KU1202

Pengantar Rekayasa dan Desain

Combustion Engine
 Expected output
 Students understand how combustion engine works
 Students understand the engineering aspect in developing combustion
engine.
 How to produce in large scale ?
 Needs product consistency
 Needs continuous high power movers
Mechanization
 Industrial Revolution (1760 – 1840)
 Industry : the process of making products by using machinery
and factories (Merriam-Webster dictionary)
 How to Produce in large scale ???
 Hand production to machines
 Chemical manufacturing
 Iron production
 Steam power
 Machine tools

Spinning mule
Steam Engine
 External Combustion Engine(ECE) –
 working fluid separated from combustion product
 Mainly as Stationary steam engine
 Development
 1698 : Thomas Savery steam powered water Savery engine
pump,
 1712 : Newcomen steam engine -> pumping

 1778 : James Watt : two condenser, conversion

to rotation motion
 James Watt engine patented in 1781 : 10hp

Newcomen atmospheric engine

Steam Engine
 James Watt (1736-1819)

 Innovation
 Double condenser
 Pressure regulator device
 Concept of horsepower and the SI unit of power
Otto Cycle – Internal combustion engine
 Developed in the 1860s by a French engineer named Alphonse Eugene
Beau de Rochas and then independently reinvented by a German engineer
named Nikolaus Otto in 1876
 The Otto cycle is constructed out of:
 Top and bottom of the loop: a pair of quasi-
parallel adiabatic processes
 Left and right sides of the loop: a pair of
parallel isochoric processes
 Work = area inside the curve
Otto Cycle – Internal combustion engine
 RON (Research Octane Number)
 Number representing fuel quality for gasoline
 Higher the RON, fuel can withstand more compression
before detonating.
Otto Cycle
Diesel Engine
 Rudolf Diesel, (1858-1913)
 High compression ratio
 Ignition : adding fuel at high pressure (No electric plug)
 Lower octane fuel
 Patented in 1893 , First successful engine : 1897
Diesel Engine
 CN (Cetane Number)
 Number representing the quality of Diesel Fuel
 Higher the CN, fuel will ignite more easily under
compression.
Diesel Engine
Otto vs Diesel Engine
Otto engine Diesel engine
Compression ratio 8-9 : 1 20 : 1
Ignition Electric plug Compression
(spark required) (no spark required)
fuel Gasoline (higher the RON Diesel fuel (higher the CN
number, more difficult to number, easier to ignite by
ignite by compression only) compression only)
Engine weight - Heavier (WHY???)
Efficiency (typical) 30% 45%
rpm Lower
Torque Higher
Fuel + air mixture Fuel + air get in during Only air gets in during
intake cycle intake cycle.
Fuel is injected at the end
of compression cycle.
Can we fill diesel engine with gasoline?????
 Otto or Diesel Engine ????
 Two Stroke Engine
 1881 : First commercial patented by Dugald Clerk (Scottish engineer)
 High power to weight ratio (in specific rpm range)
 Compact, less moving part
Two Stroke Engine
More efficient energy use
 Vehicle efficiency
 Reduced weight
 Reduced friction
 etc
 Alternative fuel