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Lista Principalelor Verbe Neregulate in Engleza
Lista Principalelor Verbe Neregulate in Engleza
Lista Principalelor Verbe Neregulate in Engleza
Sunt verbe care nu formeaza trecutul simplu prin adaugarea lui "ed" la sfarsitul formei de infinitiv.
Infinitiv Traducere Trecut Participiu trecut
-forma 1- verb -forma 2- -forma 3-
to abide a astepta, a sta, a locui abode abode
to arise a se ridica arose arisen
to awake a se trezi awoke awoken
awaked awaked
to be a fi was, were been
to bear a se naste bore born
to beat a bate beat beaten
to become a deveni became become
to begin a incepe began begun
to behold a zari, a vedea beheld beheld
to bend a indoi, a curba bent bent
to beseech a implora besought Besought
to bet a paria bet Bet
to bid a oferi, a licita bade Bidden
to bind a lega bound Bound
to bite a musca bit bitten
to bleed a singera bled bled
to bless a binecuvinta blest blest
to blow a sulfa blew blown
to break a sparge broke broken
to breed a creste bred bred
to bring a aduce brought brought
to broadcast a transmite prin radio broadcast broadcast
to burn a arde burnt (burned) burnt (burned)
to burst a izbucni burst burst
to buy a cumpara bought bought
to can a putea could been able to
to cast a arunca cast cast
to catch a prinde caught caught
to choose a alege chose chosen
to cleave a despica cleft cleft
to cling a se lipi clung clung
to come a veni came come
to cost a costa cost cost
to creep a se tara crept crept
to cut a taia cut cut
to deal a se ocupa, a trata afaceri dealt dealt
to dig a sapa dug Dug
to do a face did done
to draw a desena drew drawn
to dream a visa dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed)
to drink a bea drank drunk
to drive a conduce masina drove driven
to dwell a locui, a ramane, a insista dwelt dwelt
to eat a manca ate eaten
to fall a cadea fell fallen
to feed a hrani fed fed
to feel a simti felt felt
to fight a lupta fought fought
to find a gasi found found
to fly a zbura flew flown
to forbid a interzice forbade forbidden
to forecast a prevedea forecast forecast
to foresee a prevedea foresaw foreseen
to foretell a prezice foretold foretold
to forget a uita forgot forgotten
to forgive a ierta forgave forgiven
to forgo a renunta la, a da uitarii forwent forgone
forsake a parasi forsook forsaken
to freeze a igheta froze frozen
to get a primi got got
to give a da gave given
to go a merge went gone
to grind a macina ground ground
to grow a creste grew grown
to hang a spanzura hung (hanged) hung (hanged)
to have a avea had had
to hear a auzi heard heard
to hide a ascunde hid hidden
to hit a lovi hit hit
to hold a tine held held
to hurt a rani hurt hurt
to keep a pastra kept kept
to kneel a igenunchia knelt knelt
to knit a tricota knit knit
to know a sti, a cunoaste knew known
to lay a aseza laid laid
to lead a conduce led led
to lean a se sprijini de leant leant
to learn a ivata learnt (learned) learnt (learned)
to leave a parasi left left
to lend a împrumuta (cuiva) lent lent
to let a permite let let
to lie a fi culcat lay lain
to light a aprinde lit lit
to lose a pierde lost lost
to make a face made made
to mean a isemna meant meant
to meet a intalni met met
to misgive a inspira neicredere misgave misgiven
to mislead a induce in eroare misled misled
to mistake a intelege gresit mistook mistaken
to outdo a intrece outdid outdone
to overcome a invinge overcame overcome
to overdo a face exces overdid overdone
to pay a plati paid paid
to put a pune put put
to read a citi read read
to rend a sfasia, a rupe rent rent
to ride a calari rode ridden
to ring a suna rang rung
to rise a se ridica rose risen
to run a alerga ran run
to say a spune said said
to see a vedea saw seen
to seek a cauta sought sought
to sell a vinde sold sold
to send a trimite sent sent
to set a regla, a fixa set set
to sew a coase sewed sewn (sewed)
to shake a scutura, a clatina shook shaken
to shave a se barbieri shaved shaven
to shed a varsa (lacrimi) shed shed
to shine a straluci shone shone
to shoe a icalta, a potcovi shod shod
to shoot a împusca shot shot
to show a arata showed shown
to shrink a se strange shrank shrunk
to shut a inchide shut shut
to sing a canta sang sung
to sink a se scufunda sank sunk
to sit a sta (pe ceva) sat sat
to slay a ucide slew slain
to sleep a dormi slept slept
to slide a aluneca slid slid
to sling a azvarli slung slung
to slit a despica slit slit
to smell a mirosi smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled)
to smite a lovi smote smitten
to sow a semana sowed sown
to speak a vorbi spoke spoken
to speed a accelera sped sped
to spell a pronunta litera cu litera spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled)
to spend a cheltui spent spent
to spill a varsa spilt spilt
to spin a toarce, a se roti spun spun
to spit a scuipa spat spat
to split a despica split split
to spoil a strica spoilt spoilt
to spread a intinde spread spread
to spring a sari, a tasni sprang sprung
to stand a sta in picioare stood stood
to steal a fura stole stolen
to stick a infige, a se lipi stuck stuck
to sting a itepa stung stung
to stink a mirosi urat stank stunk
to strike a lovi struck struck
to string a insira, a incorda strung strung
to strive a se stradui strove striven
to swear a jura swore sworn
to sweep a matura swept swept
to swim a inota swam swum
to swing a se legana swung swung
to take a lua took taken
to teach a invata, a preda taught taught
to tear a rupe, a sfasia tore torn
to tell a spune told told
to think a gandi, a crede thought thought
to throw a arunca threw thrown
to thrust a îmbranci thrust thrust
to tread a calca trod trodden
to underlie a sustine underlay underlain
to understand a intelge understood understood
to upset a supara upset upset
to wake a se trezi woke woken
to wear a purta wore worn
to weave a tese wove woven
to wet a uda wet wet
to win a castiga won won
to wind a se rasuci wound wound
to wring a frange, wrung wrung
a smulge
to write a scrie wrote written
Regula I: Daca in regenta verbul este la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense in
subordonata se poate folosi orice timp.
