Chapter 5: Chemical Accounting

Overview
Chapter 5 explains chemical nomenclature, mass relationships, molar masses, and the gas laws.
Nomenclature of metal-nonmetal compounds, nonmetal-nonmetal compounds, polyatomic ions, and
binary ionic compounds is discussed. The chapter concludes with balancing chemical equations and
mole-mass relationships.

Chapter Outline

5.1 Chemical Sentences: Equations

Remember that, matter is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions
and chemical equations and the balancing of chemical equations make sense.
5.2 Volume Relationships in Chemical Equations
5.3 Avogadro's Number and the Mole: 6.02 x 1023
5.4 Molar Mass: Mole-to-Mass and Mass-to-Mole Conversions
5.5 Solutions

Demonstrations

1. Display 1 mole samples of some common elements and compounds. Stoppered flasks make
suitable containers for both display and storage. Use 50 mL flasks for 12 g of carbon, 32 g of sulfur,
207 g of lead, 27 g of aluminum, 18 g of water, 58.5 g of salt
(sodium chloride), etc. Use a 250 mL flask for 180 g of glucose, and a 500 mL flask for 342 g of
sucrose.

2. Put a little water in an empty soda can and heat it to boiling. Lift the can with tongs, and quickly
invert it in a beaker of cold water. Air pressure causes the can to
collapse.

3. Fill a gallon milk jug (or a 2-liter soda bottle) with very hot water. Then pour out the water and
quickly stopper the bottle. The bottle collapses on cooling.

Review Questions

1. (a) the ratios of atoms in one molecule of a substance

(b) the average mass of a formula unit of a substance relative to that of a 12C atom.
(c) 6.02 x 1023 particles
(d) 6.02 x 1023
(e) mass of Avogadro’s number of atoms or molecules
(f) volume occupied by Avogadro’s number of atoms or molecules of a gas

2. The atomic mass of chlorine is the mass of a single chlorine atom (Cl). The formula mass of
chlorine gas is the mass of the chlorine molecule (Cl2).

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3. Avogadro’s hypothesis states that equal volumes of gases at the same pressure and temperature
contain the same number of molecules. Since molecules react in ratios of small whole numbers, the
volumes of reactants and products should be expressed as ratios of small whole numbers.

4. Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction, thus there must be the same number
of reactant atoms as product atoms.

5. (a) a homogeneous mixture of solvent and solute(s)

(b) greatest fraction of substance present in a solution
(c) substance(s) present in smaller fractions in a solution
(d) solution in which water is the solvent

6. (a) solution with a large quantity of solute dissolved in a small quantity of solvent
(b) solution with a small quantity of solute dissolved in a large quantity of solvent
(c) a substance that can be dissolved by the solvent
(d) a substance that cannot be dissolved by the solvent

Problems

7. (a) 12 (b) 3 (c) 6

8. (a) 6 (b) 3 (c) 7

9. N: 6 P: 3 H: 27 O: 12

10. Fe: 4 C: 36 H: 36 O: 48

11. (a) 2 molecules of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decompose to form two molecules of water (H2O)
and one molecule of oxygen (O2). (b) 2 moles of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decompose to form two
moles of water (H2O) and one mole of oxygen (O2).
(c) 68.03 g of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) decompose to form 36.03 g of water (H2O) and 32.00 g of
oxygen (O2).

12. (a) 2 moles of magnesium(Mg) react with 1 mole of oxygen (O2) to produce 2 moles of
magnesium oxide (MgO)
(b) 2 moles of ethane (C2H6) reacts with 5 moles of oxygen (O2) to produce 4 moles of carbon dioxide
(CO2) and 6 moles of water (H2O)

13. (a) 2 Mg + O2  2 MgO

(b) C3H8 + 5 O2  3 CO2 + 4 H2O
(c) 3 H2 + Ta2O3  2 Ta + 3 H2O

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14. (a) 2 K + O2  K2O2

(b) FeCl2 + Na2SiO3  2 NaCl + FeSiO3
(c) 3 F2 + 2 AlCl3  2 AlF3 + 3 Cl2

15. (a) N2 + O2  2 NO
(b) 2 O3  3 O2
(c) UO2 + 4 HF  UF4 + 2 H2O

16. (a) 4 Al + 3 O2  2 Al2O3

(b) CaCO3 + 2 HCl  CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O
(c) 2 C6H14 + 19 O2  12 CO2 +14 H2O

17.

18.

