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Binomial Theorem
INTRODUCTION TO BINOMIAL THEOREM Section - 1
In this formula, n is a positive integer, x and y are real or complex numbers and
n n!
Cr , r = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..............., n are binomial coefficients
r ! ( n r )!
(iv) The binomial coefficients : nC0, nC1, nC2, .................. equidistant from beginning and end are equal
n
i.e. Cr = nCn – r.
(v) The corresponding terms in the expansion of (x + y)n and (x – y)n are numerically equal.
(vi) The terms in the expansion of (x – y)n are alternately positive and negative. The last term in the
expansion is positive or negative accordingly as n is even or odd integer.
(vi) Put x = 1 and y = x in 1.2 (A) we get,
(1 + x)n = nC0 + nC1x + nC2 x2 + nC3 x3 + . . . . . + nCr xr + . . . . + nCn xn
n
n
i.e. (1 + x) n
= Cr x r
r0
Illustration - 1
If 15Cr : 15Cr – 1 = 11 : 5, find r.
SOLUTION :
15
Cr : 15Cr – 1 = 11 : 5
15! ( r 1)! (15 ( r 1))! 11 ( r 1)! (16 r ) (15 r )! 11
r ! (15 r )! 15! 5 r ( r 1)! (15 r )! 5
(16 – r) × 5 = 11 (r)
( r 1)! (16 r )! 11
r=5
r ! (15 r )! 5
SOLUTION :
n
Consier L.H.S. : Cr + nCr – 1
n! n! ( n 1) ( n !) ( n 1)!
= = =
r ! ( n r )! ( r 1)! ( n r 1)! r ! ( n r 1)! r ! ( n 1 r )!
n ! ( n r 1) r ( n !) n ! ( n r 1 r ) = n + 1Cr = R.H.S.
= =
r ! ( n r 1)! r ! ( n r 1)!
SOLUTION :
9
4x 5
(i) In the expansion of . For 7th term (T7), Put r = 6.
5 2x
96 6
The general terms is Tr + 1 9 4x 5
T7 = T6 + 1 = C6
5 2x
9r r
4x 5
= 9 Cr . 3
9 8 7 4 3 5 1
6
5 2x T7 x 6
3! 5 2 x
Illustration - 4 9
3x2 1
Find the term independent of x in .
2 3x
SOLUTION :
9r x
9
3x 2 1
Tr + 1 = Cr Hence T6 + 1 or 7th term is independent of x.
2 3x
9 33 0
6
T7 C6 (1) x
9 r39 2r 18 3r 23
= Cr ( 1) x
29 r 987 1 7
= .
For term independent of x, 18 – 3r = 0 3! 27 8 18
r=6
SOLUTION :
(2x2 + x – 3)6 = (x – 1)6 (2x + 3)6 Term containing x11 in the product
Illustration - 7 5
1
The coefficient of x20 in the expansion of (1 x 2 ) 40 · x 2 2 is :
x2
30 30
(A) C 10 (B) C 25 (C) 1 (D) None of these
SOLUTION : (B)
10
1
Expression = (1 + x2)40 · x = (1 + x2)30 · x10
x
The coefficient of x20 in x10 (1 + x2)30
= the coefficient of x10 in (1 + x2)30 [By using coefficient of xr in (1 + x2)n is nCr / 2]
= 30C5 = 30C25.
Illustration - 8
The coefficient of x6 in {(1 + x)6 +(1 + x)7 + . . . . + (1 + x)15} is :
16 16
(A) C9 (B) C5 – 6C5 (C) 16
C6 – 1 (D) None of these
SOUTION :
Given expression is G.P. with first term (1 + x)6 and common ratio (1 + x). ese
(1 x)6 {1 (1 x )10 }
Expression =
1 (1 x)
(1 x )16 (1 x )6
i.e. sum of 10 term of G.P. =
x
the required coefficient
= the coefficient of x7 in {(1 + x)16 – (1 + x)6}
16 16
= C7 = C9.
n n
(A) Cn (B) C4 + nC2 (C) n
C4 + nC1 + nC4 – nC2 (C) n
C4 + nC2 + nC1 · nC2
SOLUTION : (D)
The given expression is G.P. with first term 1 and the common ratio x
(1 + x + x2 + x3)n = ((1 + x) (1 + x2))n
= (1 + x)n (1 + x2)n
= (nC0 + nC1x + nC2x2 + nC3x3 + nC4x4 + . . . .) × (nC0 + nC1x2 + nC2x4 + . . . .)
Coeff. of x4= nC0 · nC2 + nC2 · nC1 + nC4 · nC0
= nC2 + nC1 · nC2 + nC4.
Illustration - 11 8
1
If the 6th term in the expansion of
x 2 log10 x is 5600, find the value of x.
8/3
x
SOLUTION :
We have T6 = 5600 x2 (log10 x)5 = 100
T5 + 1 = 5600 x2 (log10 x)5 = 102
85
8 1 x2 (log10 x)5 = 102 (log10 10)5
C5
2 5
(x log10 x) = 5600
x8/3 x = 10.
