A

REPORT ON
SUMMER TRAINING
TAKEN AT
2x50 MVA, 33/11 kV GRID SUB STATION, SONBHADRA
OPERATED BY:- PURWANCHAL VIDHYUT VITRAN
NIGAM LIMITED

SUBMITTED BY: UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF

ATUL KESHARI SH..ASHOK KUMAR SINGH (A.Ex. Er.)

Diploma In Elect. Engg SUBMITTED TO :

REG.NO:-170215203338 SH.RAJESH BAHRI ( Sr.Lecturer)
Batch :-2017-2020

GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC COLLEGE

FEROZEPUR PUNJAB.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Summer training has an important role in exposing the real life situation
in an industry. It was a great experience for me to work on training at
2x50 MVA, 33/11KV GRID Substation SONBHADRA (PURWANCHAL
VIDHYUT VITRAN NIGAM LIMITED) through which I could learn how to
work in a professional challenging environment.
Now, I would like to thank the people who guided me and have
been a constant source of inspiration throughout the tenure of my
summer training.
I am sincerely grateful to SH.. ASHOK KUMAR SINGH (Assistant
Executive Engineer) at 33/11KV Sub-station, SONBHADRA. Who
rendered me his valuable assistance, constant encouragement and able
guidance which made this training actually possible.
I also wish my deep sense of gratitude to SH. RAJESH BAHRI
(HOD: EE Department). Whose gave me an opportunity to take training
and his encouragement and guidance made my training successful. I also
thanks to all controller,
Staff and operator member, who also help me at the time of training.
 Table of contents

1. Introduction
1.1 About 33/11KV 2x50 MVA Grid Sub-Station, SONBHADRA…………..
2. Installation of sub station
2.1 Substation Characteristics……………………………….................…………
2.2 Steps In Designing Substation………………………….............................
2.3 Earthing And Bonding…………………………………….....................
2.3 Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology …………...................
2.4 Earthing Material…………………………………………….....................
2.5 Switch Yard Fence Earthing…………………...........................
2.6 Conductors Used In Substation Designing…………………………...........
3. Equipments
3.1 List Of Installed Equipments……………………………………………….
4. Detail Of Various Components Of Substation
4.1 Transformer
4.1.1 Power Transformer............................................................
4.1.2 Instrument Transformer....................................................
4.2 Breakers........................................................................................
4.3 Bus Bars ..................................................................................
4.4 Insulators....................................................................................
4.5 Isolators.........................................................................................
4.6 Metering and Indicating Instruments..........................................
4.7 Miscellaneous Components...........................................................
4.8 Protection Of Sub Station......................................................
4.9 Communication Systems..............................................................
5. Controls Panels
6. Battery Room
7. Conclusion
INTRODUCTIO

The creation of 33/11KV 2x50 MVA Grid Substation (PURWANCHAL VIDHYUT VITRAN
NIGAM LIMITED) on September 2009 at Pannuganj SONBHADRA, UTTAR PRADESH.
This is 5 km away from the city. It is the result of power sector reforms and restructuring in
UTTAR PRADESH (India) which is the focal point of the Power Sector, responsible for planning
and managing the sector through its Transmission, distribution and supply of electricity. JUSNL
will be professionally managed utility supplying reliable and cost efficient electricity to every
citizen of the state through highly motivated employees and state of art technologies, providing
an economic return to our owners and maintaining leadership in the country. We shall achieve this
being a dynamic, forward looking, reliable, safe and trustworthy organization, sensitive to our
customer’s interests, profitable and sustainable in the long run, providing uninterrupted supply of
quality power, with transparency and integrity in operation
High voltages transmission lines are used to transmit the electric power from
the generating stations to the load centres. Between the power generating station and consumers
a number of transformations and switching stations are required. These are generally known as
substations. Substations are important part of power system and form a link between generating
stations, transmission systems and distribution systems. It is an assembly of electrical
components such as bus-bars, switchgear

Installation of Sub Station

The present day electrical power system is A.C i.e. electrical power is generated,
transmitted & distributed in the form of the alternating current. The electric power is produced at
power plant stations which are located at favourable places generally quite away from the
consumers. It is delivered to the consumers through a large network of transmission distribution.
At many places in the power system, it may be desirable and necessary to change some
characteristics e.g. voltage, ac to dc, frequency, power factor etc. of electric supply. This
accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. For example; generation voltage (11 KV or
11 KV) at the power station is step up to high voltage (say 33 KV or 220KV) for transmission of
electric power. The assembly of apparatus (e.g. transformer etc.) used for this purpose in the
substation. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may have to be step down to
utilization level. This job is again accomplished by suitable apparatus called substation. The
assembly of apparatus to change some characteristic of electric power supply is called substation.