REGENTA SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la prezent Verbul poate fi la orice timp (cerut de sens)
(Present Tense Simple, Present Tense
Continuous, Present Perfect Simple,
Present Perfect Continuous )
We all know that = Noi toti stim ca ... he had gone = el mersese
... he went = el a mers
... he will go= el va merge
Regula II: Daca in regenta verbul este la trecut in subordonata el trebuie sa fie la unul din cele
trei timpuri trecute ale limbii engleze: The Past Perfect, The Past Tense, The Future in the
Past.
REGENTA SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la trecut Orice alt timp „past"
(Past Tense Simple, Past Tense
Continuous, Past Perfect Simple,
Past Perfect Continuous)
a) Past Tense – actiune simultana – Past Tense
He said = El a spus ... he was ill = ca este bolnav
b) Past Tense – actiune anterioara – Past Perfect
He said = El a spus ... he had returned home a week before
= ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamâna inainte
Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara celei din principala, se poate
folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat.
Ex. She said she had forgotten where she had put her glasses.
(Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii.)
c) Past Tense–actiunea posterioar –Future-in-the-Past
He said = El a spus ... he would leave the next day = ca va pleca a doua zi
.
Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundare cu actiune posterioara celei din principala, dintre care
una este temporala sau conditionala.Future-in-the-Past se poate folosi numai o singura data, dupa care (in
temporala sau conditionala) se intrebuinteaza Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate) sau Past Perfect (pentru
anterioritate).
He said = El a spus ... he would buy a car if he had money = ca va cumpara o masina daca va avea bani
Regula III: Daca verbul din regenta este la viitor in subordonatele conditionale si temporale,
el trebuie sa fie la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense, iar daca subordonata este
completiva directa verbul va fi la viitor.
REGENTA SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la viitor Teoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut de sens, cu exceptia
propozitii temporale sau conditionale, care nu pot include
un verb la viitor.
a) Future – actiune simultana – Present
I will read this book = Voi citi aceasta carte when I have time =când voi avea timp
c) verbul va fi la orice timp in subordonata completiva directa
I shall see what = Eu voi vedea ce I shall do. = voi face.
Nota: In limba engleza contemporana, se poate observa uneori o oarecare tendinta de a nu se respecta concordanta
timpurilor atunci când verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut. Se poate intâlni, de exemplu, o formulare de
tipul: „He said he loves me". Este posibil ca ceea ce apare acum ca tendinta, cu timpul, sa ajunga regula. Pentru
moment insa, sfatuim pe vorbitorii români de limba engleza sa respecte regulile de concordanta a timpurilor asa cum
sunt prezentate mai sus.
EXCEPTII (deci cazuri cand nu se aplica regulile de concordanta a timpurilor)
Trecut/ Past
Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous
I singular I came I was coming I had come I had been coming
II singular You came You were coming You had come You had been coming
III
singular He/She/It came He/She/It was coming He/She/It had come He/She/It has been coming
I plural We came We were coming We had come We had been coming
II plural You came You were coming You had come You had been coming
III plural They came They were coming They had come They had been coming
Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous
I singular I did not come I was not coming I had not come I had not been coming
II singular You did not come You were not coming You had not come You had not been coming
He/She/It did not He/She/It was not He/She/It had not
III singular come coming come He/She/It has not been coming
I plural We did not come We were not coming We had not come We had not been coming
II plural You did not come You were not coming You had not come You had not been coming
III plural They did not come They were not coming They had not come They had not been coming
Persoana Past Simple Past Continuous Past Perfect Simple Past Perfect Continuous
I singular Did I come? Was I coming? Had I come? Had I been coming?
II singular Did you come? Were you coming? Had you come? Had you been coming?
III Was he/she/it
singular Did he/she/it come? coming? Had he/she/it come? Has he/she/it been coming?
I plural Did we come? Were we coming? Had we come? Had we been coming?
II plural Did you come? Were you coming? Had you come? Had you been coming?
III plural Did they come? Were they coming? Had they come? Had they been coming?
Prezent/ Present
Forma afirmativa a verbelor in limba engleza (ex. verbul "to come")
Present Perfect
Persoana Present Simple Present Continuous Simple Present Perfect Continuous
I singular I come I am coming I have come I have been coming
II singular You come You are coming You have come You have been coming
III singular He/She/It comes He/She/It is coming He/She/It has come He/She/It has been coming
I plural We come We are coming We have come We have been coming
II plural You come You are coming You have come You have been coming
III plural They come They are coming They have come They have been coming
Persoana Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Simple Present Perfect Continuous
I singular I don't come I am not coming I have not come I have not been coming
II singular You don't come You are not coming You have not come You have not been coming
III He/She/It doesn't He/She/It is not
singular come coming He/She/It has not come He/She/It has not been coming
I plural We don't come We are not coming We have not come We have not been coming
II plural You don't come You are not coming You have not come You have not been coming
III plural They don't come They are not coming They have not come They have not been coming
Present Perfect
Persoana Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Simple Continuous
I singular Do I come? Am I coming? Have I come? Have I been coming?