2 5
56 x (log10x) = 5600
n
(ii) If n is even, then the expansion of {(x + a)n + (x – a)n} has 1 terms. So,
2
Illustration - 13
The number of non-zero terms in the expansion of (1 3 2 x)9 (1 3 2 x)9 is :
SOLUTION : (C)
The given expression
Illustration - 14 6 6
In the expansion of x x 2 1 x
x 2 1 , the number of terms is :
Illustration - 15 2 1
n
The middle term in the expansion of x 2 2 is :
x
n! 2n ! 1. 3 . 5 . . . . (2n 1) n (2n)!
(A) (B) (C) 2 (D)
[(n / 2)!]2 [(n / 2)!]2 n! (n !)2
SOLUTION : (D)
2 2n n
1 1
The given expression = x x .
x x
t(2n 1) 1
The number of terms = 2n + 1, which is odd. The middle term = tn 1 .
2
n
2n 2n n 1 (2n)!
= Cn x ·
x (n)! (n) !
1. 2 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . . . . (2 n 1) . 2 n
=
( n)! ( n)!
Illustration - 16 7
x3
Find the middle terms in the expansion of 3 x .
6
SOLUTION :
7
x3
The given expression = 3 x . Here n = 7, which is an odd number..
6
th th
7 1 7 1
So, and 1 i.e. 4th and 5th terms are two middle terms.
2 2
3 3
73
x3 3
4 x
Now, T4 = T3 + 1 = 7 C3 (3 x) 3 7
(1) C3 (3 x)
6 6
x9 105 x13
= 35 81 x 4
216 8
4 4
and T5 = T4 + 1 = 7 C (3 x)7 4
x3 7 3
x3
4 C4 (3 x)
6 6
x12 35 x15
= 35 27 x3 .
1296 48
105 x13 35 x15
Hence, the middle terms are and .
8 48
Illustration - 17 1· 3· 5 .. . (2 n 1) n n
Show that the middle term in the expansion of (1 + x)2n is 2 ·x .
n!
SOLUTION :
The given expression = (1 + x)2n. Here, the index 2n is even.
th
2n
So, 1 i.e. (n + 1)th term is the middle term.
2
Hence, the middle term = Tn + 1 = 2nCn (1)2n – n xn
(2n)! n 1· 2 · 3· 4 · 5 · 6 . . . (2 n 3)(2 n 2)(2n 1)(2 n) n
= 2nCn xn = (2n n)! n ! x = x
n! n!
{1· 3· 5 . . . (2 n 3) (2 n 1)}{2 · 4 · 6 . . . (2 n 2) (2 n)} n
= x
n! n!
Illustration - 18
Find the relation between r and n so that coefficient of 3rth and (r + 2)th terms of (1 + x)2n
are equal.
SOLUTION :
In (1 + x)n, Tr + 1 = 2nCr xr
T3r = 2nC3r – 1 x3r – 1
Tr + 2 = 2nCr + 1 xr + 1
If the coefficients are equal then 2nC3r – 1 = 2nCr + 1
Illustration - 19 If a 1, a 2, a 3, and a 4 are the coefficients of any four consecutive terms in the
a1 a3 2 a2
expansion of (1 + x)n, prove that a a a a a a .
1 2 3 4 2 3
SOLUTION :
Let a1 = coefficient of Tr + 1 = nCr
a2 = nCr + 1, a3 = nCr + 2, a4 = nCr + 3
n n
a1 Cr Cr r 1
a1 a2 n n n 1
Cr Cr 1 Cr 1 n 1
n n
a3 Cr 2 Cr 2 r 3
and
a3 a4 n Cr 2 nCr 3 n 1Cr 3 n 1
a1 a3 r 1 r 3 2 ( r 2)
L.H.S. =
a1 a2 a3 a4 n 1 n 1 n 1
2a2 2 nCr 1 2 n Cr 1 2 (r 2)
R.H.S. = = n 1 , Hence R.H.S. = L.H.S.
a2 a3 n n n 1
Cr 1 Cr 2 Cr 2
x n 1
(i) Calcualate m
x 1
(ii) If m is an integer, then Tm and Tm 1 are equal and both are greatest terms.
(iii) If m is not an integer, then Tm 1 is the greatest term, where [m] is the integral part of m.
Some observations :
(a) Numerically the greatest term in the expansion of 1 x n , x 0, n N is the same as the greatest
term in 1 x n.
(b) To find greatest term in the expansion of x y n , write it as x n 1 y / x n and then find greatest
term in 1 y / x n .