SUBSTATION CHARACTERISTICS

➢ Each circuit is protected by its own circuit breaker and hence plant outage does not necessarily
result in loss of supply.
➢ A fault on the feeder or transformer, circuit breaker causes loss of the transformer and feeder
circuit, one of which may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
➢ A fault on the bus section circuit breaker causes complete shutdown of the substation. All
circuits may be restored after isolating the faulty circuit breaker.
➢ Maintenance of a feeder or transformer circuit breaker involves loss of the circuit.
➢ Introduction of bypass isolators between bus bar and circuit isolator allows circuit breaker
maintenance facilities without loss of that circuit
STEPS IN DESIGNING SUBSTATION

The First Step in designing a Substation is to design an Earthing and Bonding System.
1. Earthing and Bonding
The function of an earthing and bonding system is to provide an earthing system
connection to which transformer neutrals or earthing impedances may be connected in order to
pass the maximum fault current. The earthing system also ensures that no thermal or mechanical
damage occurs on the equipment within the substation, thereby resulting in safety to operation and
maintenance personnel. The earthing system also guarantees equipment bonding such that there
are no dangerous potential gradients developed in the substation. In designing the substation, three
voltages have to be considered these are:
➢ Touch Voltage:
This is the difference in potential between the surface potential and the potential at earthed
equipment whilst a man is standing and touching the earthed structure.
➢ Step Voltage:
This is the potential difference developed when a man bridges a distance of 1m with his feet
while not touching any other earthed equipment
➢ Mesh Voltage:
This is the maximum touch voltage that is developed in the mesh of
the earthing grid.

2. Substation Earthing Calculation Methodology

Calculations for earth impedances touch and step potentials are based on site
measurements of ground resistivity and system fault levels. A grid layout with particular
conductors is then analyzed to determine the effective substation earthing resistance, from which
the earthing voltage is calculated. In practice, it is normal to take the highest fault level for
substation earth grid calculation purposes. Additionally, it is necessary to ensure a sufficient
margin such that expansion of the systems catered for. To determine the earth resistivity, probe
tests are carried out on the site. These tests are best performed in dry weather such that conservative
resistivity readings are obtained.

3. Earthing Materials
➢ Conductors:
Bare copper conductor is usually used for the substation earthing grid. The copper
bars themselves usually have a cross-sectional area of 95 square millimetres, and they are laid at a
shallow depth of 0.25-0.5m, in 3-7m squares. In addition to the buried potential earth grid, a
separate above ground earthing ring is usually provided, to which all metallic substation plant is
bonded.
➢ Connections:
Connections to the grid and other earthing joints should not be soldered because
the heat generated during fault conditions could cause a soldered joint to fail. Joints are usually
bolted, and in this case, the face of the joints should be tinned.
➢ Earthing Rods:
The earthing grid must be supplemented by earthing rods to assist in the dissipation
of earth fault currents and further reduce the overall substation earthing resistance. These rods are
usually made of solid copper, or copper clad steel.

4.Switchyard Fence Earthing:

The switchyard fence earthing practices are possible and are used by different utilities.
These are:
➢ Extend the substation earth grid 0.5m-1.5m beyond the fence perimeter. The fence is then
bonded to the grid at regular intervals.
➢ Place the fence beyond the perimeter of the switchyard earthing grid and bond the fence to its
own earthing rod system. This earthing rod system is not coupled to the main substation
earthing grid.

CONDUCTORS USED IN SUBSTATION DESIGN:

An ideal conductor should fulfils the following requirements:
➢ Should be capable of carrying the specified load currents and short time currents.
➢ Should be able to withstand forces on it due to its situation. These forces comprise self weight,
and weight of other conductors and equipment, short circuit forces and atmospheric forces such
as wind and ice loading.
➢ Should be corona free at rated voltage.
➢ Should have the minimum number of joints.
➢ Should need the minimum number of supporting insulators.
➢ Should be economical.
The most suitable material for the conductor system is copper or aluminium. Steel may be
used but has limitations of poor conductivity and high susceptibility to corrosion.
In an effort to make the conductor ideal, three different types have been utilized, and these
include: Flat surfaced Conductors, Stranded Conductors, and Tubular Conductors

Overhead Line Terminations

Two methods are used to terminate overhead lines at a substation.
➢ Tensioning conductors to substation structures or buildings
➢ Tensioning conductors to ground winches.
The choice is influenced by the height of towers and the proximity to the substation. The following
clearances should be observed:

Voltage Level Minimum Ground Clearance

Less Than 66 kV 6.1m

66kv -110kV 6.4m
110kv-165kV 6.7m
Greater Than 165kV 7.0m
Equipment

Various Equipment Used in Sub-Station

Item No. Item Description Qty.