II singular Do you come? Are you coming? Have you come? Have you been coming?
III Does he/she/it
singular come? Is he/she/it coming? Has he/she/it come? Has he/she/it been coming?
I plural Do we come? Are we coming? Have we come? Have we been coming?
II plural Do you come? Are you coming? Have you come? Have you been coming?
III plural Do they come? Are they coming? Have they come? Have they been coming?
Viitor/ Future
Persoana Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous "Be about to" Future
I singular I will have come I will have been coming I am about to come
II singular You will have come You will have been coming You are about to come
III singular He/She/It will have come He/She/It will have been coming He/She/It is about to come
I plural We will have come We will have been coming We are about to come
II plural You will have come You will have been coming You are about to come
III plural They will have come They will have been coming They are about to come
Persoan
a Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous "Be about to" Future
I singular I will not have come I will not have been coming I am not about to come
II singular You will not have come You will not have been coming You are not about to come
III He/She/It is not about to
singular He/She/It will not have come He/She/It will not have been coming come
I plural We will not have come We will not have been coming We are not about to come
II plural You will not have come You will not have been coming You are not about to come
III plural They will not have come They will not have been coming They are not about to come
Persoan
a Be Going To Future Simple Future Future Continuous
I singular Am I going to come? Will I come? Will I be coming?
II singular Are you going to come? Will you come? Will you be coming?
III
singular Is he/she/it going to come? Will he/she/it come? Will he/she/it be coming?
I plural Are we going to come? Will we come? Will we be coming?
II plural Are you going to come? Will you come? Will you be coming?
III plural Are you going to come? Will they come? Will they be coming?
Persoan
a Future Perfect Future Perfect Continuous "Be about to" Future
I singular Will I have come? Will I have been coming? Am I about to come?
II singular Will you have come? Will you have been coming? Are you about to come?
III
singular Will he/she/it have come? Will he/she/it have been coming? Is he/she/it about to come?
I plural Will we have come? Will we have been coming? Are we about to come?
II plural Will you have come? Will you have been coming? Are you about to come?
III plural Will they have come? Will they have been coming? Are they about to come?
Timpurile verbelor in orice limba sunt folosite pentru a exprima diferite situatii legate de succesiunea
evenimentelor, a actiunilor pe scara timpului. Vei observa ca timpurile verbelor in limba engleza nu
corespunde in mod direct unui timp din limba romana. Asta nu e o problema. Invatand si exersind
intelegerea timpurilor se poate face relativ usor. Academia de Engleza va ofera o serie de articole pentru
intelegerea timpurilor limbii engleze.
Verbul in engleza: Diatezele
Diateza activa: Subiectul gramatical face actiunea exprimata de verb. Actiunea se rasfrange asupra altui
lucru. Ex: I have seen a tree.
Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = eu ("I")
Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra copacului ("tree").
Yesterday, he broke his bicycle.
Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = el ("he")
Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra bicicletei sale ("his bicycle").
Atentie: Timpurile verbelor in limba romana nu sunt 100% identice cu cele din limba engleza . O traducere a
timpurilor verbelor din limba romana in limba engleza se face in functie de anumite nuante/ particularitati ale
actiunii. Intelegerea verbului in limba engleza (mai exact a timpurilor limbii engleze) se face studiind articolele de mai
jos:
Simple_Present_Tense Simple_Present_Continuous_Tense
Present_Perfect_Tense Present_Perfect_Continuous_Tense
Simple_Past_Tense Past_Continuous_Tense
Past_Perfect_Tense Past_Perfect_Continuous_Tense
Simple_Future_Tense Future_Continuous_Tense
Future_Perfect_Tense Future_Perfect_Continuous_Tense
Future_in_the_Past_Tense
Present_Real_Conditional Present_Unreal_Conditional
Past_Real_Conditional Past_Unreal_Conditional
Future_Real_Conditional Future_Unreal_Conditional
Comentarii:
c) Forma de "Past Perfecte Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima un regret vis-a-vis de o actiune anterioara
timpului din propozitia principala:
ex.: I wish(ed) you had written to him. (As dori/ As fi dorit ca tu sa-i fi scris lui.)
d) Alte forme de imperativ:
Somebody bring me a glass of water!
(Cineva să îmi aducă un pahar cu apă!)
Come on everybody, leave the room!
(Haideţi, toată lumea să părăsească încăperea!)
e) After verbs expressing a desire that someone should do something: ask, advise, desire, intend, order,
recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, want; after verbs expressing plans: arrange, leave word, pland; after
adjectives expressing feelings: anxious, willing, eager, pleased, glad.
They demanded that the meeting be held in our new conference room.
(Au cerut ca întâlnirea să se ţină în sala nouă de conferinţe.)
We planned that they should see the room beforehand.
(Am plănuit să vedem camera înainte.)
She was anxious that they should see her dancing.
(Era emoţionată că o vor vedea dansând.)
f) cu "may/might"
May you live long!
(Să trăieşti mult!)
However tired might he be, he must come down.
(Oricât de obosit ar fi, trebuie să vină jos.)
Verbele din infinitiv se gasesc in propozitii exclamative ce reprezinta ordine, sfaturi ce trebuiesc executate.
