Conjunction

12 CONJUNCTION
CHAPTER

 Conjunction og 'kCn;k 'kCn lewg

gS tks nks ;k nks ls vf/d
'kCnksa
(Words), 'kCn lewgksa
(Phrases),
okD;ka'kksa
(Clauses) rFkkokD;ksa
(Sentences) dks tksM+rk gS_
tSls%1. Ram and Shyam will come.
Words
2. People’s ignorance and population explosion are two inter-related problems.
Phrases
3. She said that she would come.
Clauses

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 ;gk¡ okD;(1) esa‘and’ nks 'kCnksa
‘Ram’ rFkk
‘Shyam’ dks tksM+rk gS](2)okD;
esa‘and’ nks 'kCn lewgksa
‘people’s ignorance’ rFkk‘population explosion’ dks tksM+rk gS] rFkk (3) okD;
esa‘that’ nks
okD;ksa
‘she said’ rFkk‘she would come’ dks tksM+rk gSA vr%rFkk‘that’ Conjunctions
‘and’
gSaA
Some Common Meaning in Some Common Meaning in
Conjunctions Hindi Conjunctions Hindi
And vkSj As well as lkFk gh lkFk
Otherwise, or else ugha rks So, hence blhfy,
Therefore, Either.....or ;k rks ------- ;k
Consequently vr% blfy, Both.... and nksukas ------------ vkSj
Neither... nor u rks ------------ u Too....to bruk ------------ fd
So....that bruk -------------- fd As........as bruk ------------- ftruk
So.......as bruk ------------ ftruk As...........so tSlk ------------- oSlk
Whether......or ;k ------------ ;k But ij] ijUrq ] ysfdu]
As soon as tSlss gh ------------- oSlsNo
ghsooner.......than tSls gh ------------ oSls gh
Or............ ;k] vFkok] ugha rks Scarcely.......when eqf'dy ls------------ fd
Not only........but also u gh fliZQ ------- cfYd Hardly.........when eqf'dy ls ------------ fd
Where tgk¡
Wherever tgk¡ dgha Hkh When tc
Whenever tc dHkh Hkh Until/Unless…., rc rd ----------- tc rd
While ds nkSjku Because D;ksafd
As…. , D;ksafd ----- blfy, Lest......should ,slk u gks fd] oukZ]
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Such.....that bruk -------- fd If ;fn
Provided c'krsZ As if ekuks --------- fd
Though ;|fi ------- fiQj Hkh@rFkkfi
Although ;|fi ------ fiQj Hkh@rFkkfi
Whereas tcfd Nevertheless ds ckotwn (in spite of)
As though ekuks As far as tgk¡ rd
TYPES OF CONJUNCTION
Conjunctions fuEufyf[kr nks izdkj ds gksrs gSa%
1. Co-ordinating Conjunction.
2. Subordinating Conjuncion.
1. CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTION:- uhps fn, x;s okD;ksa dks i<+s%
1. He read the notes and returned it to me.
2. He came to meet me, but I was not at home.
3. She worked hard yet she failed.
 bu okD;ksa esa ‘but’, ‘yet’ uked Conjunctions }kjk nks ,sls okD;ksa
‘and’, dks tksM+k x;k gS] tks Lo;a viuk
vyx&vyx vFkZ izdV dj ldrs gSaA vc ;fn bu okD;ksa dks vyx&vyx clauses esa ckaVk tk, rks ,d
Principal Clause cusxh vkSj nwljh Co-ordinate Clause cusxhA
ftl Conjunction ls dksbZ Co-ordinate Clause cuh gks] ml Conjunction dks Co-ordinating

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
Conjunction dgrs gSaA
Co-ordinating Conjunctions fuEufyf[kr pkj izdkj ds gksrs gSa%
(i) Cumulative conjunctions (la;kstd)
‘And’, ‘also’, ‘both ..... and’, ‘as well as’, ‘now’, ‘too’, ‘no less than’.
 bu Conjunctions ds }kjk ,d sentence dks nwljs sentence ls ;k nksnoun, nkspronoun dks ;k
nksadjectives bR;kfn dks tksM+k tkrk gSA
tSls%1. He is rich
 and happy


.
adj. adj.