Illustration - 20
The greatest term (nemerically) in the expansion of (2 + 3x)9, when x = 3/2, is :
Illustration - 21 The greatest term (numerically) in the expansion of (3 – 5x)11, when x = 1/5 is :
SOLUTION : (A)
We have,
11 11
11 11 5x 11 1
(3 5 x ) 3 1 3 1
2 3
1
As x
5
| x | (n 1) 1
r 3 0
(| x | 1)
1
3 (11 1)
3
=
1
3 1
The greatest terms in the expansion are T3 and T4
Greatest term (when r = 2) = 311 | T2 + 1 |
2
11 11 1 11.10 1
=3 C2 311 55 39
3 1.2 9
= 55 × 39
From above we see that the values of both greatest terms are equal.
(ii) When n is odd, greatest coefficient = n C n 1 or n C n 1 (Note : both of them are equal)
2 2
n
n
2.1 (A) C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 + . . . . . . . + Cn = 2 n
or Cr 2n [Cr = nCr]
r 0
Proof :
n
n
LHS = Cr = C + C + C + C + . . . + C
0 1 2 3 n
r0
Calculus Method : Note that it involves knowledge of Calculus, you can leave this now and do it
later after finish Calculus.
Given series is C1 + 2 C2 + 3 C3 + . . . + n Cn [Here last term of the series is n · nCn]
Consider Binomial identity,
(1 + x)n = C0 + C1 · x + C2 · x2 + . . . + Cn · xn
n
r · nCr n · 2n 1 Hence proved.
r 1
(C) 12 C1 + 22 C2 + 32 C3 + . . . . . + n2 Cn = n (n + 1) 2n – 2
n
or r 2 · Cr n (n 1) 2n 2
r 1
Proof :
n
LHS = r 2
Cr = (r 2 r r ) Cr
r 1
n n
= r (r 1) Cr r Cr
r 1 r 1
n n
= n (n 1) n 2Cr 2 n n 1Cn 1 [Using r nCr = n n – 1Cr – 1]
r 1 r 1
n n
n2
= n (n 1) Cr 2 n n 1Cn 1
r2 r 1
Calculus Method : Note that it involves knowledge of Calculus, you can leave this now and do it
later after finish Calculus.
Given series is 12 · C1 + 22 · C2 + 32 · C3 + . . . . . . + n2 · Cn
Given, (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + C3 x3 + . . . . . . + Cn xn
n
2.2 (A) C0 – C1 + C2 – C3 + . . . . . . . + (–1)n Cn = 0 or (1)r n
Cr 0 [Cr = nCr]
r0
Proof :
We have, (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + . . . + Cn xn
The above expression is an identity so, putting x = – 1, we get :
n
0 = C0 – C1 + C2 – C3 + . . . + (–1) Cn n
or (1)r n
Cr 0
r0
n
(B) n
1 C1 – 2 C2 + 3 C3 – . . . . . + (–1) nCn = 0 or (1)r r · nCr 0
r 1
The proof of this result is similar to the proof of the result 2.1(B). You should replace x = –1
instead of x =1 just before the last step.
n
(C) 2 2 2 n
1 C1 – 2 C2 + 3 C3 – . . . . . + (–1) n Cn = 0 or 2
(1)r r 2 · Cr 0
r 1
The proof of this result is similar to the proof of the result 2.1(C). You should replace x = –1
instead of x =1 just before the last step.
SOLUTION :
(i) First Method : We will apply formulae given in section 2.1 to find this summation of series.
We have :
C0 + 2 · C1 + 3 · C2 + . . . + (n + 1) Cn
n n
= (r 1) nCr = ( r · n Cr n Cr )
r 0 r0
n n
n n
= r· Cr Cr = n · 2n – 1 + 2n = (n + 2) · 2n – 1
r 0 r0
[Using 2.1 (A) and 2.1 (B)]
Calculus Method : Note that it involves knowledge of Calculus, you can leave this now and do it
later after finish Calculus.
Given series is C0 + 2 · C1 + 3 · C2 + . . . + (n + 1) Cn
[Here last term of the series is (n + 1) · nCn]
According to question,
(1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + . . . + Cn · xn
(ii) First Method : We will apply formulae given in section 2.1 to find this summation of series.
We have :
C0 + 3 C1 + 5 C2 + . . . + (2n + 1) Cn
n n
n
= (2r 1) Cr = (2r · nCr nCr )
r0 r0
n n
= 2 r · n Cr n
Cr
r0 r 0
n–1
= 2n · 2 + 2 = (n + 1)2n
n
Calculus Method : Note that it involves knowledge of Calculus, you can leave this now and do it
later after finish Calculus.
Note : It is advisable to use formula method instead of calculus method as formula method takes less time to apply.
