
Imperativul in engleza
Cum se identifica
Verbele din infinitiv se gasesc in propozitii exclamative ce reprezinta ordine, sfaturi ce trebuiesc
executate.
Exemple
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Let him go !
( Lasa-l sa se duca ! )
Lock the door !
( Incuie usa ! )
Go there !
( Du-te acolo ! )
Let me know !
(Da-mi voie sa stiu !)
Don't worry be happy!
Nu te ingrijora, fii fericit!
Leave me alone !
Lasa-ma in pace!
Take it easy !
Usor !
Verbele modale in engleza: Can
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. exprima capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala
I can speak English.
I can swim very well.
2. pentru a exprima imposibilitatea sau neincrederea
Can Tom make such a mistake ?
3. exprima o dorinta
May all your wishes come true.
( Fie ca ... )
Comentarii
1. "May" in situatia in care exprima posibilitatea poate fi inlocuit cu "it is possible" fara ca sensul sa se schimbe:
It is possible for Tom to do that thing.
Tom may do that thing.
- Exercitii –
Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii:
Pot sa-ti imprumut umbrela ? (permisiunea in vorbirea neoficiala)
Can I borrow your umbrella ?
Pot sa-ti imprumut umbrela ? (permisiunea in vorbirea oficiala)
May I borrow your umbrella ?
Michael se poate sa fie acolo. (posibilitate)
Michael may be there.
Michael s-ar putea sa fie acolo. (posibilitate mai slaba)
Michael might be there.
Tom s-ar putea sa doarma acum. (posibilitate mai slaba, continua)
Tom might be sleeping now .
Verbele modale: Must
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. cand se exprima o obligatie interna (subiectiva, personala)
I must go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca asta e decizia mea)
Nota:
Daca obligatia e externa in loc de must se va folosi "to have to":
I have to go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca cineva ma asteapta, pentru ca trebuie sa ajung undeva; nu e o decizie subiectiva, ci una
obiectiva)
2. pentru a exprima o deductie logica, o concluzie
John always at this hour is at home. Now must be at home as well.
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(logic John ar trebui sa fie acasa, dar poate nu e).
Comentarii
Daca nu suntem foarte siguri de deductia logica folosim verbul "may".
- Exercitii –
Trebuie sa te opresti din fumat. (obligatie: asa crede cu putere cel care vorbeste)
You must stop smoking.
Trebuie sa ma duc la scoala maine. (obligatie: asa crede cu putere cel care vorbeste)
I must go to school tomorrow .
(E parerea mea nu sunt obligat de scoala)
Trebuie sa ma duc la scoala maine. (obligatie externa)
I have to go to school tomorrow .
(Sunt obligat de scoala)
E ora 7. Paul trebuie sa fie acasa acum. (deductie logica)
It's 7 o'clock. Paul must be at home now .
(Sunt foarte sigur de deductia mea logica)
Daca nu sunt sigur de rezaultatul logicii mele (pentru ca pot interveni factori pe care nu-i cunosc) se foloseste verbul
"May".
Verbele modale: Ought to
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. "Ought to" se foloseste cu precadere pentru a exprima o recomandare:
Margaret ought to exercise more.
Margaret trebuie sa exerseze mai mult; este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa.
- Shall I go to this funeral ?
- Well, you ought to.
Este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa; insa e ceva ce trebuie facut caci asa e bine din punct de vedere
moral.
Nota:
Daca s-ar raspunde "Well you have to." semnificatia ar fi: "Trebuie sa te duci, nu ai de ales." (obligatia e exterioara in
acest caz)
Comentarii
1) Pentru a exprima recomandari negative dispare "to" dupa "to have":
You ought not smoke so much.
We ought not be afraid of the these risks.
Totusi, sunt acceptate deasemenea si formele:
You ought not to smoke so much.
We ought not to be afraid of the these risks.
2) "Ought not" e folosit mai mult de englezi, Americanii folosesc mai mult "should not".
- Exercitii -
Tu trebuie sa te duci acolo. (recomandare)
We ought to go there.
Tu nu trebuie sa te duci acolo. (recomandare)
We ought not (to) go there.
Acest lucru trebuie sa fie mentionat. (recomandare)
This thing ought to be mentioned.
Noi trebuie sa jucam fotbal. (recomandare)
We ought to play football.
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El nu trebuie sa-si piarda timpul in fata televizorului. (recomandare)
He ought not to be spending his time in front of the TV\w atching the TV.
