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ES 15 Module 5 V2.0 PDF
ES 15 Module 5 V2.0 PDF
Linear Momentum, 𝒑
– tendency of a moving body to continue moving and the difficulty it
encounters in slowing down to rest.
𝒑 = 𝒎𝒗
𝐦
SI Unit: 𝐤𝐠 𝐬 (kilogram-meter per second)
Direction: direction of the velocity of the object.
By components:
(𝑭 = 𝒎𝒂)
In terms of the momentum: Newton’s 2nd Law can be
stated as:
“The net force acting on a body is equal to the time rate of
change of momentum of the body.”
𝒅𝒑
(𝑭 = )
𝒅𝒕
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Impulse, J
– product of the net force and time interval
– an impelling force that acts suddenly and produces motion.
𝑱 = 𝑭∆𝒕
𝐦
SI Unit: 𝐍𝐬 (Newton-second) or 𝐤𝐠 (kilogram-meter per
𝐬
second)
𝑱 = ∆𝒑 = 𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑𝟏
Impulse-momentum theorem:
“The change in momentum of a body during a time interval is equal
to the net force that acts on the body during the time interval.”
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Impulse, J
If you were in a car that was out of control and had to
choose between hitting a haystack or a concrete wall
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Momentum vs. Kinetic Energy
Mathematically:
momentum – proportional to the velocity
kinetic energy – proportional to the square of the speed.
𝒑𝟐
𝑲𝑬 =
𝟐𝒎
Physical Difference
o Which is easier to catch: a 0.50 kg ball moving at 4.0 m/s? or a
0.10 kg ball moving at 20 m/s?
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Conservation of Momentum
𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒗′𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐 ′
′
𝒑𝟏 + 𝒑𝟐 = 𝒑𝟏 + 𝒑𝟐 ′
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Conservation of Momentum
From Newton’s 3rd Law
𝒑′𝟏 − 𝒑𝟏 = −𝑭𝒅𝒕
Body2: 𝑑𝑝 = 𝐹1𝑜𝑛2 𝑑𝑡
𝒑′𝟐 − 𝒑𝟐 = 𝑭𝒅𝒕
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Conservation of Momentum
′ ′
−(𝑝1 − 𝑝1 ) = 𝑝2 − 𝑝2
′ ′
𝒑 𝟏 + 𝒑𝟐 = 𝒑𝟏 + 𝒑𝟐
Initial Momentum Final Momentum
(Before Collision) (After Collision)
Conservation of Momentum
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Conservation of Momentum
The internal energy is neglected
during collision
dp
dt
F F int F ext
since
then dp
= Fext F int 0
dt
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Conservation of Momentum
If the net external force is zero then we get
𝒅𝒑
𝒅𝒕
= 𝟎 → ∆𝒑 = 𝟎 (𝑝 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡)
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Collisions
– any strong interaction between objects that lasts in a relatively
short time.
Forces between the interacting bodies are much larger than any
external forces.
Total momentum of the system is conserved (in any type of
collision).
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Types of Collision
Elastic Collision – collision wherein the forces between
bodies are also conservative.
– both momentum and kinetic energy is conserved.
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Elastic Collision
a. A moving ball strikes a ball at rest.
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Elastic Collision (Head-on)
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Inelastic Collision (Head-on)
In the y – components:
𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐𝒚 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒗′𝟏𝒚 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗′𝟐𝒚
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
If elastic collision, kinetic energy of 𝒎𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝟐 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗𝟐 𝟐 = 𝒎𝟏 𝒗′𝟏 + 𝒎𝟐 𝒗′𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
the system is conserved:
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Coefficient of Restitution
𝒗′𝟐 − 𝒗′𝟏
𝒆=
𝒗 𝟏 − 𝒗𝟐
(i) For elastic collision, initial velocity is equal to the final
velocity.
𝒆=𝟏
(ii) For inelastic collision, initial velocity is not zero but
always less than to the final velocity.
𝟎<𝒆<𝟏
(ii) For perfectly inelastic collision, the colliding bodies do
not separate out but move with the same velocity.
𝒆=𝟎
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Problem 6.1
A golf ball of mass 0.045 kg is moving in the +x-
direction with speed of 9.0 m/s,
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Problem 6.2
A 0.145 kg baseball is struck by a bat.