Ex: Let him go ! =( Lasa-l sa se duca ! ) Take it easy ! = Usor !
Lock the door ! = ( Incuie usa ! )
Go there ! = ( Du-te acolo ! )
Let me know ! = (Da-mi voie sa stiu !)
Don't worry be happy! = Nu te ingrijora, fii fericit!
Leave me alone ! = Lasa-ma in pace!
CAN - Verbele modale in engleza
1. exprima capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala
I can speak English.
I can swim very well.
2. pentru a exprima imposibilitatea sau neincrederea
Can Tom make such a mistake ?
3. pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul neoficial
Can I borrow your book ?
4. pentru a exprima continuitatea verbelor de perceptive
I can see somebody near my car.
3. exprima o dorinta
May all your wishes come true.
( Fie ca ... )
MUST - Verbele modale in engleza
1. cand se exprima o obligatie interna (subiectiva, personala)
I must go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca asta e decizia mea)
Nota: Daca obligatia e externa in loc de must se va folosi "to have to":
I have to go.
(Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca cineva ma asteapta, pentru ca trebuie sa ajung undeva; nu e o decizie subiectiva, ci una
obiectiva)
OUGTH TO - Verbele modale in engleza
1. "Ought to" se foloseste cu precadere pentru a exprima o recomandare
Margaret ought to exercise more.
Margaret trebuie sa exerseze mai mult; este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa.
- Shall I go to this funeral ?
- Well, you ought to.
Este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa; insa e ceva ce trebuie facut caci asa e bine din punct de vedere
moral.
Nota: Daca s-ar raspunde "Well you have to." semnificatia ar fi: "Trebuie sa te duci, nu ai de ales." (obligatia e
exterioara in acest caz)
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaţie sau o ameninţare care provin de la cel care vorbeşte
( Folosit cu persoanele II şi III)
You shall have a great surprise if you keep your promise to me.
(Vei avea o mare surpriza daca iti tii promisiunea fata de mine.)
He shall not see his children again if he treats them like that.
(Nu isi va mai vedea copiii daca ii trateaza asa.)
You shall hear from me again!
(Vei mai auzi tu de mine!)
3. pentru a exprima o hotarare
The gates shall not open . (Usile nu se vor deschide.)
NEED / NOT NEED - este folosit pentru a exprima necesitatea sau lipsa acesteia
You needn't come early to the meeting. (Nu trebuie sa vii devreme la sedinta.)
Adjectivul in engleza
Felurile adjectivelor:
Adjectivul calitativ in limba engleza: Adjectivele din aceasta categorie sunt adjective care descriu
proprietati ale obiectelor ce pot avea grade, nivele, intensitati ale acelei proprietati.
Adjectivul posesiv: Adjectivele posesive sunt cele care arata o posesie; arata al cui e un obiect (al meu, al tau,
etc ...);
Adjectivul deomonstrativ: Adjectivele deomonstrative sunt cele care arată depărtarea sau apropierea unui
obiect. Adjectivul demonstrativ arată depărtarea sau apropierea unui obiect.
Adjectivul demonstrativ are numai 4 forme:
singular plural
these
this
closer (acestia/
(acesta/ aceasta)
acestea)
that those
farther
(acela/ aceea) (aceia/ acelea)
this house (aceasta casa) that house (acea casa) these houses (aceste case) those houses (acele casa)
Adjectivul nehotarat: Adjectivul nehotarat este adjectivul care însoţeste substantivul fără să individualizeze
obiectul denumit de acesta.
Comparatia adjectivelor:
Pentru adjective ce au 3 sau mai multe silabe comparatia se face cu "more" si "the most":
important -> more important -> the most important
(important -> mai important -> cel mai important)
Pentru adjective ce au 2 silabe terminate in ED, ING, RE, FUL, OUS comparatia se face cu "more"
si "the most":
famous -> more famous -> the most famous
(faimos -> mai faimos -> cel mai faimos)
Pentru adjective ce au 2 silabe terminate in ER, Y, LE, OW comparatia se face prin adaugarea de
sufixe:
simple -> simpler -> the simplest
(simplu -> mai simplu -> cel mai simplu)
Exemple
This is the best way to fix that problem.
(Aceasta este cea mai buna modalitate de a rezolva acea problema)
This is a better way to fix this problem.
(Aceasta este o mai buna modalitate de a rezolva acea problema)
This is the worst thing that could happen.
(Acesta este cel mai rau lucru care se poate intampla)
Adjectivele sunt invariabile. Ele nu îsi schimba forma în functie de numar sau gen.
Ex.: a good book, some good books.
- Unele adjective in engleza isi schimba sensul in functie de pozitia pe care o ocupa.
Adjectivele involved, present, concerned au sens diferit daca sunt plasate in fata substantivului sau dupa
acesta.
- Unele adjective in engleza pot sta numai dupa un verb auxiliar: asleep, upset, awake, afraid, alike, alive,
alone, annoyed, ill, well, sorry
Adjectivul in engleza - Forme neregulateale adjectivelor in limba engleza
Unele adjective in limba engleza au forme de comparativ si superlativ care nu respecta regula
generala. Printre acestea avem adjectivele: good, bad, little, far, much, many si old.
