‫الرابعة‬:‫المرحلة‬ ‫مصطفى سعد جاسم‬: ‫اسم الطالب‬

2020\6\20:‫التاريخ‬ )3(:‫رقم الواجب‬

Q(1)
1-Catalytic Cracking: Catalytic cracking is the most important and widely used
refinery process for converting heavy oils into more valuable gasoline and lighter
products.
2-Catalytic Hydrocracking: Chemical process that in addition to using heat
and catalytic ,hydrogen is used to produce high ratio of gasoline and jet fuel.
3-Hydrotreating:The process that converting aromatics to paraffins and reduce
the sulfur and/or nitrogen content without change in boiling range of the feed.

Table(1) Compartion between Catalytic Cracking, Catalytic Hydrocracking and Hydrotreating

Different according Catalytic Cracking Catalytic Hydrotreating
Hydrocracking
1- purpose converting heavy converting high Converting
oils into more ratios of gasoline aromatics to
valuable gasoline and jet fuel paraffins and
and lighter reduce the sulfur
products and/or nitrogen
content
2-feedstock Heavy vacuum gas heavy cracking Wide range as
oil and vacuum stocks, aromatics, unsaturated
distillation residue cycle oils, and coker hydrocarbons such
oils as olefins
3-change in boiling With change With change Without change
range
4-catalytic used ZEALOTS silica-alumina cobalt and
molybdenum oxides
on alumina
catalysts
5-hydrogen With hydrogen With hydrogen Without hydrogen
6-opereting reactor OPERATING Temperature of
condition temperatures are in CONDITIONS 520–645 F (270–
the range 900 to ranging from 660 to 340 C), Pressure of
1000 ºF , with oil 785°F 100–3,000 psig (690–
feed temperatures and from 1000 to 20,700 kPag).
from 500 to 800 ºF 2000 psig (350–
and regenerator exit 420°C and 6900–
temperatures for 13,800 kPa).
catalyst from 1200
to 1500 ºF .
The reaction endothermic endothermic endothermic
 ‫الرابعة‬:‫المرحلة‬ ‫مصطفى سعد جاسم‬: ‫اسم الطالب‬
2020\6\20:‫التاريخ‬ )3(:‫رقم الواجب‬
Q(2)//ANS
1- Catalytic Hydrocracking
1.1-purpose of Catalytic Hydrocracking:
converting high ratios of gasoline and jet fuel and to obtained high octane number.
1.2-feedstock of Catalytic Hydrocracking
1.2.1- heavy cracking stocks, aromatics, cycle oils, and coker oils
1.2.2- Vacuum and coker gas oils
1.3- products of Catalytic Hydrocracking
gasoline, jet fuels, and light fuel oils
2- Hydrotreating
2.1- purpose of Hydrotreating:
to remove objectionable elements from products or feedstocks by reacting them with
hydrogen. Stabilization usually involves converting unsaturated hydrocarbons such
as olefins to paraffins.
2.2- feedstock of Hydrotreating:
Wide range as naphtha and unsaturated hydrocarbons such as olefins.
2.3- products of Hydrotreating:
H2S removal ,parraffins and desulfurized product
 ‫الرابعة‬:‫المرحلة‬ ‫مصطفى سعد جاسم‬: ‫اسم الطالب‬
2020\6\20:‫التاريخ‬ )3(:‫رقم الواجب‬
Q(3)//ANS
Describe of Catalytic Cracking process
1- The hot oil feed is contacted with the catalyst in either the feed riser line or
the reactor.
2- the catalyst is progressively deactivated by the formation of coke on the
surface of the catalyst.
3- The catalyst and hydrocarbon vapors are separated mechanically, and oil
remaining on the catalyst is removed by STEAM STRIPPING before the
catalyst enters the regenerator.
4- The oil vapors are taken overhead to a FRACTIONATION TOWER for
separation into streams having the desired boiling ranges.
5- THE SPENT CATALYST flows into the regenerator and is reactivated by
burning off the coke deposits with air
6- - THE FLUE GAS AND CATALYST are separated by cyclone separators and
electrostatic precipitators. The catalyst in some units is steam-stripped as it
leaves the regenerator to remove adsorbed oxygen before the catalyst is
contacted with the oil feed.