Actividad de aprendizaje 15

Evidencia 5: Summary “Export-import theory”

Contar con los conocimientos necesarios para realizar un proceso de exportación,

requiere no solo de manejar habilidades lectoras para apropiar las normas y pasos
a seguir, sino también comprender y extraer los aspectos más importantes de
cada texto. Existen gran cantidad de textos referentes exportación e importación
en inglés, por lo cual es necesario fortalecer las competencias en dicha lengua.

Para reforzar lo mencionado, realice las siguientes actividades:

1. Lea el siguiente texto:

Export-Import Theory1

Setting up the business

Whether it is a new or existing export-import business, the legal form, or

structure, will determine how the business is to be conducted, its tax
liability, and other important considerations. Each form of business
organization has its own advantages and disadvantages, and the
entrepreneur has to select the one that best fulfills the goals of the
entrepreneur and the business. Selection of an appropriate business
organization is a task that requires accounting and legal expertise and
should be done with the advice of a competent attorney or accountant.

Ownership structure

In this section, we examine different forms of business organizations: sole

proprietorships, partnerships, corporations, and limited liability companies.

1
Belay, S. (2009). Export-Import Theory, Practices, and Procedures. (2a ed.). New York: Routledge.
Sole proprietorships

A sole proprietorship is a firm owned and operated by one individual. No

separate legal entity exists. There is one principal in the business who has
total control over all export-import operations and who can make decisions
without consulting anyone. The major advantages of sole proprietorships
are as follows:

1. They are easy to organize and simple to control. Establishing an export-

import business as sole proprietorship is simple and inexpensive and
requires little or no government approval. At the state level, registration of
the business name is required, while at the federal level, sole proprietors
need to keep accurate accounting records and attach a profit or loss
statement for the business when filing individual tax returns (Schedule C,
Internal Revenue Service Form 1040). They must operate on a calendar
year and can use the cash or accrual method of accounting.

2. They are more flexible to manage than partnerships or corporations. The

owner makes all operational and management decisions concerning the
business. The owner can remove money or other assets of the business
without legal or tax consequences. He or she can also easily transfer or
terminate the business.

3. Sole proprietorships are subject to minimal government regulations

versus other business concerns.

4. The owner of a sole proprietorship is taxed as an individual, at a rate

lower than the corporate income tax rate. Losses from the export import
business can be applied by the owner to offset taxable income from other
sources. Sole proprietors are also allowed to establish tax exempt
retirement accounts. (Harper, 1991; Cheeseman, 2006a)
The major disadvantage of running an export-import concern as a sole
proprietorship is the risk of unlimited liability. The owner is personally liable
for the debts and other liabilities of the business. Insurance can be bought
to protect against these liabilities; however, if insurance protection is not
sufficient to cover legal liability for defective products or debts, judgment
creditors’ next recourse is the personal assets of the owner. Another
disadvantage is that the proprietor’s access to capital is limited to personal
funds plus any loans that can be obtained. In addition, very few individuals
have all the necessary skills to run an export-import business, and the
owner may lack certain skills. The business may also terminate upon the
death or disability of the owner.

Establishing an appropriate business organization: pointers

 Does the entrepreneur intend to be the sole owner of the export-import

business? If not, how many people have an ownership interest?

 Does the entrepreneur need additional capital and/or expertise?

 What legal form provides the greatest flexibility for management?

 What legal form affords the most advantageous tax treatment for the
business concern and individual entrepreneurs?

 Which legal structure is easy and less expensive to establish and subject
to a low degree of government regulation?

 How important is it to limit personal liability of owners?

 o Which legal structure is the most appropriate in light of the goals and
objectives of the export-import business? (Belay, 2009).

2. Elabore una lista de vocabulario sobre el texto, mínimo de 15 palabras y escriba

su respectivo significado en inglés.
Statement: a definite or clear Declaración: una expresión clara
expression of something in speech o definida de algo en forma oral o
or writing. escrita.

Attorney: Person legally Abogado: Persona legalmente

authorized to advise and defend
the rights and interests of another
person in legal matters and
represent it in a lawsuit.
Without: Indica falta o carencia de
alguna cosa material o inmaterial.
Advantages: Circumstance or
situation that gives superiority in
something.
autorizada para asesorar y
defender los derechos e intereses
de otra persona en materia
jurídica y representarla en un
pleito.
Sin: Indicates lack or lack of
something material or immaterial.
Ventajas: Circunstancia o
situación que da superioridad en
alguna cosa.