Adverbul de mod in engleza indica modalitatea propriu-zisa. Cele mai multe adverbe de mod in engleza se
Adverbul de loc in engleza indica locul propriu-zis (there, here), altele indica directia (aside, forward,
behind), insa majoritatea adverbelor de loc pot fi folosite pentru a indica atat locul cat si
directia. Iata cateva adverbe de loc in limba engleza: backwards (inapoi), forwards (inainte),
westwards (spre vest), homewards (spre casa), onwards (incepand cu), downwards (in jos),
northwards (spre nord), southwards (spre sud), eastwards (spre est), upwards (in sus), inwards (spre
interior), outwards (spre exterior).
Ex: I bought a house somewhere. (Am cumparat o casa undeva.)
I will wait for you here. (Am sa te astept aici.)
Move aside! (Da-te la oparte!)
Clothes models like this one are anywhere. (Modele de haine ca acesta gasesti oriunde.)
Diana was found crying there. (Diana a fost gasita plangand acolo.)
Read forward, you will find the information. (Citeste mai departe, vei gasi informatia.)
Please wait for her out! (Te rog asteapt-o afara!)
She lived a long period abroad. (A trait o perioada lunga in strainatate.)
They found the terrorists hidden underground. (Au gasit teroristii ascunsi sub pamant.)
Can you go downstairs and smoke there? (Poti sa mergi jos si sa fumezi acolo?)
Please come home for that special party. (Te rog vino acasa pentru acea petrecere speciala.)
You won't find that car nowhere. (Nu vei gasi acea masina nicaieri.)
Sheila went far in the woods to pick up mushrooms. (Sheila s-a dus departe in padure sa culeaga ciuperci.)
Superlativul absolut se formeaza cu ajutorul unor adverbe ca very (foarte), quite (destul de), most (cel mai) Aceste
adverbe preced adverbul respectiv:
She sings very beautifully.
She sings most beautifully.
She sings quite beautifully.
Superlativul relativ de superioritate este exprimat prin:
- (the) (adverb)+est in cazul adverbelor monosilabice si a adverbului early:
He runs (the) fastest (of all). (El fuge cel mai repede (dintre toti)).
- (the) most + adverb in cazul adverbelor bi- si plurisilabice:
He answers (the) most intelligently (of all). (El raspunde cel mai intelligent (dintre toti)).
Superlativul relativ de Inferioritate este exprimat prin (the) least + adverb:
She spells words (the) least correctly (of all) (Ea scrie cuvintele cel mai putin corect (dintre toti)).
Ex:
I arrived to my uncle more quickly than my cousin. (Am ajuns la unchiul meu mai repede decat verisorul meu.)
They drive more slowly than her. (Ei conduc mai incet decat ea.)
She speaks English as fluently as her brother. (Vorbeste engleza la fel de fluent ca si fratele ei.)
He dances quite beautifully. (El danseaza destul de frumos.)
We do everything we do more carefully. (Noi tot ceea ce facem, facem cu o mai mare atentie.)
Comparatia neregulata a adverbelor in engleza. In limba engleza exista adverbe care formeaza gradele de
comparative in mod neregulat, adica isi schimba radacina in momentul in care intra in structura unor
grade de comparatie. Mai jos este prezentat un tabel cu cele mai utilizate astfel de adverbe:
- Adverbe de probabilitate -> arata in ce masura o actiune se poate realiza sau nu (parere obiectiva sau subiectiva)
(exemple: certainly, maybe, perhaps, possibly)
Substantivul in engleza
Pluralul substantivelor in limba engleza
La forma de singular este adaugat:
1. "s" : regula generala;
"es" : daca singularul substantivelor au terminatia in ch, sh, s, ss, z, x;
2.
"ies" : daca singularul are terminatia y si inaintea lui e o consoana;
3.
"es" : daca singularul are terminatia o iar substantivul e intrat de mult in folosire;
4.
"ves" : majoritatea substantivelor terminate in f sau fe (exceptii: roof/ roofs dwarf/
5.
dwarfs);
6. la substantivele de origine greaca, substantivele terminate in sis, la plural sis e inlocuit
de ses.
Exemple:
inainte de "s" avem o consoana surda (p, t, k, f, th): cats, roofs, boats, books, cups ("-s" se pronunta
1
"s")
1 inainte de "s" avem altceva decat in cazul anterior: ideas, boys, balls, days ("-s" se pronunta "z")
2 boxes, buses, dashes, prizes ("-es" se pronunta "iz")
3 babies, ladies, factories, spies (from baby, lady, factory, spy) ("-ies" se pronunta "iz")
4 tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, volcanoes (from tomato, potato, hero, volcano) ("-es" se pronunta "z")
wives, elves, loaves, lives, thieves, knives (from wife, elf, loaf, life, thief, knife) ("-ves" se pronunta
5
"vz")
analyses, hypotheses, bases (plural from analysis, hypothesis, basis) (la singular "-sis" se pronunta
6
"sis", iar la plural "-ses" se pronunta "siz")
2.Unele substantive au aceeasi forma si pentru singular si pentru plural: sheep, fish (se adauga forma de
plural “es” cand este vorba de mai multe specii de peste), fruit (se adauga forma de plural “-s” cand este
vorba de mai multe soiuri de fructe), species,deer, series.
Ex: His favourite was a big white sheep.
The sheep were grazing in the field.
3.Unele substantive au deja forma de plural (sunt urmate de un verb la plural); denumind lucruri formate
din doua parti: n trousers, pants, shorts,(sun)glasses, pyjamas, slacks, scissors, tongs, compasses, scales.
5.Unele substantive se termina deja in “-s”, dand astfel impresia de plural. La plural ele nu isi schimba
forma: mathematics, physics, politics, billiards, darts, gymnastics, diabetes, measles, mumps.