SOLUTION :
We have :
13 · C1 + 23 · C2 + 33 · C3 + . . . + n3 · Cn = n2 (n + 3) 2n – 3.
n
= r 3 · nCr
r 1
n
= (r 3 3r 2 2r 3r 2 2r ) nCr
r 1
n
= [r (r 1) (r 2) 3r (r 1) r ] nCr
r 1
n n n
n n
= r (r 1) (r 2) Cr 3r (r 1) Cr r · nCr
r 1 r 1 r 1
n n n
= r (r 1) (r 2) nCr 3 r (r 1) nCr r · nCr
r3 r2 r 1
n n n
n3 n2
= n (n 1) ( n 2) Cr 3 3n (n 1) Cr 2 r · nCr
r 3 r2 r 1
[By using : r nCr = n n – 1Cr – 1]
= n (n – 1) (n – 2) (1 + 1)n – 3 + 3 · n (n – 1) (1 + 1)n – 2 + n – 2n – 1
= [(n – 1) (n – 2) + 6 (n – 1) + 4] · n · 2n – 3 = n (n2 + 3n) 2n – 3
= n2 (n + 3) 2n – 3
Note : We have applied formula given in Section 2.1 to solve this problem. Had we used calculus method to solved
this problem, it would have taken much more time to solve.
Illustration - 24 If C0, C1, C2, . . . . Cn denote the coefficients in the binomial expansion of (1 + x)n, prove
that:
(i) a – (a – 1) C1 + (a – 2) C2 – (a – 3) C3 + . . . + (–1)n (a – n) Cn = 0
(ii) a C0 – (a + d) C1 + (a + 2d) C2 – (a + 3d) C3 + . . . + (–1)n (a + nd) Cn = 0
SOLUTION :
(i) We have :
a – (a – 1) C1 + (a – 2) C2 – (a – 3) C3 + . . . + (–1)n (a – n) Cn
n
= (1)r (a r ) nCr
r0
n n
= a (1)r nCr (1)r · r · nCr
r0 r0
i.e. =0+0 [By using 2.2 (A) and 2.2 (B)]
(ii) We have :
a C0 – (a + d) C1 + (a + 2d) C2 – (a + 3d) C3 + . . . + (–1)n (a + nd) Cn
n
(1)r (a rd ) Cr
r 0
n
(1)r (a rd ) nCr
r 0
n n
=a (1)r nCr d (1)r n
Cr (r)
r0 r0
Proof :
n
Cr 2 C02 C12 C22 C32 . . . Cn2
r 0
C0 · C0 C1 · C1 C2 · C2 C3 · C3 . . . Cn · Cn
(2n)!
C0 Cr + C1Cr + 1 + C2Cr + 2 + ...........Cn – r Cn =
( n r )!( n r )!
C0C1 .... Cn 1
(A) (C0 + C1) (C1 + C2) (C2 + C3) ......... (Cn – 1 + Cn) = .
n!
C1 C C Cn n (n 1)
(B) 2 2 3 3 ...... n .
C0 C1 C2 Cn 1 2
SOLUTION :
(A) L.H.S. = (C0 + C1) (C1 + C2) (C2 + C3) ......... (Cn – 1 + Cn)
Multiply and Divide by C0 C1 C2 ...... Cn - 1
C C Cn Cr n r 1
= C0 C1 C2 ...... Cn - 1 1 1 1 2 ..... 1 using C
r
C0 C1 Cn 1 r 1
n 1 1 n 2 1 n n 1
= C0 C1 C2 C3 ....... Cn - 1 1 1 ..... 1
1 2 n
n 1 n 1 n 1
= C0 C1 C2 ....... Cn - 1 .....
1 2 n
(n 1)n
= C0 C1 C2 C3 ....... Cn - 1 = R.H.S.
n!
C C C C Cr n r 1
(B) L.H.S. = 1 2 2 3 3 ..... n n using C
C0 C1 C2 Cn 1 r 1 r
n 1 1 n 2 1 (n n 1)
= 2 ...... n
1 2 n
= n + (n – 1) + (n – 2) + ................ + 1
= Sum of first n natural numbers
n ( n 1)
= = R.H.S
2
Working Rule :
n n 1
Cr Cr 1
1. Write down the rth term of the series and then use the formula .
r 1 n 1
2. Or Calculus Method.
Illustration - 27
If (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + . . . + Cnxn, show that
C C C 2n 1 1 C C C 1
(i) C0 1 2 . . . n (ii) C0 1 2 . . . ( 1) n n
2 3 n 1 n 1 2 3 n 1 n 1
2 C1 C C 3n 1 1 C1 C3 C5 C7 2n 1
(iii) 2 · C0 2 · 23 · 2 . . . 2n 1 · n (iv) ...