 as well as Shyam
2. Ram  is coming.
Noun Noun
(ii) Alternative Conjunctions (fodYid)
‘Either . . . . . or’, ‘neither . . . . . nor’, ‘else’, or, ‘otherwise’.
 bu Conjunctions ds }kjk nks ,sls sentences, nouns, pronouns bR;kfn dks tksM+k tkrk gS]
nksftuls
fodYiksa esa ls ,d dks pquus dkgksrk
cks/ gSSA
tSls%1. Either sit quietly or go away.
2. You must run fast else you will miss the train.
(iii) Adversative Conjunctions (fojks/ n'kZd)
 ‘But’, ‘yet’, ‘still’, ‘only’, ‘however’, ‘nevertheless’, ‘while’, ‘whereas’. tSls
Conjunctions ds }kjk nks ,sls okD;ksa dks vFkok
Nouns, Pronouns bR;kfn dks tksM+k tkrk
,d&nwljs
gS tks
ds foijhr gksaA
tSls%1. He is rich but he is not happy.

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 Conjunction
2. He is industrious still he does not get good marks.
(iv) Illative Conjunctions (ifj.kkelwpd)
 bu conjunctions ds }kjk nks ,sls okD;ksa dks tksM+k tkrk
,d okD;
gS] ftuesa
nwljslsokD; dk ifj.kkegksA
tSls%I was ill so I could not come.
2. SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTION:- uhps fn, x;s okD;ksa dks i<+s%
1. If you work hard, you will succeed.
2. Since I was busy, I could not call you up.
 bu sentences esa‘if’, ‘since’ ds tSlsConjunctions ds }kjk ,d Clause dks nwljh ,slh
Clause
ls tksM+k x;k gS] ftlds fcuk og viuk vFkZ O;Dr ugha dj ikrh vFkkZr~ og ml ij iwjh rjg ls vkfJr gSA ;fn
bu sentences dksClause esa ckaVk tk,] rksPrincipal
,d Clause cusxh vkSj nwljh
Subordinate
(vkfJr) Clause.
 ftl Conjunction ds }kjk
Subordinate Clause cuh gks] mls
Subordinating Conjunction dgrs gaSA
Subordinating conjunctions vius vFkZ ds vuqlkj fuEufyf[kr ckr izdV djrs gSa%
(i) Time:- When, whenever, till, until, before, since, while, as soon as, as long as,
just as.
1. When I saw him, I stopped my car.
2. As soon as it rains, the farmers will sow the seeds.

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(ii) Place (LFkku)% Where, wherever,
1. You can go wherever you want.
(iii) Cause (dkj.k)% Since, because, as,
1. She came because I called him up.
2. As he is a miser, no one likes him.
(iv) Purpose (mís';)% That, so that, in order that, lest
1. We eat so that we may live.
2. Run fast lest you should miss the train.
(v) Result (ifj.kke)%So . . . . ., that, such . . . that
1. He is so weak that he cannot even stand.
2. He is such a fool that he doesn’t understand anything.
(vi) Condition ('krZ)%If, supposing, unless, provided.
1. He cannot succeed unless he works hard.
2. I will help him provided he mends his ways.
(vii) Manner (<ax)%As, as if, as though, as far as.
1. He scolded me as if he were my father.
uksV% vxj ‘as’ the vFkZ ^pqfda* gks rks mlds ckn
‘so’ dk iz;ksx u djsaA
As I was ill, so I could not come (Remove ‘so’)
 ‘Since’ ds lkFk Hkh ‘so’ dk iz;ksx ugha gksrkA
Since he is a liar , so I do not trust him (Remove ‘so’)
(viii) Comparison (rqyuk)%As, as ..... as, so......as, than
1. A wise enemy is better than a foolish friend.
2. He is as good as she at English.

