Special problem

Topic:

Energy Crisis & its solution in Pakistan

Submitted to:

Dr. Mubashir Mehdi sb

Submitted by:

Luqman Ilyas

Registration No:

2018-Ag-3398

( M.Com semester 4th )

Institute of Business Management Sciences

University of Agriculture, Faisalabad

 Table of contents
 Acknowledgements
 Abstract
 Introduction
 Top industries
 Industrial process
 History
 Industrial revaluation
 Problems of employees
 Conclusion and suggestions
 Reference:

Acknowledgments
First of all, I thank ALLAH who give me opportunity to do this project. I would like to express my special
thanks of gratitude to our great and respectable Supervisor Dr. Mubashir Mehdi sb who gave me the
golden opportunity to do this wonderful project on the topic Energy Crisis & its solution in Pakistan ,
which also help me in doing a lot of research and I came to know about so many new things. We are really
thankful to him for his kind and continuous encouragement and give us guidance during all phases of this
study.

Indroducation
The textile industry is one of the largest markets in the entire world. It employs more than
25 million people and generates $450 billion worldwide. The garment industry as a whole
is worth $2.4 trillion and responsible for 2% of the entire world’s GDP. It’s also
notoriously rampant with worker abuse, as companies outsource manufacturing to
sweatshops in third world nations.

The United States may be a large player in the world of textiles and apparel, but they’re
not the largest. This is an industry that requires an entire world to function — from the
European fashion market, which is the largest in the world, to India’s growing silk
industry. This textile industry information and cotton industry information will give you a
greater background about the sector's sheer enormity and some of its very serious issues.

What Is the Textile Industry?

Any article doling out textile industry information or cotton industry information will tell
you that the textile industry is fabric focused. It’s the industry that’s responsible for
taking raw materials like cotton or wool, spinning it into yarn and creating the fabric for
your favorite t-shirt.

All processes — from developing textiles, producing textiles, manufacturing textiles and
distributing textiles — are part of the textile industry. Needless to say, this industry is the
foundation for a number of other industries including the fashion industry, retail industry
and even some aspects of the military.

Textile Industry
The textile industry is primarily concerned with the design, production and distribution of
yarn, cloth and clothing. The raw material may be natural or synthetic using products of
the chemical industry.

The Top Textile Manufacturing Countries

With growing textile technology, textiles are used in everything from artificial heart
valves to aircraft bodies. There’s barely an industry out there that doesn’t use some sort
of textile product, which explains its massive impact on the global GDP. Some of the top
textile manufacturing countries include:

 The United States, which is the largest garment importer in the world and second-
largest exporter of textile-related products
 China, which leads the charge in cotton manufacturing
 India, which is the largest silk manufacturers on the planet
 Bangladesh, which is a hub for garment manufacturing

Industry process
Cotton manufacturing

Cotton is the world's most important natural fiber. In the year 2007, the global yield was
25 million tons from 35 million hectares cultivated in more than 50 countries.

There are five stages.

Cultivating and Harvesting

Preparatory Processes

Spinning — giving yarn

Weaving — giving fabrics

Finishing — giving textiles

Cotton can be obtained in many ways like from weaving, knitting, even by using hand
looms and power looms
Synthetic fibers
Artificial fibers can be made by extruding a polymer, through a spinneret into a medium
where it hardens. Wet spinning (rayon) uses a coagulating medium. In dry spinning
(acetate and triacetate), the polymer is contained in a solvent that evaporates in the heated
exit chamber. In melt spinning (nylons and polyesters) the extruded polymer is cooled in
gas or air and then sets. All these fibers will be of great length, often kilometers long.

Artificial fibers can be processed as long fibers or batched and cut so they can be
processed like a natural fiber.

Natural fibers

Natural fibers are either from animals (sheep, goat, rabbit, and silk-worm) mineral
(asbestos) or from plants (cotton, flax, sisal). These vegetable fibbers can come from the
seed (cotton), the stem (known as bast fibers: flax, hemp, jute) or the leaf (sisal).Without
exception, many processes are needed before a clean even staple is obtained- each with a
specific name. With the exception of silk, each of these fibers is short, being only
centimeters in length, and each has a rough surface that enables it to bond with similar
staples.