20.6 L C7 H16
19. (a) x7 L CO 2 = 144 L CO 2
1 L C7 H16
29.0 mL O 2
(b) x1 mL C 7 H16 = 2.64 mL C7 H16
11 mL O 2

125 L NH 3
20. (a) x 2 L N 2 = 62.5 L N 2
4 L NH 3
36 L H 2 O
(b) x3 L O 2 = 18 L O 2
6 L H 2O

7 L CO 2
21.
1 L C 7 H16

6 L H 2O
22.
4 L NH 3

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23. (a) 6.02x1023 molecules S8

(b) 6.02x1023 molecules S8 x 8 atoms S / molecule S8 = 4.82x1024 atoms S

24. (a) 6.02x1023 x 3 = 1.81x1024 calcium ions

(b) 6.02x1023 x 2 = 1.20x1024 nitride ions

25. c; 1.20x1024 Br atoms

26. (a) 6.02x1023 barium ions; 1.20x1024 nitrate ions

(b) 1.20x1024 nitrogen atoms; 3.61x1024 oxygen atoms

27. (a) AgNO3: 107.9 g/mol + 14.0 g/mol + 3(16.0 g/mol) = 169.9 g/mol
(b) Zn(IO)2: 65.4 g/mol + 2(126.9 g/mol) + 2(16.0 g/mol) = 351.2 g/mol
(c) Sn(ClO4)2: 118.7g/mol + 2(35.4 g/mol) + 8(16.0 g/mol) = 317.5 g/mol
(d) CH3(CH2)3COF: 5(12.0 g/mol) + 9(1.0 g/mol) + 16.0 g/mol + 19.0 g/mol = 104.0 g/mol

28. (a) Bi2O3: 2(209.0 g/mol) + 3(16.0 g/mol) = 466.0 g/mol

(b) CuSO4: 63.6 g/mol + 32.1 g/mol + 4(16.0 g/mol) = 159.7 g/mol
(c) Ca(CH3COO)2: 40.1 g/mol + 4(12.0 g/mol) + 6(1.0 g/mol) + 4(16.0 g/mol) =
158.1 g/mol
(d) (NH4)2C2O4: 2(14.0 g/mol) + 8(1.0 g/mol) + 2(12.0 g/mol) + 4(16.0 g/mol) =
124.0 g/mol

29. (a) 7.57 mol x 233.4 g/mol = 1770 g

(b) 4.72 mol x 134.4 g/mol = 634 g
(c) 0.250 mol x 342.0 g/mol = 85.5 g

30. (a) 0.460 mol x 137.2 g/mol = 63.1 g

(b) 6.15 mol x 152.0 g/mol = 935 g
(c) 0.158 mol x 221.9 g/mol = 35.1 g

31. (a) 6.63 g/339.9 g/mol = 0.0195 mol

(b) 19.1 g/143.9 g/mol = 0.133 mol
(c) 43.4 g/122.0 g/mol = 0.356 mol

32. (a) 16.3 g/146.1 g/mol = 0.112 mol

(b) 25.4 g/325.2 g/mol = 0.0781 mol
(c) 186 g/165.1 g/mol = 1.13 mol

28.02 g N
33. (a) x 100% = 17.1% N
164.10 g Ca(NO 3 ) 2
14.01 g N
(b) x 100% = 26.2% N
53.4 g NH 4 Cl

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34. C: 40.0% H: 6.7% O: 53.3%

0.845 mol C 4 H10

35. (a) x 8 mol CO 2 = 3.38 mol CO 2
2 mol C 4 H10

2.54 mol C 4 H10

(b) x 13 mol O 2 = 16.5 mol O 2
2 mol C 4 H10

2.59 mol C8 H18

36. (a) x 18 mol H 2 O = 23.3 mol H 2 O
2 mol C8 H18
6.75 mol O 2
(b) x 16 mol CO 2 = 4.32 mol CO 2
25 mol O 2

37. N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3
(a) 2 mol of NH3 are produced for every 3 mol H2 consumed
250 g H2/2.02 g/mol = 124 mol H2
124 mol H2 x 2 mol NH3/3 mol H2 = 82.7 mol NH3
82.7 mol NH3 x 17.0 g/mol = 1.41x103 g NH3 produced

(b) 3 mol of H2 are required for every mol N2 consumed

923 g N2/28.0 g/mol = 33.0 mol N2
33.0 mol N2 x 3 mol H2/1 mol N2 = 99.0 mol H2
99.0mol H2 x 2.0 g/mol = 198 g H2 required

38. C7H8 + 3 HNO3  C7H5N3O6 + 3 H2O

(a) 3 mol of HNO3 are required for every mol C7H8 consumed
256 g C7H8/92.0 g/mol = 2.78 mol C7H8
2.78 mol C7H8 x 3 mol HNO3/1 mol C7H8 = 8.34 mol HNO3
8.34 mol HNO3 x 63.0 g/mol = 525 g HNO3 required

(b) 1 mol of C7H5N3O6 is produced for every mol C7H8 consumed

951 g C7H8/92.0 g/mol = 10.3 mol C7H8
10.3 mol C7H8 x 1 mol C7H5N3O6 /1 mol C7H8 = 10.3 mol C7H5N3O6
10.3 mol C7H5N3O6 x 227.0 g/mol = 2340 g C7H5N3O6 produced