(Acest lucru se intampla si asta il irita pe cel/ pe cea care face afirmatia)
Verbele modale: Shall
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. pentru a exprima solicitarea unui sfat, o ofertă sau o sugestie (Folosit cu persoana I, interogativ)
What shall I do? (Ce sa fac?)
Shall I listen to you? (Să te ascult ?)
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaţie sau o ameninţare care provin de la cel care vorbeşte ( Folosit cu persoanele
II şi III)
You shall have a great surprise if you keep your promise to me.
Vei avea o mare surpriza daca iti tii promisiunea fata de mine.
He shall not see his children again if he treats them like that.
Nu isi va mai vedea copiii daca ii trateaza asa.
You shall hear from me again!
Vei mai auzi tu de mine!)
3. pentru a exprima o hotarare
The gates shall not open . (Usile nu se vor deschide.)
4. pentru a exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale
The candidates shall not have more than 5 paper sheets to write on, during the examination.
Candidatii/Participantii nu vor avea mai mult de 5 foi in timpul examinarii.
Comentarii
1. Folosit cu persoana I, shall indică viitorul.
2. Folosit cu persoanele II si III, shall poate arata o promisiune, o obligatie sau o amenintare care provin de la cel care
vorbeste.
- Exercitii –
Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii in engleza (traducerile va sunt prezentate mai jos):
1. Voi face curatenie in camera pt tine. (exprima o promisiune)
2. Sa-ti duc catelul la plimbare? (exprima o oferta)
3. Du-te sa inveti, iti promit ca nu vei fi deranjat. (exprima o promisiune)
4. Mergem la cinema? (exprima o sugestie)
5. Daca iei o nota buna, vei primi un cadou frumos. (exprima o promisiune)
6. Să mananc nişte fructe? Aş prefera să mananc nişte legume. (exprima solicitarea unui sfat)
7. Ce pantofi sa port, ca sa potriveasca cu acea rochie? (exprima solicitarea unui sfat)
8. Iti vei manca legumele, indiferent daca iti plac sau nu. (exprima o amenintare, o insistenta)
9. Sa spunem 8:30 atunci? Ramane 8:30 atunci? (exprima solicitarea unui sfat/raspuns)
10. Nu vei primi niciun cadou de Craciun daca nu te comporti frumos. (exprima o amenintare)
Traducere in engleza:
1. I shall clean the room for you.
2. Shall I take your dog for a walk?
3. Go to study, I promise you shall not be disturbed.
4. Shall we go to the cinema?
5. If you get a good mark, you shall get a nice present.
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6. Shall I eat some fruits? I’d rather eat some vegetables.
7. What shoes shall I wear to match that dress?
8. You shall eat your vegetables, whether you like it or not.
9. Shall we say 8.30 then?
10. You shall not get any Christmas presents if you don’t behave well.
Verbele modale: Will
Cand se foloseste & Exemple
1. pentru a exprima vointa, hotarare
I will climb this mountain even if it’s the last thing I do.
Voi urca acest munte, chiar daca va fi ultimul lucru pe care il fac.
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune
I will not let you down.
Nu te voi dezamagi .
3. pentru a exprima o posibilitate, presupunere
This boy looks very much like Tom. He will be his brother.
Acest baiat seamana foarte bine cu Tom. O fi fratele lui.
4. pentru a exprima ceva inevitabil
Polar bears will perish. Ursii polari vor disparea.
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M-a provocat la intrecere.
- Exercitii –
Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii:
E necesar sa vii maine la birou.
You need to come to the office tomorrow .
Nu e nevoie sa bei tot ceaiul.
You needn't drink all the tea.
Obisnuiam sa merg la piata in fiecare sambata.
I used to go to the market every Sunday.
Nu e necesar sa va cumparati o masina mai mare.
You needn't buy a bigger car.
Nu au indraznit sa se planga.
They dared not complain.
Nu am indraznit sa fac asta.
I didn't dare do it.
Nu e nevoie sa vii cu mine.
You needn't come w ith me.
Obisnuia sa faca fitness cand venea de la serviciu.
She used to do fitness w hen she came from w ork.
Infinitive and Gerund
Folosirea infinitivului si a gerunziului & Exemple
Sunt verbe in limba engleza care cer infinitivul iar altele care cer gerunziul. Iata mai jos modul in care verbele limbii engleze se
folosesc fie cu gerunziul, fie cu infinitivul.