Articolul este partea de vorbire care constituie un mijloc de individualizare a fiintelor, obiectelor si
fenomenelor intr-un anumit context.
In limba engleza sunt 2 tipuri de articole:
1) articolul hotarat : the
2) articolul nehotarat: an (in fata substantivelor care incep cu o vocala)
a (in fata substantivelor care incep cu o consoana)
Exceptii:
An inainte de un "h" mut: - an hour (o ora), an honor (o onoare).
A inainte de "u" sau "eu" atunci când se pronunta ca "you": - a European, a university, a unit, a one-way street.
Exemple:
-- Articole nehotarate in limba engleza
a book = o carte
a boy = un baiat
an elephant = un elefant
an apple = un mar
Mark read a book.
The tree has a lot of flowers.
Water freezes at 32°F (0°C).
Acuzativul substantivelor in limba engleza: Indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea intr-un
mod direct. Acuzativul este un caz ce exprimă complementele direct, indirect şi circumstanţiale.
Intrebarile cu care se identifica: ce? pe cine? unde? de unde? pana unde? de cand? pe cine? pe ce? cu
ce? cu cine? de ce? de cine? de la cine? cand? pana cand?
Exemple:
Max fixed the car.
The girl sells the big box.
The girl hugs the boy.
I eat the pizza you gave me.
The boy gives the book.
Dativul substantivelor in limba engleza: Dativul indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea
intr-un mod indirect. Identificarea se face cu intrebarea "Cui ?".
Exemple:
1. I have baked Mary a cake.
(Am gatit o prajitura pentru Mary. Cui i-am gatit prajitura ?)
2. The king gave his son his kingdom.
(Regele i-a dat regatul fiului sau. Cui i-a dat regele regatul sau ?)
3. Give the ball to Mary.
(Da-i mingia lui Mary. Cui sa-i dau mingea ?)
4. Give Mary the ball.
(Da-i mingia lui Mary. Cui sa-i dau mingea ?)
Genitivul substantivelor in limba engleza:Exprima o posesie (ceva/cineva apartine cuiva).
Exemple:
1. Mark's shop (magazinul lui James)
2. John's car (masina lui John)
3. the sailors' boat (barca pescarilor)
4. the chemist's guide (ghidul chimistului)
5. the window of the house (fereastra casei)
6. the firm’s new project (noul proiect al firmei)
7. the gift of the girl who... (darul fetei care ...)
Numeralul ordinal in engleza : Numeralul ordinal in limba engleza arata locul pe care se afla un
obiect, un eveniment, o actiune dintr-o multitudine de obiecte, evenimente, etc. Numeralul ordinal se
formeaza prin adaugarea sufixului "th" la numeralul cardinal.
Exemple:
Numeral Numeral
Numeral
Ordinal Ordinal
Cardinal
( forma I ) ( forma II )
1 the1st the first
2 the 2nd the second
3 the 3rd the third
4 the 4th the fourth
5 the 5th the fifth
6 the 6th the sixth
7 the 7th the seventh
8 the 8th the eighth
9 the 9th the ninth
10 the 10th the tenth
11 the 11th the eleventh
21 the 21st the twenty-first
100 the 100th the hundredth
Numeralul multiplicativ in engleza : Numeralul multiplicativ in engleza arata de cate ori se
repeta un eveniment, o actiune, etc.
Exemple:
once = o data sixty times = de saizeci de ori
twice = de doua ori a hundred times = de o suta de ori
three times = de trei ori a thousand times = de o mie de ori
four times = de patru ori double = twofold ( dublu )
five times = de cinci ori triple = threefold ( triplu )
ten times = de zece ori fourfold = impatrit
fifty times = de cincizeci de ori
Conjunctiile subordonatoare leaga propozitiile secundare din fraza de elementele lor regente.
1. Dupa felul propozitiilor pe care le introduce, conjunctiile subordonatoare pot fi:
a) universale: that (ca); if, whether (daca); -> Aceste prepozitii pot introduce mai multe tipuri de propozitii
subordonate.
b) specializate:
De loc: where (unde), wherever (oriunde);
De timp: when (cand), since (de cand), till/ until (pana cand), while/as (in timp ce), before (inainte
ca), after (dupa ce)
De mod: exactly/just as (exact cum)
De cauza: as, since, because (deoarece, fiindca)
De scop: so that, in order that/ so (that) (mai formal) (pentru ca, cu scopul ca)
for fear (that) (de teama sa), in case, lest (formal) (ca sa nu)
Conditionale: if (daca), provided (that) /on condition (that), as long as/ so long as (cu conditia ca,
atata timp cat); unless (afara daca, numai daca nu)
Consecutive: so that (incat), so (familiar) (incat), so/ such… (that) (asa/ astfel…incat)
Concesive: though, although (mai formal), while, whereas (formal), even if/ though (desi, cu toate ca,
chiar daca)
Comparative: as… as (la fel de ... ca ...); as if/ as though (ca si cum, de parca)
When indica: simultaneitatea a doua actiuni:
When I am tired I go for a walk.
Cand sunt obosit fac o plimbare.
When she rang the bell, he came to the door.
Cand ea a sunat la sonerie, el a venit la usa. ---> Accentual este pe momentul actiunii sau succesiunea lor imediata
in timp.
As este folosit pentru actiuni paralele:
She wept as she spoke.