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Conjunction
uksV%
(1) So . . . as/As. . . as dk iz;ksx nks O;fDr;ksa ;k oLrqvksa
rqyukds fy,
dhfd;k tkrk gSA è;ku j[ksa&
(A) So . . . as dk iz;ksxNegative okD; esagksrk gS_ tSls%
(i) He is not so good as you. (Negative)
 fdUrq As . . . as dk iz;ksx
Affirmative rFkkNegative nksuksa gh izdkj ds okD;ksa esa fd;k tkrk gS_ tSls%
(i) He is as good as you. (Affirmative)
(ii) He is not as good as you. (Negative)
(ix) Contrast (varj)% Though, although, however
1. Though he worked hard, he failed.
2. I tried very hard however I could not win the race.
3. CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTION:- tks Conjunctions tksM+ s (pair) esa iz;qDr gksrs gSa] mUgsa
Correlatives (ladsrcks/d)dgrs gSaA tSls%
‘Either ...... or’, ‘neither ..... nor’, ‘both ..... and’,
‘not only ...... but also’, ‘though .... yet’, ‘whether...or’
tSls%Neither his friends nor his parents knew about his evil intention.
I do not know whether he will come or not.
4. COMPOUND CONJUCTION:- Conjunctions tc 'kCnksa dk lewg Compound gks rks Conjunction
dgykrs gSA
In order that. The announcement was made in order that all might know the new
date of exam.
On condition that I will give you money on condition that you will not misuse it.

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Even if She will succeed in life even if she faces some initial failures.
So that We eat so that we may live.
Provided that You can take any dress provided that you return it after the
party.
As though He shows off as though he is very rich.
As well as Ram as well as his friends has come to the party.
As soon as The farmers will sow the seeds as soon as it rains.
As if He scolded me as if he were my father.
CONJUNCTION ds dqN IMPORTANT RULES ftu ls iz'u iwNs tkrs gSa%
RULE 1
1. And
2. as well as
2. Both ——— and
3. Not only ——— but also
 bu pkjksa
conjunctions dk iz;ksx
Noun , Pronoun bR;kfn dks tksM+us ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS ysfdu tgk¡
rd adjective dk iz'u gS ;s fliQZ nks
desirable adjectives dks ;k fiQjnksundesirable
adjectives dks tksMrsa gSA
tSls%He is both intelligent and hard working.
He is not only dishonest but also lazy.
RULE 2
 ;fn nksSub dks‘as well as’/’with’/’alongwith’/ ‘and not’/ ‘In addition to’/ ‘but’/
’besides’/‘except’/ ‘rather than’/’accompanied by’ ls tksM+k tk;s rks dk iz;ksxigys
verb
sub ds vuqlkj gksuk pkfg;sA
(Subject - Verb Agreement ns[kas
)
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 Conjunction
Ram as well as his friends is coming.

He and not his parents is guilty.

RULE 3
 dbZ ckjConjunction xyr LFkku ij iz;ksx dj fy, tkrs gSA
tSls%Not only he cheated his friends but also his parents. (×)
  but also his parents
He cheated not only his friends   . ()
1stss
Noun 2nd Noun

 bl okD; esa
'his friends' ,oa 'his parents' nks fodYi gSA
‘not only’ ‘his friends’ ds igys iz;ksx
djsa vkSj
‘but also’ 'his parents' ds igysA
vU; mnkgj.k%
(1) Sit either quietly or go away. (×)
(2) Neither the poor villagers grow nor eat vegetables. (×)
 nksuks okD; xyr gSaConjunctions
D;ksafd tc tksM+s
gksesa
(Co-Relatives) rks mudk
iz;ksx okD; esa ekStwn
fodYi ds Bhd igys gksuk pkfg,A
tSls%(1) Either sit
 quietly or go  away. ()

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1st Verb 2nd Verb

(2) The poor villagers neither grow

 nor eat
 vegetables. ()
1st Verb 2nd Verb

RULE 4
 Conjunctions tc tksM+s esa gks
tksM+k
rks lgh
gksuk pkfg;sA
tSls%Though Yet/,
Although Yet/,
No sooner than
Hardly/Scarcely when
As as
So as
Lest should
Too to
So that
Between and
From to
Else but
Other/Rather than
Such that
Whether or
The same that
Both and
Not only but also

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tSls% (1) Though he worked hard but he failed. (×)
Though he worked hard yet he failed. ()
(2) He is both intelligent as well as industrious. (×)
He is both intelligent and industrious. ()
(3) The party is between 7 p.m and 9 p.m. ()
(4) The party is from 7 p.m to 9 p.m. ()
(5) I have no other aim but to succeed in life. (×)
(6) I have no other aim than to succeed in life ()
(7) Nothing else but arrogance ruined him. ()
(8) He asked me if I was coming or not. (×)
(9)He asked me whether I was coming or not. ()
RULE 5
So ......... that
too.. ........to
bruk ----------- fd
tSls%(1) I am so happy. (×)
I am very happy. ()