History
Cottage stage

There are some indications that weaving was already known in the Palaeolithic. An
indistinct textile impression has been found at Pavlov, Moravia. Neolithic textiles were
found in pile dwellings excavations in Switzerland and at El Fayum, Egypt at a site which
dates to about 5000 BC.

In Roman times, wool, linen and leather clothed the European population, and silk,
imported along the Silk Road from China, was an extravagant luxury. The use of flax
fiber in the manufacturing of cloth in Northern Europe dates back to Neolithic times.

During the late medieval period, cotton began to be imported into Northern Europe.
Without any knowledge of what it came from, other than that it was a plant, noting its
similarities to wool, people in the region could only imagine that cotton must be
produced by plant-borne sheep. John Mandeville, writing in 1350, stated as fact the now-
preposterous belief: "There grew in India a wonderful tree which bore tiny lambs on the
edges of its branches. These branches were so pliable that they bent down to allow the
lambs to feed when they are hungry." This aspect is retained in the name for cotton in
many European languages, such as German Baumwolle, which translates as "tree wool".
By the end of the 16th century, cotton was cultivated throughout the warmer regions of
Asia and the Americas.

Industrial revolution
The woven fabric portion of the textile industry grew out of the industrial revolution in
the 18th century as mass production of yarn and cloth became a mainstream industry.[13]

In 1734 in Bury, Lancashire John Kay invented the flying shuttle — one of the first of a
series of inventions associated with the cotton woven fabric industry. The flying shuttle
increased the width of cotton cloth and speed of production of a single weaver at a loom.
[14] Resistance by workers to the perceived threat to jobs delayed the widespread
introduction of this technology, even though the higher rate of production generated an
increased demand for spun cotton.

The stocking frame invented in 1589 for silk became viable when in 1759, Jedediah
Strutt introduced an attachment for the frame which produced what became known as the
Derby Rib,[16] that produced a knit and purl stitch. This allowed stockings to be
manufactured in silk and later in cotton. In 1768, Hammond modified the stocking frame
to weave weft-knitted openworks or nets by crossing over the loops, using a mobile
tickler bar- this led in 1781 to Thomas Frost's square net. Cotton had been too coarse for
lace, but by 1805 Houldsworths of Manchester were producing reliable 300 count cotton
thread.

Problems in the Textile Industry

Because so many of our clothes have labels that say "Made in Bangladesh" or "Made in
China," we often picture the textile industry taking place elsewhere, not in our country.
You might be surprised to learn that in 2017, the U.S. textile industry supplied 500,550
jobs and the country's textile and apparel exports totaled $78 billion. While working
conditions in the American textile industry are much better than they were 100 years ago,
workers worldwide are still subject to a wide variety of health dangers because of their
jobs.

Exposure to Toxic Chemicals

Workers in the textile industry are exposed to dangerous chemicals. It's part of the
business if you work in the dyeing, printing or finishing sector of textiles. Employees
work with solvents and fixatives, crease-resistance agents that release formaldehyde,
flame retardants with toxic compounds, and antimicrobial agents. Exposure to
formaldehyde has been linked to various types of cancer, including thyroid, nasal,
stomach and esophageal cancers. The chemical can also cause eczema and dermatitis.

High Noise Levels

Exposure to high levels of noise is common in textile factories, particularly those in

developing countries where the machines are older are not as well maintained. This has
caused hearing loss in many textile workers, and can also cause sleep disorders, changes
in blood pressure, anxiety and other ailments. A study of textile workers in Nagpur, India
revealed that 76.6 percent of them were at risk for hearing loss caused by noise in their
work environment.