2 3 n 1 n 1 2 4 6 8 n 1
SOLUTION :
(i) First Method :
C C C
Given series is C0 1 2 . . . n
2 3 n 1
n n
Cr
Tr r 1
r 0
n 1 n 1
n Cr 1 n
Cr
Cr 1
Tr As
r 1
n 1 r 1 n 1
1 n 1
= ( C1 n 1C2 . . . n 1Cn 1 )
n 1
1 n 1
= ( C0 n 1C1 n 1C2 . . . n 1Cn 1 n 1C0 )
n 1
[Adding and subtracting n + 1C0]
1 2n 1 1
= (2n 1 1)
n 1 n 1
[Using n + 1C0 = 1 and formula given in section 2.1(A)]
n 1 n 1
n
r Cr 1 n
Cr Cr 1
Tr (1) As
r 1
n 1 r 1 n 1
1 n 1
= [ C1 n 1C2 n 1C3 . . . ( 1) n · n 1Cn 1]
n 1
1
= [ n 1C0 n 1C1 n 1C2 · n 1C3 . . . ( 1) n · n 1Cn 1 n 1C0 ]
n 1
[Adding and subtracting n + 1C0]
1
= [ {n 1C0 n 1C1 . . . ( 1) n 1 · n 1Cn 1} n 1C0 ]
n 1
1 1
= [ (1 1) n 1 n 1C0 ]
n 1 n 1
[Using n + 1C0 = 1 and formula given in section 2.1(A)]
(iii) First Method :
C C C
Given series is 2 · C0 22 · 1 23 · 2 . . . . . 2n 1 · n
2 3 n 1
n n
Cr r 1
Tr r 1
2
r 0
n 1 n 1
n Cr 1 r 1 n
Cr
Cr 1
Tr 2 As
n 1 r 1 n 1
r 1
1 n 1
= [ C1 · 21 n 1C2 · 22 n 1C3 · 23 . . . n 1Cn 1 · 2 n 1 ]
n 1
1
= [{n 1C0 n 1C1 · 2 n 1C2 · 22 . . . n 1Cn 1 · 2 n 1 n 1C0 }]
n 1
[Adding and subtracting n + 1C0]
1 3n 1 1
= [{1 2)n 1 1]
n 1 n 1
1 n n Cr 1 n n
r Cr
= 2 r 1 2
( 1)
r 1
r0 r0
n 1 n 1
1 n Cr 1 1 n r Cr 1
= 2 n 1
(1)
2 r0 n 1
r0
n
=
1
2n 1 1 1 1 2n 1 2 2 1
2 (n 1) 2 (n 1) n 1
Calculus Method : Note that is involves knowledge of Calculus, you can leave this now and do it
later after you finish Calculus.
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1
(1 x)n 1 C0 x x2 x3 xn 1
C1 C2 · . . . Cn ·
n 1 0 1 0 2
0
3
0
n 1
0
2n 1 1 C C C
C0 1 2 . .. n
n 1 n 1 2 3 n 1
C C C 2n 1 1
C0 1 2 ... n . . . (A)
2 3 n 1 n 1
(1 1)n 1 1 C C C
C0 1 2 . . . (1)n 1, n
n 1 n 1 2 3 n 1
1 C C C
C0 1 2 .. . (1)n · n
n 1 2 3 n 1
C C C 1
C0 1 2 . . . (1) n · n . . . (B)
2 3 n 1 n 1
3n 1 1 C C C
C0 · 2 22 · 1 23 · 2 . . . 2n 1 · n
n 1 2 3 n 1
C C C 2n 1 1 1 2n 1 2 2 (2n 1)
2 1 3 5 . . .
2 4 6 n 1 n 1 n 1
C1 C3 C5 2n 1
...
2 4 6 n 1
C0 C1 C2 Cn C0 C C Cn
(i) .... (ii) 1 2 ....
1.2 2.3 3.4 n ( n 1) 1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 n (n 1) ( n 2)
SOLUTION :
(i) First Method :
C0 C1 C2 Cn
We have ....
1.2 2.3 3.4 n ( n 1)
n
Cr
Therefore Tr =
(r 1) (r 2)
The sum of (n + 1) terms is :
n n
Cr
Tr (r 1) (r 2)
r0 r0
n n2
Cr 2
= (n 1) (n 2)
[By using : (r + 1) (r + 2) n + 2Cr + 2 = (n + 1) (n + 2) nCr]
r0
n
1 n2
=
(n 1) (n 2) r 0
Cr 2
1
[ n 2 C2 n 2C3 n 2C4 . . . n 2Cn 2 ]
( n 1) ( n 2)
1
= [(1 1) n 2 n 2C0 n 2C1 ]
( n 1) ( n 2)
2n 2 (n 3)
=
(n 1) (n 2)
(ii) First Method :
C0 C C Cn
We have 1 2 ....
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 n (n 1) ( n 2)
Cr
Therefore Tr = (r 1) (r 2) ( r 3)
The sum of (n + 0) terms is :
n n
Cr
Tr (r 1) (r 2) (r 3)
r0 r 0
n n3
Cr 3
= (n 1) (n 2) (n 3)
r0
[By using : (r + 1) (r + 2) (r + 3) n + 3Cr + 3 = (n + 1) (n + 2)(n + 3) nCr]
n
1 n3
= (n 1) (n 2) (n 3) Cr 3
r0
1 n3
= (n 1) ( n 2) ( n 3) [ C3 n 3C4 n 3C5 . . . n 3Cn 3 ]
1
[(1 1)n 3 n 3C0 n 3C1 n 3C2 ]
(n 1) ( n 2) ( n 3)
2n 1 ( n 4) n 3 2 2n 4 n 2 7 n 14
=
2( n 1) ( n 2) ( n 3) 2 n 1 ( n 2) n 3
Calculus Method : Note that it involves knowledge of Calculus, you can leave this now and
do it later after you finish Calculus.