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(2) 1. He is so tired that he can’t walk.( 'so—that ds LFkku 'too
ij ..... to' dk Hkh iz;ksx gks
ldrk gS vxj okD; ns[ksa)
He is too tired to walk.
2. It is too hot to go out.
It is so hot that we cannot go out.
3. She is so weak that she cannot walk.
She is too weak to walk.
4. This problem is so complicated that no one can solve it.
This problem is too complicated for anyone to solve it.
 vxj ’to solve’ ds igysfor ‘any one’ dk mYys[k ugha fd;k tk;s rks dk sub ‘problem’
solve gks tk;sxk
vkSj okD; dk vFkZ xyr fudysxkA è;ku‘that'
jgs vxjds ckn‘sub’ ifjofrZr gks tk,sa
‘torks
+ v1’ ds igys2nd
Sub dk mYys[k gksuk vko';d gSA
5. It is so expensive that I cannot buy it.
It is too expensive for me to buy it.
 nwljk rjhdk%
okD;3 ,oa4 esa vxj ge okD; ds nwljs Hkkx dks voice esa fy[ksa rks drkZ dk mYys[k
Passive
by + Sub ds :i esa gks ldrk gSA 2rc sub tks 1 sub ls fHkÂ
nd st
gS‘by+sub’ ds form esa vk tk,xk
vkSj okD; dk vFkZ lgh fudysxkA
to + V1 (infinitive) active voice gSA
to + be + V3 - Passive voice gSA
4. This problem is too complicated to be solved by anyone.
5. It is too expensive to be bought by me.

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 Conjunction
RULE 6
neither...............nor ( nks esa ls ,d Hkh ugha)
either....................or (nks esa ls ,d)
Neither Ram nor Shyam has come.
 
S.S. S.V.

Neither Ram nor his friends

  have
 come.
P.S. P.V.

Has  or his friends come?

 Ram
S.V. S.S.

 ;fn nkssub dks‘Neither.........nor’, ‘either......or’, ‘nor’ vFkok‘or’ ls tksM+k tk;s rks vius
verb
ls utnhd okys subject ds vuqlkj gksxkA ( Sub-Verb Agreement ns[kas )

RULE 7

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 Neither of … dk vFkZ gS nks esa ls ,d Hkhvxj
ughasaA
nks ls vf/d ekStwn gks
s'None
rk of' dk iz;ksx
djsaA
 Either of … dk vFkZ gS nks esa ls ,dvxj&nks ls vf/d ekStwn gks rksof'
'one dk iz;ksx djsaA
tSls%Neither of his four sons looked after him. (×)
None of his four sons looked after him. ()
Either of the students of your class has done this mischief. (×)
One of the students of your class has done this mischief. ()
RULE 8
as soon as ………………….,
tSls gh oSls gh
As soon as he will come, I will call you up.(×)
As soon as he comes, I will call you up. ()
 vxj nks dk;Z] Hkfo"; esa ,d ds ckn ,d gks vkSj nwljs dk;Z dk gksuk igys dk;Z ds gksus ij fuHkZj djs rks igyk
dk;ZSimple Present Tense esa gksxk vkSjSimple
nwljk future tense esa gksxkA
(Future Conditional
Sentences ns[kas)
RULE 9
uksV%If/when dk tksM+k then ughagksrk gS A
tSls%When I come, then, I will meet you.
 blh izdkjSince/as/because ds lkFkso/therefore dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
tSls%Since I was ill, I could not come.
uksV%As you sow, so shall you reap esaas ds lkFkso dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA

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Conjunction
RULE 10
No sooner .................. than
Hardly ....................... when
Scarcely .................... when
uksV%(1) bu rhuksa
Co-relatives esatksM+k lghgksuk pkfg;sA
tSls%No sooner did he see me when he ran away (when gVk djthan dk iz;ksx djsa)
No Sooner had the thief seen the police then he ran away.(change ‘then’ to ‘than’)
(2) bu rhuksaco-relatives dk iz;ksx dsoyPast Tense esa djsaA
(3) vxj okD; dh 'kq:vkrHardly, Scarcely etc. ls gks rks mlds ckn okD;formation
dk
interrogative ds rjhds ls gksxk ;kfu
Helping verb + Sub + main verb (Had + S + V3 or
Did + S + V1) ysfdu blls okD; iz'u ugha cu tkrk gSA
Hardly I saw him when I stopped my car. (×)
Hardly did I see him when I stopped my car. ()
RULE 11
Lest..................... Should
..............or...................
...............else..............