39. M = n/V
(a) 23.4 mol/12.0 L = 1.95 M
(b) 0.875 mol/1.032 L = 0.848 M

40. M = n/V
(a) 2.82 mol/5.75 L = 0.490 M
(b) 2.22 mol/0.1933 L = 11.5 M

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41. M = n/V
n = MV
(a) 0.500 M x 5.50 L = 2.75 mol x 40.0 g/mol = 110 g NaOH
(b) 1.55 M x 0.0650 L = .101 mol x 180.0 g/mol = 18.2 g C6H12O6

42. M = n/V
n = MV
(a) 0.167 M x 0.125 L = 0.0209 mol x 294.2 g/mol = 6.15 g K2Cr2O7
(b) 0.0200 M x 0.705 L = 0.0141 mol x 158.0 g/mol = 2.23 g KMnO4

43. M = n/V
V = n/M
(a) 2.00 mol/6.00 M = 0.333 L
(b) 8.10 g/180g/mol = 0.0450 mol KH2AsO4
0.0450 mol/0.0700 M = 0.643 L

44. M = n/V
V = n/M
(a) 1.50 mol/0.250 M = 6.00 L
(b) 0.275 g/90g/mol = 0.00306 mol H2C2O4
0.00306 mol/4.25 M = 0.000720 L = 0.720 mL

45. (a) (68.0 mL/650 mL) x 100% = 10.5%

(b) (35.5 mL/755 mL) x 100% = 4.70%

46. (a) (35.0 mL/700 mL) x 100% = 5.00%

(b) (85.9 mL/1550 mL) x 100% = 5.54%

47. 3750 g solution x 0.082 = 310 g NaCl

add 310 g NaCl to 3440 g water

48. 2.54 kg solution x 0.163 = 0.414 kg KOH

add 0.414 kg KOH to 2.13 kg water

49. 2.50 L x 0.0200 = 0.0500 L acetic acid

add 0.0500 L acetic acid to 2.00 L of water

50. 600.0 mL x 0.300 = 180 mL isopropyl alcohol

add 180 mL isopropyl alcohol to 420 mL of water

Additional Problems

51. Al(s) + 2 H+(aq)  Al3+(aq) + H2(g) is not a charge balanced reaction. The correctly balanced
reaction is: 2 Al(s) + 6 H+(aq)  2 Al3+(aq) + 3 H2(g)

52. b

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53. (a) Hg(NO3)2(s)  Hg(l) + 2 NO2(g) + O2(g)

(b) Na2CO3(aq) + 2 HCl(aq)  H2O(l) + CO2(g) + 2 NaCl(aq)

54. 2 HgO(s)  2 Hg(l) + O2(g)

18.0 g HgO/216.6 g/mol = 0.0831 mol HgO
0.0831 mol HgO x 1 mol O2/2 mol HgO = 0.0416 mol O2
0.0416 mol O2 x 32.00 g/mol = 1.33 g O2 produced

55. (a) yes, all have 2.00 mol of atoms. (b) C2H2

56. 3 Fe + 2 O2  Fe3O4
50.0 g Fe/55.8 g/mol = 0.896 mol Fe
0.896 mol Fe x 1 mol Fe3O4/3 mol Fe = 0.299 mol Fe3O4
0.299 mol Fe3O4 x 231.4 g/mol = 69.2 g Fe3O4

57. CaCO3  CaO + CO2

2.5 x 105 g CaCO3/100 g/mol = 2.5 x 103 mol CaCO3
2.5 x 103 mol CaCO3 x 1 mol CaO/1 mol CaCO3 = 2.5 x 103 mol CaO
2.5 x 103 mol CaO x 56 g/mol = 1.4 x 105 g CaO

58. NH3 + 2 O2  HNO3 + H2O

1 mol of HNO3 produced for every mol of NH3 consumed
549 g NH3/17.0 g/mol = 32.3 mol NH3
32.3 mol NH3 x 1 mol HNO3/1 mol NH3 = 32.3 mol HNO3
32.3 mol HNO3 x 63.0 g/mol = 2030 g HNO3

16 - fl. oz 1.00 g
59. x 29.6 mL = 473.6 mL x x 0.030 = 14 g H 2 O 2
1 - fl. oz 1 mL
1 mol
14 g H 2 O 2 x = 0.41 mol H 2 O 2
34.0 g

2.59 g NaOH
60. (a) x 100% = 2.52% NaOH
2.59 g NaHO + 100.0 g water

(b) 5.25 mL ethanol x 0.789 g = 4.14 g

mL
4.14 g ethanol
x 100% = 7.65% ethanol
4.14 g ethanol + 50.0 g water

337 mL ethanol
61. (a) x 100% = 94.9% ethanol
355 mL solution
0.00400 L acetone
(b) x 100% = 0.258% acetone
1.55 L solution