Plangea in timp ce vorbea.
sau sinonim al lui “while”:
As I was crossing the street, I heard somebody call my name.
In timp ce/ Pe cand traversam strada, am auzit pe cineva strigandu-mi numele.
MAY - Verbele modale in engleza
1. cand se cere permisiunea in mod oficial, politicos
2. exprima posibilitatea
3. exprima o dorinta
MUST - Verbele modale in engleza
1. cand se exprima o obligatie interna (subiectiva, personala)
2. pentru a exprima o deductie logica, o concluzie
OUGTH TO - Verbele modale in engleza
1. "Ought to" se foloseste cu precadere pentru a exprima o recomandare
SHALL - Verbele modale in engleza
1. pentru a exprima solicitarea unui sfat, o ofertă sau o sugestie (Folosit cu persoana I, interogativ)
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaţie sau o ameninţare care provin de la cel care vorbeşte
( Folosit cu persoanele II şi III)
3. pentru a exprima o hotarare
4. pentru a exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale
WILL - Verbele modale in engleza
1. pentru a exprima vointa, hotarare
2. pentru a exprima o promisiune
3. pentru a exprima o posibilitate, presupunere
4. pentru a exprima ceva inevitabil
5. pentru a inlocui prezentul simplu pentru o actiune obisnuita, repetata
6. pentru a exprima o invitatie, cerere politicoasa
!!! when regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action, they are followed by an infinitive:
I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (Îmi pare rău să te anunţ că ai picat examenul.)
I often forget to sign my cheques. (Adesea uit să semnez cecurile.)
Prepozitia in engleza
Prepozitia de TIMP in limba engleza: Se utilizeaza pentru a specifica timpul unei actiuni.
Exemple: at, on, in
at
- folosim "at" pentru a arata timpul exact (ora exacta)
She arrived at 8.00 a.m. (when?)
Ea a ajuns la ora 8 A.M.
on - folosim "on" pentru date sau zile
Tom left on Monday. (when?)
Tom a plecat luni.
in - folosim „in” pentru o perioada de timp nespecificata, necunoscuta din timpul unui an, zi, luna, anotimp
It is very warm in August.
Este foarte cald in august.
in - folosim "in" pentru a arata ca un anumit obiect este imprejmuit sau inchis (inclusiv orase, judete, state, continente,
regiuni)
The dress is in the closet.
She lives in Halifax.
Prepozitii de miscare in limba engleza
Se foloseste numai cu verbe de miscare
to – la, catre (presupune atingerea locului, chiar ajungi acolo):
I go to my house.
towards – catre (nu presupune atingerea locului, nu ajungi acolo):
I go towards the light.
into – in (se intra fizic intr-un spatiu):
Tom go far into the cave.
onto – pe (pentru miscare pe o suprafata; daca nu e miscare se pune “on”):
The dog is running onto the floor.
along – de-a lungul (miscare pe/ pe linga o suprafata):
I’m walking along the river. (nu trec riul)
through – prin (presupune inrarea/iesire, patrundere):
I walk through the river. (trec riul, prin apa)
across – traversare (presupune inrarea/iesire, nu si patrundere):
I run across the road. (trec strada, dar nu intru in asfalt)
off – presupune desprinderea de o suprafata:
The plane takes off.
from – de la, de pe, din
out of – presupune iesirea dintr-un volum.:
Get out of my house !
past – langa (presupune apropierea imediata prin miscare)
about – prin (arata o miscare nedefinita, fara un tel precis)
around – in jurul (presupune o miscare circulara)
There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But it
should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used
when conversation is reported verbally, although direct speech is sometimes used for a more dramatic effect.
When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually necessary.
TENSE CHANGES
1. Indirect Speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense:
He sais that …. (El a spus că….) - vorbirea indirecta
= reporting a conversation that is still going on
= reading a letter and reporting what it sais
= reading instructions and reporting them
= reporting a statement that someone makes very often: Tom sais that he’ ll never get married.
2.Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: - vorbirea indirecta
But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become either I/we should or I/we would.
2.A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported remains
unchanged:
She said, "I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road". = She said that she had decided not to
buy the house because it was on a main road.
(Ea spuse: “M-am hotărât să nu cumpăr casa pentru că era pe strada principală.” = Ea spuse că s-a hotărât să nu
cumpere casa pentru că era pe strada principală).
SAY AND TELL
1. Say and tell with direct speech
Say can introduce a statement or follow it, while tell requires the person addressed. Inversion of say and noun
subject is possible, when say follows the statement, but inversion with tell is not possible.
"I’m leaving at once" Tom said. (“Plec odată.” A spus Tom) - vorbirea directa
"I’m leaving at once" Tom told me. (“Plec odată.” Mi-a spus Tom) - vorbirea directa
2. Say and tell with indirect speech
Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object.
Say + to + object is also possible, but much less usual than tell + object.
If one is required to write an essay in which one has to express an opinion use the alternatives:
I think that(eu cred ca)… It seems to me that (mi se pare ca)… I do not believe that(nu
cred ca)… I do not agree that (nu sunt de acord cu)…
It seems to me that a mistake has been made, the accounts are still empty.
(Mi se pare ca s-a facut o greseala, conturile sunt inca goale.)
I do not believe that they are supposed to raise the prices in order to survive on the market.
(Nu cred ca ei ar trebui sa cresca preturile pentru a supravietui pe piata.)
Making concessions: Of course, some people argue (bineinteles, unii cred ca)… While (In timp ce)
… Admittedly (Dupa cum se stie)…
Of course, some people argue that is better to start the campaign right now.