C0 C1 C2 Cn
(i) Given series is ....
1.2 2.3 3.4 n ( n 1)
Given, (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + C3 x3 + . . . . . . + Cn xn
Integrating both sides w.r.t x between 0 to x, we get :
x x x x x
(1 x)n 1 C0 x C1 x 2 C2 x3 Cn x n 1
....
n 1 1 0 2 3 n 1
0 0 0 0
(1 x)n 1 1 C0 x C1 x 2 C2 x3 C xn 1
.. . . n
n 1 1 2 3 n 1
Again integrating both side w.r.t x between 0 to 1, we get :
1 1 1 1 1
(1 x)n 2 x C0 x 2 C1 x3 C2 x 4 Cn x n 2
....
n 1 n 1 1.2 2.3 3.4 (n 1) (n 2)
0 0 0 0 0
2n 1 (n 3) C0 C1 C2 Cn
= 1.2 2.3 3.4 . . . . n ( n 1)
(n 1) (n 2)
C0 C C Cn
(ii) Given series is 1 2 ....
1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 n (n 1) ( n 2)
Given, (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2 x2 + C3 x3 + . . . . . . + Cn xn
(1 x)n 1 1 C0 x C1 x 2 C2 x3 Cn x n 1
.. . .
n 1 1 2 3 n 1
Again integrating both side w.r.t x between 0 to x, we get :
x x x x x
(1 x) n 2 x C x2 C x3 C x4 Cn x n 2
0 1 2 ....
(n 1) (n 2) (n 1) 1.2 2.3 3.4 (n 1) (n 2)
0 0 0 0 0
(1 x )n 2 x 1 C0 x 2 C1 x3 C2 x 4 Cn x n 2
. . . .
(n 1) (n 2) (n 1) (n 1) (n 2) 1.2 2.3 3.4 ( n 1) ( n 2)
1 1 1
C x3 C x4 Cn x n 3
0 1 . . ..
1.2.3 2.3.4 (n 1) (n 2) (n 3)
0 0 0
n4 C0 C1 C2 Cn
2 (n 3) (n 4) 2
= 1.2.3 2.3.4 3.4.5 . . . . n (n 1) ( n 2)
2 (n 1) (n 2) (n 3)
Note that is involves knowledge of Calulus, you can leave this now and do it later after you finish Calculus.
SOLUTION :
(i) Consider the given series : (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + . . . + Cnxn
Multiply both side by ‘x’ and integrate between limit 0 to 1.
1 1 1 1 1
x . (1 x)
n
. dx C0 x C1 x C2 x . . . Cn x n 1
2 3
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
C0 x 2 C x3 C
x . (1 x ) . n
dx 1 . . . n xn 1
2 3 n2 0
0 0 0
1
n C C C C
x . (1 x) . dx 0 1 2 . . . n
2 3 4 n2
0
1
Now consider x . (1 x)n . dx
0
Put 1+x=t dx = dt and x = 0, t = 1 and x = 1, t = 2
2 2
n 1
(t 1) . t
n
dt (t t n ) . dt
0 0
2 2
tn 2 tn 1 2n 2 1 2n 1 1
=
n2 n 1
n 2 n 2 n 1 n 1
1 1
2n 2 2n 1 1 1 n .2n 1 1
= =
n 2 n 1 n 1 n 2 (n 1) (n 2)
(ii) Consider the given series : (1 + x)n = C0 + C1x + C2x2 + . . . + Cnxn
Multiply both side by ‘x2’ and integrate between limit 0 to 1.
1 1 1 1 1
n
2
x . 1 x . dx C0 x C1 x C2 x ... Cn x n 2
2 3 4
0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1
2 n C x3 C x4 C x4 n 3
x . 1 x . dx 0 1 ... n x
3 4 n 3
0 0 0 0
1
2 n C0 C C C
x . 1 x . dx 3 1 2 ... n
4 5 n3
0
1
n
Now consider x 2 . 1 x . dx
0
Put 1 x t dx dt and x 0, t 1 and x 1, t 2
1 2
2 n t n 3 t n 1 2t n 2 2n 3 1 2n 2 1 2n 1 1
t 1 .t dt
n 3 n 1 n 2
n 3
2
n 2 n 1
0 1
Illustration - 30 k
Prove that (3)r 1 3nC2r 1 0, where k 3n / 2 and n is an even positive integer..
r 1
SOLUTION :
Let n 2n k 3m
3m
r 1 6 m
LHS (3) C2r 1 6mC1 3 6mC3 9 6mC5 ............ (3)3m 1 6mC6m 1 ...(i)
r 1
(1 x )6m (1 x )6m 6m
C1 6mC3 x 2 ...... 6mC6m 1x 6m 2
2x
Put x 3 i in the above identity to get :
(1 i 3)6m (1 i 3)6m 6m
C1 3 6mC3 ...... (3)3m 1 6mC6m 1 ...(ii)
2 3i
Comparing (i) and (ii), we get :
6m 6m
6m
2 cos i sin cos i sin
3 3 3 3
LHS
2 3i
Illustration - 31
If (1 x x 2 )n a0 a1x a2 x 2 ... a 2n x 2n , Show that
3n an
(v) a0 a1 a2 ... an 1 (vi) a02 a12 a22 ........ a22n an .
