Specific Units and their relations:

Two type of units are commonly used:

(1) Scientific Units:

Which include calorie, joule, Btu and KWh, Indicates the heat or work measure of
energy.

A calorie is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one
gram of water at 14.5C by one degree Celsius.

A joule is a measure of work done.

1 calorie = 4.1868J

1Btu=252 cal.

1 KWh = 3.6 MJ = 859.845

(2) Imprecise Units:

Units provide a sense of physical quantities of the energy. Ton oil equivalent is
the most commonly used.

Energy Balance – Special Treatment Entries

Treatment of primary electricity production :

Production and use of electricity pose certain problems for energy balance
tables. This is because for other fuels the total energy content is measured rather than
the available energy, while for electricity generated from hydroelectric power, nuclear
power or geothermal, the available energy is essentially measured. This leads to an
inconsistency of approach.

Two approaches are used to resolve this problem:

1) Consumption equivalence:
Specific Units and their relations:
Two type of units are commonly used:

(1) Scientific Units:

Which include calorie, joule, Btu and KWh, Indicates the heat or work measure of
energy.

A calorie is equal to the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one
gram of water at 14.5C by one degree Celsius. A joule is a measure of work
done.

1 calorie = 4.1868J

1Btu=252 cal.

1 KWh = 3.6 MJ = 859.845 Kcal

(2) Imprecise Units:

Units provide a sense of physical quantities of the energy. Ton oil equivalent is
the most commonly used.

Energy Balance – Special Treatment Entries

Treatment of primary electricity production :

In case of hydroelectric power, nuclear power or geothermal, the available energy is

essentially measured but in other cases total energy content in fuels are measured
rather than the available energy. This will lead to problems for energy balance tables.

Two approaches are used to resolve this problem:

1)   Consumption equivalence: 

In this overall energy balance records the direct heat equivalent of the
electricity. For example: converting 1 kWh to kcal or kJ using the calorific
value of electricity, note that 1 kWh = 860 kcal.

2. Production Equivalent: 

The second method attempts to measure the equivalent or comparable fossil

fuel requirement of primary electricity production. This method estimates the
amount of fossil fuel input that would be required to provide the same energy
as produced by the primary electricity sources.
 The primary energy requirement is determined by two steps which are:

1. the overall thermal efficiency of thermal power generation for the country
concerned is estimated first
2. This efficiency is applied to primary electricity generation to arrive at the
input energy requirement.

For example, if country requires a 1 GWh primary energy and the efficiency of the
thermal power plant in the country is 40% than in that case the overall requirement of
input will be 1GWh * 1.4 times.

Treatment of Electricity in Final Consumption:

The issue arises in energy balance due to treatment of electricity consumption.

This problem will be rectified by two methods.

1. Useful energy basis: If the OEB is expanded to include useful energy used by
consumers, differences in appliance efficiencies can be taken into consideration.
The problem in this approach is that the availability of data.
2. Fossil fuel equivalence: The other alternative is to express all electricity delivered
to consumers in terms of its fossil fuel input equivalent. For example toe(ton of oil
equivalent). 

Analysis of energy balance information(This all comes from IAEA 2005):

These analyses provide better understanding of the demand pattern of each sector and
energy source.

1. Energy supply mix: The primary energy produced from various forms of energies.
So we should know the contribution of each source of energy whether it comes
from coal, oil, gas or electricity supply etc. This share shows a diversity of the
supply mix of the country.
2. Self-reliance in supply: The rate of energy independence (or self-reliance) is the
ratio of indigenous production to total primary energy requirement. For importers,
self-reliance would be less than 100% while for exporters, the value would be
more than 100%. For example if in a particular country the primary energy
production from coal is 75% and from oil is 15% and gas is 10%. Also, the 30%
coal, 90% oil and 95% gas is supplied by domestic level than the self reliance of
country is 45.5% (30*0.75 + 90*0.15 + 95*0.10).
3. Share of renewable energies in supply: To see the share of alternate energy in
the county's supply mix.
4. Efficiency of electricity generation: it is the ratio of electricity output to energy
input for electricity generation. 
 5. Power generation mix: it is similar to the energy supply mix but, the difference is
that this mix is obtained from the share of electricity production by type of fuel.
6. Refining efficiency: This is determined from the ratio of output of refineries to
refinery throughput(the output from the supply side of refinery). This is used to
compare how the refineries are performing in a country.
7. Overall energy transformation efficiency: this is the ratio of final energy
consumption to primary energy requirement. This shows how much energy is lost
in the conversion process.
8. Per capita consumption of primary energy and final energy: this is the ratio of
primary or final energy consumption to the population of a country. Generally per
capita consumption of energy is higher in developed countries than in developing
countries.
9. Energy intensity: is the ratio of energy consumption to output of economic
activities or it is measured by the quantity of energy required per unit output or
activity, so that using less energy to produce a product reduces the intensity.

Energy Flow Chart:

These charts would provide a clearer picture of energy flow in the economy and the
relative importance of various fuels.presenting the energy balance information and the
importance of different energies. 

Wider bands would represent larger flow and inversely, narrow bands represent smaller
flow. Different shades or colours are used to reflect flow of different fuels. It involves the
import and export of different fuels used for produce primary and secondary energy
sources, loss occur during process of transmission of energy and also, how much each
share of different sectors in energy consumption by different energy source.