(Bineinteles, unii cred ca ar fi mai bine sa incepem campania acum.)
Admittedly, your product is expensive but maybe if we negotiate we can reach an agreement.
(Dupa cum se stie, produsul dumneavoastra e scump dar poate daca negociem ajungem la o intelegere .)
Clarifying an opinion: By this I mean (Prin asta, vreau sa spun)… Here I'm referring to
(Si aici ma refer la)… To be more precise… (Mai precis) That is to say…(Adica..)
Atunci când avem de stabilit ce timp şi ce aspect avem de pus într-o propoziţie, trebuie avute în vedere
următoarele criterii:
- când se foloseşte acel timp şi/sau aspect
- ce cuvinte cheie avem în propoziţie
1. Apa fierbe ...
Apa fierbe la 100 de grade Celsius. - Water boils at 100 C.
Explicatie: Pentru ca se refera la un adevăr general valabil.
Apa fierbe (acum) - The water is boiling now.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru acţiunea este prezentă şi se desfăşoară acum, sau în jurul
momentului (acum).
2. Soarele răsare ...
Soarele răsare la est. - The sun rises in the east.
Explicatie: Pentru ca se refera la un adevăr general valabil.
Soarele rasare. - The sun is rising.
Explicatie: Soarele rasare acum, in acest moment.
3. Plec mâine dimineata ...
Plec mâine dimineata la Londra cu avionul. - I leave to London tomorrow morning by plane.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este o actiune, care depinde de orarul unui aeroport, sau
programul turistic făcut de o agenţie de turism.
Plec mâine dimineata la Londra. - I am leaving to London tomorrow morning.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca este o acţiune viitoare, planificată de subiect, şi care nu
depinde de programul altcuiva.
4. Ea face curat în casă ...
Ea face curat în casă in fiecare zi - She does the housework every day.
Explicatie : S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este o acţiune prezentă, generală, repetabilă în prezent
Ea face curat în casă, acum, că mama ei este în concediu - She is doing the housework now that her
mother is in vacation.
Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca acţiunea este prezentă şi se desfăşoară acum, sau în jurul
momentului acum
5. Lucrez in gradina ...
Lucrez in gradina. - I am working in the garden.
Folosind verbul in engleza la prezentul continuu indica faptul ca te referi la clipa asta.
Lucrez in gradina. - I work in the garden. - inseamna ca asta e ocupatia ta. De exemplu ca esti gradinar.
2. She was in a hurry because she wanted to catch the train. - Era grabita deoarece a vrut sa prinda
trenul (actiune simultana-Past Simple)
3. Amber said she was happy. (actiune simultana-Past Simple)
4. You didn’t tell me you had to learn by heart this poem. - Nu mi-ai spus ca trebuia sa inveti poezia pe de
rost (actiune simultana-Past Simple)
5. She told me John’s phone number after he had left. - Ea mi-a spus nr. de tel a lui John, dupa ce el
plecase (actiune anterioara-Past Perfect)
6. When I arrived, the movie already had begun. - Cand am ajuns, filmul deja incepuse (actiune anterioara-
Past Perfect)
7. Yesterday I bought a new bracelet because I had lost my old one. - Ieri mi-am cumparat o bratara
noua, deoarece mi-am pierdut-o pe cea veche. (actiune anterioara-Past Perfect)
8. We all believed he would win the race. - Noi toti am crezut ca el va castiga cursa (actiune posterioara-
Future- in-the-Past)
9. They told us they would arrive the next day. - Ei ne-au spus ca vor sosi in ziua uramtoare (actiune
posterioara- Future- in-the-Past)
10. Father said he would take me to the movies if he had time. - Tata a spus ca ma va duce la film daca
va avea timp (actiune posterioara- Future- in-the-Past urmat de Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate))
11. Father said he would buy me a bycicle if he had had the money. - Tata a spus ca mi-ar fi cumparat
cumpara o masina daca ar fi avut banii (actiune posterioara- Future- in-the-Past urmat de Past Perfect (pentru
anterioritate)).
12. I will watch Tv when I have time. - Ma voi uita la Tv, cand voi avea timp.(viitor- actiune simultana -
prezent)
13. I will go to Spain, after I have learned Spanish. - Ma voi duce in Spania, dupa ce voi invata spaniola .
(viitor- actiune anterioara - Present Perfect)
14. You will not go on this strip because you got a D minus. - Nu vei merge in aceasta excursie, deoarece ai
primit un patru (Exceptie, propozitie cauzala)
15. The teacher told us that water freezes at 0º C. - Profesorul ne-a spus ca apa ingheata la 0º C (Exceptie,
adevar general)
Lunile anului
Romana Engleza la inceputul lui August = at the beginning of August
Ianuarie January la sfarsitul lui August = at the end of August
Februarie February in mijlocul/ la jumatatea lui August = in mid-August
Martie March
Aprilie April
Mai May
Iunie June
Zilele saptamanii
Iulie July
Luni - Monday Notice that "weekdays" and "days of
August August
the week" are not the same.
Septembrie September Marti – Tuesday "Days of the week" are all 7 days
Octombrie October from Monday to Sunday.
Noiembrie November Miercuri – Wednesday The "weekend" is Saturday and
Decembrie December Sunday.
Joi – Thursday In timpul zilelor lucratoare zicem
"on weekdays"
Vineri – Friday In weekend se spune "at weekend" or "on weekend".
Sambata – Saturday
Duminica – Sunday