Income: Amount of money earned Ingresos: Cantidad de dinero

or collected.
Skills: The ability is the innate
aptitude, talent, skill or ability that
a person holds to carry out and of
course with success, certain
activity, work
Sole: It applies to one or several
things of which or of whose
species there are no others.
Disadvantages: Circumstance of
being worse or being in a worse
situation one thing with respect to
others of the same nature with
which it is compared. Less
favorable situation in which a
person or thing is with respect to
ganada o recaudada.
Habilidades: La habilidad es la
aptitud innata, talento, destreza o
capacidad que ostenta una
persona para llevar a cabo y por
supuesto con éxito, determinada
actividad, trabajo 
Único: Se aplica a una o varias
cosas de las cuales o de cuya
especie no hay otras.
desventajas: Circunstancia de
ser peor o estar en peor situación
una cosa respecto a otras de la
misma naturaleza con la que se
compara. Situación menos
favorable en que se halla una
persona o cosa respecto a otras
 others with which it is compared.
Losses: Small amount of blood or
discharge from the womb that is
abnormally expelled outside of the
menstrual period.
Upon: Heritage prefix of Latin
origin that enters the formation of
names with the meaning of
'above', 'besides'.
Judgment: Faculty of
understanding, by virtue of which
man can distinguish good from evil
and true from false.
Returns: The return is the act of
giving something back to
someone. It is a process that is
based on a right of possession of
a certain person with respect to a
certain good that was delivered
with some type of specific
objective.
Little: That has a smaller size than
normal.
Loans: A loan is an operation by
which a financial institution puts at
our disposal a certain amount of
money through a contract.
con las que se compara.
Pérdidas: Cantidad pequeña de
sangre o flujo procedente de la
matriz que se expulsa
anormalmente fuera del período
menstrual.
Sobre: Prefijo patrimonial de
origen latino que entra en la
formación de nombres con el
significado de ‘por encima de’,
‘además de’.
Juicio: Facultad del
entendimiento, por cuya virtud el
hombre puede distinguir el bien
del mal y lo verdadero de lo falso.
Devoluciones: La devolución es el
acto de entregar algo nuevamente
a alguien. Es un proceso de se
sustenta en un derecho de
posesión de una determinada
persona con respecto a un
determinado bien que fue
entregado con algún tipo de
objetivo específico.
Pequeño: Que tiene un tamaño
menor de lo normal.
Prestamos: Un préstamo es una
operación por la cual una entidad
financiera pone a nuestra
disposición una cantidad
determinada de dinero mediante
un contrato.

3. El texto sugerido al inicio de esta evidencia cuenta con varios párrafos, y al

interior de cada párrafo se encuentran varias ideas principales. Por favor, lea el
material complementario “Identifying the main idea” para conocer cómo se
puede encontrar la idea principal en un párrafo escrito en inglés.
4. Luego de analizar el material complementario, por favor escriba las ideas
principales de cada párrafo, en presente simple, en inglés. No haga
transcripción literal de los párrafos. A continuación, transforme la oración a
presente progresivo, también en inglés.

Simple Present Tense Present Progressive Tense

way to start a business
The director controls all
The owners are in charge
The individual owners have a lower
rate
Sole proprietorships have government
owners
Way to starting a business
The director controlling all
The owners are in charging
The individual owners having a lower
rate
Sole proprietorships are having
government owners

people have many forms of trade people are having many forms of
trade

Sole proprietors have very low cost. Sole proprietors are having very low
cost.

5. Organice las ideas en un solo resumen, de manera que se conecten

coherentemente, en 15 líneas.

Export and import businesses are being widely used in their different
forms of commercial organizations since the director controls all export
and import operations, where sole proprietors are very low cost and
make all decisions concerning the business. Most sole proprietorships
are government owned and have a lower rate.

Knowing well that in each legal form in which the company has its legal
bases it will apply different processes, then it is necessary to know
what is necessary to be able to acquire and later apply a more robust
knowledge and not have legal consequences in the environment even
with a single administrator or immediate co-author of all health and tax
legal aspects for a better export or import in order to provide the
company with a greater global positioning on issues related to
manufacturing quality, managing to conquer or reach large markets.

Nota: para el desarrollo de esta evidencia se debe tener en cuenta el material de

formación “Using simple present and progressive to export” y el material
complementario asociado a esta actividad de aprendizaje.

Desarrolle esta evidencia con la herramienta ofimática de su preferencia y envíe el

archivo al instructor a través de la plataforma virtual de aprendizaje en formato
.doc o .pdf.

Pasos para enviar la evidencia:

1. Clic en el título de la evidencia.

2. Clic en Examinar mi equipo y buscar el archivo previamente guardado.
3. Dejar un comentario al instructor (opcional).
4. Clic en Enviar.

Nota: esta evidencia es de carácter individual. Recuerde revisar la guía de

aprendizaje con el fin de verificar que ha realizado todas las actividades
propuestas, saber cómo desarrollarlas y entregarlas correctamente.
 Criterios de evaluación
Realiza resúmenes de la información relevante y detallada de un texto técnico en
inglés.