1.

COWS- Crude oil washing (COW) is washing out the residue from the oil tanker using the crude
oil cargo itself, after the cargo tanks have been emptied. Crude oil is pumped back and preheated in
the slop tanks, then sprayed back via high pressure nozzles in the cargo tanks onto the walls of the
tank.

2. IGS- Inert gas systems are essential on ships that frequently carry hazardous cargoes with some
of the most dangerous being those that are explosive or flammable. One of the ways to reduce the
hazard is to blanket the cargoes (both wet and dry) with an inert gas – usually nitrogen but
occasionally other gases including exhaust gas.

3. SBT- The segregated ballast tanks (SBT) are dedicated tanks constructed for the sole purpose of
carrying ballast water on oil tanker ships. They are completely separated from the cargo, and fuel
tanks and only ballast pumps are used in the SBT.

4. ORB Part 1 and 2- The Oil Record Book (Part I): Machinery Space Operations (All Ships)' is
required to record Machinery Space Operations for every ship of over 400 tons gross tonnage (other
than oil tankers) and every oil tanker over the 150 tons gross tonnage.

Oil Record Book Part II (Oil Tankers): Every oil tanker of 150 gross tonnages and above shall be
provided with an Oil Record Book Part II (Cargo/Ballast Operations). The Oil Record Book shall be in
the form specified and it is important that the record book is kept up to date with any revisions.

5. Vapour return systems- ensure that cargo vapours are not released to the atmosphere. Vapour
return lines on chemical tankers are either connected to the vessel's PV line or, if the vessel is fitted
with an inert gas system, to an extension of that system.

6. Difference between independent tank and integral tank- Independent tank means a cargo-
containment envelope, which is not contiguous with, or part of, the hull structure. An independent
tank is built and installed so as to eliminate whenever possible (or in any event to minimize) it’s
stressing as a result of stressing or motion of the adjacent hull structure. While, Integral tank means
a cargo-containment envelope which forms part of the ship's hull and which may be stressed in the
same manner and by the same loads which stress the contiguous hull structure and which is
normally essential to the structural completeness of the ship's hull.

7. Chapter 17 of the IBC Code- lists each product and its carriage requirements, such as ship type,
tank type, pollution category, ventilation, tank environmental control, electrical equipment, gauging,
vapour detection, fire protection as well as additional specific requirements based on toxicity, heat
sensitivity, water reactivity, risk of polymerization and other properties.

8. MSDS- A Material Safety Data Sheet is a document that contains information about the physical,
chemical, explosive, and radioactive data of hazardous materials in a shipment. It is usually provided
by the exporter (via the manufacturer) along with a UN Number and only is only necessary when
shipping hazardous goods.

9. Inerting- Creation of an inert atmosphere in tanks or in the surrounding void spaces to prevent
explosive conditions, reduce corrosion or detect leakage. Two types of inert gas are commonly used:
gas produced by an inert gas generator (IGG) and nitrogen.
10. Purging- Refers to the short-term addition of an inert gas to a tank, process vessel, or other
piece of process equipment that contains flammable vapors or gases to render the space non-
ignitable for a specific time period.

11. Padding- Charging of the gas pad, usually nitrogen, above the liquid cargo to prevent the cargo
coming in contact with air. Some substances must be shipped under a suitable protective padding to
prevent oxidization.

12. Drying- The type of environmental control, similar to inerting but the nitrogen must be moisture-
free.

13. Ventilation- is the circulation and refreshing of the air in a space without necessarily a change of
temperature. This is generally accomplished by a combination of supply fans, exhaust fans, and
ductwork. Ventilation is used to prevent the formation of cargo sweat or ship's sweat which could
damage the cargo, to reduce the harmful heating of a cargo, and/or to remove hazardous gases
from the cargo spaces.

14. Gas freeing- The procedure of removing dangerous and explosive gases from the interior of
tanks (usually vapours originating in the cargo of oil tankers and chemical carriers). Gas freeing
consists of a series of operations in which cargo vapour is replaced with inert gas which, in turn is
purged with air to prevent explosion hazard.

15. Reliquefaction system- prevent loss of cargo and ensure that the cargo liquid is either kept at
the loading temperature or is at the temperature required for discharge on arrival. In the latter case it
may be necessary either to cool or to warm up the bulk liquid on passage.

16. Vaporiser system- Allows vapours from oil or chemical tankers to be returned to shore in a
closed system and then either converted back into oil through adsorption, or burned.

17. ISGOTT- International Safety Guide for Oil Tankers and Terminals provide recommendations
and guidance's on the safe carriage and handling of crude oil and petroleum for tankers and
terminals. It does not provide a definitive description of how cargo operations should be conducted
on board a tanker

18. SIGTTO- is the Society of International Gas Tanker and Terminal Operators. It is a not-for-profit
organization. It was formed as an international organization for industry participants to share
experiences, address common problems and derive policy for improvement to maritime operations.

19. Saturated gas- is refinery gas that contains only saturated molecules (no olefins). This is
refinery gas primarily from distillation units. Saturated gas will be processed through the sat gas
plant, keeping it separated from unsaturated gas.

20. Unsaturated gas- is refinery gas that comes from cracking units and contains unsaturated
molecules such as ethylene, propylene, and butylene.