2
SOLUTION :
2n
Given, (1 x x 2 )n a0 a1x a2 x 2 ... a2n x 2 n or ar x r ...(i)
r 0
3n a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 ... a2 n ...(ii)
1n a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 ... (1) 2n a2 n
3n a0 a1 a2 a3 a4 a5 a6 ... a2 n ...(A)
3n 3( a0 a3 a6 ...)
3n
a0 a3 a6 ... 3n 1
3
1
(iv) In (i) replace x to get,
x
n
1 1 a1 a2 a2 n
1 2 a0 2 ... 2 n
x x x x x
(1 x x 2 )n a a a 2n
a0 1 2 ... 2n ar x r
x 2n x x2 x 2n r 0
2n
(1 x x 2 ) a0 x 2n a1x 2n 1 a2 x 2n 2 ... a2 n ar x2n r ...(D)
r 0
2n
(1 x x 2 )n a2n a2n 1x a2n 2 x 2 ... a0 x 2n a2 n r x r
r 0
2n 2n
r
ar x a2n r xr a 2 n r ar
r 0 r 0
n 1 n 1
ar a2n r
r 0 r 0
n
1 1 a1 a2 a2n
1 2 a0 2 ...... 2n
x x x x x
3n an
a0 a1 a2 ... an 1
2
Multiply (i) and (ii) and also compare coefficient of x 2n on both sides to get :
LHS = coefficient of x 2n in (1 x 2 x 4 ) n
[Replace x by x 2 in (i) ]
LHS an
Illustration - 32
If (2 3 ) n I f where I and n are positive integers and 0 < f < 1, show that I is an
odd integer and (1 – f) (I + f) = 1.
Working Rule :
Step I : Write the given expression equal to I + F, where I is its integral part and F is the fractional part.
Step II: Define G by replacing ‘+’ sign in the given expression by ‘–’. Note that G always lies between 0 and 1.
Step III :Either add G to the expression in Step-I or substrac G from the expression in Step-I so that RHS is an
integer.
Step IV : If G is added to the expression in Step-I, then G + F will always come out to the equal to
1 i.e. G = 1 – F. If G is subtracted from the expression in Step-I, then G will always come out to be
equal to F.
Step V : Obtain the value of the desired expression after getting F interms of G.
SOLUTION :
(2 + 3)n = I + f The only integer between 0 and 2 is 1.
Let (2 – 3)n = f Hence f+f=1 . . . (ii)
[where 0 < f < 1 because 2 – 3 is between 0 and 1.] Consider (i) :
n n
Adding the expansions of (2 + 3) and (2 – 3) , I + f + f = even integer
we get ;
I + 1 = even integer [using (ii)]
I + f + f = (2 + 3)n + (2 – 3)n
I = odd integer
= 2 [C0 2n + C2 2n – 2 (3)2 + . . . . . . ]
Also (I + f ) (1 – f ) = (I + f ) (f )
= even integer . . . (i)
= (2 + 3)n (2 – 3)n = 1.
f + f is also an integer
Now 0 < f < 1 and 0 < f < 1
0<f+f<2
Illustration - 33 If
(6 6 14) 2n 1 P, prove that the integral part of P is an even integer and
P (f) = 202n + 1 where f is the fractional part of P.
SOLUTION :
Let I be the integral part of P. Now 0<f<1 and 0<f<1
P = I + f = (66 + 14)2n + 1 0<f<1 and –1<–f <0
2n + 1
Let f = (66 – 14) . . . (i) Adding these two, we get ;
as (6 6 – 14) lies between 0 –1<f–f <1
and 1, 0 < f < 1 f–f=0 . . . (iii)
Subtracting f from I + f to eliminate the Consider (ii) :
irrational terms in R.H.S. of (i) I + f – f = even integer
I + f – f I + 0 = even integer [using (3)]
= (66 + 14)2n + 1 – (66 – 14)2n + 1 integral part of P is even.
I + 1 = 2 [8 + 60 + 30 + 1] I = 197
Working Rule :
1. First of all write down the given expression in such a way that there is a term containing nth power of an
integer a.
2. If an occurs, then go on subtracting 1, 2, 3, . . . from a and find integer r such that some power of (a – r) is
divisible by the number k from which the given expression is to be shown to be divisible.
