ISSN: 2597-8640

Innovation and Technology HISAS 14

Moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer for

temperature analysis to increase fishery productivity
I Gede Bayu Pradnya S.a, Putri Rousan Nabilab, Muhammad Hudayawanc Valiano Aditya Pratamad
a
Naval Architecture of Diponegoro University, Indonesia
b
Chemical Engineering of Diponegoro University, Indonesia
c
Geodesy Engineering of Diponegoro University, Indonesia
d
Mechanical Engineering of Diponegoro University, Indonesia
Corresponding Email: subagia.krt@gmail.com

Abstract
Sea temperature in Indonesia range between 250c to 300c based on a research using infra-red and thermal
infra-red remote sensing method. We measured the sea temperature using canal 20,31 and 32 with MODIS
satellite. The main purpose of the research is to study the relationship between fish production and
oceanography factor that being observed with MODIS satellite based on sea temperature parameter data that
we obtained. Total production of fish in Indonesia on 2013 reached 11,06 million tonnes with estimate value
to Rp. 126 trillion. The wild fisheries and farm fisheries sub-sectors are the biggest contributors with 5,86
million tonnes and 5,20 million tonnes respectively. The utilization of satellite imagery hopefully may
increase the fish production yearly with the mapping of fish distribution using sea temperature parameter.

Keywords: Aqua MODIS, Fishing Area, Sea Surface Temperature, Fishery Resources, NOAA – AVHRR