1 33kv ,1600A,31.5ka/3sec SF6 Circuit Breaker 07
2 33kv Isolator, 1250A,31.5ka, Centre Rotating DB 3 Motor Operated with Earth 04
Switch
3 33kv,1600A,31.5ka Centre Rotating 3 Without E/S (High Level) 02
4 33kv,1250A,31.5ka Centre Rotating 3 Without E/S 17
5 30kv,10ka Lighting Arrestor Heavy Duty, Station Class, Gapless(1-PH) 18
6 33kv,Current Transformer, 1-PH 5Core, 600-300-150/1A, For Line Bay 12
7 33kv,Current Transformer, 1-PH 5Core, 600-300-150/1A,For Bus Transfer 03
8 33kv, Current Transformer, 1-PH 5Core, 600-300-150/1A,For 50MVA.TR. 06
(H.V. Side)
9 33kv 1-PH, Potential Transformer 03
10 33kv Bus Post Insulator(4KN)+ PI On ‘A’ Frame (4KN) 53+03
11 33kv 1- PH. C.V.T. 04
12 33kv Wave Trap(1-PH) 04
13 33/11kv,50MVA.3 ,3 Winding Power Transformer 02
14 33kv Single Tension Insulator With Hardware & Fittings 42
15 33kv Single Suspension Insulator With Hardware & Fittings 18
16 11kv1250A,25ka/3sec vacuum Circuit Breaker ,3 08
17 11kv Isolator 1250A,25KA,DB, 3 , With E/S 05
18 11kv Isolator 1200A,25KA,DB, 3 , Without E/S (High Level) 02
19 11kv Isolator 1250A,25KA,DB, 3 , Without E/S 23
20 11kv,Current Transformer, 1-PH 5Core, 600-300-150/1A, For Outgoing Line 15
21 11kv,Current Transformer, 1-PH, 5Core, 600-300-150/1A,For 9
50MVA.TR.(L.V. Side)&Bus Transfer Bay
22 11kv 1-PH, Potential Transformer 03
23 11kv Bus Post Insulator(2KN) 58+06
24 11kv Single Tension Insulator With Hardware Fittings & Accessories 48
25 11kv Single Suspension Insulator With Hardware Fittings & Accessories 27
26 11/0.411kv,250 kVA,3 ,2 Winding Station. Service Transformer(SST) 02
27 11kv Bus Post Insulator On ‘A’ Frame (2KN) 12
28 30kv,10ka Lighting Arrester Heavy Duty, Station Class, Gapless(1-PH) 21
29 33kv Tower STR. Without T1 06
30 33kv Tower STR. With T1P 06
31 33kv,A-Frame,STR For Main Bus,T2 02
32 33kv,A-Frame,STR For H/L Isolater,T2S 02
11 33kv,A-Frame,STR For Transfer Bus,T3 03
34 33kv Beam,B1 06
35 33kv Beam,B2 02
36 33kv Tower STR. Without C1 NIL
37 33kv Tower STR. With C1P 09
38 11kv,A-Frame,STR For Main Bus, C2 03
39 323v,A-Frame,STR For, H/L IsolaterC2S 02
40 11kv,A-Frame,STR For Transfer Bus,C3 03
41 11kv Beam, G1 07
 Detail Of Various Components Of Sub-Station
Transformer :-
Transformer is a static machine, which transforms the potential of alternating current at
same frequency. It means the transformer transforms the low voltage into high voltage & high
voltage to low voltage at same frequency. It works on the principle of static induction principle.

Principal:-
A transformer principal is very simple fact about electricity i.e. Electromagnetic Induction.
When an electric current flows through a wire, it generates a magnetic field or magnetic
flux all around it. The strength of this field is directly proportional to the value of the current. Thus
a magnetic field produced in this way may be turned on and off ,reversed, and varied in strength
very simply. The magnetic field can be visualized as lines of magnetic flux that form closed paths.
The figure below represents a magnetic field (flux lines) created around a wire that carries current.

Now there’s another interesting fact about electricity too .When a magnetic field fluctuates
around a piece of wire, it generates an electrical current in wire. We can generate a fluctuating
magnetic field by allowing a current in a wire which is also fluctuating.

Power Transformer
When the energy is transformed into a higher voltage, the transformer is called step up
transformer but in case of other is known as step down transformer. Power transformer is used in
this sub-station.
There are two types of power transformer. First one is rating of 50MVA which is step down the
high voltage 33kv into low voltage 11kv in quantity of two both transformer is connected in
parallel and send the power into many feeders. Another one type of transformer is also a power
transformer, which have rating of 125kva,which is step down the high voltage of 11kv into 430volt
as work as station service transformer. By this transformer battery is charged by battery charger
and all the lighting material like fan, bulb, T.V., R.T.U. panel is operated.

Parts of Transformer :-
1. Bushing:-
➢ There are three types of bushings provided in Transformer i.e. Primary, secondary and
tertiary. Tertiary bushing is kept optional.
➢ Bushing acts as a connection between overhead conductor and the winding of the transformer.
2. Tank:-
➢ Tank of a transformer consists of core, winding which is immersed in oil.
➢ Oil is basically provided for cooling and insulation purpose.
3. Oil Pump:-
 ➢ Oil pump is used for circulation of oil in the tank.
4. Radiator:-
➢ Radiator is used for the purpose of cooling, the blades are so arranged that they cut the air and
help to make the temperature of oil low.
5. Conservator:-
➢ Conservator tank is used for expansion and contraction of oil.

