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Surveying Transpo and Ports PDF
Surveying Transpo and Ports PDF
Solution:
Lowest common denominator = 60
Problem 3 – Surveying
Solution:
Note: 1 tally = 10 pins
1 pin = 1 chain = 20 m. for this problem
L = 3(10)(20) + 6(20) + 3.75 = 723.75 m.
Problem 4 – Surveying
Solution:
456 + 448 + 462 + 447 + 452 + 455
Ave. pace =
6
Ave. pace = 453.333 paces
Length of line = 453.333(0.628) = 284.69 m.
Problem 5 – Surveying
Solution:
2
A true ⎛L ⎞
= ⎜ true ⎟
A measured ⎝ L tape ⎠
A true(100 - 0.1)2
=
4500 (100)2
A true = 4491.0045 m2
Problem 6 – Surveying
Solution :
hor. line
h + 1.506 = 2.024 + e
e
h = 0.518 + e Eq.➊ 1.506
line of sight
A 2.024
h B
h = 0.511 – e Eq.➋
Solution:
D Dh Dh R
= or D =
R R +h R +h
6570(6400)
D= = 6568.768 m
6400 + 1.2
Problem 9 – Surveying
Solution:
Error in horizontal angle with line of sight not perpendicular to the horizontal axis.
E = e(Sec θ2 – Sec θ1)
E = 15”(Sec 74˚ - Sec 46˚)
E = 32.82”
Problem 10 – Surveying
Solution:
41ß49
In △ACD
562 AD
=
Sin 41˚49' Sin 103˚20'
AD = 820.18
62ß12
BD 562
= C
41ß08 B
Sin 41˚08' Sin 43˚12' 43ß12
BD = 540.05 m 60ß49
Using Cosine Law for triangle ADB: 34ß51
AB = 729.64 m
Problem 11 – Surveying
A closed traverse has the following data:
Line Distance Bearing
AB 179.00 N. 47˚02’14” E.
BC 258.20 S. 69˚35’59” E.
CD ------- S. 39˚35’17” W.
DE ------- S. 87˚29’48” W.
EA 145.41 N. 24˚48’09” W.
What is the length of CD?
Solution:
LINE DIST. BEARING LAT DEP
EA 145.41 N 24˚ 48’ 09”W +132.00 -61.00
AB 179.00 N 47˚ 02’ 14”E +122.00 +131.00
BC 258.20 S 69˚ 35’ 59”E -90.00 +242.00
CE -164.00 -312.00
Bearing of line CE :
62˚16’18” C
Dep
tan Bearing =
Lat θ
39˚35’17”
352.48
312
tan Bearing =
164
92˚30’12” 39˚35’17”
Bearing = N 62˚16'18" W E D
87˚29’48”
Distance of line CE :
Solution:
Line Bearing DIST. LAT. DEP LAT DEP
CD N.1˚45’E 12.83 +12.83 +0.39 +12.83 +0.39
DE N.72˚10’E 64.86 +19.86 +61.74 +19.86 +61.74
EA S.48˚13’E 107.72 -71.78 +80.32 -71.78 +80.30
AC +39.09 -142.45 +39.09 -142.45
Bearing of line AC : E
Dep
tan bearing = D
Lat β
142.45
tan bearing =
39.09
tan bearing = N.74˚39' W C
147.72
α A
2 2
Distance = (39.09) + (142.45) 74˚39’
13 44.47
7.8
Distance = 147.72 m 4
B
Using Cosine Law:
(44.47)2 = (137.84)2 + (147.72)2 – 2(137.84)(147.72) Cos α
α = 17˚28’
Bearing BC = 74˚39’ – 17˚28’ = N. 57˚11’ W
Problem 13 – Surveying
The offset distance from P.C. to P.T. of a simple curve is 18 m. The angle of
intersection of the tangents is 24˚. If the stationing of P.T. is 45 + 158.32, what is the
stationing of P.I.?
Solution:
R - 18 = R Cos 24˚
R = 208.2 m 18 m
P.T. (45 + 158.32)
18 24˚ T
Sin 24˚ =
T P.I. Lc
R
T = 44.25 m
T
L c = Rθ
θ=24˚
208.2(24)π P.C.
