“TRAINING ON ELECTRICAL POWER

SYSTEM STUDIES USING PSS/E”

ANGLE STABILITY
BASIC COURSE (WEEK 2 DAY 3-C)

USAID’s SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR

PAKISTAN (SEP) PROJECT
 Generator Rotor Angle Responses
• Case 1 – Steady state stable
• Case 2 – Transient stable
• Case 3 – Small signal unstable
• Case 4 – First swing unstable
 Factors Influencing Transient Stability
• Loading of the generators – is there spinning reserve to make
up for lost generation?
• Fault clearing time; the amount of kinetic energy gained by the
generators during the fault is proportional to the duration of
the fault!
• Post fault transmission reactance
• Generator reactance – a lower reactance increases peak power
and reduces internal rotor angle
• System and generator inertia. The higher the inertia, the
slower the rate of generator internal angle change
 Factors Influencing Transient Stability
• Generator internal voltage magnitude, depends on the field
excitation
• Transmission busbar voltage magnitude
 How to Improve Transient Stability
• Improve the system design
• Series inductive reactance of transmission networks are the
primary cause of stability problems
• Reducing reactance of transmission system elements improves
transient stability by increasing post fault synchronising power
transfers
• Most direct ways of reducing transmission circuit reactance:
➢ Line and conductor configurations; use bundled conductors
with minimum spacing between phases
 How to Improve Transient Stability
➢ Use transformers with lower leakage reactance –
autotransformers generally have lower leakage reactance
than double wound units
➢ Series capacitor compensation for transmission lines
➢ Voltage profile control can increase the flow of
synchronising power between interconnected generators –
SVCs and synchronous condensers may be used to improve
transient voltage profiles
• Machine selection
• Increase moment of inertia
 How to Improve Transient Stability
• The generators inertia is essentially the electrical momentum of
the machine, based on the speed of rotation and mass of the
machine, relative to its electrical capacity
➢ Steam Turbines vary between 2.0 and 6.0 kWsec/kVA
➢ Gas Turbines vary between 1.2 and 7.0 kWsec/kVA
➢ Diesel Generator vary between 1.5 and 3.0 kWsec/kVA
• Reduce generator transient reactance
• Reduce accelerating torque through control of the prime mover
(e.g. steam turbine fast-valving)
 How to Improve Transient Stability
• Electronic governors now control the governor valve
electrically, reducing the servo time constant and improving the
response.
• Acceleration, as well as speed signals are now used in the
control of the governor, which can improve transient stability by
cutting off steam during the fault
 How to Improve Transient Stability
• Improve voltage regulator and exciter characteristics
• Regulator design is influenced by performance requirements –
these inevitably lead to conflict:
➢ Delays in AVR response
o are useful for steady-state stability (they do not respond
to low frequency oscillations)
o Undesirable for transient stability
➢ High controller gain
o Good for voltage regulation
o Undesirable for steady state stability
 How to Improve Transient Stability
Apply power system stabilizers (PSS)
• A PSS detects the changing of generator output power, controls
the excitation value to rapidly reduce the power swing
• PSSs may be used to combat the following stability problems:
➢ Local model power oscillation
o When an individual generator oscillates against the
system
o Frequency of oscillation typically 1Hz
 How to Improve Transient Stability
➢ Inter area power oscillation
o The whole system oscillates with large distances and
power transfer
o Frequency of oscillation typically between 0.2 Hz and
0.5 Hz
 How to Improve Transient Stability
System Protection
• Faster fault clearance
➢ make sure that the fault is cleared at a load angle less than
the critical fault clearing angle. Fault clearance includes the
time taken for protection operation and circuit breaker
operating times
• Load shedding
➢ if generation is lost and there is not sufficient spinning
reserve, load should be removed from the power system as
quickly as possible to balance generation with load and
maintain a healthy frequency
➢ Load shedding schemes must be selective and
discriminating
 How to Improve Transient Stability
System Protection
➢ Too much load shed would result in high frequencies on the
system
• System Separation
➢ split the system into islands fed by local generation which
may later be re-synchronised with one another
• Reactor switching
➢ some very long transmission lines incorporate at intervals
along the line, very fast automatic shunt reactance
compensation equipment to maintain system voltage along
the line
 Notes on Auto-reclosing
Single-pole Auto-reclosing
• Since the majority of faults are transient line-earth flashovers or
breakdowns, there is sometimes some justification for single
pole fault detection and breaker operation
• When single-circuit overhead Iines are employed, single pole
auto-reclosing provides a large increase in security and
improves the stability margin
 Notes on Auto-reclosing
• The advantages must be weighed against the following:
➢ A separate mechanism is required for each phase of the
circuit breaker
➢ Better maintenance is required
➢ More elaborate protection is necessary
• There is no advantage in using single-phase auto-reclosing on
double circuit lines!!
 Notes on Auto-reclosing
Three-pole Auto-reclosing
• If the fault does not clear in the first dead time, the effect of a
reclosure would reduce the synchronising power and so tend to
instability.
• Most auto-reclosers are of the “delayed, single shot” type, i.e.
the breaker at one end is reclosed and must remain closed
before the other side is closed
• The stability of the system could be endangered because the
reclose can easily occur when generators have swung
considerably out of phase
 Notes on Auto-reclosing
• Under these circumstances, it can be shown that better security
is provided if reclosing is delayed for 10-20 seconds after fault
occurrence in order to allow the system generators to first
settle into a new operating condition