6. Cooling fan:-
➢ These are placed below radiator.
➢ If the temperature of the oil is above fixed temperature, even if it is passed through radiator
the cooling fan gets automatically started.
7. Breather:-
➢ Breather is connected in conservator with the help of a pipe and is placed below radiator which
sucks air from atmosphere and helps the radiator in cooling purpose.
8. Silica gel:-
➢ The tank of silica gel is placed below radiator and next to breather which absorbs the moisture
from sucked air.
➢ Silica gel is blue in color and after few years of long use it gets red color and is needed to be
changed.
9. Buckholz Relay:-
Buchholz relay is a type of oil and gas actuated protection relay universally used on all oil
immersed transformers having rating more than 500kVA. Buchholz relay is not provided in
relays having rating below 500 kVA from the point of view of economic considerations
Working Principle:-
Whenever a fault occurs inside the transformer, the oil in the transformer tank gets
overheated and gases are generated. The generation of the gases depends mainly on the
intensity of fault produced. The heat generated during the fault will high enough to
decompose the transformer oil and the gases produced can be used to detect the winding
faults. This is the basic principle behind the working of the Buchholz relay.

Construction;-
Buchholz relay can be used in the transformers having the conservators only. It is placed in
the pipe connecting the conservator and transformer tank. It consists of an oil filled chamber. Two
hinged floats, one at the top of chamber and other at the bottom of the chamber which accompanies
a mercury switch is present in the oil filled chamber. The mercury switch on the upper float is
connected to an external alarm circuit and the mercury switch on the lower is conne4cted to an
external trip circuit.

Buchholz relay operate when:-

Buchholz relay operate during three conditions:-
1. Whenever gas bubbles are formed inside the transformer due to severe faults.
2. Whenever the level of transformer oil falls.
3. Whenever transformer oil flows rapidly from the conservator tank to main tank or from the
main tank to conservator tank.

Advantages:-
➢ It is the protection part of transformer.
➢ Buchholz relay indicates inter turn faults and faults due to heating of core and helps in the
avoidance of severe faults.
➢ Nature and severity of faults can be determine without dismantling the transformer by testing
the air samples
➢ As any internal fault occurs in transformer arc is produced and gases formed in oil. The gas
formed in oil being light rise upwards and try to go in to the conservator.
➢ The Buckholz relay is fitted in pipe connecting tank conservator. The gas when reach to
Buckholz relay makes the contact of relay and thus gives the command to trip.
Limitation of Buchholz relay:-
It can sense the faults occurring below the oil level only. The relay is slow and has a minimum
operating range of 0.1second and an average operating range of 0.2 seconds.

2.Instrument Transformer:-
To measure the high rated current and voltage or measuring and metering purposes.
Instrument transformer are used. There are two types of instrument transformer, it also measures
the faults which is occurs in particular feeder, it is available in ratio of conjunction like 1200/1 A
or 60/1A. CT or Current transformer & PT or Potential transformer are measuring devices in AC
system. These are also called as instrument transformers. As AC system deals with very high
power hence we require Ammeter & voltmeter of humongous sizes to measure such high power
which is impractical & expensive too.
(a).Current Transformer:-
A current transformer is an instrument, used along with measuring or protective
devices, in which the secondary current is proportional to the primary current(under normal
conditions of operation) and differs from it by an angle that is approximately zero. To measure the
current in particular feeder and metering the electrical quantity. The current transformer used in
transformer side is 300/1A ratio and in Bus coupler bay of transformer side is 600/1A.in other
hand side all 5 feeder have CT ratio is 600/1A and Bus coupler bay CT ratio is 1200/1A.
Functions of Current Transformer.
Current transformers perform the following functions:-
➢ Current transformers supplies the protective relays with currents of magnitude proportional to
those of power circuit but sufficiently reduced in magnitude.
➢ The measuring devices cannot be directly connected to high voltage circuits.
Principle of C.T.
The basic principal of the current transformer is the same as that of the power transformer.
Like the power transformer, the current transformer also contains a primary and a secondary
winding. Whenever an alternating current flows through the primary winding, alternating
magnetic flux is produced, which them induced alternating current in the secondary winding.
In the case of current transformers, the load impedance or ‘burden’’ is very small. Therefore
the current transformer operates under short circuit conditions. Also the current in the
secondary winding does not depend on load impedance but instead depends on the current
flowing in the primary winding.
The ratio of primary current to the secondary current is known as the current
transformation ratio of the CT. Usually the current transformation ratio of the CT. Is high.
Normally the secondary ratings are of the order 5A, 1A whereas the primary ratings vary from
10A to 3000A. The CT handles much less power. Rated burden can be defined as the product
o