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.................otherwise...........
lgh tksM+s dk iz;ksx djsaA
Run fast lest you will miss the train. (×)
Run fast lest you should miss the train. ()
RULE 12
Unless , Until and Till
1. Until rFkkunless esa iQdZ ;g gSuntilfd le; lwpd gS rFkk unless 'krZ lwpd gSA
tSls%Until the light turns red, no one will stop.
Unless you work hard, you won’t succeed.
2. ge till ls okD; dh 'kq:vkr ugha djrsaA
tSls%Till the train gets the signal, it will not proceed (×) (Till dksUntil esa ifjofrZr djsa)
RULE 13
 'Until / Unless' ds lkFknot dk iz;ksx ugha gksrk gSA
tSls%Until the train will not get the signal, it will not run. (×)
Until the train gets the signal, it will not run. ()
uksV%Until ,oa Unless ds lkFkwill/would/shall dk Hkh iz;ksx ugha gksrkA
tSls%Unless the Government will not take action , corruption will not stop. (×)
Unless the Government takes action , corruption will not stop. ()
uksV%dbZ ckj 'kCnksa
tksjijnsus ds fy,nksConjuctions, Prepositions, Pronouns ;k Adjectives dk
iz;ksx,d lkFk fd;k tkrk gSa gkykafd nksuksa dk vFkZ
,d ghyxHkx
gksrk gSA
tSls%1- Unless and until you work hard, you won’t succeed.
2. The selling price of every commodity was over and above the M.R.P.

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 Conjunction
3. The first and foremost duty of every citizen is to respect his country.
4. Each and every student must take the exam.
RULE 14
 Doubt ds cknaffirmative sentence esaif/whether dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tcfd negative o
Interrogative sentence esadoubt ds cknthat dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
 Doubtful ds ckn Hkh
'Affirmative sentence' esa'if/whether' dk iz;ksx gksrk gS] tcfd
Negative
o Interrogative sentence esadoubtful ds cknthat dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA tSls%
AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCE NEGATIVE / INTERROGATIVE
SENTENCE
Doubt————— if/whether Doubt————— that
Doubtful————— if/whether Doubtful————— that
tSls%1. He doubts that she will help him. (×)
He doubts if/whether she will help him.(Affirmative Sentence)
2. I have no doubt if/whether he will cheat me.(×)
I have no doubt that he will cheat me. Negative
3. I am doubtful that my parents will allow me to go to the party. (×)
I am doubtful if/whether my parents will allow me to go to the party. (Affirmative

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Sentence)
4. He is not doubtful if/whether I will finish his work in time (×)
He is not doubtful that I will finish his work in time. (Negative Sentence)

RULE 15
 ‘The same’ ds cknRelative Pronouns ‘that’ ;k ‘as’ dk iz;ksx gksrk gSA
 ‘The same’ ds ckn‘that’ dk iz;ksx gksrk gS tc bldsVerb
ckn Li"VgksA
tSls%(i) This is the same book that I wanted
.
Verb

(ii) He is the same boy that met

 me in the market
Verb
 fdUrq 'the same' ds ckn‘as’ dk iz;ksx rc gksrk gSVerb
tc Li"V ugha gksA
tSls%(i) This is the same book as mine. (as ds cknverb dk iz;ksx Li"V :i ls ugha gS)
‘the same’ ds ckn who/which vkfn dk iz;ksx u djsaA
RULE 16
(i) As .... as ,oaso .... as dk iz;ksx
rqyuk djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA
As ..... as dk iz;ksx
Positive
,oa negative okD;ksa esa gksrkso....as
gS vkSjdk iz;ksx fliQZnegative okD;ksa esa gksrk gSA
tSls%1. He is as intelligent as you. (+ve okD;)
2. He is not as intelligent as you. (-ve okD;)
3. He is not so intelligent as you. (-ve okD;)
(ii) As....as ,oa so .... as ds lkFkadverb ,oa adjective ds fliQZPositive Degree dk iz;ksx gksrk
gSA
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