INTRODUCTION Next it has been said that fish have the

Sea surface temperature is a physics
measurement that explain the number of matter
consist in an object. The sea temperature,
especially the surface layer depends on the matter
obtained from the sun (Weyl, 1970). The sea
temperature in Indonesia mostly range between
25ºC to 30ºC and may decrease to one or two
degree as the depth increase to 80 db (± 8 m)
(Tomascik et al. 1997). Meanwhile according to
Soegiarto and Birowo (1975), Indonesia has the
sea surface temperature between 26ºC to 30ºC,
with the thermocline layer ranging from 9ºC to
26ºC and the inside layer between 2ºC to 8ºC. The
sea temperature ranges from -2ºC to 30ºC where
the lowest is caused by the ice formation and the
highest is caused by the radiation process and the
object change with the atmosphere (Ingmanson
and Wallace, 1973). Whereas, the sea surface
temperature in tropical zone ranging between
27ºC to 29ºC and 15ºC to 20ºC in the sub tropical
zone. This temperature decrease accordingly with
the depth. Reddy (1993) said that fish is a cold
blood animal that its body temperature adjust with
the environment where it lives. It also said that
fish has the ability to adjust the temperature to a
condition where they are comfort with, which in
the end affecting its distribution and productivity.
ability to adapt with certain temperature that allow
it to live and temperature affect the distribution of
the fish itself. According to Laevastu and Hela
(1970), the impact of temperature towards the fish
impacts on its metabolism process like the growth
and food digestion, body movement like
swimming speed, and nerve stimulation. The
impact of temperature on fish can clearly be seen
on the spawning phenomenon, where temperature
determine the duration of spawning on some fish
species. Water temperature and stream during and
after the spawning is the most important factor
which determine the larva power, heritance and
metabolism of certain commercial fish. Extreme
temperature on spawning ground during the
spawning season may force the fish to spawn
somewhere other than the region. Temperature
changes for a long term may determine the
movement of spawning ground and fishing ground
periodically (Reddy 1993). Naturally sea surface
layer temperature is a warm layer caused by the
sun radiation on the day. Also the wind caused
stirring to the sea from the upper layer to the
depth of 50 to 70 m which results a homogenous
warm temperature on the layer (about 28,000C).
That is why the layer called ‘homogenous layer’.
There is a potential that the layer become thicker
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by the impact of sea current and tides. In the
shallow area, the homogenous layer may reach the
bottom of the sea depth. The warm upper layer
separated from the deep cold layer by a rapid
changes of temperature which called thermocline
or temperature discontinuity layer. The
temperature on the surface layer is homogenous
because of the mix between the wind and the
wave which why the layer called mixed layer.
Mixed layer support the lives of pelagic fish and
passively float the planktons, fish eggs, and larva
while the cold layer support the lives of benthic
animals and deep sea animals (Reddy 1993).
According to Nontji (1993) when there is an
upwelling occurs, the thermocline surface moves
up and the gradient turn smoother and mass of
water from deep surface which contain nutrients
upwelled to the top surface. Short term fluctuation
of thermocline depth depends on the movement of
sea surface, tides and streams. Under the
thermocline layer, the temperature decrease
slowly as it goes deeper. According to Wyrtki
(1961), the thermocline depth in Hindia Ocean
stretch 120 m to the south of Southern Equatorial
Stream Zone, with the depth reach 140 m.
Laevastu (1981) have studied the impact of
oceanography factor to the pelagic fish
distribution and shows that the main parameter
that relate to the pelagic fish distribution is the
temperature and the stream of the sea.
The number of fish production and the
degree of pelagic fish population is closely related
to the changes of sea water temperature. The
depth of pelagic fish movement depends on the
temperature vertical structure of the sea. Next it
stated that some pelagic fish species will swim
deeper if the temperature on the surface is getting
warmer. The movement of a herring fish group
depend on how wide the mixed layer area in the
surface on the night.
A.Remote Sensing
Aerial optical photography has become a major
part on mapping the sea water temperature
(Fingas and Brown 1997). Shines of the ocean
shows a silver colour intensity and reflects the
light in a visible spectrum. But some conditions
like the sun zenith angle, position sensor and wind
condition may vary the temperature on certain
types because the effectivity of visible light and
near infra red on the remote sensing have a
limited data (Adamo et al. 2006). Operator
experiences is also basically needed to identify the
sea surface temperature on the manual imagery.
B. Citra Aqua Modis
MODIS is a sensor which intended to present
shore, sea, and atmosphere data periodically.
MODIS sensor is installed on Terra and Aqua
`
satellite. Terra and Aqua satellite are also
designed to bring the other sensors, AVHRR and
CZCS and orbiting once every two days with a
sun synchronous and near-polar orbit. Both
Satellite orbiting the earth every other day with
the height 705 kilometres above the earth surface.
MODIS Field of view is ±55o with the wide angle
2330 km.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS
The method that used in this research is
the processing of MODIS level 1B image.
A. Equipment and Material
Materials that are used in this research are:
1. Image of Aqua MODIS satellite Level 1B
2. Indonesia Map digital scale to 1:1,000,000
Instruments that are used in this research are:
1. Acer core i5 Notebook with 4GB RAM
2. Software include; ER-Mapper 6.4 and ENVI
5.1 to process the image of Aqua MODIS
before it become a map; SeaDAS 4.8 to
process the image of Aqua MODIS Level 1B
to become Level 2; ArcGIS 9.0 to categorize
and process the layout until it become a final
map
Start MODIS Data
1 KM
Geometric Bow Tie
Correction Correction
Counting the Counting the
value of canal value of
radiation 20, brightness
31, 32 temperature
Kecerahan
Measure and
count the sea Finish
water
temperature
Figure 1. Flow diagram of sea water temperature
data processing
1. Bowtie Correction
Bow-tie correction was done in order to
repair the part of overlapping image. Overlapping
occurred because of the increasing field of view
(IFOV), from 1x1 km to the lowest point
approaching 2x5 km on the maximum angle.
2. Geometric Correction
Geometric correction was done to reduce
geometric distortion coming from the earth
surface objects that appears and caused by the
earth surface curvature and another factors. So
that, after the geometric correction phase, the
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spatial position from an area in the image will be
appropriate with the actual condition.
3. Radiation Grade Calculation
In order to calculate the sea surface
temperature, MODIS data that being used are
band 20, 31, and 32.
Table 1: Band Scores of the Sea Surface
Temperature Calculation
Band MODIS Bandwidth (μm) Radiation
Spectral
20 3,66-3,84 0,45 (300K)
31 10.78 – 11.28 9,55 (300K)
32 11,77-12,27 8,94 (300K)
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Brief and descriptively title each table and
caption each figure. Place figure caption below
the figure; place table title above the table. Text
and symbols must be clearly readable, avoid small
symbols.
Figure 2. Sea surface temperature distribution in
the Pacific Ocean.
Sea water temperature ranged between
27°C-29°C in the tropical zone and 15°C-20°C in
the subtropical zone. This temperature may
decrease accordingly to the depth of the sea. Sea
temperature relatively constant at 2°C-4°C in the
depth of 1000 m (King, 1963).
Variation of daily sea temperature in the
tropical zone does not vary much where it only
ranges between 0.20C-0.30C (Gross, 1990).
Yearly variation of sea water temperature
relatively small with only 20C at average. This is
caused by the sun position and the mass of water
came from the high lattitude. During western
monsoon, heating occurs in the Arafura sea and
Sumatera western coastline with the temperature
around 29-300C. Meanwhile the sea surface of
Southern China Sea relatively low about 26-270C.
During Eastern Munsoon, the sea water
temperature in eastern Indonesia reach a lower
value (Soegiarto dan Birowo, 1975). During
December, the sun position reaches its lowest
position on the 23.50 southern lattitude and during
eastern moonson (June), the sun reaches the
`
highest position on 23.50 northern lattitude. The
sun will be at the top of equator during
transational season between March and September
(figure 3).
Richard and Davis (1991) stated that the
world sea temperature divided into three zones
based on the depth of the sea, the surface layer
(sea surface temperature), thermocline layer
temperature, and deep layer temperature. Sea
water temperature largely depend on the intensity
of sun radiation. Sea water temperature will be
higher on the region that receives more
radiation.The region that receives the most
radiation is the low lattitude zone on 100NL-
100SL lattitude.
Figure 3. Sun position on a year.
Based on the research, we obtained the
data of Indonesia sea temperature around 29-31.8
0C. These are the data of fish hauls frequency
based on sea temperature research data.
Figure 4. Fish hauls frequency based on sea
surface temperature.
Based on the chart above, we know that
the highest fish haul outcome came in 31.02-
32.46oC with the frequency 30 times of fishing.
Hela and Laestu (1970) stated that the
temperature is an essential factor to determine and
assess some fishing zone and will not only depend
on the temperature, but also the temperature
difference. Based on research by Rais (2009), it
shown that the optimum temperature for fishing is
ranging between 28-31oC. Based on the range, we
know that Indonesia fishing zone also ranged
about that figure.
58
 The circled area above plots the area of
Indonesia which has temperature distribution
between 28-31oC. From our data analysis, we
obtain the fishing outcome estimation that will be
the reference in interpolating and will predict the
good fishing zone.
Figure 5. The sea surface temperature of Pacific
Ocean on April 7 – 11 2015.
Based on the fish spread analysis, we
detected a lot of fish groups in the ranging
temperature 29-31oC. This is caused by the
optimum oceanographic condition in the water in
both of the sea surface temperature and another
oceanographic parameter.
CONCLUSION
The conclusion that can be concluded from
the study and analysis are:
1. AQUA/TERRA MODIS satellite can be used
to obtain the sea surface temperature (SPL)
with the sea surface temperature map as the
result
2. Oceanographic temperature parameter gives a
significant effect toward the fishing outcome
variation with the optimum outcome result in
sea surface temperature between 29-31oC.
3. The utilization of sensing remote technology
is a good and acceptable alternative to provide
the fishery resource potency information as it
is faster, cheaper, and more precise.
4. The fishery resource potency cartographic is
the essential need in order to increase fish
production in Indonesia
Recommendation: Advanced and routine
research is needed to get the illustration of
potential fishing zone every season
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
Authors declares the submitted
manuscript have no any conflict of interest.
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