C.T Rating
For 11 kV 1-ph 5 core, 600-300-150/1A (L.V. Side)
For 33kv 1-ph, 5core, 600-300-150/1A (H.V. Side)
A CT has following properties:-
➢ It is a step-up transformer.
➢ This is used for metering and protection.
 ➢ It has five cores. Middle core is used for metering purpose and all other cores are used for
protection purpose.
➢ It enhances the voltage thus the current gets reduced for a fixed power since P=V*I*cosɸ
➢ P1 is towards the line and P2 is towards the switchyard.
➢ It is important to short circuit secondary if it is not in use.
➢ If the secondary is left open circuited the voltage across it will rise to a very high value and
can create a blast in CT.
➢ When secondary is closed then secondary ampere turns is 1 to 2% less than the primary
ampere turns due to demagnetization.
➢ When the secondary is open there is no demagnetization, and a high voltage is generated at
secondary side which can break insulation and blast the CT.

(b).Potential Transformer:-
The potential transformer may be defined as an instrument transformer used for the
transformation of voltage from a higher value to the lower value. This transformer step down the
voltage to a safe limit value which can easily measured by the ordinary low voltage instrument
like a voltmeter, wattmeter and watt-hour meters etc. To measures the high rated voltage in all the
feeders and bays potential transformers are used.
The potential transformer made with high-quality core operating at low flux density so that
the magnetising current is small. The terminal of the transformer should be designed so that the
variation of the voltage ratio with load is minimum and the phases shift between the input and
output voltage is also minimum.
The primary winding has a large number of turns, and the secondary winding has a much
small number of turns. For reducing the leakage reactance, the co-axial winding is used in the
potential transformer. The insulation cost is also reduced by dividing the primary winding into the
sections which reduced the insulation between the layers.
Connection of potential transformer:-
The potential transformer is connected in parallel with the circuit. The primary windings of
the potential transformer are directly connected to the power circuit whose voltage is to be
measured. The secondary terminals of the potential transformer are connected to the measuring
instrument like the voltmeter, wattmeter, etc. The secondary windings of the potential transformer
are magnetically coupled through the magnetic circuit of the primary windings. The primary
terminal of the potential transformer is rated for 400V to several thousand volts, and the secondary
terminal is always rated for 400V.The ratio of the primary voltage to the secondary voltage is
termed as transformation ratio or turn ratio.

Types of Potential Transformer:-

The potential transformer is mainly classified into two types i.e. the Conventional wound
type (electromagnetic types) and the capacitor voltage potential transformers.
Conventional wound type transformer is very expensive because of the requirement of the
insulations. Capacitor potential transformer is a combination of capacitor potential divider and a
magnetic potential transformer of relatively small ratio.
The burden is the total external volt-amp load on the secondary at rated secondary voltage.
The rated burden at PT is a VA burden which must not be exceeded if the transformer is to operate
with its rated accuracy. The rated burden is indicated on the nameplate.
The limiting or maximum burden is greatest VA load at which the potential transformer
will operate continuously without overheating its windings beyond the permissible limit. This
burden is several times greater than the rated burden.

Applications of Potential Transformer:-

1. It is used for a metering purpose.
2. For the protection of the feeders
3. For protecting the impedance of the generators.
4. For synchronising the generators and feeders.
The potential transformers are used in the protecting relaying scheme because the potential
coils of the protective device are not directly connected to the system, in case of the high voltage.
Therefore, it is necessary to step down the voltage and also to insulate the protective equipment
from the primary circuit.
A PT has following properties:-
➢ It is step down transformer.
➢ It reduces the voltage for a fixed power & thus voltage can easily be measured, since P=V*I*
cosɸ
➢ The primary winding of PT is always connected in parallel to the load & secondary winding is
connected to the voltmeter.

Circuits Breaker
➢ Circuit breaker is a device which makes or breaks the circuit manually and automatically
under NORMAL or ABNORMAL CONDITIONS.
➢ Under normal conditions it is operated manually.
➢ Under abnormal or faulty conditions it operates automatically after getting command from
relay.
Parts of a circuit breaker:-
Interrupter:-
➢ It is the main contact of CB which makes or breaks the circuit.
1.Pre insertion Resistor:-
➢ It is used in CB to reduce Switch over voltage at the time of closing the circuit.
2.Gradient capacitor:-
➢ It is used to equalize the restriping voltage across the interrupter at the time of opening or
closing CB.
➢ Whenever circuit breaker is operated an arc is produced inside it, this arc is undesirable
and needs to be extinguished.
➢ Different types of insulating medium is used to extinguish the arc such as oil, air, vacuum
and SF6.
Mechanism used in CB:-
➢ Pneumatic-Pneumatic
➢ Hydraulic-Hydraulic
➢ Spring-Spring
➢ Spring- Pneumatic
Here spring mechanism is used. Vacuum Circuit Breaker is used in 11 kV side & SF6 circuit
breaker is used in 33 kV side. SF6 gas is used in substation at 7.2kg/cm2.
Reasons for using SF6 gas in CB:-
➢ Due to high dielectric strength.
➢ Due to high thermal conductivity.
➢ Thermal and chemical stability.
➢ Non inflammability.
➢ Arc extinguishing ability
➢ Moderate cost
In this sub- station SF6 (Sulphur Hexafluoride Gas) circuits breakers are used.
BUS-BARS:-
When numbers of feeders operating at the same voltage have to be directly connected
electrically. Bus –Bar are made up of copper rods operate at constant voltage.