Lc = = 87.21
180 18 m R cos 24˚
P.C. = (45 + 158.32) - (87.21)
P.C. = 45 + 71.11
Sta. of P.I. = (45 + 71.11) + 44.25
Sta. of P.I. = 45 + 115.36
Problem 14 – Surveying
T1 = 61.17 m
R2
T1 + T2 = 82.38 7.67˚
7.67˚
R1 10.583˚
10.583˚
T2 = 82.38 - 61.17
T2 = 21.21 m
T2
tan 7.67˚ =
R2
21.21
R2 =
tan 7.67˚
R 2 = 157.56 m
1145.916
D=
157.56
D2 = 7.27˚
Problem 15 – Surveying
The common tangent of a compound curve makes an angle of 12˚ from the tangent
passing thru the P.C. and 18˚ from the tangent passing thru the P.T. If the radius of the
second curve is 180 m, find the radius of the first curve if the length of the common
tangent is 70 m. long.
Solution:
T1 12˚ 18˚
tan 9˚ = T1 T2
180
T1 T2
T1 = 28.51 m
P.T.
P.C.
T2 = 70 - 28.51
T2 = 41.49 m. 9˚ R 2 =180
9˚
T2 R1
tan 6˚ = 6˚
6˚
R2
41.49
R2 =
tan 6˚
R 2 = 394.75 m.
Problem 16 – Surveying
Solution:
80 80
H=
L
8
(
g1 - g2 ) P.C.
40 40
First
quarter point P.T.
160 g y
H= (- 0.06 - 0.02) 1 =-
6% %
8 A
H = +2
g 2
H = - 1.6 m. (sag curve)
El. 25.632
2 2
(40) (80)
=
y1 1.6
y1 = 0.40
Elev. of P.C. = 25.632 + 80(0.06) = 30.432
Elev. of first quarter point:
Elev. = 30.432 - 40(0.6) + 0.40
Elev. = 28.432 m.
Classifications of signs
Signs are classified in the following groups according to their use.
• Regulatory Signs
• Warning Signs
• Guide Signs or Informative Sign
• Signs for Expressways
• Signs for Special Purposes
• Hazard Markers
To be effective, the road sign should meet the five basic requirements:
• Fulfill a need
• Command attention
• Convey a clear, simple message
• Command respect; and
• Give adequate time for proper response
It should be noted that when all sign rules have been followed, some visual
judgment must be exercised in adjusting sign elements. The following general
rules are to be applied when designing the sign face.
• Cramping of legend is to be avoided;
• Avoid large areas of blank panel, particularly blank areas not symmetrically
disposed across the panel;
• If there are two list of legends side by side (e.g., as on Reassurance Signs) it
is necessary to left justify the left list and right justify the right list; and,
• Elements such as arrows and symbols may sometimes have to be larger
than the principal legend would normally require. For example, an arrow
relates to several lines of legends on a direction sign
Classification of Regulatory Signs
• Priority Signs
• Direction Signs
• Prohibitive or Restrictive Signs
• Speed Signs
• Parking Signs
• Miscellaneous Signs
Design Speed
The choice of an appropriate design speed for a road project is important to
ensure a safe design.
The following are the cases where barrier lines should be used:
• As center lines on approaches to signalized intersections;
• As center lines of multi-lane roads where overtaking must be prohibited,
because of sign restrictions;
• ‘No-Passing’ zones where there is a restricted sight distance due to
horizontal or vertical curves, or both; and
• As center lines on approaches to railway crossings
Four different criteria used for the establishment of sag vertical curves:
• Headlight sight distance
• Passenger comfort
• Drainage control
• General appearance
PPA has used MLLW as the datum line for design of port facilities in
accordance with charts. But, there are many ports of which low tide go down
very often below MLLW.
Classification of Signs
Signs are classified in the following groups according to their use.
• Regulatory Signs
• Warning Signs
• Guide Signs or Informative Sign
• Signs for Expressways
• Signs for Special Purposes
• Hazard Markers
Ports and Harbor
Solution:
➀ Wave length
V = 1.249 L
120
V= = 33.33 m/s
3.6
33.33 = 1.249 L
L = 712.25 m.