1) Verbs which may take either infinitive or gerund:
(Verbe care folosesc fie infinitivul fie gerunziul )
advise, agree, allow, begin, can/could bear, cease, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, mean,
need, permit, prefer, propose, recommend, regret, remember, require, start, stop, try, used to
- verbs taking infinitive or gerund without changing meaning:
(verbe care folosesc infinitivul sa gerunziul fara sa-si modifice intelesul)
o begin, start, continue, cease
I began working./ I began to work. (Am început să lucrez.)
He continued living/ to live above the shop. (A continuat să locuiască deasupra magazinului.)
o can’t bear
I can’t bear waiting./ to wait. (Nu suport să aştept.)
o intend
I intend selling it./ to sell it. (Intenţionez să îl vând.)
o advise, allow, permit, recommend
They don’t allow us parking here./ to park here. (Nu ni se permite să parcăm aici.)
o it needs/requires/wants
The grass needs cutting./ to be cut. (Iarba trebuie tunsă.)
2) Verbs which take only gerund:
(Verbe care folosesc numai gerunziul )
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o regret, remember, forget (when the action expressed by the gerund is the earlier action)
I regret spending so much money. (Îmi pare rău că am cheltuit atâţia bani.)
I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspapers. (Îmi amintesc că am citit de cutremur în ziare.)
I’ll never forget waiting to find out the results. (Nu o să uit niciodată aşteptarea rezultatelor.)
o go on, stop
He went on to tell us about his new plans. (A continuat să ne spună despre planurile lui noi.)
I can’t stop him talking to the press. (Nu pot să îl opresc să nu vorbească cu presa.)
o admit, adore, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, commence, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, dislike, dread,
endure, enjoy, face, fancy, finish, go, imagine, involve, keep, lie, loathe, mention, mind, miss, practice, report. resent,
resist, risk, postpone, stand, sit, suggest.
!!! when regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action, they are followed by an infinitive:
I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (Îmi pare rău să te anunţ că ai picat examenul.)
I often forget to sign my cheques. (Adesea uit să semnez cecurile.)
3) Verbswhich take only infinitive:
(Verbe care folosesc numai infinitivul)
o agree (to), mean, propose, refuse (to)
Tom agreed to wait a week. (Tom a fost de acord să aştepte o săptămână.)
I mean to get to the top by sunrise. (Vreau să ajung până să răsără soarele.)
I propose to start tomorrow. (Mi-am propus să încep mâine.)
o try, used to
They tried to put wire netting all round the garden. (Au încercat să pună gard de sârmă în jurul grădinii.)
I used to swim all the year around. (Obişnuiam să înot tot anul.)
afford, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, consent, dare, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail,
fight, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, neglect, offer, pause, plan, prepare, pretend,
promise, prove, swear, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, vow, wait, want, refuse, seem , wish, yearn.
Verbe care nu au forma continua in engleza
1. Verbele de perceptie
to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste
ex: I see a red car.
TOTUSI, daca actiunea e una voluntara, una constienta se poate folosi aspectul continuu:
What are you seeing ? (se presupune ca persoana care vede ceva realizeaza o actiune voluntara; de exemplu: se uita cu
binoclu, s-a urcat pe ceva sa vada mai departe, etc)
DEASEMENEA, daca sensul verbului nu mai este cel de baza, iar se poate folosi forma continua:
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I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday. (sensul nu mai e de a vedea ci de a fi consultat, de a se duce la)
2. Verbele care exprima activitati mentale
to agree, to believe, to distrust, to imagine, to doubt, to remember, to understand, to suppose, to
recognize, to forget, to think, to mean
NOTA: Daca se foloseste forma continua apare o modificare de sens:
I am thinking. (nu se spune si ce gandesc.)
3. Verbe care exprima dorint
to wish, to want, to intend, to desire
ex: I wish to go there.
4. Verbe care exprima sentimente, atitudini, trairi emotionale
to love, to like, to dislike, to detest, to prefer, to abhor, to adore, to hate
ex.: I like it.
5. verbele modale
can, may, must, ought to
ex.: I can do it.
6. Verbe care exprima posesia
to posses, to owe, to belong to, to own, to keep, to hold
ex.: I keep it for me.
7. Alte verbe care nu pot avea forma continua
to expect, to suffice, to differ, to appear, to contain, to deserve
ex.: This movie appears to be interesting.
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