Typical representation of bus-bar

In large stations it is important that break downs and maintenance should interfere as little as
possible with continuity of supply to achieve this, duplicate bus bar system is used. Such a system
consists of two bus bars, a main bus bar and a spare bus bar with the help of bus coupler, which
consist of the circuit breaker and isolator. In substations, it is often desired to disconnect a part of
the system for general maintenance and repairs. An isolating switch or isolator accomplishes this.
Isolator operates under no load condition. It does not have any specified current breaking capacity
or current making capacity. In some cases isolators are used to breaking charging currents or
transmission lines.
A Bus-Bar Has Following Properties:-
➢ A bus bar is a thick strip of copper or aluminum that conducts electricity within a switchboard,
distribution board, substation or other electrical apparatus.
➢ Bus bars are used to carry very large currents, or to distribute current to multiple devices
within switchgear or equipment.
➢ These can be either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may completely surround
it.
➢ In this substation, flexible ACSR Bus is used with Double conductors in Yard.
Bus-coupler:-
The bus coupler consists of circuit breaker and isolator. Each generator and feeder may be
connected to either main bus bar or spar bus bar with the help of bus coupler. Repairing,
maintenance and testing of feeder circuit or other section can be done by putting them on spar bus
bar, thus keeping the main bus bar undisturbed. Bus coupler is a device which is used switch from
one bus to the other without any interruption in power supply and without creating hazardous arcs.
It is achieved with the help of circuit breaker

Insulators:-
The insulator serves two purposes. They support the conductors (bus bar) and confine the
current to the conductors. The most common used material for the manufacture of insulator is
porcelain. There are several types of insulators (e.g. pin type, suspension type, post insulator
etc.)and their use in substation will depend upon the service requirement. For example, post
insulator is used for bus bars. A post insulator consists of a porcelain body, cast iron cap and
flanged cast iron base. The hole in the cap is threaded so that bus bars can be directly bolted to the
cap.

➢ Types Of overhead Conductor

1. Pin insulator:-
Pin Insulator is earliest developed overhead insulator, but still popularly used in power network
upto 11 KV system. Pin type insulator can be one part, two parts or three parts type, depending
upon application voltage. In 11 KV system we generally. In order to obtain lengthy leakage path,
one, two or more rain sheds or petticoats are provided on the insulator body. In addition to that
rain shed or petticoats on an insulator serve another purpose. These rain sheds or petticoats are so
designed, that during raining the outer surface of the rain shed becomes wet but the inner surface
remains dry and non-conductive. So there will be discontinuations of conducting path through the
wet pin insulator surface. In higher voltage like 11KV and 66KV manufacturing of one part
porcelain pin insulator becomes difficult. Because in higher voltage, the thickness of the insulator
become more and a quite thick single piece.There
Post Insulator:-
Post insulator is more or less similar to Pin insulator but former is suitable for higher
voltage application. Post insulator has higher numbers of petticoats and has greater height. This
type of insulator can be mounted on supporting structure horizontally as well as vertically. The
insulator is made of one piece of porcelain but has fixing clamp arrangement are in both top and
bottom end.
Suspension Insulator:
In higher voltage, beyond 11KV, it becomes uneconomical to use pin insulator because size,
weight of the insulator become more. Handling and replacing bigger size single unit insulator are
quite difficult task.For overcoming these difficulties, suspension insulator was developed. In
suspension insulator numbers of insulators are connected in series to form a string and the line
Strain Insulators:-
When suspension string is used to sustain extraordinary tensile load of conductor it is referred as
string insulator. When there is a dead end or there is a sharp corner in transmission line, the line
has to sustain a great tensile load of conductor or strain. A strain insulator must have
considerable mechanical strength as well as the necessary electrical insulating property grow
designed that in case breakage of the insulator the guy-wire will not fall to of ground