Just before impact, the ball is travelling
horizontally to the right at 50.0 m/s,
If the ball and bat are in contact for 1.75 ms,
find the horizontal and vertical components of
the average force on the ball.
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Problem 6.3
On a frictionless air table, puck A (with mass 0.250 kg)
is moving toward puck B (with mass 0.350 kg), which
is initially at rest.
After collision, puck A has a velocity 0.120 m/s to the
left, and puck B has velocity 0.650 m/s to the right.
(a) What is the speed of puck A before collision?
(b) Calculate the change of the kinetic energy of the
system that occurs
during collision.
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Problem 6.4
Two ice skaters, Daniel (mass 65.0 kg) and Rebecca
(mass 45.0 kg), are practicing.
Daniel stops to tie his shoelace and, while at rest, is
struck by Rebecca, who is moving 13 m/s at before
she collides with him.
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Problem 6.5
A 90 kg fullback moving east with a speed of 5.0 m/s
is tackled by a 95 kg opponent running north at 3.0
m/s.?
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Problem 6.6
A 12.0-g rifle bullet is fired with a speed of 380 m/s
into a ballistic pendulum with mass 6.00 kg, suspended
from a cord 70.0 cm long. Compute
(a) the vertical height through which the pendulum
rises,
(b) the initial kinetic energy of the bullet, and
(c) the kinetic energy of the
bullet and pendulum
immediately after the bullet
becomes embedded in the
pendulum.
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Problem 6.7
Spheres A (mass 0.020 kg), B
(mass 0.030 kg), and C (mass
0.050 kg) are approaching
the origin as it slide on a
frictionless air table.
(b) By how much did the total kinetic energy of the three
people decrease during the collision?
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Problem 6.11
Two pucks on a horizontal air
table of the same mass (m1 =
m2 = 6.0 g) have attracting
magnets.
They are initially positioned
very far from each other so
that no attraction occurs.
The two were given a push and collide. The pucks end up
moving at 1.40 m/s, 32° above the –x–axis after the
collision as shown.
Initially, the first puck slides with a velocity 1.11 m/s due
west.
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Problem 6.12
(a) What is the initial velocity
(magnitude and
direction) of the second
puck? (6 points)
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Problem 6.13
A 5.00-kg chunk of ice is sliding at on the floor of an ice-
covered valley when it collides with and sticks to
another 5.00-kg chunk of ice that is initially at rest.
Since the valley is icy, there is no friction.
After the collision, how high above the valley floor will
the combined chunks go?
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Problem 6.14
An archer stands at rest on
frictionless ice and fires a 0.500-
kg arrow horizontally at 50.0
m/s.
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Problem 6.16
Consider a frictionless track ABC as shown in figure. A
block of mass m1=5.00 kg is released from A.
It makes a head-on elastic collision at B with a block of
mass m2 = 10.0 kg that is initially at rest.
Calculate the maximum height to which m1 rises after
the collision.
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Problem 6.17
An 8.00-g bullet is fired into a 250-g block that is initially at rest at
the edge of a table of height 1.00 m.
The bullet remains in the block, and after the impact the block
lands 2.00 m from the bottom of the table.
Determine the initial speed of the bullet.
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Center of Mass
– a point in the body at which all the mass may be
considered to be concentrated.
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Center of Mass
General expression of the center of mass:
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Center of Mass
Consider a mechanical system consisting of a pair of
particles that have different masses and are connected
by a light, rigid rod.
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Center of Mass
For point masses, along x-, y- and z-components:
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Continuous Distribution
For ordinary objects such as a baseball bat, contains so
many particles (atoms)
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Example 1
A system consists of three particles located as shown in
the figure below. Find the center of mass of the system.
Note: 𝑚1 = 𝑚2 = 1.0 𝑘𝑔 and 𝑚3 = 2.0 𝑘𝑔.
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Example 2
(a) Show that the center of mass of a rod of mass M and
length L lies midway between its ends, assuming the
rod has a uniform mass per unit length.
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Example 2
(b) Suppose a rod is nonuniform such that its mass per
unit length varies linearly with x according to the
expression 𝝀 = 𝜶𝒙, where 𝛼 is a constant. Find the x
coordinate of the center of mass as a fraction of L.
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