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62. (a) NH4NO3  N2O + 2 H2O

(b)
(c) 1 mol of N2O produced for every mol of NH4NO3 consumed
150.0 g NH4NO3/80.0 g/mol = 1.875 mol NH4NO3
1.875 mol NH4NO3 x 1 mol N2O /1 mol NH4NO3 = 1.875 mol N2O
1.875 mol N2O x 44.0 g/mol = 82.5 g N2O

238.0 g 1x10-24 mol 1 yg

63. (a) x x 1.50 ymol x = 357 yg
1 mol 1 ymol 1x10-24 g
6.02 x10 23 atoms 1x10 -21 mol 602 atoms
(b) x = x 1.20 zmol = 722 atoms
1 mol 1 zmol 1 zmol

1 mol
64. 31.7 g H 2 C 2 O 4 x = 0.352 mol
90 g
n n 0.352 mol
M= V= = = 0.410 L
V M 0.859 M

65. 5.0 L x 0.00165 = 0.00825 L = 8.25 mL alcohol

1 yM
66. (a) 1.00 M x 1 x 10 -24 x = 1.00 yM
1x10 -24 M
6.02x10 23 molecules 1x10 -24 mol 0.602 molecules
(b) x =
1 mol 1 ymol 1 ymol

1.00 g 1 mol
67. 236 mL x = 236 g x = 13.1 mol
1 mL 18 g
6.02 x10 23 molecules
13.1 mol x = 7.89x10 24 molecules in 1 cup
1 mol

9 1x1015 cm 3
3 1 cup
1.47 x 10 km x 3
= 1.47 x 10 24 cm 3 x 3
= 6.23 x 10 21 cup
1 km 236 cm

500 mL
68. x 500 mL x 0.056 mol x 6.02x10 23 molecules = 8430 molecules
24
1x10 mL mL mole

69. H2SO4 + 2 NaHCO3  Na2SO4 + 2 CO2 + 2 H2O

2 mol of NaHCO3 are consumed for every mol of H2SO4 consumed
50,000,000 g H2SO4 /98.1 g/mol = 510,000 mol H2SO4
510,000 mol H2SO4 x 2 mol NaHCO3 /1 mol H2SO4 = 1,020,000 mol NaHCO3
1,020,000 mol NaHCO3 x 84.0 g/mol = 85,700,000 g NaHCO3

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70. H2SO4 + Na2CO3  Na2SO4 + CO2 + H2O

1 mol of Na2CO3 are consumed for every mol of H2SO4 consumed
50,000,000 g H2SO4 /98.1 g/mol = 510,000 mol H2SO4
510,000 mol H2SO4 x 1 mol Na2CO3 /1 mol H2SO4 = 510,000 mol Na2CO3
510,000 mol Na2CO3 x 106.0 g/mol = 54,100,000 g Na2CO3

1.00 g 1 mol
71. 2000 mL x = 2000 g x = 111 mol
1 mL 18 g

72. (a) % A.E. = (molar mass of 3 N2/molar mass of 2 NaN3) x100%

% A.E. = (84.06/130.04)x100% = 64.6%
(b) 5.74 g NaN3 /65.02 g/mol = 0.0883 mol NaN3
0.0883 mol NaN3 x 3 mol N2/2 mol NaN2 = 0.132 mol N2.
0.132 mol N2 x 28.0 g/mol = 3.70 g N2

73. (a) C6H12O6  2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2; C2H4 + H2O  C2H5OH

(b) %A.E. = 51.1%; %A.E. = 100%
(c) The ethylene reaction is balanced as written and all atoms are converted to product
(d) The conversion of glucose is sustainable as it is made from biomass.
(e) For industrial purposes ethylene is presently the most economical method.

74. The balanced equation is: C5H12 + 8 O2  5 CO2 + 6 H2O

(a) %A.E. = 67.1%
(b) 12.0 g C5H12/72.17 g/mol = 0.166 mol C5H12
0.166 mol C5H12 x 5 mol CO2/ mol C5H12 = 0.830 mol CO2
0.830 mol CO2 x 44.01 g/mol = 36.5 g CO2
(c) % Yield = (15.2g/36.5 g) x 100% = 41.6%

75. (a) CuCl2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq)  CuCO3(s) + 2 NaCl(aq); %A.E. = 50.2%

(b) 4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g)  4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g); %A.E. = 52.6%
(c) 12 KMnO4(aq) + 12 KOH(aq) + 2 KI(aq) 
12 K2MnO4(aq) + 2 KIO3(aq) + 6 H2O(l)
%A.E. = 82.5%

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