Shackle insulator or spool Insulator:-

The shackle insulator or spool insulator is usually used in low voltage distribution network. It
can be used both in horizontal and vertical position. The use of such insulator has decreased
recently after increasing the using of underground cable for distribution purpose. The
tapered hole of the spool insulator distributes the load more evenly and minimizes the possibility
of breakage when heavily loaded. The conductor in the groove of shackle insulator is fixed with
the help of soft binding wire.
Isolators:-
Circuit breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker cannot be visible physically
from outside of the breaker, and that is why it is recommended not to touch any electrical circuit
just by switching off the circuit breaker. So for better safety, there must be some arrangement so
that one can see the open condition of the section of the circuit before touching it. The isolator is
a mechanical switch which isolates a part of the circuit from the system as when required.
Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe maintenance works.
So the definition of isolator can be rewritten as Isolator is a manually operated
mechanical switch which separates a part of the electrical power. Isolators are used to open a
circuit under no load. Its main purpose is to isolate one portion of the circuit from the other and
is not intended to be opened while current is flowing in the line. Isolators are generally used on
both ends of the breaker so that repair or replacement of circuit breaker can be done without any
danger.
The Isolator Is Given Properties
➢ It operates under no load conditions.
➢ It does not have any specified current making or breaking capacity.
➢ Isolators are used in addition to CB and are provided on each side of every CB to provide
Isolation and enable maintenance
➢ It has two parts male contact and female contact when they come in contact isolator is
closed.

Types of Electrical Isolators:-

There are different types of isolators available depending upon system requirement such as:-
1. Double Break Isolator
2. Single Break Isolator
Depending upon the position in power system, the isolators can be
categorized as:-
1.Bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with main bus
2.Line side isolator – the isolator is situated at line side of any feeder
3.Transfer bus side isolator – the isolator is directly connected with transfer bus.
METERING AND INDICATION EQUIPMENT
1.RELAY:-
In a power system it is inevitable that immediately or later some failure does occur
somewhere in the system. When a failure occurs on any part of the system, it must be quickly
detected and disconnected from the system. Rapid disconnection of faulted apparatus limits the
amount of damage to it and prevents the effects of fault from spreading into the system. For high
voltage circuits relays are employed to serve the desired function of automatic protective gear. The
relays detect the fault and supply the information to the circuit breaker. The electrical quantities
which may change under fault condition are voltage, frequency, current, phase angle.

(1).Electromagnetic Induction Relay

(2).Electromagnetic Attraction Relay

Relays used in control panel of the substation:-

1.Differential Relay:-
A differential relay is one that operates when vector difference of the two or more
electrical quantities exceeds a predetermined value. If this differential quantity is equal or greater
than the pickup

2.Over Current Relay:-

This type of relay works when current in the circuit exceeds the predetermined value. The
actuating source is the current in the circuit supplied to the relay from a current transformer. These
relay are used on A.C.circuit only and can operate for fault flow in the either direction. This relay
operates when phase to phase fault occurs.

3.Directional Relay:-
This relay operates during earth faults. If one phase touch the earth due to any fault. A
directional power relay is so designed that it obtains its operating torque by the interaction of
magnetic field derived from both voltage and current source of the circuit it protects. The direction
of torque depends upon the current relative to voltage.

4.Tripping Relay:-
This type of relay is in the conjunction with main relay. When main relay sense any fault
in the system, it immediately operates the trip relay to disconnect the faulty section from the
section.

4Auxiliarry Relay:-
An auxiliary relay is used to indicate the fault by glowing bulb alert the employee.

6.Distance protection relay:-

This relay used to protect transmission line under short circuit or earth fault. Distance relay
operates when V/I ratio of transmission line reduces from a pre-determined value

7.Auto Reclose Relay:-

Whenever any transient earth fault occurs on any phase of transmission line, the this relay
operates. In this case the CB of only the faulty phase opens and closes after one second. if further
any fault occurs within 25 seconds, then permanent three phase tripping occurs.

8.LOCAL BREAKER BACKUP(LBB):-

 These relays are also used for protection of Transmission line. On the happening of any
fault if any CB fails to open then all other lines connected to that Bus gets trip to isolate the fault.

Miscellaneous Instruments:-
1.Capacitor bank
The load on the power system is varying being high during morning and evening which increases
the magnetization current. This result in the decreased power factor. The low power factor is
mainly due to the fact most of the power loads are inductive and therefore take lagging currents.
One of the such device can be capacitor bank. The capacitor draws a leading current and partly
or completely neutralize the lagging reactive component of load
current.
Capacitor bank accomplishes following operations:
a) Supply reactive power
b) Increases terminal voltage
c) Improve power factor

2.Power Line Communication Carrier(PLCC):-

Introduction:
Reliable & fast communication is necessary for safe efficient & economical power supply. To
reduce the power failure in extent & time, to maintain the interconnected grid system in optimum
working condition; to coordinate the operation of various generating unit communication network
is indispensable for state electricity board. In state electricity boards, the generating & distribution
stations are generally located at a far distance from cities. Where P & T communication provided
through long overhead lines in neither reliable nor quick. As we have available very reliable
physical paths viz. the power lines, which interconnected, hence power line carrier communication
is found to be most economical and reliable for electricity boards.