3. Now write an = [r + (a – r)]n and expand and then collect the terms containing (a – r)m and higher powers
of (a – r) in one bracket if (a – r)m
SOLUTION :
32n + 2 – 8n – 9 = (1 + 8)n + 1 – 8n – 9
= [1 + (n + 1) 8 + n + 1C2 82 + . . .] – 8n – 9
= n + 1C2 82 + n + 1C3 83 + n + 1C4 84 + . . .
= 64 [n + 1C2 + n + 1C3 8 + n+1
C4 82 + . . . . ]
which is clearly divisible by 64.
Illustration - 36 Show that 24n – 2n (7n + 1) is some multiple of the square of 14, where n is a positive
intetger.
SOLUTION :
24n – 2n (7n + 1) = (16)n – 2n (7n + 1)
= (2 + 14)n – 2n · 7n – 2n
= (2n + nC1 2n – 1 · 14 + nC2 2n – 2 . 142 + . . . + 14n) – 2n . 7n – 2n
= 142 (nC2 2n – 2 + nC3 2n – 3 14 + . . . +3 14n – 2) + (2n + nC1 . 2n – 1 . 14 – 2n . 7n – 2n)
= 142 (nC2 2n – 2 + nC3 2n – 3 . 14 + . . . + 14n – 2) + (2n + n2n – 1 . 21 . 7 – 2n . 7n – 2n)
= 142 (nC2 . 2n – 2 + nC3 . 2n – 3 . 14 + . . . + 14n – 2) . . . (i)
This is divisible by 142 i.e. by 196 for all positive integral values of n.
Note : If n = 1, nC2 = 0, nC3 = 0 etc.
given expression = 142 × 0 = 0, which is divisible by 196.
NOW ATTEMPT IN-CHAPTER EXERCISE-B BEFORE PROCEEDING AHEAD IN THIS EBOOK
NOW ATTEMPT OBJECTIVE WORKSHEET TO COMPLETE THIS EBOOK
THINGS TO REMEMBER
1. Properties of nCr
(i) nC0 = nCn = 1 (ii) n
C1 = nCn – 1 = n (iii) n
Cr = nCn – r
(iv) nCr + nCr – 1 = n + 1Cr (v) r nCr = n n–1
Cr – 1
(vi) r (r – 1) nCr = n (n – 1) n – 2Cr – 2
n
C n r 1
(vii) n r
Cr 1 r
2. (x + y)n = nC0 xn y0 + nC1 xn – 1y + nC2 xn – 2 y2 + ..... + nCn x0 yn or (x + y)n
n
= n
Cr x n r y r
r0
In this formula, n is a positive integer, x and y are real or complex numbers and
n n!
Cr where nCr are binomial coefficients r = 0, 1, 2, 3, ..............., n
r ! ( n r )!
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6. Middle Term
The middle term in the expansion depends upon the value of n.
If n is even, then total number of terms in the expansion is odd. So there is only one middle term
th
n
i.e. 1 term is the middle term.
2
If n is odd, then total number of terms in the expansion is even. So there are two middle terms
th
n 1
i.e. term and the next are two middle terms.
2
7. Greatest Term
To find the numerically greatest term in the expansion of (1 + x)n :
x (n 1)
(i) Calculate m =
x 1
(ii) If m is an integer, then Tm and Tm + 1 are equal and both are greatest terms.
(iii) If m is not an integer, then T[m] + 1 is the greatest term, where [m] is the integral part of m.
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8. Greatest Coefficient
(i) When n is even, greatest coefficient = n C .
n
2
(ii) When n is odd, greatest coefficient = n C n 1 or n C (Note : both of them are equal)
n 1
2 2
n
9. C0 + C1 + C2 + C3 + . . . . . . . + Cn = 2n or n
Cr 2n [Cr = nCr]
r 0
n
10. 1 C1 + 2 C2 + 3 C3 + . . . . . + nCn = n · 2n – 1 or r · nCr n · 2n 1
r 1
n
11. 12 C1 + 22 C2 + 32 C3 + . . . . . + n2 Cn = n (n + 1) 2n – 2 or r 2 · Cr n (n 1) 2n 2
r 1
n
12. C0 – C1 + C2 – C3 + . . . . . . . + (–1)n Cn = 0 or (1)r n
Cr 0 [Cr = nCr]
r0
n
13. 1 C1 – 2 C2 + 3 C3 – . . . . . + (–1)n nCn = 0 or (1)r r · nCr 0
r 1
n
14. 12 C1 – 22 C2 + 32 C3 – . . . . . + (–1)n n2 Cn = 0 or (1)r r 2 · Cr 0
r 1
n
15. C02 C12 C22 . . . . Cn2 2 nCn or Cr2 2nCn
r0
n
16. 1· C12 2 · C22 3· C32 . . .. n Cn2 n 2n 1Cn 1 or r · Cr2 n · 2n 1Cn 1
r 1
n
17. 12 · C12 22 · C22 32 · C32 . . . . n 2 · Cn2 n2 2n 2Cn 1 or r 2 Cr2 n2 2n 2Cn 1
r 1
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