8-3 The Reactions of

Photosynthesis
The difference is night and day!
Interactive: pgs. 208-214
 Inside a Chloroplast
• Thylakoids
– Saclike membranes
– Arranged in stacks called grana
– Organize the chlorophyll into clusters called
photosystems
• Stroma
– Area outside the thylakoid membrane
 Chloroplast
LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELL
LEAF

Mesophyll

CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space

Outer
membrane

Granum Inner
membrane
Grana Stroma Thylakoid
Stroma Thylakoid compartment
 Electron Carriers
(The electron transport chain)
• Sunlight gives energy to electrons in the
chlorophyll of a plant
• NADP+
– A carrier molecule
– Can carry 2 high energy electrons and 1 H+
• NADPH
– Results from adding 2 electrons
– Traps the energy in chemical form
• Can be used by chemical reactions in the cell
 Light Dependent Reactions

• In the thylakoid membrane of the

chloroplasts
• Use energy from light to make O
• Converts ADP to ATP
• Converts NADP+ to NADPH
 5 Steps
(Light Dependent Reactions)
• 1. Photosystem II- absorbs light and breaks up water
• 2. Electron Transport Chain- moves high energy e-
and transports H+ inside the thylakoid
• 3. Photosystem I uses the e- & H+ to turn NADP+ into
NADPH
• 4. Hydrogen Ion movement makes the outside - and
inside +.
• 5. ATP formation- H+ move outside the membrane
and ATP synthase creates ATP.
 Light Dependent Reactions

Thylakoid
compartment
(high H+) Light Light

Thylakoid
membrane

Antenna
molecules

Stroma ELECTRON TRANSPORT

(low H+) CHAIN

PHOTOSYSTEM II PHOTOSYSTEM I ATP SYNTHASE

 The Calvin Cycle
• Uses ATP and NADPH made during the
light dependent reactions
• Makes High Energy Sugars like
Glucose
• Does not require light
• Occurs in the Stroma
 4 Steps
• 6 CO2 molecules + 6 C5 molecules = 12 C3
• The resulting 12 C3 molecules are converted to
higher energy molecules by using ATP and NADPH
• 2 of the C3 high energy molecules are used to make
sugars, lipids, amino acids for metabolism and
growth
• The remaining 10 C3 molecules are recycled back
into 6 C5 molecules to start the cycle again.
Factors that Affect the Rate of
Photosynthesis
• Amount of Water
• Temperature
– Photosynthetic enzymes function best at
0-35 degrees C
• Light Intensity
Review: Photosynthesis uses light
energy to make food molecules

Chloroplast

Light

Photosystem II
Electron
transport CALVIN
chains CYCLE Stroma
Photosystem I

Elec
tron
s
Cellular
respiration
Cellulose
Starch
Other
https://www.youtube.com/w LIGHT REACTIONS CALVIN CYCLE organic
compounds

atch?v=uixA8ZXx0KU
 Quiz Ch.8
1. What type of organism uses light energy to
make its own food
2. Which compound is used to release energy to
power the cell: ATP or ADP?
3. What is the name of the process that converts
light energy into high energy carbohydrates?
4. Write the equation for the above process.
(you may use words or chemical formulas)
5. What is the main light absorbing pigment in
plants?