D.

SHARANYA

ROLL NO: 27

SEC-A SEM-6
Q.1 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ECHO AND
REVERBERATION? DISCUSS REVERBARATION TIME ALSO.

ECHO:

In audio signal processing and acoustics, echo is a reflection of sound that arrives at the
listener with a delay after the direct sound. ... Typical examples are the echo produced by
the bottom of a well, by a building, or by the walls of an enclosed room and an empty
room.

REVERBERATION:

Reverberation, in psychoacoustics and acoustics, is a persistence of sound after the

sound is produced. A reverberation, or reverb, is created when a sound or signal is
reflected causing numerous reflections to build up and then decay as the sound is
absorbed by the surfaces of objects in the space – which could include furniture, people,
and air. This is most noticeable when the sound source stops but the reflections
continue, their amplitude decreasing, until zero is reached

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ECHO AND REVERBERATION

REVERBERATION TIME:
 Reverberation time is a measure of the time required for the sound to "fade away" in an
enclosed area after the source of the sound has stopped. When it comes to accurately
measuring reverberation time with a meter, the term T60 [5] (an abbreviation for
Reverberation Time 60dB) is used. T60 provides an objective reverberation time
measurement. It is defined as the time it takes for the sound pressure level to reduce by 60
dB, measured after the generated test signal is abruptly ended. Reverberation time is
frequently stated as a single value if measured as a wideband signal (20 Hz to 20 kHz).
However, being frequency dependent, it can be more precisely described in terms of
frequency bands (one octave, 1/3 octave, 1/6 octave, etc.). Being frequency dependent, the
reverberation time measured in narrow bands will differ depending on the frequency band
being measured. For precision, it is important to know what ranges of frequencies are being
described by a reverberation time measurement.

Q.2 WRITE SHORT NOTES ON DEAD SPOT, COMPOSITE ABSORBERS?

1.DEAD SPOT:
Dead Spot. A term that has several meanings/usages: 1. In acoustics, a location where cancellations caused by
sound waves meeting out of phase results in silence or substantially reduced volume.

EXAMPLE: DEAD SPOTS IN AUDITORIUM

Poorly designed auditoriums can have dead spots. Dead spots are places where destructive interference occurs
from the interaction of two or more sound waves. For example, a soloist on stage sends sound waves into the
audience. Some of the waves hit the walls of the auditorium, while other waves travel directly to the listeners.
In some situations, a direct wave can destructively interfere with a reflected wave so they cancel each other
out at that particular location. As a result, the listeners seated in those particular seats would hear nothing
from that soloist. Someone sitting a few seats over from the dead spot, however, might not experience the
destructive interference and would hear the soloist just fine.

2.COMPOSITE ABSORBERS:
Composites were developed with the aim of simplifying acoustic treatment by combining sound absorbers with
noise barriers and decoupling layers. Composites create a unique acoustic solution, combining sound absorber
and noise barrier products.

ABSORBERS

Absorption materials are the most basic and widely used acoustical materials available. Absorbers reduce
reverberation and noise by absorbing sound. Performance is engineered by product type, location and the
amount of absorbing material in your space. Absorbers are used in any reverberant space from corridors to
expansive arenas. There are many types of absorbers available and are typically porous, open cell acoustical
materials manufactured out of foam or fiberglass. Sound absorption efficiency is rated by an NRC number, or
Noise Reduction Coefficient rating. The higher the NRC rating, the more efficient the product is at absorbing
noise energy.

These products include:

▪ Fabric Wrapped Acoustic Panels

▪ Acoustic Ceiling Clouds

▪ Acoustic Baffles and Banners

▪ Acoustic Foams

▪ Acoustical Absorption Blankets

NOISE BARRIERS

Noise barrier materials are used to block noise from transmitting from one area to another. These acoustical
materials are typically made of flexible mass-loaded vinyl or other engineered materials. Performance is
measured by placement of these materials between source and receiver and is measured by an STC rating. All
Noise Barriers are rated by an STC number or Sound Transmission Classification. The higher the STC rating, the
more efficient the product is at blocking noise path.

These products include:

▪ MLV Sound Barrier

▪ Acoustical Barrier Blankets

▪ Ceiling Barrier

▪ Acoustical Door Seal Kits

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Composite materials are products that combine both Noise Barrier & Sound Absorber materials. These
products when engineered together typically prove the greatest levels of noise reduction. Acoustical composite
materials have both an NRC and STC rating. Again, the higher the NRC and STC rating, the more efficient the
material is at reducing noise levels.

These products include:

▪ Drop Tile Ceiling Barriers

▪ Combination Acoustical Blankets

▪ Blanket Enclosures

▪ Stretch Wall Systems

▪ Composite Ceiling Tiles