Poor Working Conditions

Egregious garment factory conditions have been detailed in the news. In 2012, a fire in a
Bangladesh garment factory that killed 112 workers tragically highlighted the terrible
conditions of the industry. Eventually, the factory's owners were charged with homicide
for their culpability. The next year, an entire building collapsed, killing 1,100 workers in
Bangladesh. Working Conditions Can Cause Bad Ergonomics

Many garment workers suffer from musculoskeletal disorders like carpal tunnel
syndrome and are also often affected by ailments including forearm tendinitis, lower back
pain, neck pain, shoulder pain, and osteoarthritis of the knees. All of these conditions are
caused by repetitive movements and poor ergonomic conditions. These issues are more
common in developing nations but can also occur in the U.S. garment industry.

Cotton Dust Can Cause Breathing Problems

Employees who work with cotton have a problem of their own: exposure to significant
amounts of cotton dust along with particles of pesticides and soil. This exposure can lead
to respiratory disorders and the fatal disease of byssinosis, commonly known as brown
lung, which causes tightening of the chest, coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath.

Waste in the Industry

The textile industry is known for rampant waste of resources, especially water. Entire
ecosystems have been polluted in the past, but modern companies are working toward a
relatively cleaner way of doing business. The more progressive companies are reducing
water consumption, changing the chemicals they use in dying processes and reusing
water for two or more processes, all with a goal of reducing their impact on the local
environment.

While the stereotype of poor environmental practices in the textile industry focuses on
overseas production, American workers are subject to a lot of the same health risks in
their own factories. While some companies are working to improve conditions, dangers
still exist for a large number of textile workers.

CONCLUSION and SUGGESTIONS:

According to the results and the above discussion budding reasons for workers’ turnover
are identified. It is established that inadequate and less competitive benefits offered, low
career progress, lack of job security and unexpected changes at the workplace are
prevalent factors in the actual industrial settings. The factors that workers feel favorable
are basic understanding of policies and rules, job descriptions, long services benefits
awareness, management style and working environment turned out the most significant
ones. It is also evident that there exists a significant difference in the managerial practices
as well as the industrial climate of textile industries.

Industry should provide better environment to his employee through division of

departments in different part labour working department and office work departments
established separate for the protection from Noice and dust . Industry should allow to
employee for using mask on face and covered hands for the protection from cotton dust
and chemicals

Industry should need to use latest technology for reducing Noice of the machines

and increaseing productive activity.one of the main reason of poor working if the people
cannot fresh . Industry should provided break to employees during working hours for
Refreshment and provided clean water Then increase in production.industry should
destroy waster material outside from Human society or Employee society.

Industry should needed to provided medical allowance and health facilities to employee .
Industrialist should improve the problems of their employees so that their business can be
expand and get more profit. Industrialist should give health educations and connivance
facilities to his employees. He should also improve the system of his industry.

Reference:
Collier, Ann M. (1970), A Handbook of Textiles, Pergamon Press, p. 258, ISBN 978-0-
08-018057-1

Copeland, Melvin Thomas. The cotton manufacturing industry of the United States
(Harvard University Press, 1912) online

Cameron, Edward H. Samuel Slater, Father of American Manufactures (1960) scholarly

biography

Conrad Jr., James L. "'Drive That Branch': Samuel Slater, the Power Loom, and the
Writing of America's Textile History," Technology and Culture, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January
1995), pp. 1–28 in JSTOR

Earns haw, Pat (1986) Lace Machines and Machine Laces. Bats ford. ISBN 978-
0713446845.

Griffiths, T., Hunt, P.A., and O’Brien, P. K. "Inventive activity in the British textile
industry", Journal of Economic History, 52 (1992), pp. 881–906

Griffiths, Trevor; Hunt, Philip; O’Brien, Patrick. "Scottish, Irish, and imperial
connections: Parliament, the three kingdoms, and the mechanization of cotton spinning in
eighteenth-century Britain," Economic History Review, Aug 2008, Vol. 61 Issue 3, pp
625–650

Hills, Richard Leslie (1993), Power from Steam: A History of the Stationary Steam
Engine, Cambridge University Press, p. 244, ISBN 9780521458344