APPLICATIONS:-
The PLCC can be used for the following facilities:
1) Telephony
2) Teleportation
3) Remote control or indication
4) Telemetry
5) Teleprinting

PRINCIPLE OF PLCC:
The principle of PLCC is the simple one:-
All type of information is modulated on carried
wave at frequency 50Hz to 500KHz. The modulated HF
carrier fed into the power line conductor at the sending
end and filtered out again at the respective stations.
Long earlier system double side band amplitude
modulation was more common but the present
amplitude modulated system. PLCC is frequently used
since 1950 by the grid stations.

Wave-trap is following properties:-

➢ It is an inductor having tuned LC circuit, which is
mainly used for PLCC purpose. It is a parallel tuned
inductor –capacitor tank circuit made to be resonant
 at desired communication frequency. It reduces corona losses in transmission lines in power
system.
➢ Wave trap is installed in the substation for trapping the high frequency communication signal
sent on the line from remote substation and diverting them to the telecom panel in substation
control room. These high frequency signal should not be coming on the buses as these may
damage the equipments.
➢ It is a device that allow only a particular frequency to pass though it that it filters the signals
coming on to it. So a wave trap is connected between buses and the transmission line which
allow only 50Hz to pass through it.
LIMITATIONS :-
High frequency line traps have a temperature limit of 115 °C-180 °C depending on construction
and manufacture.

On the basis of blocking frequency bank, the wave trap can be following type:
1. ALL WAVE
2. SINGAL FREQUENCY
3. DOUBLE FREQUENCY
4. BROAD BAND
Protection of sub station

Lightning Arrester:-

➢ It is a protective device which conducts the high voltage surges on the power system to ground.

Working:-

Lightening arrestors works on principle of non linear resistance. Under normal operation, the
lightening arrestor is off the line. on the occurrence of over voltage, the air insulation across the
gap breaks down and an arc is formed, providing a low resistance path for the surge to the ground.
In this way, the excess charge on the line due to the surge is harmlessly conducted through the
arrestor to the ground. A lightning arrester is a device used on electrical power systems and
telecommunications systems to protect the insulation and conductors of the system from the
damaging effects of lightning. The typical lightning arrester has a high-voltage terminal and a
ground terminal. When a lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along
the power line to the arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrestor, in most
cases to earth.

Battery Room:-
A battery room is a room in a facility used to house batteries for backup or uninterruptible power
systems. Battery room are found in telecommunication central offices, and to provide standby
power to computing equipment in data centres. batteries provide direct current (DC) electricity,
which may be used directly by some types of equipment, or which may be convert
Equipments of a Control Room:-

1. Control Panel:-
➢ These are used for operation purposes.
➢ The requirement of these panels vary with all types and size of stations.
➢ The diagram of the main connection are given on the front face of the panel, which indicates
the position of CB, isolators and earth switches.
➢ The opening and closing of CB and Isolator can be done from control room as well as locally.
However earth switch opening and closing command is provided locally.

Indication Equipments:-
Display or indication equipments are used for displaying the incoming and outgoing power for
different lines, also the frequency of the signals.ted to alternating current (AC) by uninterruptible
power supply (UPS) equipment. The batteries may provide for minutes, hours or days depending
on the electrical system design, although most commonly the batteries power the UPS during brief
electric utility

SAFETY MEASURES IN A SUB-STATION:-

➢ Enough ground clearance should be maintained for the lines.
➢ Transmission lines should not be too close to buildings or any other structures.
➢ Contraction and expansion of conductors due to season change should be kept in mind during
foundation.
➢ There should be proper exits and emergency exits and maintained fire control equipment.
➢ People must wear shoes
➢ Regular testing and maintenance of all the components of the sub-station.
➢ ELECTRIC safety in workplace
 CONCLUSION

The past months of my training have been very instructive for me. PURWANCHAL VIDHYUT
VITRAN NIGAM LIMITED has given me opportunities to learn and develop myself in many
areas. I gained a lot of experience, especially in the substation switchgears, equipment and
protection field. A lot of the tasks and activities that I have worked on during my internship are
familiar with what I’m studying at the moment. I worked in many areas where I did different work.
I learned a lot from the different interns that I have been working with
during my internship. Each intern had a different educational background and that made it
interesting for me. By working with them I got to learn from them and become aware educational
background.
My mentor during my internship was SH.. ASHOK KUMAR
SINGH (Asst. Exe. Engineer) whom I have also learned a lot from during my internship. As a
Sr. engineer, he has lots of knowledge of the working area .He was very helpful and always willing
to give me advice and feedback which I appreciate. He had always time to answer all my questions
concerning my internship.
Now from this report we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in our life.
We are made aware of how the transmission of electricity is done. We too came to know about the
various parts of the sub-station system as well as the grid and its interconnections.